International Comparisons of Hourly Compensation Costs in Manufacturing, 1975-2007 PRODUCTION WORKER SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES March 26, 2009 U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Office of Productivity and Technology March 2009 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES SECTION AND TABLE PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 Definitions 1 Methods 2 Exchange Rates and Currencies 3 Industrial Classification 4 Trade-weighted measures 4 Data limitations 6 Labor costs versus labor income 7 COMPARATIVE LEVELS Table 1. Indexes of hourly compensation costs 8 Table 2. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars 11 Table 3. Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars, index 2000=100 14 Table 4. Hourly compensation costs in national currency 17 Table 5. Hourly compensation costs in national currency, index 2000=100 20 Table 6. Indexes of hourly direct pay 23 Table 7. Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars 26 Table 8. Hourly direct pay in national currency 29 Table 9. Indexes of pay for time worked 32 Table 10. Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars 35 Table 11. Pay for time worked in national currency 38 STRUCTURE OF COMPENSATION Table 12. Total direct pay as percent of total hourly compensation costs 41 Table 13. Pay for time worked as percent of total hourly compensation costs 44 Table 14. Other direct pay as a percent of hourly compensation costs 47 Table 15. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as a percent of hourly compensation costs 50 EXCHANGE RATES Table 16. Exchange rates 53 -1- INTRODUCTION The accompanying tables present international comparisons of hourly compensation costs, hourly direct pay, and pay for time worked for all employees in manufacturing in selected countries or areas. The total compensation measures are prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in order to assess international differences in employer labor costs. For several reasons, the comparisons based on more readily available average earnings statistics published by many countries can be misleading: national definitions of average earnings differ considerably; average earnings do not include all items of labor compensation; and the omitted items of compensation frequently represent a large proportion of total compensation. The total direct pay and pay for time worked measures are prepared to provide a comparable basis for analyzing the main components of total compensation. Definitions Hourly compensation costs include (1) hourly direct pay and (2) employer social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes. Hourly direct pay includes all payments made directly to the worker, before payroll deductions of any kind, consisting of pay for time worked and other direct pay. Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes refers to the value of social contributions incurred by employers in order to secure entitlement to social benefits for their employees; these contributions often provide delayed, future income and benefits to employees. Included are employer expenditures for legally required insurance programs, contractual and private benefit plans, and other labor taxes. Other labor taxes refer to taxes on payrolls or employment (or reductions to reflect subsidies), even if they do not finance programs that directly benefit workers. Hourly Compensation Costs consists of: > Hourly Direct Pay >> Pay for Time Worked >>> Basic wages >>> Piece rate >>> Overtime premiums >>> Shift, holiday, or night work premiums >>> Cost-of-living adjustments >>> Bonuses and premiums paid each pay period >> Other Direct Pay >>> Pay for time not worked (vacations, holidays, and other leave, except sick leave) >>> Seasonal and irregular bonuses >>> Allowances for family events, commuting expenses, etc. >>> The cash value of payments in kind >>> Severance pay (where explicitly not linked to a collective agreement) > Employer Social Insurance Expenditures (both legally required and contractual and private) and Other Labor Taxes >> Retirement and disability pensions >> Health insurance >> Income guarantee insurance and sick leave >> Life and accident insurance >> Occupational injury and illness compensation >> Unemployment insurance >> Severance pay (where linked to a collective agreement) >> Other social insurance expenditures >> Taxes (or subsidies) on payrolls or employment -2- The BLS definition of hourly compensation costs is not the same as the International Labor Office (ILO) definition of total labor costs. BLS hourly compensation costs do not include all items of labor costs. Expenditures on the maintenance and repair of facilities related to company-provided services—such as cafeterias, daycares, private medical clinics, and recreational facilities— are excluded because they are overhead costs not directly linked to the level of employment or payroll. Recruitment and vocational training costs and reimbursements of business expenses are not included because the concepts used, and thus the measurement of these items, are not consistent across countries. The above labor costs items not included account for no more than 2 percent of total labor costs in most countries for which the data are available. Production workers generally include those employees who are engaged in fabricating, assembly, and related activities; material handling, warehousing, and shipping; maintenance and repair; janitorial and guard services; auxiliary production (for example, power plants); and other services closely related to the above activities. Working supervisors are generally included; apprentices and other trainees are generally excluded. All employees include production workers as well as all others employed full or part time in an establishment during a specified payroll period. Temporary employees are included. Persons are considered employed if they receive pay for any part of the specified pay period. The self-employed, unpaid family workers, and workers in private households are excluded. Methods Total compensation is computed by adjusting each country's average earnings series for items of direct pay not included in earnings and for employer expenditures for legally required insurance, contractual and private benefit plans, and other labor taxes and subsidies. For the United States and other countries that measure earnings on an hours-paid basis, the figures are also adjusted in order to approximate compensation per hour worked. -3- Earnings statistics are obtained from surveys of employment, hours, and earnings, from surveys or censuses of manufactures, or from administrative data sources. The surveys used in the BLS series typically cover firms with a minimum of one to ten employees. For most countries, average earnings are adjusted to total compensation using adjustment factors obtained from periodic labor cost surveys or censuses of manufacturers; the adjustment factors are interpolated or projected to non-survey years on the basis of other information. Generally, these surveys cover all employees in the establishment; survey data are used for both production worker and all employee series. Other information used includes tabulations of employer social security contribution rates provided by the International Social Security Association, information on contractual and legislated fringe benefit changes, and statistical series on indirect labor costs. For the United States, the adjustment factors are specially constructed for international comparisons using data from several surveys. The methods used, as well as the results, differ somewhat from those for other BLS series on U.S. compensation costs. The statistics are also adjusted, where necessary, to account for major differences in worker coverage; differences in industrial classification systems; and changes over time in survey coverage, sample benchmarks, or frequency of surveys. Nevertheless, some differences remain. Exceptions to these methods, as well as data sources used can be found in “Country Notes and Sources” located at www.bls.gov/ilc. Exchange Rates and Currencies Hourly compensation costs are converted to U.S. dollars using the average daily exchange rate for the reference period. The exchange rates used are prevailing commercial market exchange rates as published by either the U.S. Federal Reserve Board or the International Monetary Fund. On January 1, 1999, several European countries joined the European Monetary Union (EMU): Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Greece joined on January 1, 2001 and Slovakia joined on January 1, 2009. There are currently other member countries of the EMU that are not covered in this report. Currencies of EMU members were established at fixed conversion rates to the euro, the official currency of the EMU. For the EMU countries, with the exception of Greece, data on hourly compensation costs are published in the old national currencies used in each country before the adoption of the euro from 1992-1998 and in euros from 1999-2006. Data for Greece are reported in drachmas from 1992-2000 and in euros from 2001-2006. Slovakia will be reported in euros beginning with 2009 data. -4- Industrial classification The hourly compensation measures relate to manufacturing on a North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) basis. NAICS is the common industrial classification used by the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The NAICS definition of manufacturing differs somewhat from the definition of manufacturing used in other countries. Some industries that are not included in the NAICS definition of manufacturing, such as publishing of books and sound recordings, some repair and maintenance of equipment, and some business support services, are included in the definition of manufacturing in most other industrial classifications. In contrast, other industries are included in the NAICS definition of manufacturing but not in the definition of manufacturing for most foreign economies, such as some processing of foods, some packaging, and retail sales of bakery products from the production facility. Most of the differences other than the treatment of publishing are very minor and do not have a noticeable impact on overall manufacturing averages. BLS makes adjustments to remove publishing from manufacturing for the foreign economies in which it is classified as a part of manufacturing— except for Sri Lanka, Luxembourg, Slovakia, and Switzerland, for which the data necessary to remove publishing are not available. For the countries for which adjustments are made, the effect of publishing on manufacturing wages is estimated and removed using data from national sources or the United Nations Industrial Statistics Database. Except for Hong Kong, the effect of removing publishing from manufacturing does not change the level of hourly compensation costs for any economy more than 1.5 percent, and the change is less than one percent in most countries. For Hong Kong, the effect of the adjustments is 2 to 4 percent in several years. Trade-weighted measures The trade weights used to compute the average compensation cost measures for selected economic groups are weights based on the relative dollar value of U.S. trade in manufactured commodities (exports plus imports) with each country or area in 2007. (See the following table.) The trade data are compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau. -5- Share of total U.S. imports and exports of manufactured products in 2007 (in percent) Country or area 2007 Country or area 2007 and economic trade and economic trade group share group share Argentina 0.3 Greece 0.1 Brazil 1.7 Hungary 0.1 Canada 16.8 Ireland 1.4 Mexico 10.6 Italy 1.6 Luxembourg 0.1 Australia 0.9 Netherlands 1.7 Hong Kong SAR(1) 1.0 Norway 0.3 Israel 1.2 Poland 0.2 Japan 7.4 Portugal 0.2 Korea, Republic of 2.8 Slovakia 0.1 New Zealand 0.2 Spain 0.6 Philippines 0.6 Sweden 0.7 Singapore 1.6 Switzerland 1.0 Sri Lanka 0.1 United Kingdom 3.4 Taiwan 2.2 Economic Groups (2) Austria 0.4 33 foreign economies 68.1 Belgium 1.4 OECD(3) 59.8 Czech Republic 0.1 Europe 21.1 Denmark 0.3 Euro Area (4) 15.0 Finland 0.3 Eastern Europe 0.5 France 2.2 East Asia ex-Japan 8.2 Germany 4.9 (1) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. (2) Trade shares for Economic Groups refer to the country coverage of the production worker series. The relevant trade shares for the all employees series are: 31 Foreign Economies, 67.3; OECD, 59.6; Europe, 21.0; Euro Area, 14.9; Eastern Europe, 0.5; East Asia ex-Japan, 7.3. (3) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (4) Euro Area consists of the European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. The only countries not covered in the trade-weighted measures of this report that accounted for as much as one percent of such trade in 2007 are China, India, Malaysia, and Thailand. -6- The countries included in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) trade-weighted measure are Canada, Mexico, Australia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, New Zealand, and all European countries covered in the series. The group labeled "Euro Area" consists of the 13 European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009 (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, and Spain). The group labeled "Europe" consists of the members of the Euro Area and the Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The group labeled “Eastern Europe” consists of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The group labeled "East Asia ex-Japan" consists of Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. The trade-weighted measures relate to all the countries or areas covered in the series. If data for the most recent year(s) are missing for a country, trade-weighted estimates are computed using the average percent change of all the other economies in the series to estimate the missing year(s). An economy is included in trade-weight series beginning with the start year of that economy’s data series. The trade-weighted average rates of change are computed as the trade-weighted arithmetic average of the rates of change for the individual countries or areas; the trade-weighted average hourly compensation costs are computed as the trade-weighted arithmetic average of cost levels for the individual countries or areas. Rates of change derived from the trade-weighted average hourly compensation cost levels need not be the same as the trade-weighted average rates of change. Data limitations Because compensation is partly estimated, the statistics should not be considered as precise measures of comparative compensation costs. In addition, the figures are subject to revision as the results of new labor cost surveys or other data used to estimate compensation costs become available. The comparative level figures in this report are averages for all manufacturing industries and are not necessarily representative of all component industries. In the United States and some other countries, such as Mexico and Taiwan, differentials in hourly compensation cost levels by industry are fairly wide. -7- Labor costs versus labor income The hourly compensation figures in U.S. dollars shown in the tables provide comparative measures of employer labor costs; they do not provide inter-country comparisons of the purchasing power of worker incomes. Prices of goods and services vary greatly among countries, and the commercial market exchange rates used to compare employer labor costs do not reliably indicate relative differences in prices. Purchasing power parities, that is, the number of foreign currency units required to buy goods and services equivalent to what can be purchased with one unit of U.S. or another base currency, must be used for meaningful international comparisons of the relative purchasing power of worker incomes. Total compensation converted to U.S. dollars at purchasing power parities would provide one measure for comparing relative real levels of labor income. It should be noted, however, that total compensation includes employer payments to funds for the benefit of workers in addition to payments made directly to workers. For some countries, the compensation measures also include taxes or subsidies on payrolls or employment even if they do not finance programs which directly benefit workers. Payments into these funds provide either deferred income (for example, payments to retirement funds), a type of insurance (for example, payments to unemployment or health benefit funds), or current social benefits (for example, family allowances), and the relationship between employer payments and current or future worker benefits is indirect. On the other hand, excluding these payments would understate the total value of income derived from work because they substitute for worker savings or self-insurance to cover retirement, medical costs, etc. Total compensation, because it takes account of employer payments into funds for the benefit of workers, is a broader income concept than either total direct earnings or direct spendable earnings. An even broader concept would take account of all social benefits available to workers, including those financed out of general revenues as well as those financed through employment or payroll taxes. -8- Table 1. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 102 111 103 94 92 92 93 94 97 93 89 88 93 102 108 111 Mexico.................... 23 24 17 19 21 22 26 17 12 12 12 8 8 9 10 10 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 92 94 86 88 86 89 93 88 79 81 65 67 73 85 90 90 Hong Kong SAR............. 12 13 14 14 15 15 14 14 13 13 13 14 16 17 20 21 Israel.................... 32 31 32 28 33 34 34 34 36 33 28 35 42 49 48 50 Japan..................... 47 47 52 66 60 56 56 48 49 49 48 69 79 90 87 83 Korea, Republic of........ 5 6 7 9 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 11 15 22 24 New Zealand............... 52 45 46 52 54 56 54 50 44 38 35 43 51 60 56 57 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 14 13 13 13 15 16 17 18 19 21 20 17 17 20 22 25 Sri Lanka................. 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan.................... 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 11 11 12 12 13 17 20 25 26 Europe Austria................... 73 72 77 86 91 93 74 68 66 60 60 83 103 107 101 120 Belgium................... 92 92 100 112 119 120 96 77 71 64 64 85 104 107 101 119 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 100 97 96 109 118 111 87 76 72 64 62 83 105 109 102 122 Finland................... 82 83 80 76 89 89 78 72 65 64 65 82 101 114 119 140 France.................... 90 84 83 91 99 103 83 73 69 63 63 83 97 99 94 109 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 27 28 31 35 38 38 34 36 31 30 28 31 34 37 38 45 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 59 50 49 56 62 69 58 55 52 50 50 66 75 79 73 84 Italy..................... 75 64 67 72 80 84 71 65 65 60 60 80 97 102 102 120 Luxembourg................ 100 99 104 116 119 118 88 71 65 60 58 79 95 98 93 106 Netherlands............... 105 102 107 122 128 124 92 84 79 70 68 93 112 115 105 120 Norway.................... 115 118 122 124 122 126 109 99 91 85 85 106 131 141 136 151 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 24 23 20 19 18 20 18 15 13 11 11 15 18 19 20 24 Spain..................... 40 41 42 46 58 59 50 45 37 35 35 46 55 60 61 74 Sweden.................... 114 120 118 117 126 127 109 86 74 73 74 94 111 121 122 138 Switzerland............... 98 95 92 117 118 114 94 90 87 78 75 105 127 131 118 139 United Kingdom............ 51 45 44 51 61 74 65 57 52 46 46 55 64 73 70 80 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 64 65 64 66 68 69 63 58 57 54 52 60 68 75 75 81 OECD (4).................. 69 70 69 71 73 74 68 63 61 58 56 65 73 80 80 86 Europe.................... 82 78 80 90 97 100 81 72 68 62 61 81 98 103 98 114 Euro Area (2)............. 85 81 85 94 102 103 82 74 70 63 62 84 102 106 101 118 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 8 8 9 10 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 15 18 22 25 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -9- Table 1. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 32 31 29 18 18 14 12 12 14 17 21 Canada.................... 115 111 104 98 97 97 93 87 86 84 80 79 89 96 102 109 Mexico.................... 11 13 14 16 10 9 9 9 9 10 11 12 11 11 11 11 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 89 84 78 85 90 95 91 81 84 73 65 73 90 103 107 110 Hong Kong SAR............. 23 25 26 27 28 29 29 29 28 27 28 26 25 24 24 24 Israel.................... 49 49 47 47 53 55 57 57 54 56 57 50 51 51 51 52 Japan..................... 92 100 114 122 134 113 102 94 106 109 93 85 89 94 90 83 Korea, Republic of........ 29 31 33 36 41 45 42 30 38 41 36 40 42 45 52 60 New Zealand............... 54 50 49 54 60 63 61 50 49 42 38 42 52 59 63 60 Philippines............... 4 5 4 5 5 6 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 Singapore................. 28 31 32 37 44 46 44 40 37 37 34 31 32 32 31 36 Sri Lanka................. 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Taiwan.................... 28 32 31 32 34 33 33 29 30 31 29 26 25 26 27 27 Europe Austria................... 117 128 124 128 148 143 123 123 118 101 96 100 117 126 127 130 Belgium................... 117 127 122 129 148 141 121 121 116 101 96 101 118 130 129 132 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 15 16 15 16 15 14 15 18 21 24 26 28 Denmark................... 118 126 118 123 143 139 125 125 126 108 106 113 135 145 146 152 Finland................... 133 119 96 108 133 126 110 107 103 89 87 91 109 122 121 124 France.................... 105 114 104 105 115 111 97 96 92 80 77 81 95 104 103 105 Germany................... .. .. 144 149 173 165 141 137 128 114 108 113 133 143 140 142 Greece.................... 44 48 43 45 52 53 50 47 45 38 38 42 52 63 64 66 Hungary................... .. .. .. 18 17 16 15 15 15 14 15 18 21 25 26 26 Ireland................... 82 88 78 79 85 84 80 78 77 69 70 76 91 102 103 106 Italy..................... 121 123 98 96 96 101 92 89 85 73 70 75 91 102 102 104 Luxembourg................ 104 113 109 117 135 125 107 105 102 88 82 86 102 114 115 115 Netherlands............... 115 124 119 123 138 129 113 114 110 94 91 97 116 128 126 127 Norway.................... 146 152 130 132 149 148 137 135 135 118 117 133 149 160 165 173 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 16 15 14 15 15 16 17 19 21 Portugal.................. 25 30 25 25 29 29 27 27 26 23 23 25 29 32 31 31 Spain..................... 76 81 68 66 72 73 64 63 61 53 51 54 66 73 74 77 Sweden.................... 140 151 105 109 124 135 121 120 115 104 92 98 118 130 128 132 Switzerland............... 138 144 137 147 168 157 131 130 123 107 105 111 125 132 130 128 United Kingdom............ 82 85 72 74 76 76 83 88 87 82 80 84 94 105 107 109 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 82 85 81 82 87 82 76 72 72 68 64 65 73 79 80 82 OECD (4).................. 88 91 87 88 93 89 82 78 78 74 69 70 79 86 87 89 Europe.................... 112 120 109 111 124 120 107 107 102 90 87 91 107 118 117 118 Euro Area (2)............. 115 124 116 118 133 128 112 111 105 91 88 92 110 121 119 121 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 16 15 14 15 17 19 21 23 25 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 26 29 29 32 36 37 36 29 32 33 30 30 31 32 34 38 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -10- Table 1. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 100 Brazil.................... 24 Canada.................... 118 Mexico.................... 12 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 123 Hong Kong SAR............. 24 Israel.................... 57 Japan..................... 80 Korea, Republic of........ 65 New Zealand............... 70 Philippines............... 4 Singapore................. 34 Sri Lanka................. 2 Taiwan.................... 27 Europe Austria................... 144 Belgium................... 144 Czech Republic............ 33 Denmark................... 172 Finland................... 139 France.................... 116 Germany................... 153 Greece.................... 73 Hungary................... 32 Ireland................... 118 Italy..................... 115 Luxembourg................ 124 Netherlands............... 139 Norway.................... 197 Poland.................... 25 Portugal.................. 34 Spain..................... 85 Sweden.................... 147 Switzerland............... 134 United Kingdom............ 121 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 88 OECD (4).................. 96 Europe.................... 131 Euro Area (2)............. 133 Eastern Europe (6)........ 30 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 39 '..' means data not available. (1) For a description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the Technical Notes preceding these tables. (2) Euro Area refers to European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the Euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. (3) The trade-weighted measures for production workers in this table are not directly comparable with those for all employees; the country coverage of the two series differs slightly. (4) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) East Asia ex-Japan includes Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. (6) Eastern Europe refers to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -11- Table 2. Production Workers: Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 6.24 6.79 7.47 8.18 8.92 9.75 10.75 11.57 11.99 12.42 12.87 13.16 13.46 13.78 14.22 15.00 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 6.40 7.52 7.73 7.72 8.19 9.02 9.96 10.88 11.61 11.61 11.39 11.53 12.52 14.01 15.32 16.62 Mexico.................... 1.43 1.60 1.31 1.58 1.86 2.15 2.75 1.92 1.38 1.52 1.55 1.06 1.02 1.22 1.39 1.54 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 5.75 6.37 6.43 7.16 7.64 8.67 10.03 10.22 9.53 10.06 8.41 8.78 9.78 11.76 12.84 13.45 Hong Kong SAR............. 0.75 0.87 1.03 1.18 1.31 1.50 1.55 1.65 1.51 1.58 1.73 1.88 2.10 2.41 2.81 3.22 Israel.................... 1.99 2.09 2.37 2.27 2.91 3.34 3.68 3.91 4.30 4.11 3.59 4.59 5.59 6.76 6.78 7.56 Japan..................... 2.95 3.20 3.90 5.37 5.32 5.43 5.99 5.52 5.93 6.13 6.24 9.07 10.62 12.43 12.32 12.52 Korea, Republic of........ 0.31 0.41 0.54 0.74 0.97 0.93 0.98 1.05 1.11 1.17 1.20 1.27 1.54 2.14 3.07 3.59 New Zealand............... 3.27 3.06 3.44 4.22 4.80 5.44 5.81 5.74 5.30 4.73 4.55 5.59 6.87 8.30 7.92 8.48 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 0.85 0.86 0.95 1.10 1.31 1.55 1.87 2.04 2.30 2.55 2.57 2.25 2.32 2.77 3.18 3.81 Sri Lanka................. 0.28 0.24 0.32 0.26 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.25 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.35 Taiwan.................... 0.39 0.46 0.54 0.65 0.82 1.05 1.24 1.27 1.33 1.46 1.51 1.73 2.26 2.80 3.50 3.91 Europe Austria................... 4.59 4.86 5.77 7.03 8.09 9.03 7.91 7.91 7.94 7.48 7.71 10.91 13.90 14.76 14.41 18.04 Belgium................... 5.76 6.23 7.50 9.20 10.58 11.74 10.28 8.93 8.53 7.98 8.21 11.25 13.96 14.72 14.37 17.85 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 6.23 6.58 7.20 8.92 10.55 10.83 9.36 8.84 8.58 7.98 8.03 10.95 14.09 15.08 14.47 18.29 Finland................... 5.09 5.64 5.98 6.26 7.93 8.66 8.39 8.31 7.76 7.97 8.35 10.84 13.54 15.75 16.89 20.97 France.................... 5.61 5.69 6.17 7.48 8.80 10.06 8.89 8.50 8.33 7.85 8.04 10.95 13.04 13.71 13.36 16.31 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 1.69 1.92 2.28 2.84 3.37 3.73 3.66 4.11 3.77 3.74 3.66 4.07 4.61 5.15 5.43 6.71 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 3.66 3.42 3.66 4.57 5.57 6.72 6.23 6.33 6.26 6.15 6.49 8.75 10.14 10.87 10.44 12.63 Italy..................... 4.70 4.37 5.02 5.87 7.11 8.21 7.63 7.49 7.75 7.40 7.67 10.51 13.07 14.04 14.54 17.92 Luxembourg................ 6.23 6.74 7.77 9.46 10.63 11.52 9.44 8.25 7.79 7.43 7.45 10.35 12.75 13.57 13.28 15.94 Netherlands............... 6.58 6.90 8.02 9.98 11.41 12.05 9.89 9.77 9.48 8.69 8.73 12.21 15.14 15.79 14.93 17.98 Norway.................... 7.20 8.00 9.10 10.12 10.93 12.32 11.70 11.51 10.91 10.62 10.93 13.94 17.67 19.41 19.30 22.71 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 1.50 1.58 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.96 1.94 1.79 1.54 1.37 1.45 1.97 2.39 2.64 2.81 3.55 Spain..................... 2.47 2.79 3.10 3.80 5.19 5.75 5.42 5.16 4.46 4.37 4.55 6.10 7.44 8.34 8.74 11.10 Sweden.................... 7.12 8.18 8.81 9.57 11.23 12.41 11.70 9.99 8.82 9.10 9.58 12.31 15.00 16.68 17.37 20.75 Switzerland............... 6.09 6.45 6.89 9.59 10.56 11.09 10.14 10.43 10.46 9.64 9.66 13.77 17.08 18.00 16.72 20.85 United Kingdom............ 3.21 3.06 3.29 4.21 5.44 7.22 6.97 6.59 6.18 5.75 5.97 7.28 8.64 10.09 9.98 11.95 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 4.01 4.42 4.75 5.41 6.03 6.69 6.80 6.76 6.85 6.75 6.74 7.94 9.21 10.27 10.63 12.08 OECD (4).................. 4.32 4.78 5.12 5.85 6.50 7.20 7.30 7.25 7.32 7.21 7.21 8.50 9.86 10.97 11.32 12.86 Europe.................... 5.11 5.29 5.98 7.34 8.66 9.76 8.69 8.38 8.16 7.65 7.85 10.65 13.13 14.17 13.89 17.03 Euro Area (2)............. 5.33 5.52 6.33 7.72 9.07 10.07 8.78 8.51 8.36 7.82 8.01 11.06 13.69 14.61 14.32 17.63 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 0.50 0.58 0.69 0.84 1.04 1.16 1.31 1.40 1.47 1.59 1.64 1.69 1.99 2.50 3.19 3.69 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -12- Table 2. Production Workers: Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 15.71 16.14 16.58 16.99 17.39 17.96 18.42 18.74 19.13 19.88 20.77 21.60 22.48 23.12 23.81 24.15 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 5.76 5.77 5.50 3.39 3.50 2.97 2.57 2.74 3.14 4.16 5.01 Canada.................... 18.02 17.89 17.28 16.59 16.80 17.35 17.14 16.22 16.39 16.78 16.57 17.11 19.99 22.25 24.40 26.28 Mexico.................... 1.79 2.11 2.36 2.74 1.70 1.63 1.73 1.65 1.81 2.07 2.34 2.49 2.44 2.45 2.65 2.77 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 14.04 13.59 12.97 14.52 15.58 17.11 16.81 15.20 16.04 14.51 13.45 15.69 20.18 23.79 25.53 26.46 Hong Kong SAR............. 3.60 4.04 4.31 4.62 4.81 5.12 5.38 5.40 5.37 5.45 5.74 5.66 5.54 5.51 5.65 5.78 Israel.................... 7.76 7.96 7.72 8.04 9.23 9.91 10.57 10.67 10.37 11.16 11.90 10.78 11.41 11.85 12.13 12.45 Japan..................... 14.46 16.10 18.83 20.78 23.34 20.31 18.78 17.63 20.30 21.69 19.23 18.42 20.04 21.65 21.31 19.99 Korea, Republic of........ 4.48 5.07 5.55 6.16 7.14 8.04 7.71 5.56 7.22 8.08 7.52 8.56 9.44 10.50 12.48 14.48 New Zealand............... 8.52 8.05 8.05 9.09 10.35 11.31 11.31 9.38 9.44 8.38 7.97 9.10 11.69 13.65 14.97 14.47 Philippines............... 0.68 0.79 0.74 0.88 0.94 1.00 0.95 0.71 0.79 0.73 0.69 0.73 0.73 0.78 0.85 0.98 Singapore................. 4.34 4.95 5.25 6.28 7.72 8.32 8.17 7.49 7.08 7.34 7.05 6.79 7.28 7.50 7.34 8.68 Sri Lanka................. 0.40 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.48 0.46 0.47 0.46 0.48 0.45 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.57 Taiwan.................... 4.34 5.12 5.16 5.51 5.99 5.98 6.09 5.39 5.78 6.19 6.05 5.64 5.70 5.97 6.42 6.56 Europe Austria................... 18.37 20.61 20.55 21.67 25.67 25.76 22.73 22.99 22.65 20.13 19.92 21.60 26.36 29.19 30.20 31.30 Belgium................... 18.40 20.52 20.17 21.95 25.70 25.28 22.31 22.64 22.17 20.15 19.86 21.80 26.58 30.05 30.83 31.90 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 2.54 2.95 2.80 3.00 2.94 2.85 3.15 3.85 4.75 5.48 6.08 6.83 Denmark................... 18.56 20.42 19.49 20.81 24.87 25.00 22.93 23.50 24.06 21.45 22.07 24.43 30.44 33.53 34.88 36.67 Finland................... 20.86 19.28 15.93 18.30 23.05 22.56 20.22 20.00 19.65 17.73 18.03 19.68 24.51 28.11 28.69 30.07 France.................... 16.45 18.32 17.26 17.79 20.06 19.88 17.84 17.99 17.62 15.98 16.08 17.49 21.39 23.98 24.56 25.47 Germany................... .. .. 23.90 25.34 30.10 29.58 25.96 25.68 24.57 22.66 22.47 24.31 29.93 33.14 33.38 34.26 Greece.................... 6.87 7.68 7.07 7.58 9.04 9.50 9.12 8.84 8.56 7.63 7.92 9.11 11.77 14.52 15.17 15.96 Hungary................... .. .. .. 3.00 2.98 2.94 2.85 2.84 2.89 2.78 3.17 3.94 4.79 5.69 6.13 6.30 Ireland................... 12.90 14.19 12.92 13.46 14.77 15.14 14.82 14.69 14.79 13.66 14.62 16.45 20.55 23.62 24.51 25.68 Italy..................... 19.00 19.92 16.23 16.37 16.69 18.14 17.00 16.67 16.33 14.53 14.61 16.23 20.42 23.66 24.33 25.17 Luxembourg................ 16.32 18.22 18.10 19.95 23.54 22.54 19.74 19.68 19.58 17.49 17.12 18.59 22.93 26.30 27.36 27.83 Netherlands............... 18.06 20.01 19.79 20.84 24.02 23.09 20.74 21.29 21.01 18.68 18.94 20.95 26.08 29.58 30.02 30.64 Norway.................... 22.91 24.51 21.50 22.35 25.95 26.58 25.18 25.36 25.73 23.50 24.30 28.70 33.44 36.97 39.34 41.69 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.79 3.00 2.89 2.81 3.18 3.28 3.53 3.85 4.53 5.05 Portugal.................. 3.98 4.85 4.21 4.29 5.09 5.14 4.88 4.98 4.99 4.64 4.76 5.30 6.51 7.32 7.42 7.53 Spain..................... 11.97 13.14 11.28 11.18 12.47 13.09 11.85 11.73 11.71 10.46 10.58 11.76 14.81 16.94 17.59 18.51 Sweden.................... 22.00 24.42 17.47 18.58 21.63 24.29 22.37 22.40 22.08 20.70 19.07 21.17 26.44 30.12 30.50 31.85 Switzerland............... 21.69 23.23 22.63 24.91 29.23 28.27 24.13 24.33 23.51 21.20 21.78 24.06 28.12 30.57 30.86 31.03 United Kingdom............ 12.87 13.67 11.98 12.50 13.24 13.68 15.27 16.44 16.69 16.31 16.69 18.15 21.03 24.37 25.36 26.36 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 12.86 13.67 13.50 13.96 15.11 14.78 14.01 13.56 13.82 13.62 13.34 13.98 16.33 18.18 19.03 19.77 OECD (4).................. 13.81 14.65 14.45 14.90 16.10 15.96 15.05 14.60 14.96 14.68 14.38 15.15 17.81 19.88 20.80 21.57 Europe.................... 17.64 19.34 18.13 18.91 21.55 21.60 19.70 19.97 19.57 17.83 17.98 19.72 24.08 27.26 27.82 28.61 Euro Area (2)............. 18.14 20.02 19.15 20.01 23.08 23.00 20.64 20.73 20.15 18.10 18.23 19.97 24.71 27.96 28.40 29.12 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.81 2.95 2.91 2.81 3.17 3.64 4.26 4.87 5.45 5.93 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 4.03 4.61 4.88 5.43 6.20 6.66 6.57 5.50 6.10 6.56 6.31 6.49 6.89 7.37 8.17 9.17 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -13- Table 2. Production Workers: Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 24.59 Brazil.................... 5.96 Canada.................... 28.91 Mexico.................... 2.92 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 30.17 Hong Kong SAR............. 5.78 Israel.................... 13.91 Japan..................... 19.75 Korea, Republic of........ 16.02 New Zealand............... 17.27 Philippines............... 1.10 Singapore................. 8.35 Sri Lanka................. 0.61 Taiwan.................... 6.58 Europe Austria................... 35.33 Belgium................... 35.45 Czech Republic............ 8.20 Denmark................... 42.29 Finland................... 34.18 France.................... 28.57 Germany................... 37.66 Greece.................... 18.03 Hungary................... 7.91 Ireland................... 29.04 Italy..................... 28.23 Luxembourg................ 30.60 Netherlands............... 34.07 Norway.................... 48.56 Poland.................... 6.17 Portugal.................. 8.27 Spain..................... 20.98 Sweden.................... 36.03 Switzerland............... 32.88 United Kingdom............ 29.73 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 21.66 OECD (4).................. 23.68 Europe.................... 32.12 Euro Area (2)............. 32.71 Eastern Europe (6)........ 7.27 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 9.65 '..' means data not available. (1) For a description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the Technical Notes preceding these tables. (2) Euro Area refers to European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the Euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. (3) The trade-weighted measures for production workers in this table are not directly comparable with those for all employees; the country coverage of the two series differs slightly. (4) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) East Asia ex-Japan includes Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. (6) Eastern Europe refers to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -14- Table 3. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, 2000 = 100) Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 31.4 34.2 37.6 41.1 44.9 49.0 54.1 58.2 60.3 62.5 64.7 66.2 67.7 69.3 71.5 75.4 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 38.1 44.8 46.0 46.0 48.8 53.8 59.4 64.9 69.2 69.2 67.9 68.7 74.6 83.5 91.3 99.1 Mexico.................... 69.2 77.1 63.2 76.5 89.8 104.1 133.0 92.9 66.7 73.6 75.0 51.4 49.1 58.8 67.2 74.4 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 39.6 43.9 44.3 49.4 52.7 59.7 69.1 70.4 65.7 69.4 57.9 60.5 67.4 81.0 88.5 92.7 Hong Kong SAR............. 13.8 16.0 19.0 21.7 24.1 27.6 28.4 30.3 27.7 29.0 31.7 34.5 38.5 44.2 51.5 59.0 Israel.................... 17.8 18.8 21.2 20.3 26.1 30.0 33.0 35.0 38.5 36.8 32.1 41.1 50.1 60.6 60.8 67.7 Japan..................... 13.6 14.7 18.0 24.8 24.5 25.0 27.6 25.4 27.4 28.3 28.8 41.8 49.0 57.3 56.8 57.7 Korea, Republic of........ 3.9 5.0 6.7 9.1 12.1 11.5 12.1 13.0 13.8 14.4 14.8 15.7 19.1 26.4 38.0 44.5 New Zealand............... 39.1 36.5 41.1 50.4 57.4 65.0 69.4 68.6 63.2 56.5 54.3 66.8 82.0 99.1 94.6 101.2 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 11.5 11.7 13.0 14.9 17.8 21.1 25.5 27.8 31.3 34.8 35.0 30.7 31.5 37.7 43.3 51.9 Sri Lanka................. 58.6 50.6 66.0 55.4 47.6 45.4 43.1 50.2 51.7 53.3 58.4 60.7 62.7 64.6 64.5 73.4 Taiwan.................... 6.3 7.5 8.7 10.6 13.2 16.9 20.1 20.6 21.4 23.7 24.4 28.0 36.5 45.2 56.5 63.2 Europe Austria................... 22.8 24.2 28.7 34.9 40.2 44.9 39.3 39.3 39.4 37.2 38.3 54.2 69.0 73.3 71.6 89.6 Belgium................... 28.6 30.9 37.2 45.7 52.5 58.3 51.0 44.3 42.3 39.6 40.7 55.8 69.3 73.1 71.3 88.6 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 29.0 30.7 33.5 41.6 49.2 50.5 43.6 41.2 40.0 37.2 37.4 51.0 65.7 70.3 67.5 85.3 Finland................... 28.7 31.8 33.7 35.3 44.7 48.9 47.3 46.9 43.8 44.9 47.1 61.1 76.3 88.9 95.3 118.3 France.................... 35.1 35.6 38.6 46.8 55.1 62.9 55.6 53.2 52.2 49.1 50.4 68.6 81.6 85.8 83.6 102.1 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 22.1 25.2 29.9 37.2 44.1 48.9 47.9 53.9 49.4 49.0 48.0 53.3 60.4 67.5 71.1 87.8 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 26.8 25.1 26.8 33.4 40.8 49.2 45.6 46.4 45.8 45.0 47.5 64.0 74.2 79.6 76.4 92.5 Italy..................... 32.4 30.1 34.6 40.4 48.9 56.5 52.5 51.5 53.3 50.9 52.8 72.3 89.9 96.6 100.1 123.3 Luxembourg................ 35.6 38.5 44.4 54.1 60.8 65.9 54.0 47.2 44.5 42.5 42.6 59.2 72.9 77.6 75.9 91.2 Netherlands............... 35.2 36.9 43.0 53.4 61.1 64.5 53.0 52.3 50.8 46.6 46.7 65.4 81.1 84.5 80.0 96.3 Norway.................... 30.7 34.0 38.8 43.1 46.5 52.4 49.8 49.0 46.4 45.2 46.5 59.3 75.2 82.6 82.2 96.7 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 32.5 34.1 32.4 33.4 34.5 42.3 41.8 38.5 33.2 29.7 31.3 42.5 51.6 56.9 60.5 76.6 Spain..................... 23.6 26.7 29.7 36.3 49.6 55.0 51.9 49.3 42.6 41.8 43.5 58.3 71.2 79.7 83.6 106.1 Sweden.................... 34.4 39.5 42.5 46.2 54.3 59.9 56.5 48.3 42.6 44.0 46.3 59.5 72.5 80.6 83.9 100.3 Switzerland............... 28.7 30.4 32.5 45.3 49.8 52.3 47.8 49.2 49.4 45.5 45.6 64.9 80.6 84.9 78.9 98.4 United Kingdom............ 19.7 18.8 20.2 25.8 33.3 44.2 42.8 40.4 37.9 35.2 36.6 44.7 53.0 61.9 61.2 73.3 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -15- Table 3. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, 2000 = 100) Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 79.0 81.2 83.4 85.4 87.4 90.3 92.6 94.3 96.2 100.0 104.5 108.6 113.1 116.3 119.7 121.5 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 164.4 164.7 156.8 96.6 100.0 84.8 73.4 78.3 89.7 118.8 143.0 Canada.................... 107.4 106.7 103.0 98.9 100.2 103.4 102.2 96.7 97.7 100.0 98.8 102.0 119.1 132.6 145.4 156.6 Mexico.................... 86.5 101.9 114.2 132.2 82.0 78.7 83.7 79.8 87.6 100.0 113.0 120.4 118.0 118.2 127.9 133.7 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 96.8 93.7 89.4 100.0 107.4 117.9 115.8 104.7 110.6 100.0 92.7 108.1 139.1 164.0 176.0 182.3 Hong Kong SAR............. 66.1 74.2 79.1 84.8 88.3 94.0 98.7 99.1 98.5 100.0 105.4 104.0 101.7 101.1 103.7 106.2 Israel.................... 69.5 71.4 69.2 72.1 82.7 88.8 94.7 95.6 93.0 100.0 106.7 96.6 102.3 106.2 108.7 111.6 Japan..................... 66.7 74.2 86.8 95.8 107.6 93.7 86.6 81.3 93.6 100.0 88.7 84.9 92.4 99.9 98.3 92.2 Korea, Republic of........ 55.5 62.7 68.6 76.3 88.4 99.5 95.4 68.8 89.4 100.0 93.1 105.9 116.9 130.0 154.5 179.2 New Zealand............... 101.7 96.1 96.1 108.6 123.6 135.1 135.1 112.0 112.7 100.0 95.2 108.7 139.6 162.9 178.8 172.7 Philippines............... 93.0 108.4 101.4 120.8 128.8 137.7 130.5 97.8 108.2 100.0 94.8 99.5 100.2 107.0 117.2 133.9 Singapore................. 59.1 67.4 71.5 85.5 105.1 113.2 111.3 102.0 96.4 100.0 95.9 92.4 99.1 102.1 100.0 118.2 Sri Lanka................. 83.9 83.6 87.5 94.5 99.9 100.3 95.3 97.8 96.6 100.0 93.9 103.4 106.6 108.6 113.6 118.8 Taiwan.................... 70.0 82.6 83.3 89.0 96.7 96.6 98.4 87.0 93.4 100.0 97.7 91.1 92.0 96.5 103.7 106.0 Europe Austria................... 91.3 102.4 102.1 107.7 127.5 128.0 112.9 114.2 112.5 100.0 99.0 107.3 131.0 145.0 150.0 155.5 Belgium................... 91.3 101.9 100.1 109.0 127.6 125.5 110.7 112.4 110.0 100.0 98.6 108.2 131.9 149.2 153.0 158.3 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 89.2 103.8 98.4 105.4 103.3 100.0 110.6 135.2 166.7 192.4 213.4 240.0 Denmark................... 86.5 95.2 90.8 97.0 115.9 116.5 106.9 109.5 112.1 100.0 102.9 113.9 141.9 156.3 162.6 170.9 Finland................... 117.7 108.8 89.9 103.2 130.0 127.2 114.0 112.8 110.8 100.0 101.7 111.0 138.2 158.6 161.8 169.6 France.................... 102.9 114.7 108.0 111.4 125.6 124.4 111.7 112.6 110.3 100.0 100.6 109.5 133.9 150.1 153.8 159.4 Germany................... .. .. 105.5 111.8 132.9 130.6 114.6 113.4 108.5 100.0 99.2 107.3 132.1 146.3 147.3 151.2 Greece.................... 90.0 100.5 92.6 99.3 118.4 124.4 119.4 115.8 112.1 100.0 103.7 119.3 154.1 190.2 198.8 209.1 Hungary................... .. .. .. 107.6 107.0 105.6 102.5 101.8 103.9 100.0 113.7 141.6 172.2 204.4 220.3 226.2 Ireland................... 94.4 103.8 94.6 98.6 108.1 110.8 108.5 107.5 108.2 100.0 107.0 120.4 150.5 172.9 179.4 188.0 Italy..................... 130.7 137.1 111.7 112.6 114.8 124.8 117.0 114.7 112.4 100.0 100.5 111.6 140.5 162.8 167.4 173.2 Luxembourg................ 93.3 104.2 103.5 114.1 134.6 128.9 112.8 112.5 112.0 100.0 97.9 106.3 131.1 150.4 156.4 159.1 Netherlands............... 96.7 107.1 106.0 111.6 128.6 123.7 111.0 114.0 112.5 100.0 101.4 112.2 139.6 158.4 160.8 164.1 Norway.................... 97.5 104.3 91.5 95.1 110.4 113.1 107.2 107.9 109.5 100.0 103.4 122.2 142.3 157.3 167.4 177.4 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 99.4 106.7 102.9 100.0 113.3 116.9 125.6 137.2 161.2 179.6 Portugal.................. 85.9 104.5 90.9 92.5 109.9 110.9 105.3 107.3 107.7 100.0 102.6 114.4 140.4 157.9 160.0 162.5 Spain..................... 114.5 125.7 107.9 107.0 119.2 125.2 113.4 112.2 112.0 100.0 101.2 112.5 141.6 162.0 168.3 177.0 Sweden.................... 106.3 118.0 84.4 89.8 104.5 117.3 108.1 108.2 106.7 100.0 92.2 102.3 127.7 145.5 147.4 153.9 Switzerland............... 102.3 109.6 106.7 117.5 137.9 133.4 113.8 114.8 110.9 100.0 102.8 113.5 132.7 144.2 145.6 146.4 United Kingdom............ 78.9 83.8 73.5 76.6 81.2 83.9 93.6 100.8 102.4 100.0 102.4 111.3 129.0 149.4 155.5 161.6 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -16- Table 3. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, 2000 = 100) Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 123.7 Brazil.................... 170.1 Canada.................... 172.3 Mexico.................... 141.1 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 208.0 Hong Kong SAR............. 106.1 Israel.................... 124.6 Japan..................... 91.1 Korea, Republic of........ 198.3 New Zealand............... 206.2 Philippines............... 151.2 Singapore................. 113.7 Sri Lanka................. 127.0 Taiwan.................... 106.2 Europe Austria................... 175.5 Belgium................... 176.0 Czech Republic............ 288.2 Denmark................... 197.1 Finland................... 192.8 France.................... 178.8 Germany................... 166.2 Greece.................... 236.1 Hungary................... 284.2 Ireland................... 212.6 Italy..................... 194.2 Luxembourg................ 175.0 Netherlands............... 182.4 Norway.................... 206.7 Poland.................... 219.6 Portugal.................. 178.3 Spain..................... 200.6 Sweden.................... 174.1 Switzerland............... 155.1 United Kingdom............ 182.3 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -17- Table 4. Production Workers: Hourly compensation costs in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 6.24 6.79 7.47 8.18 8.92 9.75 10.75 11.57 11.99 12.42 12.87 13.16 13.46 13.78 14.22 15.00 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 6.51 7.41 8.21 8.80 9.59 10.54 11.94 13.43 14.31 15.03 15.56 16.02 16.60 17.25 18.14 19.39 Mexico.................... 17.90 23.08 29.54 36.07 42.41 49.47 67.49 108.4 165.8 255.5 398.6 650.3 1401 2764 3422 4330 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 4.40 5.22 5.81 6.26 6.84 7.60 8.73 10.05 10.56 11.44 12.00 13.09 13.94 14.99 16.22 17.23 Hong Kong SAR............. 3.73 4.28 4.82 5.53 6.55 7.47 8.62 10.01 10.94 12.34 13.45 14.67 16.35 18.82 21.89 25.05 Israel.................... 1.27 1.67 2.48 3.96 7.41 17.14 42.10 94.85 241.6 1204 #4.23 6.83 8.92 10.81 12.99 15.23 Japan..................... 875.6 947.8 1044 1119 1161 1226 1318 1374 1409 1456 1488 1528 1535 1593 1702 1815 Korea, Republic of........ 151.5 196.4 262.6 356.9 471.4 563.1 668.1 767.9 862.9 940.4 1041 1118 1270 1562 2061 2544 New Zealand............... 2.70 3.09 3.55 4.07 4.70 5.59 6.69 7.65 7.93 8.19 9.15 10.66 11.58 12.66 13.35 14.22 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 2.00 2.13 2.33 2.49 2.84 3.32 3.95 4.37 4.86 5.45 5.66 4.90 4.88 5.56 6.20 6.91 Sri Lanka................. 1.97 2.04 2.88 4.13 3.54 3.58 3.97 4.99 5.82 6.48 7.58 8.13 8.82 9.81 11.11 14.05 Taiwan.................... 14.81 17.55 20.52 24.25 29.53 37.65 45.80 49.83 53.12 58.00 60.22 65.61 71.99 80.04 92.39 105.3 Europe Austria................... 79.78 87.21 95.35 102.0 108.2 116.7 125.7 134.9 142.6 149.6 159.4 166.6 175.8 182.4 190.7 204.4 Belgium................... 211.5 240.5 268.6 289.2 310.4 342.8 380.6 409.0 435.8 461.1 487.0 502.4 521.7 541.3 566.4 596.4 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 35.71 39.74 43.20 49.13 55.49 60.98 66.45 73.79 78.46 82.58 85.10 88.63 96.47 101.7 105.9 113.2 Finland................... 18.66 21.74 24.00 25.70 28.59 32.22 36.21 39.97 43.19 47.81 51.77 54.97 59.61 66.06 72.56 80.33 France.................... 24.03 27.16 30.33 33.66 37.43 42.44 48.07 55.93 63.50 68.54 72.24 75.87 78.41 81.70 85.23 88.85 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 54.54 70.12 84.15 104.4 124.7 158.9 202.6 274.6 332.4 421.4 505.6 569.9 624.7 731.5 882.0 1063 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 1.65 1.90 2.09 2.38 2.72 3.27 3.86 4.46 5.02 5.66 6.09 6.52 6.81 7.13 7.36 7.62 Italy..................... 3069 3630 4435 4985 5905 7022 8630 10138 11769 12995 14645 15678 16954 18285 19955 21472 Luxembourg................ 229.2 260.1 278.4 297.8 311.8 336.8 350.7 376.9 398.3 429.2 442.6 462.4 475.9 498.9 523.1 532.9 Netherlands............... 16.59 18.22 19.69 21.56 22.88 23.91 24.61 26.12 27.07 27.89 28.96 29.88 30.68 31.23 31.69 32.77 Norway.................... 37.55 43.63 48.46 53.02 55.34 60.80 66.99 74.32 79.67 86.64 93.91 103.1 119.1 126.6 133.4 142.0 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 38.29 47.67 57.20 67.97 78.21 98.15 119.2 143.0 171.9 203.0 249.8 295.0 338.0 380.6 442.0 506.9 Spain..................... 141.7 186.7 233.7 290.4 348.1 412.1 498.9 568.1 639.4 702.2 773.7 853.5 918.9 971.3 1035 1132 Sweden.................... 29.48 35.62 39.35 43.22 48.17 52.46 58.89 62.77 67.66 75.24 82.42 87.75 95.19 102.4 112.2 122.9 Switzerland............... 15.72 16.11 16.50 17.04 17.57 18.57 19.88 21.20 21.98 22.65 23.72 24.75 25.49 26.36 27.37 28.99 United Kingdom............ 1.45 1.70 1.89 2.20 2.56 3.10 3.44 3.77 4.08 4.30 4.60 4.96 5.27 5.67 6.09 6.70 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -18- Table 4. Production Workers: Hourly compensation costs in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 15.71 16.14 16.58 16.99 17.39 17.96 18.42 18.74 19.13 19.88 20.77 21.60 22.48 23.12 23.81 24.15 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 5.79 6.22 6.38 6.17 6.41 6.99 7.51 8.43 9.20 10.14 10.89 Canada.................... 20.65 21.63 22.30 22.66 23.06 23.67 23.74 24.06 24.36 24.92 25.67 26.87 28.00 28.97 29.56 29.80 Mexico.................... 5403 6525 #7.36 9.23 10.89 12.37 13.71 15.11 17.32 19.57 21.83 24.07 26.34 27.61 28.84 30.17 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 18.03 18.49 19.07 19.84 21.03 21.85 22.60 24.15 24.86 24.95 26.02 28.85 30.93 32.30 33.48 35.11 Hong Kong SAR............. 27.96 31.27 33.32 35.70 37.22 39.59 41.63 41.81 41.63 42.45 44.78 44.17 43.15 42.90 43.94 44.92 Israel.................... 17.69 19.58 21.84 24.22 27.80 31.63 36.46 40.55 42.95 45.49 50.06 51.08 51.97 53.09 54.44 55.49 Japan..................... 1946 2041 2092 2123 2193 2210 2274 2309 2309 2338 2338 2306 2324 2342 2347 2326 Korea, Republic of........ 3286 3955 4452 4950 5508 6466 7330 7782 8594 9138 9717 10699 11259 12030 12780 13818 New Zealand............... 14.73 14.97 14.88 15.32 15.77 16.45 17.08 17.50 17.83 18.34 18.97 19.59 20.08 20.54 21.24 22.28 Philippines............... 18.63 20.17 20.04 23.26 24.15 26.23 28.05 29.17 30.84 32.22 35.24 37.42 39.59 43.73 47.09 50.02 Singapore................. 7.51 8.06 8.49 9.59 10.94 11.73 12.14 12.53 12.00 12.67 12.64 12.15 12.68 12.67 12.22 13.79 Sri Lanka................. 16.58 17.51 20.20 22.32 24.45 26.49 26.86 30.10 32.60 36.79 40.11 47.26 49.15 52.50 54.57 58.98 Taiwan.................... 116.0 128.7 136.3 145.9 158.7 164.3 175.3 180.7 187.0 193.6 204.7 194.8 195.9 199.4 206.3 213.3 Europe Austria................... 214.8 226.5 239.2 247.3 258.7 272.8 277.5 284.6 #21.26 21.80 22.25 22.85 23.29 23.47 24.26 24.92 Belgium................... 629.4 659.8 697.6 733.8 757.5 782.9 798.9 822.2 #20.81 21.82 22.19 23.06 23.48 24.16 24.77 25.39 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 67.38 80.21 88.82 96.84 101.7 109.9 119.7 126.0 133.9 140.8 145.6 154.4 Denmark................... 118.8 123.3 126.4 132.3 139.3 145.0 151.6 157.5 168.2 173.7 183.9 192.7 200.2 200.8 209.1 217.9 Finland................... 84.54 86.52 91.21 95.78 100.9 103.6 105.0 107.0 #18.44 19.20 20.14 20.82 21.65 22.60 23.05 23.94 France.................... 92.87 97.01 97.81 98.66 100.0 101.7 104.2 106.1 #16.54 17.31 17.96 18.50 18.89 19.28 19.73 20.27 Germany................... .. .. 39.55 41.08 43.11 44.51 45.04 45.20 #23.07 24.54 25.10 25.71 26.44 26.64 26.82 27.27 Greece.................... 1252 1463 1621 1839 2093 2286 2490 2612 2625 2789 #8.84 9.63 10.39 11.67 12.19 12.70 Hungary................... .. .. .. 315.2 374.3 449.0 532.8 607.9 686.0 785.7 906.9 1017 1076 1154 1224 1325 Ireland................... 7.99 8.32 8.82 9.00 9.21 9.47 9.78 10.31 #13.88 14.80 16.33 17.40 18.15 18.99 19.69 20.44 Italy..................... 23583 24541 25540 26379 27189 27981 28963 28958 #15.33 15.74 16.32 17.16 18.03 19.02 19.54 20.04 Luxembourg................ 557.3 585.7 626.3 667.5 694.0 697.7 706.0 714.3 #18.38 18.95 19.12 19.66 20.25 21.15 21.97 22.15 Netherlands............... 33.81 35.19 36.77 37.91 38.54 38.94 40.49 42.23 #19.72 20.23 21.16 22.16 23.03 23.78 24.12 24.39 Norway.................... 148.7 152.3 152.6 157.7 164.4 171.7 178.4 191.5 200.9 207.1 218.6 229.1 236.8 249.2 253.4 267.2 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.16 10.44 11.48 12.22 13.04 13.40 13.72 14.10 14.65 15.66 Portugal.................. 576.9 654.7 678.6 711.3 763.5 793.1 856.4 896.8 #4.69 5.02 5.31 5.61 5.75 5.89 5.96 6.00 Spain..................... 1245 1346 1438 1497 1554 1658 1737 1752 #10.99 11.33 11.82 12.44 13.08 13.62 14.13 14.73 Sweden.................... 133.1 142.3 136.2 143.4 154.4 162.9 171.0 178.1 182.7 189.9 197.3 205.7 213.6 221.3 227.9 234.8 Switzerland............... 31.14 32.66 33.44 34.05 34.53 34.94 35.02 35.29 35.37 35.83 36.80 37.45 37.82 38.00 38.45 38.89 United Kingdom............ 7.28 7.74 7.98 8.16 8.39 8.76 9.32 9.92 10.32 10.76 11.60 12.08 12.87 13.29 13.92 14.29 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -19- Table 4. Production Workers: Hourly compensation costs in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 24.59 Brazil.................... 11.60 Canada.................... 31.03 Mexico.................... 31.90 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 35.96 Hong Kong SAR............. 45.09 Israel.................... 57.48 Japan..................... 2326 Korea, Republic of........ 14883 New Zealand............... 23.45 Philippines............... 51.59 Singapore................. 12.58 Sri Lanka................. 67.13 Taiwan.................... 216.0 Europe Austria................... 25.76 Belgium................... 25.86 Czech Republic............ 168.5 Denmark................... 230.1 Finland................... 24.93 France.................... 20.84 Germany................... 27.46 Greece.................... 13.15 Hungary................... 1465 Ireland................... 21.18 Italy..................... 20.59 Luxembourg................ 22.32 Netherlands............... 24.85 Norway.................... 284.4 Poland.................... 17.28 Portugal.................. 6.03 Spain..................... 15.30 Sweden.................... 243.4 Switzerland............... 39.46 United Kingdom............ 14.85 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -20- Table 5. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, 2000 = 100) Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 31.4 34.2 37.6 41.1 44.9 49.0 54.1 58.2 60.3 62.5 64.7 66.2 67.7 69.3 71.5 75.4 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 26.1 29.7 33.0 35.3 38.5 42.3 47.9 53.9 57.4 60.3 62.5 64.3 66.6 69.2 72.8 77.8 Mexico.................... .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .6 .8 1.3 2.0 3.3 7.2 14.1 17.5 22.1 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 17.6 20.9 23.3 25.1 27.4 30.5 35.0 40.3 42.3 45.9 48.1 52.4 55.9 60.1 65.0 69.1 Hong Kong SAR............. 8.8 10.1 11.3 13.0 15.4 17.6 20.3 23.6 25.8 29.1 31.7 34.6 38.5 44.3 51.6 59.0 Israel.................... .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .1 .2 .5 2.6 9.3 15.0 19.6 23.8 28.6 33.5 Japan..................... 37.5 40.5 44.7 47.9 49.6 52.4 56.4 58.8 60.3 62.3 63.6 65.4 65.7 68.1 72.8 77.6 Korea, Republic of........ 1.7 2.1 2.9 3.9 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.4 9.4 10.3 11.4 12.2 13.9 17.1 22.6 27.8 New Zealand............... 14.7 16.8 19.4 22.2 25.6 30.5 36.5 41.7 43.2 44.6 49.9 58.2 63.2 69.0 72.8 77.5 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 15.8 16.8 18.4 19.7 22.5 26.2 31.2 34.5 38.3 43.0 44.6 38.7 38.5 43.9 48.9 54.6 Sri Lanka................. 5.4 5.6 7.8 11.2 9.6 9.7 10.8 13.6 15.8 17.6 20.6 22.1 24.0 26.7 30.2 38.2 Taiwan.................... 7.6 9.1 10.6 12.5 15.3 19.4 23.7 25.7 27.4 30.0 31.1 33.9 37.2 41.3 47.7 54.4 Europe Austria................... 26.6 29.1 31.8 34.0 36.1 38.9 41.9 45.0 47.5 49.9 53.1 55.5 58.6 60.8 63.6 68.1 Belgium................... 24.0 27.3 30.5 32.9 35.3 38.9 43.2 46.5 49.5 52.4 55.3 57.1 59.3 61.5 64.3 67.8 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 20.6 22.9 24.9 28.3 31.9 35.1 38.3 42.5 45.2 47.5 49.0 51.0 55.5 58.5 61.0 65.2 Finland................... 16.3 19.0 21.0 22.5 25.0 28.2 31.7 35.0 37.8 41.9 45.3 48.1 52.2 57.9 63.5 70.4 France.................... 21.2 23.9 26.7 29.6 33.0 37.4 42.3 49.3 55.9 60.4 63.6 66.8 69.1 72.0 75.1 78.3 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.5 5.7 7.3 9.8 11.9 15.1 18.1 20.4 22.4 26.2 31.6 38.1 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 14.1 16.3 18.0 20.4 23.4 28.0 33.1 38.3 43.1 48.6 52.2 55.9 58.5 61.1 63.2 65.4 Italy..................... 10.1 11.9 14.5 16.4 19.4 23.0 28.3 33.3 38.6 42.6 48.0 51.4 55.6 60.0 65.5 70.4 Luxembourg................ 30.0 34.0 36.4 39.0 40.8 44.1 45.9 49.3 52.1 56.2 57.9 60.5 62.3 65.3 68.4 69.7 Netherlands............... 37.2 40.9 44.2 48.4 51.3 53.6 55.2 58.6 60.7 62.6 65.0 67.0 68.8 70.0 71.1 73.5 Norway.................... 18.1 21.1 23.4 25.6 26.7 29.4 32.4 35.9 38.5 41.8 45.4 49.8 57.5 61.2 64.4 68.6 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 3.8 4.7 5.7 6.8 7.8 9.8 11.8 14.2 17.1 20.2 24.8 29.3 33.6 37.8 43.9 50.4 Spain..................... 7.5 9.9 12.4 15.4 18.5 21.9 26.5 30.1 33.9 37.3 41.1 45.3 48.8 51.5 54.9 60.1 Sweden.................... 15.5 18.8 20.7 22.8 25.4 27.6 31.0 33.1 35.6 39.6 43.4 46.2 50.1 53.9 59.1 64.7 Switzerland............... 43.9 45.0 46.1 47.6 49.0 51.8 55.5 59.2 61.3 63.2 66.2 69.1 71.1 73.6 76.4 80.9 United Kingdom............ 13.4 15.8 17.5 20.4 23.8 28.8 32.0 35.1 37.9 40.0 42.8 46.1 49.0 52.6 56.6 62.2 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -21- Table 5. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, 2000 = 100) Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 79.0 81.2 83.4 85.4 87.4 90.3 92.6 94.3 96.2 100.0 104.5 108.6 113.1 116.3 119.7 121.5 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 90.3 97.0 99.4 96.1 100.0 109.0 117.1 131.5 143.4 158.1 169.9 Canada.................... 82.8 86.8 89.5 90.9 92.5 95.0 95.3 96.5 97.7 100.0 103.0 107.8 112.3 116.2 118.6 119.6 Mexico.................... 27.6 33.3 37.6 47.2 55.6 63.2 70.0 77.2 88.5 100.0 111.5 123.0 134.6 141.1 147.3 154.2 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 72.2 74.1 76.4 79.5 84.3 87.6 90.6 96.8 99.6 100.0 104.3 115.6 124.0 129.5 134.2 140.7 Hong Kong SAR............. 65.9 73.7 78.5 84.1 87.7 93.3 98.1 98.5 98.1 100.0 105.5 104.1 101.7 101.1 103.5 105.8 Israel.................... 38.9 43.0 48.0 53.2 61.1 69.5 80.1 89.1 94.4 100.0 110.0 112.3 114.2 116.7 119.7 122.0 Japan..................... 83.2 87.3 89.5 90.8 93.8 94.5 97.3 98.8 98.8 100.0 100.0 98.6 99.4 100.2 100.4 99.5 Korea, Republic of........ 36.0 43.3 48.7 54.2 60.3 70.8 80.2 85.2 94.1 100.0 106.3 117.1 123.2 131.7 139.9 151.2 New Zealand............... 80.3 81.6 81.1 83.5 86.0 89.7 93.1 95.4 97.2 100.0 103.5 106.9 109.5 112.0 115.8 121.5 Philippines............... 57.8 62.6 62.2 72.2 75.0 81.4 87.0 90.5 95.7 100.0 109.4 116.1 122.9 135.7 146.1 155.2 Singapore................. 59.2 63.6 67.0 75.7 86.3 92.6 95.8 98.9 94.7 100.0 99.7 95.9 100.1 100.0 96.4 108.9 Sri Lanka................. 45.1 47.6 54.9 60.7 66.5 72.0 73.0 81.8 88.6 100.0 109.0 128.4 133.6 142.7 148.3 160.3 Taiwan.................... 59.9 66.5 70.4 75.3 82.0 84.9 90.6 93.4 96.6 100.0 105.8 100.6 101.2 103.0 106.6 110.2 Europe Austria................... 71.6 75.5 79.7 82.4 86.2 90.9 92.5 94.9 97.5 100.0 102.1 104.8 106.8 107.6 111.3 114.3 Belgium................... 71.5 74.9 79.2 83.4 86.1 88.9 90.8 93.4 95.3 100.0 101.7 105.7 107.6 110.7 113.5 116.3 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 61.3 73.0 80.8 88.1 92.5 100.0 108.9 114.6 121.8 128.1 132.5 140.5 Denmark................... 68.4 71.0 72.8 76.2 80.2 83.5 87.3 90.7 96.8 100.0 105.9 111.0 115.3 115.6 120.4 125.5 Finland................... 74.0 75.8 79.9 83.9 88.3 90.8 92.0 93.7 96.0 100.0 104.9 108.4 112.7 117.7 120.0 124.6 France.................... 81.8 85.5 86.2 86.9 88.1 89.6 91.8 93.5 95.6 100.0 103.8 106.9 109.2 111.4 114.0 117.1 Germany................... .. .. 82.4 85.6 89.8 92.7 93.8 94.2 94.0 100.0 102.3 104.8 107.7 108.6 109.3 111.1 Greece.................... 44.9 52.4 58.1 65.9 75.0 81.9 89.3 93.7 94.1 100.0 108.0 117.7 127.0 142.6 148.9 155.2 Hungary................... .. .. .. 40.1 47.6 57.1 67.8 77.4 87.3 100.0 115.4 129.4 136.9 146.8 155.8 168.6 Ireland................... 68.6 71.4 75.7 77.2 79.0 81.2 83.9 88.5 93.8 100.0 110.4 117.6 122.7 128.3 133.1 138.2 Italy..................... 77.4 80.5 83.8 86.5 89.2 91.8 95.0 95.0 97.4 100.0 103.7 109.0 114.6 120.8 124.1 127.3 Luxembourg................ 72.9 76.6 81.9 87.3 90.8 91.3 92.4 93.5 97.0 100.0 100.9 103.8 106.9 111.6 116.0 116.9 Netherlands............... 75.8 78.9 82.5 85.0 86.5 87.4 90.8 94.7 97.5 100.0 104.6 109.6 113.9 117.6 119.2 120.6 Norway.................... 71.8 73.5 73.7 76.1 79.4 82.9 86.2 92.5 97.0 100.0 105.6 110.7 114.3 120.3 122.4 129.0 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 74.9 85.4 93.9 100.0 106.7 109.6 112.3 115.4 119.9 128.1 Portugal.................. 57.3 65.0 67.4 70.7 75.8 78.8 85.1 89.1 93.3 100.0 105.8 111.7 114.5 117.2 118.6 119.4 Spain..................... 66.1 71.4 76.3 79.4 82.5 88.0 92.2 93.0 97.0 100.0 104.4 109.9 115.5 120.3 124.8 130.1 Sweden.................... 70.1 74.9 71.7 75.5 81.3 85.8 90.1 93.8 96.2 100.0 103.9 108.3 112.5 116.6 120.0 123.6 Switzerland............... 86.9 91.1 93.3 95.0 96.4 97.5 97.7 98.5 98.7 100.0 102.7 104.5 105.6 106.1 107.3 108.5 United Kingdom............ 67.7 72.0 74.2 75.8 78.0 81.5 86.6 92.2 95.9 100.0 107.8 112.3 119.6 123.5 129.4 132.8 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -22- Table 5. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly compensation costs in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, 2000 = 100) Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 123.7 Brazil.................... 180.9 Canada.................... 124.5 Mexico.................... 163.0 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 144.1 Hong Kong SAR............. 106.2 Israel.................... 126.3 Japan..................... 99.5 Korea, Republic of........ 162.9 New Zealand............... 127.9 Philippines............... 160.1 Singapore................. 99.3 Sri Lanka................. 182.5 Taiwan.................... 111.6 Europe Austria................... 118.2 Belgium................... 118.5 Czech Republic............ 153.4 Denmark................... 132.5 Finland................... 129.8 France.................... 120.4 Germany................... 111.9 Greece.................... 160.6 Hungary................... 186.5 Ireland................... 143.2 Italy..................... 130.8 Luxembourg................ 117.8 Netherlands............... 122.8 Norway.................... 137.3 Poland.................... 141.4 Portugal.................. 120.1 Spain..................... 135.1 Sweden.................... 128.2 Switzerland............... 110.1 United Kingdom............ 138.0 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -23- Table 6. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly direct pay in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 109.9 119.4 112.4 103.1 100.7 102.4 102.0 104.0 106.7 102.6 96.9 95.6 101.5 111.2 118.4 120.6 Mexico.................... 21.0 21.6 16.2 17.9 19.4 20.4 23.4 15.2 10.2 11.1 11.0 7.3 7.0 8.1 8.8 9.3 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 96.6 98.7 91.1 93.1 91.5 95.4 99.8 95.3 85.8 87.3 69.8 70.5 76.7 90.3 96.2 96.1 Hong Kong SAR............. 14.1 15.1 16.3 17.1 17.5 18.5 17.3 17.3 15.3 15.4 16.2 17.1 18.7 21.0 23.8 26.0 Israel.................... 32.5 31.7 32.8 28.8 34.1 36.0 36.1 35.9 38.1 35.1 29.5 36.9 44.0 52.1 50.8 54.0 Japan..................... 51.3 51.0 56.5 70.5 64.7 61.1 61.1 52.6 54.6 54.3 53.0 75.1 85.9 98.2 94.4 91.4 Korea, Republic of........ 5.4 6.5 8.0 10.0 12.1 10.6 10.2 10.3 10.5 10.6 10.5 10.8 12.9 17.6 24.1 26.6 New Zealand............... 59.4 51.4 52.9 59.6 62.5 65.1 63.2 58.6 52.2 44.9 41.6 49.9 60.1 71.0 65.9 67.3 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 14.0 13.2 12.5 13.1 14.0 14.7 16.1 16.4 17.7 18.7 18.2 17.4 18.2 21.1 23.2 26.0 Sri Lanka................. 4.9 3.9 4.7 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.5 Taiwan.................... 6.9 7.6 8.1 9.1 10.4 12.3 13.3 12.8 12.8 13.6 13.6 15.1 19.3 23.5 28.6 30.5 Europe Austria................... 69.5 67.9 73.6 81.8 86.4 88.1 69.8 65.0 62.6 56.2 55.5 76.6 95.3 98.9 93.9 112.5 Belgium................... 85.7 86.2 95.4 108.1 114.6 116.9 93.1 75.6 69.3 62.1 60.7 79.9 95.9 97.5 92.2 108.9 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 115.8 112.8 112.8 128.1 139.5 131.8 103.6 91.3 85.1 75.8 74.3 99.8 127.1 134.6 125.0 150.2 Finland................... 78.3 79.4 76.0 73.3 85.8 86.6 76.5 71.1 65.0 64.0 64.5 81.3 98.5 110.4 114.6 134.6 France.................... 80.4 74.6 74.0 81.9 88.4 92.8 74.5 66.2 61.7 55.8 55.5 73.7 86.1 88.0 82.9 96.7 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 27.2 28.6 31.1 35.5 38.8 39.5 35.3 37.0 32.4 30.9 29.2 31.4 34.6 38.2 39.2 46.0 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 60.6 51.8 51.1 58.8 66.0 72.3 60.3 56.8 54.2 50.7 51.4 67.5 76.7 80.5 75.3 87.3 Italy..................... 62.4 53.1 57.3 62.0 69.2 75.3 64.5 58.7 58.5 54.1 53.8 71.3 86.7 90.8 89.3 105.1 Luxembourg................ 103.2 102.3 108.0 121.0 125.5 124.7 93.0 76.2 69.9 64.3 61.9 83.4 100.7 104.4 99.6 114.6 Netherlands............... 97.6 94.1 100.2 114.0 119.7 116.3 87.0 81.2 76.0 67.3 65.0 88.3 107.3 109.5 101.7 117.6 Norway.................... 115.1 117.8 122.8 124.8 122.0 126.5 109.1 100.3 92.8 87.1 86.1 106.9 132.7 142.0 138.3 155.6 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 24.1 23.4 20.0 18.9 17.9 20.1 18.0 15.4 12.7 10.8 11.0 14.5 17.3 18.6 19.4 23.6 Spain..................... 33.2 34.7 36.7 41.8 53.3 54.3 46.4 41.6 34.8 33.0 33.3 43.6 52.1 57.2 58.1 70.2 Sweden.................... 103.9 107.0 102.3 102.8 110.8 111.6 95.3 76.1 63.5 63.0 63.8 79.9 94.9 103.3 104.1 119.5 Switzerland............... 99.7 97.3 95.0 121.3 123.0 118.8 98.9 95.5 92.6 81.8 78.8 109.3 132.7 137.3 124.0 147.6 United Kingdom............ 54.8 47.6 45.8 53.2 62.2 74.9 65.9 59.0 53.7 48.6 49.1 58.2 68.0 78.1 75.2 85.3 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 65.3 66.5 65.3 68.0 69.5 70.8 65.5 61.2 59.8 56.8 54.6 62.3 70.6 77.2 77.7 83.4 OECD (4).................. 70.5 71.8 70.4 73.4 74.8 76.2 70.2 65.5 63.9 60.6 58.3 66.6 75.5 82.2 82.6 88.5 Europe.................... 78.5 74.3 76.9 86.6 93.7 97.0 78.6 71.0 66.5 60.0 59.3 78.1 94.3 99.5 94.6 110.5 Euro Area (2)............. 79.9 75.8 80.0 89.5 96.7 98.7 78.3 70.9 66.9 60.2 59.3 79.5 96.2 100.2 95.2 111.6 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 8.8 9.3 10.0 11.3 12.7 12.9 13.2 13.2 13.3 13.8 13.7 14.2 16.6 20.5 25.2 27.6 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -24- Table 6. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly direct pay in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 27.0 26.5 24.5 15.0 15.0 12.3 10.3 10.6 12.0 15.2 18.2 Canada.................... 124.1 119.3 111.7 104.2 102.1 102.2 98.6 91.9 90.7 89.7 84.7 82.9 93.0 100.2 106.5 113.0 Mexico.................... 10.4 11.9 13.0 14.7 8.9 8.2 8.6 7.9 8.5 9.4 10.3 10.6 10.1 10.0 10.6 10.9 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 96.2 90.9 84.5 91.7 94.9 99.7 94.8 83.5 85.4 74.6 66.2 74.0 92.1 104.9 109.6 112.4 Hong Kong SAR............. 28.0 30.7 32.0 33.3 33.6 34.4 35.2 34.6 33.5 32.8 32.2 30.6 29.1 28.2 28.1 28.4 Israel.................... 53.5 53.8 50.9 51.6 57.5 59.7 61.9 60.9 58.3 60.4 62.0 53.8 55.4 56.1 55.9 57.0 Japan..................... 101.6 110.5 125.8 134.4 146.2 122.2 109.6 100.1 111.9 114.7 97.9 90.1 94.9 99.8 95.2 88.2 Korea, Republic of........ 31.1 33.7 35.5 39.2 44.1 47.0 40.9 27.5 33.5 37.4 34.1 38.4 42.4 47.3 56.1 64.0 New Zealand............... 65.2 60.4 59.1 64.8 71.5 75.0 73.0 59.4 58.5 50.4 46.5 51.3 64.0 72.9 77.7 74.2 Philippines............... 4.7 5.4 4.9 5.7 5.9 6.1 5.6 4.1 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.5 Singapore................. 28.4 31.5 32.6 37.6 44.6 46.3 44.6 40.7 40.1 39.8 36.6 34.0 35.4 35.9 34.6 40.0 Sri Lanka................. 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 Taiwan.................... 32.6 37.3 37.1 38.1 39.1 37.7 36.3 31.7 32.9 33.7 31.7 29.0 28.7 29.4 30.5 30.2 Europe Austria................... 110.3 120.8 116.5 118.8 136.7 132.4 113.9 112.7 108.4 92.8 90.3 94.6 112.2 121.4 122.0 124.9 Belgium................... 107.9 117.6 111.8 117.5 132.6 125.4 107.8 107.0 102.3 87.6 85.4 90.2 106.8 117.7 117.4 120.0 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 13.8 15.5 14.3 15.0 14.3 13.2 14.1 16.5 19.8 22.2 24.2 26.9 Denmark................... 146.3 157.1 146.3 150.6 173.5 167.0 149.1 149.5 146.8 126.4 123.8 130.7 157.1 168.6 168.8 173.5 Finland................... 130.5 119.2 92.7 103.0 128.0 122.9 108.1 105.6 101.3 88.6 86.9 91.6 110.2 123.2 122.2 126.1 France.................... 93.4 101.1 93.2 93.5 102.5 98.2 85.8 84.5 80.5 70.2 68.0 71.0 83.8 91.3 90.9 93.1 Germany................... .. .. 143.2 145.5 166.8 158.7 136.0 132.6 124.7 110.0 105.5 109.5 130.7 141.0 139.4 141.5 Greece.................... 45.2 49.0 43.8 45.3 52.0 52.4 49.2 46.8 44.3 38.2 37.6 41.0 50.5 59.8 60.8 63.1 Hungary................... .. .. .. 15.1 14.6 13.9 13.2 13.0 13.1 12.3 13.6 16.5 19.6 22.9 24.0 24.6 Ireland................... 86.1 93.0 82.7 83.8 89.2 88.3 84.9 83.0 82.1 73.6 75.3 81.3 97.7 108.3 111.4 117.6 Italy..................... 108.3 113.9 89.1 85.7 83.9 86.8 78.1 77.2 73.7 63.1 61.3 65.9 80.5 91.1 91.0 93.7 Luxembourg................ 113.5 124.5 120.3 128.3 148.6 136.7 116.5 113.4 109.8 94.3 89.6 94.2 113.3 127.4 128.8 129.4 Netherlands............... 113.8 123.8 119.1 121.3 135.2 124.8 110.2 111.6 108.2 93.5 91.2 96.8 116.4 128.4 126.6 127.6 Norway.................... 152.3 160.0 139.8 141.2 159.0 157.0 144.5 143.3 142.5 126.2 125.0 141.0 158.0 169.0 174.8 182.9 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.3 13.9 15.9 14.8 16.2 16.1 16.8 17.9 20.4 22.4 Portugal.................. 25.6 30.6 26.1 25.9 29.5 28.9 26.8 26.8 26.3 23.6 23.3 24.9 29.5 32.9 32.4 32.5 Spain..................... 72.8 78.2 65.0 62.7 68.4 69.4 61.4 59.4 57.8 49.9 48.7 52.0 63.4 70.7 71.2 73.9 Sweden.................... 120.6 130.5 96.4 99.4 109.8 120.0 107.2 104.6 100.0 89.9 79.6 84.6 102.0 112.8 111.0 114.4 Switzerland............... 147.4 154.6 147.1 157.3 178.3 166.3 138.4 136.5 128.6 111.7 110.9 118.0 134.2 142.6 140.1 139.1 United Kingdom............ 87.1 92.5 79.5 80.9 83.5 83.5 89.7 93.4 91.3 84.9 83.1 86.1 95.9 107.3 108.5 111.4 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 85.0 88.0 84.8 85.1 89.0 83.8 77.3 73.2 73.0 69.6 65.5 65.5 73.8 79.7 81.3 83.5 OECD (4).................. 91.0 94.0 90.5 90.5 94.6 90.3 83.0 78.7 78.7 74.8 70.3 70.8 80.2 86.9 88.6 90.9 Europe.................... 110.0 118.3 108.2 109.6 120.7 116.6 103.7 102.9 98.6 87.1 84.6 89.0 104.8 114.9 114.6 117.2 Euro Area (2)............. 110.6 119.7 111.3 112.8 125.8 120.7 105.5 103.8 99.1 86.5 84.0 88.4 105.7 115.7 115.2 117.7 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.6 13.9 14.6 13.6 14.8 16.3 18.5 20.6 22.6 24.3 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 28.6 31.8 32.7 35.4 38.7 39.8 37.0 30.3 32.4 33.8 31.4 31.5 32.8 34.7 37.8 41.5 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -25- Table 6. Production Workers: Indexes of hourly direct pay in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 100.0 Brazil.................... 21.0 Canada.................... 120.8 Mexico.................... 11.2 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 124.6 Hong Kong SAR............. 27.6 Israel.................... 61.9 Japan..................... 84.7 Korea, Republic of........ 68.8 New Zealand............... 86.0 Philippines............... 4.9 Singapore................. 37.3 Sri Lanka................. 2.7 Taiwan.................... 29.4 Europe Austria................... 136.9 Belgium................... 129.8 Czech Republic............ 31.3 Denmark................... 193.4 Finland................... 139.7 France.................... 101.5 Germany................... 157.4 Greece.................... 69.3 Hungary................... 30.0 Ireland................... 129.8 Italy..................... 102.1 Luxembourg................ 138.3 Netherlands............... 137.9 Norway.................... 207.1 Poland.................... 26.7 Portugal.................. 34.7 Spain..................... 81.1 Sweden.................... 125.8 Switzerland............... 143.2 United Kingdom............ 122.1 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 89.0 OECD (4).................. 97.1 Europe.................... 128.4 Euro Area (2)............. 129.3 Eastern Europe (6)........ 29.0 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 42.4 '..' means data not available. (1) For a description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the Technical Notes preceding these tables. (2) Euro Area refers to European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the Euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. (3) The trade-weighted measures for production workers in this table are not directly comparable with those for all employees; the country coverage of the two series differs slightly. (4) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) East Asia ex-Japan includes Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. (6) Eastern Europe refers to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -26- Table 7. Production Workers: Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 5.18 5.60 6.12 6.67 7.24 7.87 8.64 9.22 9.54 9.91 10.28 10.54 10.76 10.99 11.31 11.85 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 5.69 6.69 6.88 6.87 7.29 8.06 8.81 9.59 10.18 10.17 9.97 10.08 10.93 12.23 13.39 14.29 Mexico.................... 1.09 1.21 0.99 1.20 1.41 1.61 2.02 1.40 0.97 1.10 1.13 0.77 0.75 0.89 1.00 1.10 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 5.01 5.53 5.57 6.21 6.62 7.51 8.63 8.78 8.19 8.65 7.17 7.44 8.26 9.93 10.88 11.39 Hong Kong SAR............. 0.73 0.85 1.00 1.14 1.27 1.45 1.50 1.60 1.46 1.52 1.66 1.81 2.01 2.31 2.69 3.08 Israel.................... 1.68 1.77 2.00 1.92 2.47 2.83 3.12 3.31 3.64 3.48 3.04 3.89 4.74 5.73 5.74 6.40 Japan..................... 2.66 2.86 3.45 4.70 4.68 4.81 5.28 4.85 5.21 5.38 5.45 7.92 9.24 10.80 10.68 10.83 Korea, Republic of........ 0.28 0.37 0.49 0.66 0.88 0.84 0.88 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.08 1.14 1.39 1.93 2.73 3.15 New Zealand............... 3.08 2.88 3.24 3.97 4.52 5.12 5.47 5.40 4.98 4.46 4.28 5.26 6.47 7.81 7.46 7.98 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 0.73 0.74 0.76 0.87 1.01 1.16 1.40 1.51 1.69 1.86 1.88 1.83 1.96 2.32 2.62 3.09 Sri Lanka................. 0.25 0.22 0.29 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.18 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.30 Taiwan.................... 0.36 0.43 0.50 0.60 0.76 0.96 1.15 1.18 1.22 1.35 1.39 1.59 2.08 2.59 3.24 3.61 Europe Austria................... 3.60 3.81 4.51 5.46 6.25 6.93 6.04 5.99 5.97 5.57 5.70 8.08 10.25 10.87 10.62 13.33 Belgium................... 4.44 4.83 5.84 7.20 8.29 9.20 8.05 6.96 6.61 6.16 6.24 8.43 10.31 10.72 10.43 12.91 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 6.00 6.32 6.90 8.54 10.10 10.37 8.96 8.42 8.12 7.51 7.64 10.52 13.68 14.80 14.14 17.80 Finland................... 4.06 4.45 4.65 4.89 6.21 6.81 6.61 6.56 6.20 6.34 6.63 8.57 10.60 12.14 12.96 15.95 France.................... 4.17 4.18 4.53 5.46 6.40 7.31 6.44 6.10 5.89 5.53 5.71 7.77 9.26 9.67 9.37 11.46 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 1.41 1.60 1.90 2.37 2.81 3.11 3.05 3.41 3.09 3.07 3.00 3.31 3.73 4.20 4.44 5.45 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 3.14 2.90 3.13 3.92 4.78 5.69 5.22 5.23 5.17 5.02 5.28 7.11 8.26 8.85 8.52 10.35 Italy..................... 3.23 2.98 3.51 4.13 5.00 5.93 5.58 5.41 5.58 5.36 5.53 7.52 9.33 9.99 10.10 12.45 Luxembourg................ 5.34 5.73 6.61 8.07 9.08 9.81 8.04 7.02 6.67 6.37 6.36 8.79 10.83 11.47 11.26 13.57 Netherlands............... 5.06 5.27 6.13 7.60 8.66 9.15 7.53 7.49 7.25 6.67 6.69 9.31 11.55 12.04 11.50 13.93 Norway.................... 5.96 6.60 7.51 8.32 8.83 9.96 9.43 9.24 8.85 8.63 8.85 11.27 14.28 15.62 15.64 18.44 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 1.25 1.31 1.23 1.26 1.30 1.58 1.56 1.42 1.21 1.07 1.13 1.53 1.87 2.05 2.20 2.79 Spain..................... 1.72 1.94 2.25 2.79 3.86 4.27 4.01 3.83 3.32 3.27 3.43 4.59 5.61 6.28 6.57 8.32 Sweden.................... 5.38 6.00 6.26 6.85 8.02 8.78 8.24 7.02 6.05 6.25 6.56 8.43 10.21 11.36 11.77 14.16 Switzerland............... 5.16 5.45 5.81 8.09 8.90 9.35 8.55 8.80 8.84 8.11 8.10 11.52 14.28 15.09 14.03 17.49 United Kingdom............ 2.84 2.67 2.80 3.55 4.50 5.89 5.70 5.44 5.13 4.81 5.05 6.13 7.32 8.58 8.50 10.11 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 3.38 3.73 4.00 4.53 5.03 5.57 5.66 5.64 5.70 5.63 5.61 6.57 7.60 8.49 8.79 9.88 OECD (4).................. 3.65 4.02 4.31 4.89 5.41 5.99 6.07 6.04 6.10 6.01 6.00 7.03 8.12 9.04 9.34 10.49 Europe.................... 4.07 4.16 4.70 5.77 6.78 7.64 6.80 6.54 6.35 5.95 6.10 8.24 10.15 10.94 10.70 13.09 Euro Area (2)............. 4.14 4.25 4.90 5.97 7.00 7.77 6.77 6.53 6.39 5.96 6.10 8.38 10.36 11.01 10.77 13.23 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 0.45 0.52 0.61 0.75 0.92 1.02 1.15 1.21 1.27 1.37 1.41 1.50 1.79 2.25 2.85 3.27 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -27- Table 7. Production Workers: Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 12.29 12.54 12.84 13.21 13.61 14.11 14.48 14.79 15.18 15.75 16.31 16.92 17.44 17.87 18.39 18.62 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 3.80 3.84 3.63 2.28 2.37 2.00 1.74 1.84 2.14 2.80 3.39 Canada.................... 15.25 14.95 14.34 13.77 13.89 14.42 14.28 13.60 13.77 14.13 13.82 14.03 16.22 17.91 19.59 21.04 Mexico.................... 1.28 1.49 1.67 1.94 1.21 1.16 1.24 1.17 1.29 1.48 1.68 1.80 1.77 1.78 1.94 2.04 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 11.82 11.40 10.85 12.11 12.91 14.07 13.73 12.35 12.97 11.75 10.79 12.52 16.07 18.75 20.16 20.94 Hong Kong SAR............. 3.44 3.85 4.10 4.39 4.57 4.86 5.10 5.12 5.09 5.17 5.25 5.18 5.07 5.04 5.17 5.29 Israel.................... 6.57 6.75 6.54 6.81 7.82 8.42 8.96 9.01 8.86 9.52 10.10 9.10 9.66 10.03 10.28 10.62 Japan..................... 12.49 13.85 16.15 17.76 19.90 17.24 15.86 14.81 16.99 18.08 15.97 15.25 16.55 17.84 17.51 16.43 Korea, Republic of........ 3.82 4.22 4.56 5.17 6.00 6.63 5.92 4.07 5.08 5.88 5.56 6.49 7.39 8.45 10.32 11.91 New Zealand............... 8.02 7.58 7.59 8.56 9.73 10.59 10.57 8.79 8.89 7.94 7.59 8.68 11.17 13.03 14.30 13.82 Philippines............... 0.58 0.67 0.63 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.81 0.61 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.63 0.64 0.68 0.74 0.84 Singapore................. 3.49 3.95 4.18 4.96 6.07 6.53 6.46 6.01 6.09 6.27 5.97 5.75 6.17 6.42 6.36 7.45 Sri Lanka................. 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.41 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.38 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.47 0.49 Taiwan.................... 4.01 4.67 4.76 5.03 5.32 5.32 5.25 4.70 4.99 5.30 5.17 4.91 5.01 5.25 5.61 5.62 Europe Austria................... 13.56 15.15 14.95 15.69 18.61 18.68 16.49 16.68 16.46 14.61 14.73 16.01 19.57 21.70 22.45 23.26 Belgium................... 13.26 14.74 14.35 15.52 18.05 17.69 15.61 15.83 15.52 13.80 13.92 15.26 18.63 21.04 21.60 22.35 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 1.87 2.19 2.07 2.21 2.17 2.08 2.29 2.80 3.45 3.97 4.46 5.00 Denmark................... 17.98 19.69 18.78 19.90 23.62 23.56 21.59 22.12 22.28 19.91 20.18 22.12 27.41 30.14 31.05 32.31 Finland................... 16.03 14.95 11.90 13.61 17.42 17.34 15.64 15.63 15.38 13.95 14.17 15.50 19.22 22.01 22.47 23.49 France.................... 11.48 12.67 11.96 12.35 13.95 13.86 12.42 12.50 12.22 11.06 11.09 12.01 14.62 16.32 16.72 17.34 Germany................... .. .. 18.38 19.22 22.70 22.39 19.69 19.61 18.93 17.34 17.20 18.53 22.79 25.21 25.64 26.36 Greece.................... 5.55 6.14 5.62 5.98 7.08 7.39 7.12 6.92 6.72 6.01 6.13 6.93 8.81 10.69 11.17 11.75 Hungary................... .. .. .. 1.99 1.98 1.96 1.92 1.93 1.99 1.94 2.22 2.79 3.42 4.09 4.41 4.58 Ireland................... 10.58 11.66 10.62 11.07 12.14 12.46 12.30 12.28 12.46 11.60 12.28 13.77 17.04 19.36 20.50 21.91 Italy..................... 13.31 14.28 11.43 11.32 11.42 12.25 11.31 11.42 11.19 9.93 10.00 11.16 14.04 16.28 16.74 17.45 Luxembourg................ 13.95 15.60 15.44 16.95 20.22 19.29 16.86 16.78 16.67 14.86 14.61 15.94 19.76 22.77 23.69 24.10 Netherlands............... 13.98 15.52 15.29 16.03 18.40 17.62 15.95 16.51 16.43 14.72 14.87 16.39 20.31 22.95 23.30 23.77 Norway.................... 18.72 20.06 17.95 18.65 21.64 22.15 20.92 21.19 21.64 19.88 20.38 23.86 27.56 30.21 32.15 34.07 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.92 2.06 2.41 2.33 2.64 2.72 2.92 3.19 3.75 4.18 Portugal.................. 3.14 3.84 3.35 3.43 4.02 4.08 3.88 3.97 4.00 3.72 3.80 4.21 5.14 5.89 5.97 6.06 Spain..................... 8.95 9.81 8.34 8.29 9.31 9.79 8.88 8.79 8.78 7.86 7.94 8.81 11.05 12.64 13.09 13.76 Sweden.................... 14.82 16.35 12.38 13.13 14.95 16.93 15.52 15.47 15.18 14.17 12.98 14.32 17.79 20.16 20.41 21.31 Switzerland............... 18.12 19.38 18.88 20.79 24.26 23.46 20.03 20.20 19.52 17.60 18.08 19.97 23.40 25.50 25.77 25.91 United Kingdom............ 10.70 11.59 10.20 10.68 11.37 11.79 12.99 13.81 13.86 13.38 13.55 14.58 16.72 19.18 19.96 20.74 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 10.45 11.03 10.88 11.24 12.12 11.82 11.19 10.83 11.08 10.96 10.68 11.09 12.88 14.24 14.95 15.56 OECD (4).................. 11.19 11.78 11.61 11.96 12.88 12.74 12.02 11.64 11.95 11.79 11.47 11.98 14.00 15.52 16.29 16.93 Europe.................... 13.51 14.84 13.89 14.48 16.43 16.46 15.02 15.23 14.97 13.72 13.79 15.06 18.29 20.53 21.09 21.82 Euro Area (2)............. 13.60 15.00 14.28 14.90 17.13 17.03 15.28 15.36 15.04 13.63 13.70 14.95 18.43 20.68 21.18 21.92 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.96 2.06 2.21 2.14 2.42 2.76 3.22 3.68 4.15 4.53 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 3.52 3.98 4.19 4.67 5.27 5.61 5.36 4.48 4.92 5.32 5.12 5.32 5.73 6.21 6.95 7.73 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -28- Table 7. Production Workers: Hourly direct pay in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 19.17 Brazil.................... 4.03 Canada.................... 23.15 Mexico.................... 2.15 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 23.88 Hong Kong SAR............. 5.29 Israel.................... 11.85 Japan..................... 16.23 Korea, Republic of........ 13.18 New Zealand............... 16.48 Philippines............... 0.94 Singapore................. 7.16 Sri Lanka................. 0.52 Taiwan.................... 5.64 Europe Austria................... 26.25 Belgium................... 24.87 Czech Republic............ 6.01 Denmark................... 37.06 Finland................... 26.78 France.................... 19.45 Germany................... 30.16 Greece.................... 13.28 Hungary................... 5.75 Ireland................... 24.88 Italy..................... 19.57 Luxembourg................ 26.50 Netherlands............... 26.43 Norway.................... 39.68 Poland.................... 5.11 Portugal.................. 6.65 Spain..................... 15.54 Sweden.................... 24.11 Switzerland............... 27.45 United Kingdom............ 23.40 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 17.06 OECD (4).................. 18.61 Europe.................... 24.60 Euro Area (2)............. 24.78 Eastern Europe (6)........ 5.56 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 8.12 '..' means data not available. (1) For a description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the Technical Notes preceding these tables. (2) Euro Area refers to European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the Euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. (3) The trade-weighted measures for production workers in this table are not directly comparable with those for all employees; the country coverage of the two series differs slightly. (4) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) East Asia ex-Japan includes Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. (6) Eastern Europe refers to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -29- Table 8. Production Workers: Hourly direct pay in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 5.18 5.60 6.12 6.67 7.24 7.87 8.64 9.22 9.54 9.91 10.28 10.54 10.76 10.99 11.31 11.85 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 5.79 6.60 7.31 7.83 8.53 9.42 10.57 11.83 12.54 13.17 13.62 14.01 14.49 15.05 15.85 16.67 Mexico.................... 13.62 17.51 22.37 27.23 32.10 36.96 49.60 78.78 116.7 184.8 290.8 471.7 1040 2030 2450 3103 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 3.83 4.53 5.03 5.42 5.92 6.59 7.50 8.64 9.08 9.84 10.24 11.08 11.77 12.65 13.74 14.59 Hong Kong SAR............. 3.60 4.14 4.66 5.35 6.34 7.23 8.34 9.69 10.57 11.90 12.96 14.11 15.71 18.05 20.97 23.97 Israel.................... 1.07 1.42 2.10 3.35 6.28 14.52 35.66 80.33 204.6 1020 #3.58 5.78 7.55 9.15 11.00 12.90 Japan..................... 788.3 846.4 925.2 979.8 1021 1086 1162 1207 1237 1278 1301 1334 1337 1385 1475 1570 Korea, Republic of........ 136.6 177.0 236.7 321.7 424.9 507.6 602.3 692.2 777.9 847.8 939.1 1008 1142 1414 1832 2231 New Zealand............... 2.54 2.91 3.34 3.83 4.42 5.26 6.29 7.20 7.46 7.70 8.61 10.03 10.90 11.91 12.56 13.38 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 1.72 1.83 1.86 1.98 2.20 2.47 2.95 3.24 3.57 3.96 4.13 3.99 4.12 4.67 5.11 5.60 Sri Lanka................. 1.79 1.85 2.61 3.74 3.21 3.25 3.40 4.27 4.98 5.55 6.49 6.96 7.56 8.41 9.52 12.03 Taiwan.................... 13.66 16.19 18.93 22.38 27.24 34.73 42.25 45.97 49.01 53.51 55.56 60.20 66.20 74.00 85.51 97.28 Europe Austria................... 62.64 68.31 74.50 79.10 83.59 89.66 95.92 102.2 107.3 111.4 118.0 123.3 129.7 134.3 140.7 151.0 Belgium................... 162.9 186.3 209.2 226.5 243.1 268.5 298.1 318.8 337.9 355.7 370.2 376.4 385.4 394.3 411.1 431.4 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 34.41 38.21 41.44 47.02 53.11 58.37 63.60 70.24 74.28 77.75 80.95 85.17 93.68 99.76 103.5 110.2 Finland................... 14.87 17.16 18.68 20.08 22.38 25.34 28.54 31.53 34.52 38.06 41.10 43.49 46.69 50.88 55.69 61.08 France.................... 17.84 19.97 22.25 24.56 27.22 30.83 34.86 40.13 44.85 48.31 51.24 53.83 55.69 57.62 59.81 62.40 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 45.47 58.46 70.15 87.04 103.9 132.5 168.9 227.8 272.3 345.6 414.7 463.9 504.7 596.0 720.8 864.0 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 1.41 1.61 1.79 2.04 2.34 2.77 3.23 3.68 4.14 4.62 4.96 5.30 5.55 5.80 6.01 6.24 Italy..................... 2110 2471 3096 3508 4157 5068 6307 7330 8474 9412 10554 11217 12103 13003 13864 14913 Luxembourg................ 196.6 221.3 236.9 254.0 266.3 286.9 298.4 320.9 341.0 368.2 377.8 392.8 404.4 421.9 443.7 453.7 Netherlands............... 12.76 13.93 15.04 16.42 17.37 18.16 18.72 20.00 20.70 21.41 22.19 22.78 23.40 23.81 24.40 25.38 Norway.................... 31.07 36.02 39.98 43.61 44.72 49.15 54.03 59.69 64.62 70.41 76.06 83.37 96.28 101.9 108.1 115.3 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 31.77 39.59 46.73 55.45 63.41 78.98 95.81 114.0 135.5 158.7 194.2 229.6 263.4 295.7 346.5 398.7 Spain..................... 98.71 130.0 169.1 213.1 259.0 305.9 369.3 422.0 476.8 526.4 583.0 643.2 692.5 732.2 777.6 848.2 Sweden.................... 22.29 26.13 27.99 30.95 34.37 37.14 41.47 44.10 46.45 51.66 56.45 60.07 64.80 69.69 76.00 83.88 Switzerland............... 13.32 13.63 13.93 14.37 14.80 15.65 16.76 17.89 18.57 19.06 19.89 20.72 21.31 22.10 22.96 24.32 United Kingdom............ 1.28 1.48 1.61 1.85 2.12 2.53 2.82 3.11 3.38 3.60 3.89 4.18 4.46 4.82 5.19 5.67 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -30- Table 8. Production Workers: Hourly direct pay in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 12.29 12.54 12.84 13.21 13.61 14.11 14.48 14.79 15.18 15.75 16.31 16.92 17.44 17.87 18.39 18.62 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 3.82 4.14 4.21 4.15 4.34 4.71 5.08 5.67 6.25 6.82 7.37 Canada.................... 17.47 18.08 18.50 18.81 19.07 19.66 19.78 20.18 20.46 20.98 21.40 22.03 22.72 23.31 23.74 23.86 Mexico.................... 3858 4606 #5.20 6.55 7.75 8.83 9.80 10.68 12.33 14.01 15.69 17.37 19.08 20.14 21.17 22.20 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 15.18 15.51 15.96 16.56 17.43 17.97 18.46 19.64 20.10 20.20 20.88 23.04 24.63 25.46 26.43 27.78 Hong Kong SAR............. 26.71 29.82 31.74 33.95 35.35 37.55 39.48 39.65 39.48 40.26 40.99 40.43 39.50 39.27 40.22 41.11 Israel.................... 14.98 16.59 18.50 20.51 23.55 26.87 30.90 34.25 36.66 38.82 42.49 43.14 43.99 44.94 46.15 47.32 Japan..................... 1681 1756 1794 1814 1870 1875 1920 1940 1932 1949 1941 1910 1919 1929 1928 1911 Korea, Republic of........ 2799 3295 3660 4158 4627 5335 5632 5706 6049 6655 7178 8117 8813 9679 10563 11367 New Zealand............... 13.86 14.09 14.02 14.41 14.83 15.40 15.95 16.40 16.79 17.38 18.05 18.69 19.18 19.61 20.29 21.29 Philippines............... 15.88 17.19 17.08 19.82 20.59 22.36 23.91 24.87 26.36 27.71 30.50 32.59 34.47 37.83 40.73 43.27 Singapore................. 6.02 6.43 6.75 7.58 8.60 9.21 9.59 10.06 10.33 10.82 10.70 10.30 10.76 10.86 10.58 11.82 Sri Lanka................. 14.20 15.00 17.31 19.12 20.95 22.70 23.01 25.79 27.93 31.52 34.36 40.49 42.11 44.98 46.75 50.53 Taiwan.................... 107.3 117.6 125.7 133.2 140.8 146.0 151.2 157.5 161.4 165.8 175.0 169.5 172.5 175.3 180.3 182.8 Europe Austria................... 158.5 166.5 174.0 179.0 187.5 197.8 201.2 206.5 #15.45 15.83 16.45 16.93 17.28 17.44 18.03 18.51 Belgium................... 453.6 473.9 496.1 518.8 532.1 547.9 558.9 574.8 #14.57 14.95 15.55 16.14 16.45 16.92 17.35 17.79 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 49.71 59.36 65.58 71.48 75.01 80.26 87.21 91.52 97.20 102.0 106.8 113.1 Denmark................... 115.1 118.9 121.8 126.5 132.3 136.7 142.7 148.3 155.7 161.2 168.2 174.5 180.3 180.5 186.1 192.0 Finland................... 64.96 67.07 68.12 71.22 76.24 79.66 81.28 83.55 #14.44 15.11 15.82 16.40 16.97 17.70 18.05 18.69 France.................... 64.81 67.08 67.76 68.49 69.58 70.89 72.50 73.73 #11.47 11.98 12.38 12.70 12.92 13.12 13.43 13.80 Germany................... .. .. 30.41 31.17 32.51 33.69 34.16 34.51 #17.77 18.78 19.21 19.60 20.13 20.26 20.60 20.98 Greece.................... 1012 1170 1288 1451 1640 1779 1944 2046 2062 2198 #6.85 7.33 7.78 8.60 8.98 9.36 Hungary................... .. .. .. 209.6 248.9 298.6 358.3 413.3 471.7 546.2 635.7 718.6 766.3 828.8 879.9 962.6 Ireland................... 6.55 6.84 7.25 7.39 7.57 7.79 8.11 8.62 #11.69 12.56 13.71 14.56 15.05 15.57 16.47 17.44 Italy..................... 16523 17589 17987 18250 18602 18904 19268 19841 #10.51 10.76 11.17 11.80 12.41 13.09 13.45 13.89 Luxembourg................ 476.5 501.6 534.3 567.3 596.2 597.2 603.1 609.1 #15.65 16.09 16.32 16.86 17.45 18.31 19.03 19.18 Netherlands............... 26.17 27.30 28.40 29.16 29.52 29.70 31.14 32.74 #15.42 15.95 16.61 17.33 17.94 18.45 18.71 18.92 Norway.................... 121.5 124.7 127.4 131.6 137.1 143.1 148.2 160.1 168.9 175.2 183.4 190.5 195.1 203.6 207.1 218.3 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.30 7.16 9.56 10.16 10.82 11.11 11.37 11.68 12.14 12.97 Portugal.................. 455.3 518.5 540.0 568.7 602.6 628.9 681.2 715.7 #3.75 4.03 4.24 4.46 4.54 4.73 4.79 4.82 Spain..................... 930.3 1004 1063 1109 1160 1240 1302 1314 #8.24 8.51 8.87 9.32 9.76 10.16 10.52 10.95 Sweden.................... 89.68 95.28 96.50 101.3 106.7 113.6 118.7 123.1 125.6 130.0 134.3 139.2 143.8 148.1 152.5 157.1 Switzerland............... 26.02 27.25 27.91 28.41 28.66 29.00 29.07 29.30 29.37 29.74 30.55 31.09 31.48 31.69 32.10 32.47 United Kingdom............ 6.06 6.56 6.79 6.97 7.20 7.55 7.93 8.34 8.57 8.83 9.41 9.71 10.23 10.46 10.96 11.24 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -31- Table 8. Production Workers: Hourly direct pay in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 19.17 Brazil.................... 7.85 Canada.................... 24.85 Mexico.................... 23.52 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 28.45 Hong Kong SAR............. 41.27 Israel.................... 48.99 Japan..................... 1911 Korea, Republic of........ 12244 New Zealand............... 22.38 Philippines............... 44.15 Singapore................. 10.78 Sri Lanka................. 57.52 Taiwan.................... 185.1 Europe Austria................... 19.14 Belgium................... 18.14 Czech Republic............ 123.4 Denmark................... 201.7 Finland................... 19.53 France.................... 14.18 Germany................... 22.00 Greece.................... 9.68 Hungary................... 1064 Ireland................... 18.14 Italy..................... 14.28 Luxembourg................ 19.32 Netherlands............... 19.28 Norway.................... 232.4 Poland.................... 14.32 Portugal.................. 4.85 Spain..................... 11.34 Sweden.................... 162.9 Switzerland............... 32.94 United Kingdom............ 11.69 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -32- Table 9. Production Workers: Indexes of pay for time worked in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 106.1 115.3 108.7 99.6 97.2 98.5 97.8 99.9 102.0 97.6 92.4 91.6 97.5 106.1 112.7 115.5 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 94.6 96.3 88.5 90.4 88.8 92.5 96.7 92.6 83.0 84.2 67.2 68.3 74.5 87.0 92.6 93.1 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 32.6 31.8 33.0 28.9 34.3 36.1 36.2 36.1 38.2 35.1 29.5 37.0 44.2 52.0 50.6 54.2 Japan..................... 37.3 37.4 41.6 52.2 47.6 44.8 44.4 38.6 40.2 40.1 39.2 55.8 64.3 72.9 69.2 67.2 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 57.7 49.9 51.5 58.0 60.7 63.2 61.4 57.0 50.6 43.5 40.2 48.5 58.4 68.6 63.6 65.3 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 13.1 12.2 11.8 12.5 13.3 13.9 15.1 15.3 16.4 17.2 16.8 16.2 17.1 19.3 20.7 23.4 Sri Lanka................. 4.2 3.4 4.1 3.1 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.2 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 54.3 53.3 57.7 63.8 67.6 68.3 54.2 50.5 48.4 43.5 42.7 59.4 74.1 76.4 72.6 86.8 Belgium................... 76.0 74.8 81.1 89.8 94.7 96.2 76.3 61.8 56.1 50.1 48.7 64.3 77.0 77.6 73.6 87.8 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 112.5 109.8 110.0 124.9 135.1 126.6 98.7 87.2 80.7 71.8 70.3 94.9 121.2 127.5 117.9 142.1 Finland................... 76.3 76.3 72.2 69.0 80.1 80.3 70.3 65.1 58.9 57.8 58.0 72.8 87.9 97.5 100.9 118.5 France.................... 71.5 66.6 66.1 72.9 78.6 82.3 65.9 58.2 53.5 48.0 47.3 62.8 73.0 73.6 69.3 81.3 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 22.9 24.1 26.3 30.0 32.8 33.4 29.8 31.1 27.1 25.6 24.1 26.3 29.3 32.2 32.9 38.6 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 60.1 51.3 50.5 58.0 64.8 70.7 58.7 55.1 52.1 48.4 49.1 64.8 73.9 77.1 72.2 84.4 Italy..................... 49.3 42.1 45.7 50.0 56.2 61.6 52.3 47.8 47.3 43.7 42.9 56.9 69.1 71.5 70.1 82.8 Luxembourg................ 90.4 91.4 98.5 112.4 115.6 113.9 84.2 69.1 63.0 57.8 55.4 74.8 90.0 92.4 88.2 102.2 Netherlands............... 82.5 80.6 85.9 95.4 99.3 97.2 73.6 69.5 64.6 56.2 53.3 72.5 88.0 89.5 82.9 95.9 Norway.................... 105.0 108.2 112.7 113.4 110.3 114.5 98.7 91.0 83.6 77.7 76.5 95.8 119.6 127.1 123.0 138.6 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 20.0 19.4 16.6 15.7 14.8 16.6 14.9 12.8 10.5 8.9 9.0 12.0 14.4 15.3 16.0 19.5 Spain..................... 24.0 25.1 26.6 30.2 38.5 39.2 33.5 30.1 25.1 23.7 23.9 31.4 37.7 41.0 42.5 52.7 Sweden.................... 104.2 108.0 103.1 101.7 106.3 107.5 91.0 74.0 61.9 60.3 60.6 76.0 90.5 98.0 98.6 113.9 Switzerland............... 88.4 86.2 84.1 107.1 108.3 104.1 86.3 83.2 79.9 70.4 67.5 94.0 114.3 117.4 106.0 126.9 United Kingdom............ 54.9 47.7 45.8 53.1 61.9 74.2 64.9 58.0 52.5 47.3 47.8 56.7 66.3 75.4 73.0 83.8 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -33- Table 9. Production Workers: Indexes of pay for time worked in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 23.6 23.1 21.3 13.0 13.1 10.7 9.0 9.3 10.5 13.4 15.9 Canada.................... 119.4 114.3 106.9 99.7 98.1 98.6 94.7 88.2 86.6 86.0 81.6 80.0 89.8 96.7 103.1 109.1 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 93.6 88.1 81.7 88.6 92.2 97.2 92.0 80.9 82.5 72.3 64.4 72.2 89.9 102.4 107.2 109.7 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 53.9 54.0 51.0 51.6 57.8 60.1 62.1 61.1 58.6 61.1 62.3 54.3 56.1 56.7 56.8 57.7 Japan..................... 74.8 81.1 92.9 100.3 109.4 92.2 82.2 75.7 85.4 87.9 75.7 70.9 74.7 78.4 74.8 69.2 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 63.6 58.6 57.5 62.7 69.3 73.0 70.7 57.7 56.9 49.0 45.2 49.9 62.4 71.3 76.2 72.3 Philippines............... 4.3 4.9 4.5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.1 3.8 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.6 4.1 Singapore................. 25.3 28.0 28.7 33.0 38.9 40.4 38.9 35.8 35.0 34.8 32.2 29.9 31.1 31.5 30.3 35.0 Sri Lanka................. 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 86.5 95.3 92.0 94.0 108.9 105.7 90.7 89.7 86.1 74.1 72.4 76.0 90.2 97.5 98.3 100.4 Belgium................... 87.7 95.5 90.0 94.1 106.1 100.0 85.6 84.9 80.8 69.5 68.0 72.0 85.3 94.0 94.0 95.9 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 12.4 13.9 12.8 13.4 12.8 11.9 12.6 15.0 17.9 20.2 22.1 24.5 Denmark................... 138.6 147.8 136.1 138.8 159.3 152.4 134.7 133.9 129.1 111.0 109.2 115.9 139.7 150.4 150.9 154.5 Finland................... 113.7 101.9 79.2 88.0 111.2 106.8 93.7 91.6 87.8 77.2 74.9 78.0 92.5 101.8 101.3 104.3 France.................... 78.9 85.0 78.8 79.7 88.6 85.8 74.6 73.3 69.6 61.0 59.8 63.1 75.4 82.8 82.7 84.5 Germany................... .. .. 117.2 119.9 138.4 131.6 112.5 110.6 104.3 91.5 87.4 90.8 108.6 118.9 117.6 117.9 Greece.................... 38.0 40.3 36.0 37.4 43.3 43.9 40.8 38.6 36.2 31.2 30.7 33.4 41.1 48.5 49.4 51.2 Hungary................... .. .. .. 11.4 11.0 10.5 10.3 10.4 10.6 10.3 11.4 13.8 16.4 19.1 20.1 20.5 Ireland................... 83.7 90.3 80.1 81.1 86.7 86.1 81.6 78.8 76.8 68.5 71.1 77.8 94.6 106.1 107.3 110.7 Italy..................... 85.6 89.4 70.9 69.4 69.3 73.3 66.7 65.7 62.3 53.4 52.5 56.8 69.9 79.5 79.7 81.8 Luxembourg................ 101.9 111.4 106.2 111.9 128.8 117.5 100.0 97.5 94.3 81.6 77.6 81.5 97.8 109.6 111.1 111.4 Netherlands............... 93.5 101.6 97.7 99.7 111.8 103.8 91.3 92.6 89.6 77.9 76.1 80.8 97.0 106.7 105.5 106.1 Norway.................... 136.2 143.7 125.8 127.0 142.6 140.7 129.4 127.5 125.8 111.3 110.7 125.2 140.5 150.2 155.7 162.6 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 9.5 10.2 11.9 11.4 12.6 12.6 13.2 14.1 16.1 17.7 Portugal.................. 21.3 25.3 21.7 21.6 24.8 24.4 22.4 22.2 21.5 19.3 19.3 20.9 25.0 28.3 27.9 27.9 Spain..................... 56.0 61.1 50.7 48.9 53.6 54.6 48.6 47.6 46.6 40.8 39.9 42.5 51.7 57.4 57.9 60.0 Sweden.................... 114.1 121.0 91.0 93.5 103.9 114.0 101.2 98.4 93.6 84.4 74.8 79.5 95.7 105.5 104.1 107.1 Switzerland............... 127.3 132.9 126.2 135.0 153.8 143.9 119.2 117.4 110.2 96.1 95.8 102.1 116.3 123.5 121.7 120.5 United Kingdom............ 86.5 89.8 76.4 77.0 79.3 78.9 84.0 86.9 84.4 78.4 78.1 82.2 92.9 105.3 106.8 109.3 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -34- Table 9. Production Workers: Indexes of pay for time worked in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (Index, U.S. = 100) Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 100.0 Brazil.................... 18.5 Canada.................... 116.9 Mexico.................... .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 121.9 Hong Kong SAR............. .. Israel.................... 63.0 Japan..................... 66.6 Korea, Republic of........ .. New Zealand............... 83.2 Philippines............... 4.5 Singapore................. 32.8 Sri Lanka................. 2.4 Taiwan.................... .. Europe Austria................... 110.3 Belgium................... 103.9 Czech Republic............ 28.6 Denmark................... 171.6 Finland................... 115.8 France.................... 92.3 Germany................... 128.4 Greece.................... 56.4 Hungary................... 25.1 Ireland................... 119.5 Italy..................... 89.4 Luxembourg................ 119.3 Netherlands............... 114.9 Norway.................... 184.5 Poland.................... 21.1 Portugal.................. 29.8 Spain..................... 66.0 Sweden.................... 118.0 Switzerland............... 124.4 United Kingdom............ 120.1 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -35- Table 10. Production Workers: Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 4.71 5.09 5.55 6.05 6.57 7.15 7.86 8.36 8.70 9.05 9.40 9.59 9.77 10.05 10.35 10.78 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 5.00 5.87 6.03 6.03 6.39 7.04 7.69 8.35 8.87 8.83 8.69 8.78 9.52 10.66 11.67 12.45 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 4.46 4.90 4.91 5.47 5.83 6.62 7.60 7.74 7.22 7.62 6.32 6.55 7.27 8.74 9.58 10.04 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 1.53 1.62 1.83 1.75 2.25 2.58 2.85 3.02 3.32 3.17 2.77 3.55 4.32 5.22 5.24 5.84 Japan..................... 1.75 1.90 2.31 3.16 3.12 3.21 3.49 3.22 3.50 3.63 3.69 5.35 6.28 7.32 7.16 7.24 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 2.72 2.54 2.86 3.51 3.99 4.52 4.83 4.77 4.40 3.93 3.78 4.65 5.71 6.89 6.58 7.04 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 0.62 0.62 0.66 0.75 0.87 1.00 1.19 1.28 1.43 1.56 1.58 1.55 1.67 1.94 2.14 2.52 Sri Lanka................. 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.24 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 2.56 2.71 3.20 3.86 4.44 4.88 4.26 4.22 4.21 3.93 4.01 5.70 7.24 7.68 7.51 9.36 Belgium................... 3.58 3.81 4.50 5.43 6.23 6.88 5.99 5.16 4.88 4.53 4.57 6.16 7.52 7.80 7.62 9.47 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 5.30 5.59 6.11 7.56 8.87 9.05 7.76 7.29 7.02 6.49 6.60 9.10 11.84 12.81 12.21 15.32 Finland................... 3.60 3.88 4.01 4.17 5.26 5.74 5.53 5.44 5.12 5.23 5.46 6.98 8.59 9.80 10.44 12.78 France.................... 3.37 3.39 3.67 4.41 5.17 5.88 5.18 4.86 4.66 4.34 4.45 6.02 7.14 7.40 7.18 8.77 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 1.08 1.23 1.46 1.82 2.15 2.39 2.34 2.60 2.35 2.32 2.27 2.52 2.86 3.23 3.40 4.16 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 2.83 2.61 2.80 3.51 4.26 5.05 4.61 4.61 4.53 4.38 4.61 6.22 7.22 7.75 7.47 9.09 Italy..................... 2.32 2.14 2.53 3.02 3.69 4.41 4.11 3.99 4.11 3.95 4.03 5.46 6.75 7.19 7.26 8.92 Luxembourg................ 4.26 4.65 5.47 6.80 7.60 8.14 6.62 5.78 5.48 5.24 5.21 7.17 8.80 9.28 9.13 11.02 Netherlands............... 3.88 4.10 4.77 5.77 6.52 6.95 5.79 5.81 5.62 5.09 5.01 6.96 8.60 9.00 8.58 10.34 Norway.................... 4.94 5.51 6.26 6.86 7.25 8.18 7.76 7.61 7.27 7.04 7.19 9.19 11.68 12.77 12.73 14.94 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 0.94 0.99 0.92 0.95 0.98 1.19 1.17 1.07 0.91 0.81 0.85 1.15 1.40 1.54 1.66 2.10 Spain..................... 1.13 1.28 1.47 1.83 2.53 2.80 2.63 2.52 2.18 2.15 2.25 3.02 3.68 4.13 4.40 5.68 Sweden.................... 4.91 5.50 5.72 6.15 6.98 7.68 7.16 6.18 5.38 5.45 5.70 7.29 8.84 9.85 10.21 12.28 Switzerland............... 4.16 4.39 4.67 6.48 7.12 7.44 6.78 6.95 6.95 6.37 6.35 9.01 11.17 11.80 10.97 13.68 United Kingdom............ 2.59 2.43 2.54 3.21 4.07 5.30 5.10 4.85 4.56 4.28 4.49 5.44 6.48 7.58 7.55 9.04 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -36- Table 10. Production Workers: Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 11.13 11.40 11.70 12.04 12.34 12.75 13.14 13.45 13.85 14.32 14.76 15.29 15.74 16.14 16.56 16.81 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 3.01 3.03 2.87 1.80 1.87 1.58 1.37 1.46 1.69 2.21 2.68 Canada.................... 13.29 13.04 12.50 12.00 12.11 12.57 12.45 11.86 12.00 12.31 12.04 12.23 14.13 15.61 17.08 18.34 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 10.41 10.04 9.56 10.67 11.38 12.40 12.09 10.88 11.43 10.35 9.51 11.04 14.16 16.52 17.76 18.45 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 6.00 6.15 5.96 6.22 7.14 7.67 8.16 8.21 8.12 8.74 9.19 8.30 8.82 9.15 9.40 9.70 Japan..................... 8.32 9.24 10.87 12.08 13.50 11.75 10.80 10.18 11.83 12.59 11.17 10.84 11.76 12.65 12.38 11.62 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 7.08 6.68 6.73 7.55 8.56 9.31 9.29 7.76 7.88 7.01 6.67 7.63 9.82 11.50 12.62 12.15 Philippines............... 0.48 0.56 0.52 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.67 0.51 0.56 0.52 0.49 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.60 0.69 Singapore................. 2.81 3.19 3.36 3.97 4.80 5.15 5.10 4.81 4.84 4.98 4.75 4.57 4.90 5.09 5.02 5.88 Sri Lanka................. 0.27 0.27 0.28 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.31 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.37 0.38 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 9.63 10.86 10.77 11.31 13.43 13.47 11.91 12.07 11.93 10.61 10.69 11.62 14.20 15.74 16.29 16.87 Belgium................... 9.77 10.89 10.53 11.32 13.09 12.75 11.25 11.41 11.19 9.95 10.03 11.00 13.43 15.17 15.57 16.11 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 1.53 1.77 1.68 1.80 1.77 1.71 1.86 2.29 2.82 3.25 3.66 4.12 Denmark................... 15.43 16.85 15.92 16.71 19.65 19.43 17.69 18.01 17.88 15.90 16.12 17.71 21.99 24.27 25.00 25.97 Finland................... 12.65 11.62 9.26 10.59 13.72 13.61 12.31 12.33 12.16 11.06 11.06 11.93 14.57 16.44 16.78 17.54 France.................... 8.78 9.69 9.22 9.59 10.93 10.94 9.80 9.87 9.65 8.73 8.83 9.65 11.86 13.37 13.69 14.20 Germany................... .. .. 13.71 14.44 17.07 16.78 14.79 14.88 14.45 13.11 12.90 13.88 17.09 19.20 19.48 19.82 Greece.................... 4.22 4.59 4.22 4.50 5.35 5.60 5.37 5.19 5.02 4.47 4.54 5.11 6.47 7.83 8.19 8.61 Hungary................... .. .. .. 1.37 1.36 1.34 1.35 1.39 1.47 1.47 1.68 2.11 2.58 3.08 3.32 3.45 Ireland................... 9.32 10.29 9.37 9.76 10.70 10.98 10.72 10.60 10.64 9.80 10.49 11.90 14.90 17.12 17.76 18.61 Italy..................... 9.52 10.19 8.29 8.35 8.56 9.34 8.77 8.84 8.63 7.64 7.74 8.69 11.00 12.83 13.20 13.76 Luxembourg................ 11.35 12.70 12.42 13.48 15.89 14.98 13.14 13.11 13.07 11.68 11.45 12.46 15.40 17.69 18.40 18.72 Netherlands............... 10.41 11.58 11.43 12.00 13.80 13.23 12.00 12.45 12.42 11.15 11.24 12.35 15.27 17.21 17.47 17.83 Norway.................... 15.16 16.38 14.72 15.29 17.60 17.94 17.01 17.15 17.43 15.94 16.34 19.14 22.11 24.24 25.79 27.33 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.25 1.37 1.64 1.63 1.85 1.92 2.07 2.28 2.67 2.98 Portugal.................. 2.37 2.89 2.53 2.60 3.06 3.12 2.94 2.99 2.98 2.76 2.85 3.19 3.94 4.56 4.62 4.69 Spain..................... 6.23 6.96 5.93 5.89 6.62 6.96 6.39 6.40 6.46 5.84 5.88 6.50 8.13 9.26 9.59 10.08 Sweden.................... 12.70 13.79 10.64 11.25 12.82 14.53 13.30 13.24 12.97 12.09 11.05 12.16 15.07 17.03 17.24 18.00 Switzerland............... 14.17 15.16 14.76 16.26 18.97 18.35 15.66 15.79 15.26 13.76 14.14 15.62 18.30 19.94 20.15 20.26 United Kingdom............ 9.62 10.24 8.93 9.27 9.78 10.05 11.04 11.69 11.68 11.23 11.53 12.57 14.62 16.99 17.68 18.38 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -37- Table 10. Production Workers: Pay for time worked in U.S. dollars in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 17.26 Brazil.................... 3.19 Canada.................... 20.18 Mexico.................... .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 21.04 Hong Kong SAR............. .. Israel.................... 10.88 Japan..................... 11.49 Korea, Republic of........ .. New Zealand............... 14.35 Philippines............... 0.77 Singapore................. 5.65 Sri Lanka................. 0.41 Taiwan.................... .. Europe Austria................... 19.04 Belgium................... 17.93 Czech Republic............ 4.93 Denmark................... 29.62 Finland................... 19.99 France.................... 15.93 Germany................... 22.17 Greece.................... 9.73 Hungary................... 4.33 Ireland................... 20.62 Italy..................... 15.43 Luxembourg................ 20.58 Netherlands............... 19.83 Norway.................... 31.84 Poland.................... 3.64 Portugal.................. 5.15 Spain..................... 11.39 Sweden.................... 20.37 Switzerland............... 21.47 United Kingdom............ 20.73 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -38- Table 11. Production Workers: Pay for time worked in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 4.71 5.09 5.55 6.05 6.57 7.15 7.86 8.36 8.70 9.05 9.40 9.59 9.77 10.05 10.35 10.78 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 5.08 5.79 6.41 6.87 7.48 8.23 9.22 10.30 10.93 11.44 11.87 12.21 12.63 13.12 13.82 14.53 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 3.41 4.01 4.43 4.78 5.22 5.80 6.61 7.61 8.00 8.67 9.03 9.77 10.37 11.15 12.10 12.86 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 0.98 1.29 1.91 3.06 5.73 13.24 32.53 73.30 186.7 930.7 #3.27 5.28 6.89 8.35 10.04 11.77 Japan..................... 520.6 564.2 618.8 658.3 681.8 723.6 768.4 803.2 830.9 861.2 879.4 901.5 908.7 938.7 988.6 1050 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 2.24 2.56 2.95 3.38 3.90 4.64 5.55 6.35 6.59 6.80 7.60 8.86 9.62 10.51 11.09 11.81 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 1.46 1.53 1.60 1.71 1.89 2.13 2.50 2.74 3.02 3.33 3.47 3.37 3.51 3.90 4.17 4.57 Sri Lanka................. 1.41 1.46 2.06 2.95 2.53 2.56 2.68 3.37 3.93 4.38 5.12 5.49 5.96 6.63 7.51 9.49 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 44.54 48.64 52.94 55.99 59.41 63.16 67.73 72.04 75.60 78.66 82.93 86.94 91.56 94.91 99.45 106.0 Belgium................... 131.3 146.8 161.3 170.8 182.6 200.8 222.0 236.3 249.5 261.6 271.5 275.2 281.0 286.7 300.2 316.3 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 30.38 33.77 36.66 41.63 46.68 50.93 55.10 60.81 64.26 67.22 70.01 73.69 81.08 86.38 89.37 94.82 Finland................... 13.18 14.97 16.08 17.15 18.98 21.34 23.87 26.16 28.51 31.37 33.81 35.40 37.83 41.07 44.85 48.94 France.................... 14.41 16.18 18.02 19.86 21.98 24.83 28.02 32.01 35.49 37.93 39.97 41.73 42.90 44.10 45.78 47.76 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 34.89 44.85 53.82 66.78 79.74 101.7 129.6 173.4 207.3 261.2 313.4 353.2 387.2 459.0 552.8 659.9 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 1.27 1.45 1.61 1.83 2.08 2.46 2.86 3.24 3.63 4.03 4.33 4.63 4.85 5.08 5.27 5.49 Italy..................... 1513 1781 2237 2567 3068 3768 4654 5408 6248 6940 7701 8136 8753 9362 9960 10691 Luxembourg................ 156.5 179.6 195.9 214.1 222.8 238.1 245.8 264.1 280.4 302.5 309.2 320.2 328.4 341.4 359.6 368.3 Netherlands............... 9.80 10.84 11.70 12.47 13.09 13.79 14.40 15.53 16.04 16.32 16.62 17.03 17.42 17.79 18.21 18.84 Norway.................... 25.77 30.05 33.30 35.96 36.69 40.40 44.45 49.14 53.11 57.41 61.81 67.97 78.75 83.34 88.00 93.41 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 23.92 29.80 35.18 41.74 47.74 59.45 72.13 85.80 102.0 119.4 146.2 172.8 198.3 222.6 260.8 300.1 Spain..................... 64.79 85.32 111.0 139.8 170.0 200.8 242.4 277.0 313.0 345.5 382.7 422.1 454.5 480.6 520.6 579.2 Sweden.................... 20.34 23.95 25.56 27.78 29.94 32.49 36.03 38.85 41.29 45.12 49.04 51.96 56.10 60.44 65.91 72.75 Switzerland............... 10.74 10.96 11.18 11.51 11.83 12.47 13.29 14.14 14.60 14.97 15.58 16.20 16.66 17.28 17.96 19.02 United Kingdom............ 1.16 1.35 1.46 1.68 1.92 2.28 2.52 2.78 3.01 3.21 3.46 3.71 3.95 4.25 4.61 5.07 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -39- Table 11. Production Workers: Pay for time worked in national currency in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 11.13 11.40 11.70 12.04 12.34 12.75 13.14 13.45 13.85 14.32 14.76 15.29 15.74 16.14 16.56 16.81 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 3.02 3.27 3.33 3.28 3.43 3.72 4.02 4.48 4.94 5.39 5.83 Canada.................... 15.23 15.76 16.13 16.40 16.62 17.14 17.24 17.59 17.83 18.29 18.65 19.20 19.80 20.32 20.69 20.80 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 13.37 13.66 14.06 14.59 15.36 15.84 16.26 17.30 17.71 17.80 18.40 20.30 21.70 22.43 23.28 24.48 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 13.67 15.13 16.88 18.72 21.48 24.48 28.16 31.20 33.60 35.64 38.67 39.34 40.18 41.02 42.17 43.22 Japan..................... 1120 1172 1208 1234 1269 1278 1307 1333 1345 1357 1358 1358 1363 1368 1364 1352 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 12.24 12.43 12.42 12.72 13.04 13.53 14.02 14.48 14.88 15.35 15.87 16.43 16.86 17.32 17.91 18.71 Philippines............... 13.20 14.29 14.20 16.48 17.12 18.59 19.88 20.68 21.81 22.82 25.00 26.59 28.13 30.86 33.23 35.30 Singapore................. 4.86 5.20 5.42 6.06 6.80 7.26 7.58 8.05 8.21 8.60 8.51 8.18 8.54 8.60 8.36 9.34 Sri Lanka................. 11.20 11.83 13.65 15.08 16.52 17.90 18.15 20.34 22.03 24.86 27.10 31.93 33.21 35.47 36.87 39.85 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 112.6 119.3 125.3 129.1 135.4 142.7 145.4 149.4 #11.20 11.49 11.94 12.29 12.54 12.66 13.08 13.43 Belgium................... 334.0 350.0 364.2 378.5 385.9 395.0 402.9 414.4 #10.50 10.78 11.21 11.64 11.86 12.20 12.51 12.83 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 40.50 48.11 53.32 58.11 61.24 65.88 70.58 74.87 79.49 83.62 87.78 93.16 Denmark................... 98.79 101.7 103.2 106.2 110.1 112.7 116.9 120.7 125.0 128.7 134.4 139.7 144.7 145.4 149.9 154.3 Finland................... 51.28 52.13 53.03 55.44 60.03 62.56 63.97 65.91 #11.41 11.97 12.36 12.62 12.87 13.21 13.48 13.96 France.................... 49.60 51.29 52.23 53.21 54.49 55.97 57.24 58.20 #9.05 9.46 9.86 10.21 10.48 10.75 11.00 11.30 Germany................... .. .. 22.69 23.41 24.45 25.25 25.65 26.18 #13.56 14.20 14.41 14.69 15.09 15.43 15.64 15.77 Greece.................... 770.0 875.5 966.7 1093 1239 1347 1465 1534 1539 1632 #5.07 5.41 5.72 6.30 6.58 6.85 Hungary................... .. .. .. 143.8 170.7 204.8 252.3 298.6 349.3 414.2 481.3 543.2 578.3 624.5 662.9 725.3 Ireland................... 5.77 6.04 6.40 6.52 6.67 6.86 7.07 7.44 #9.99 10.62 11.72 12.59 13.16 13.77 14.27 14.81 Italy..................... 11819 12557 13048 13456 13944 14411 14942 15346 #8.10 8.28 8.65 9.19 9.72 10.32 10.60 10.95 Luxembourg................ 387.5 408.3 429.7 451.0 468.5 463.9 469.9 476.0 #12.26 12.66 12.80 13.18 13.60 14.22 14.78 14.90 Netherlands............... 19.49 20.38 21.23 21.83 22.14 22.31 23.43 24.69 #11.65 12.08 12.55 13.06 13.49 13.84 14.03 14.19 Norway.................... 98.41 101.8 104.5 107.9 111.5 115.9 120.5 129.6 136.1 140.5 147.0 152.8 156.5 163.3 166.1 175.2 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 4.10 4.77 6.52 7.08 7.59 7.84 8.06 8.33 8.65 9.25 Portugal.................. 342.8 390.3 408.1 431.4 458.8 480.6 516.6 538.6 #2.80 2.99 3.18 3.38 3.48 3.67 3.71 3.74 Spain..................... 647.9 713.2 755.7 788.6 825.1 882.3 936.6 955.8 #6.06 6.33 6.57 6.88 7.18 7.44 7.70 8.03 Sweden.................... 76.84 80.34 82.98 86.84 91.53 97.49 101.7 105.3 107.3 110.9 114.3 118.2 121.7 125.1 128.8 132.7 Switzerland............... 20.35 21.31 21.82 22.22 22.41 22.68 22.73 22.91 22.96 23.26 23.89 24.31 24.61 24.78 25.10 25.39 United Kingdom............ 5.45 5.80 5.95 6.05 6.20 6.44 6.74 7.05 7.22 7.41 8.01 8.37 8.94 9.27 9.71 9.96 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -40- Table 11. Production Workers: Pay for time worked in national currency for in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 17.26 Brazil.................... 6.21 Canada.................... 21.66 Mexico.................... .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 25.07 Hong Kong SAR............. .. Israel.................... 44.95 Japan..................... 1354 Korea, Republic of........ .. New Zealand............... 19.49 Philippines............... 36.02 Singapore................. 8.52 Sri Lanka................. 45.36 Taiwan.................... .. Europe Austria................... 13.89 Belgium................... 13.08 Czech Republic............ 101.3 Denmark................... 161.2 Finland................... 14.58 France.................... 11.61 Germany................... 16.17 Greece.................... 7.09 Hungary................... 801.9 Ireland................... 15.04 Italy..................... 11.25 Luxembourg................ 15.01 Netherlands............... 14.46 Norway.................... 186.4 Poland.................... 10.21 Portugal.................. 3.76 Spain..................... 8.31 Sweden.................... 137.6 Switzerland............... 25.76 United Kingdom............ 10.35 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -41- Table 12. Prodcution Workers: Total direct pay as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 83.0 82.5 81.9 81.5 81.1 80.7 80.4 79.6 79.6 79.8 79.9 80.1 79.9 79.8 79.5 79.0 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.0 89.4 88.5 88.1 87.7 87.6 87.5 87.4 87.3 87.3 87.4 86.0 Mexico.................... 76.1 75.9 75.7 75.5 75.7 74.7 73.5 72.7 70.4 72.3 73.0 72.5 74.2 73.4 71.6 71.7 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 87.1 86.8 86.6 86.6 86.6 86.6 86.0 86.0 86.0 86.0 85.3 84.7 84.5 84.4 84.7 84.7 Hong Kong SAR............. 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.8 96.6 96.5 96.3 96.2 96.1 95.9 95.8 95.7 Israel.................... 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 Japan..................... 90.0 89.3 88.6 87.6 88.0 88.6 88.2 87.9 87.8 87.7 87.4 87.3 87.1 86.9 86.7 86.5 Korea, Republic of........ 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.1 90.2 90.1 89.9 90.5 88.9 87.7 New Zealand............... 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 94.1 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 85.9 85.8 80.1 79.6 77.5 74.5 74.6 74.2 73.5 72.7 73.0 81.3 84.6 84.0 82.4 81.0 Sri Lanka................. 90.6 90.6 90.6 90.6 90.6 90.6 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 Taiwan.................... 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 92.3 91.8 92.0 92.5 92.6 92.4 Europe Austria................... 78.5 78.3 78.1 77.6 77.3 76.8 76.3 75.8 75.3 74.5 74.0 74.0 73.8 73.6 73.7 73.9 Belgium................... 77.0 77.5 77.9 78.3 78.3 78.3 78.3 77.9 77.5 77.1 76.0 74.9 73.9 72.8 72.6 72.3 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 96.4 96.2 95.9 95.7 95.7 95.7 95.7 95.2 94.7 94.2 95.1 96.1 97.1 98.1 97.7 97.3 Finland................... 79.7 78.9 77.8 78.1 78.3 78.6 78.8 78.9 79.9 79.6 79.4 79.1 78.3 77.0 76.8 76.0 France.................... 74.2 73.5 73.4 73.0 72.7 72.7 72.5 71.7 70.6 70.5 70.9 71.0 71.0 70.5 70.2 70.2 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 83.4 83.4 83.4 83.4 83.4 83.4 83.4 82.9 81.9 82.0 82.0 81.4 80.8 81.5 81.7 81.3 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 85.8 84.7 85.5 85.9 85.8 84.7 83.8 82.6 82.6 81.6 81.4 81.3 81.5 81.4 81.6 81.9 Italy..................... 68.7 68.1 69.8 70.4 70.4 72.2 73.1 72.3 72.0 72.4 72.1 71.5 71.4 71.1 69.5 69.5 Luxembourg................ 85.8 85.1 85.1 85.3 85.4 85.2 85.1 85.1 85.6 85.8 85.4 85.0 85.0 84.6 84.8 85.1 Netherlands............... 76.9 76.4 76.4 76.2 75.9 76.0 76.1 76.6 76.5 76.8 76.6 76.2 76.3 76.2 77.0 77.5 Norway.................... 82.7 82.6 82.5 82.2 80.8 80.8 80.7 80.3 81.1 81.3 81.0 80.8 80.8 80.5 81.0 81.2 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 83.0 83.0 81.7 81.6 81.1 80.5 80.4 79.7 78.8 78.2 77.8 77.8 77.9 77.7 78.4 78.7 Spain..................... 69.6 69.6 72.4 73.4 74.4 74.2 74.0 74.3 74.6 75.0 75.4 75.4 75.4 75.4 75.2 74.9 Sweden.................... 75.6 73.3 71.1 71.6 71.4 70.8 70.4 70.3 68.7 68.7 68.5 68.5 68.1 68.1 67.8 68.2 Switzerland............... 84.8 84.6 84.4 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.3 84.4 84.5 84.2 83.8 83.7 83.6 83.8 83.9 83.9 United Kingdom............ 88.3 87.0 85.2 84.2 82.8 81.7 81.7 82.4 82.9 83.8 84.6 84.2 84.7 85.0 85.1 84.6 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 84.3 83.9 83.7 83.5 83.4 83.2 82.7 82.4 81.8 82.1 82.1 82.1 82.4 82.2 81.8 81.3 OECD (4).................. 83.7 83.3 83.2 83.0 82.9 82.9 82.3 82.0 81.3 81.7 81.7 81.5 81.7 81.5 81.1 80.6 Europe.................... 80.0 79.2 79.1 79.0 78.6 78.4 78.4 78.2 78.0 78.0 78.0 77.7 77.7 77.5 77.4 77.3 Euro Area (2)............. 77.6 76.9 77.4 77.3 77.2 77.2 77.2 76.8 76.4 76.2 76.1 75.8 75.7 75.4 75.2 75.1 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 90.7 90.7 89.5 89.4 89.0 88.4 88.4 88.3 88.2 88.0 88.1 89.6 90.2 90.4 89.5 88.7 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -42- Table 12. Prodcution Workers: Total direct pay as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 78.2 77.7 77.4 77.8 78.3 78.6 78.6 78.9 79.4 79.2 78.5 78.4 77.6 77.3 77.3 77.1 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 66.0 66.5 66.0 67.4 67.6 67.4 67.6 67.2 68.0 67.3 67.7 Canada.................... 84.6 83.6 83.0 83.0 82.7 83.1 83.3 83.9 84.0 84.2 83.4 82.0 81.1 80.5 80.3 80.1 Mexico.................... 71.4 70.6 70.6 71.0 71.2 71.4 71.5 70.7 71.2 71.6 71.9 72.2 72.4 72.9 73.4 73.6 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 84.2 83.9 83.7 83.4 82.9 82.2 81.7 81.3 80.8 80.9 80.2 79.9 79.6 78.8 78.9 79.1 Hong Kong SAR............. 95.5 95.4 95.2 95.1 95.0 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 94.8 91.5 91.5 91.5 91.5 91.5 91.5 Israel.................... 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.7 84.9 84.8 84.5 85.4 85.3 84.9 84.4 84.7 84.6 84.8 85.3 Japan..................... 86.4 86.1 85.8 85.5 85.3 84.9 84.4 84.0 83.7 83.4 83.0 82.8 82.6 82.4 82.2 82.2 Korea, Republic of........ 85.2 83.3 82.2 84.0 84.0 82.5 76.8 73.3 70.4 72.8 73.9 75.9 78.3 80.5 82.6 82.3 New Zealand............... 94.1 94.1 94.2 94.1 94.0 93.6 93.4 93.7 94.2 94.8 95.2 95.4 95.5 95.5 95.5 95.5 Philippines............... 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.2 85.5 86.0 86.5 87.1 87.1 86.5 86.5 86.5 Singapore................. 80.3 79.8 79.6 79.1 78.7 78.5 79.0 80.3 86.1 85.4 84.7 84.8 84.8 85.7 86.6 85.7 Sri Lanka................. 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 85.7 Taiwan.................... 92.5 91.4 92.3 91.3 88.7 88.8 86.2 87.2 86.3 85.7 85.5 87.0 88.1 87.9 87.4 85.7 Europe Austria................... 73.8 73.5 72.8 72.4 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.7 72.6 73.9 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.3 74.3 Belgium................... 72.1 71.8 71.1 70.7 70.2 70.0 70.0 69.9 70.0 68.5 70.1 70.0 70.1 70.0 70.1 70.1 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 73.8 74.0 73.8 73.8 73.8 73.0 72.8 72.7 72.6 72.4 73.3 73.2 Denmark................... 96.9 96.5 96.4 95.6 95.0 94.2 94.1 94.1 92.6 92.8 91.4 90.5 90.1 89.9 89.0 88.1 Finland................... 76.8 77.5 74.7 74.4 75.6 76.9 77.4 78.1 78.3 78.7 78.6 78.8 78.4 78.3 78.3 78.1 France.................... 69.8 69.1 69.3 69.4 69.6 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.4 69.2 69.0 68.7 68.4 68.1 68.1 68.1 Germany................... .. .. 76.9 75.9 75.4 75.7 75.8 76.4 77.1 76.5 76.5 76.2 76.2 76.1 76.8 77.0 Greece.................... 80.9 80.0 79.4 78.9 78.4 77.8 78.1 78.3 78.5 78.8 77.4 76.1 74.9 73.6 73.6 73.6 Hungary................... .. .. .. 66.5 66.5 66.5 67.2 68.0 68.8 69.5 70.1 70.7 71.3 71.8 71.9 72.7 Ireland................... 82.0 82.2 82.2 82.2 82.2 82.3 83.0 83.6 84.2 84.9 83.9 83.7 82.9 82.0 83.6 85.3 Italy..................... 70.1 71.7 70.4 69.2 68.4 67.6 66.5 68.5 68.5 68.3 68.4 68.8 68.8 68.8 68.8 69.3 Luxembourg................ 85.5 85.7 85.3 85.0 85.9 85.6 85.4 85.3 85.1 85.0 85.4 85.8 86.2 86.6 86.6 86.6 Netherlands............... 77.4 77.6 77.2 76.9 76.6 76.3 76.9 77.5 78.2 78.8 78.5 78.2 77.9 77.6 77.6 77.6 Norway.................... 81.7 81.9 83.5 83.5 83.4 83.3 83.1 83.6 84.1 84.6 83.9 83.1 82.4 81.7 81.7 81.7 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 68.8 68.6 83.3 83.1 83.0 83.0 82.9 82.8 82.8 82.8 Portugal.................. 78.9 79.2 79.6 80.0 78.9 79.3 79.5 79.8 80.1 80.3 79.9 79.4 79.0 80.4 80.4 80.4 Spain..................... 74.7 74.6 74.0 74.1 74.7 74.8 74.9 75.0 75.0 75.1 75.1 74.9 74.6 74.6 74.4 74.3 Sweden.................... 67.4 67.0 70.8 70.7 69.1 69.7 69.4 69.1 68.8 68.5 68.1 67.7 67.3 66.9 66.9 66.9 Switzerland............... 83.6 83.4 83.4 83.4 83.0 83.0 83.0 83.0 83.0 83.0 83.0 83.0 83.2 83.4 83.5 83.5 United Kingdom............ 83.2 84.8 85.1 85.5 85.8 86.2 85.1 84.0 83.0 82.0 81.2 80.4 79.5 78.7 78.7 78.7 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 80.7 80.2 80.0 80.0 79.7 79.4 79.0 78.8 79.0 79.2 78.9 78.6 78.4 78.3 78.5 78.5 OECD (4).................. 79.9 79.4 79.1 79.2 79.0 79.0 78.6 78.4 78.4 78.7 78.4 78.0 77.8 77.6 77.8 77.9 Europe.................... 77.0 77.2 77.1 77.0 76.7 76.7 76.4 76.4 76.6 76.9 76.5 76.2 75.8 75.3 75.7 76.1 Euro Area (2)............. 75.1 75.0 74.6 74.5 74.2 74.0 74.0 74.2 74.6 75.2 75.0 74.7 74.4 73.9 74.5 75.1 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 69.8 69.9 76.2 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.8 77.0 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 87.4 86.4 86.2 86.4 85.7 85.1 82.6 81.9 81.7 82.3 82.1 83.3 84.4 85.3 86.0 85.3 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -43- Table 12. Prodcution Workers: Total direct pay as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 77.9 Brazil.................... 67.7 Canada.................... 80.1 Mexico.................... 73.7 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 79.1 Hong Kong SAR............. 91.5 Israel.................... 85.2 Japan..................... 82.2 Korea, Republic of........ 82.3 New Zealand............... 95.4 Philippines............... 85.6 Singapore................. 85.7 Sri Lanka................. 85.7 Taiwan.................... 85.7 Europe Austria................... 74.3 Belgium................... 70.2 Czech Republic............ 73.2 Denmark................... 87.7 Finland................... 78.4 France.................... 68.1 Germany................... 80.1 Greece.................... 73.6 Hungary................... 72.7 Ireland................... 85.7 Italy..................... 69.3 Luxembourg................ 86.6 Netherlands............... 77.6 Norway.................... 81.7 Poland.................... 82.8 Portugal.................. 80.4 Spain..................... 74.1 Sweden.................... 66.9 Switzerland............... 83.5 United Kingdom............ 78.7 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 78.6 OECD (4).................. 78.1 Europe.................... 76.4 Euro Area (2)............. 75.5 Eastern Europe (6)........ 77.0 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 85.2 '..' means data not available. (1) For a description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the Technical Notes preceding these tables. (2) Euro Area refers to European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the Euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. (3) The trade-weighted measures for production workers in this table are not directly comparable with those for all employees; the country coverage of the two series differs slightly. (4) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) East Asia ex-Japan includes Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. (6) Eastern Europe refers to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -44- Table 13. Production Workers: Pay for time worked as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 75.5 75.0 74.3 74.0 73.6 73.3 73.1 72.2 72.6 72.8 73.1 72.9 72.6 72.9 72.8 71.9 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 78.1 78.1 78.1 78.1 78.0 78.1 77.2 76.7 76.4 76.1 76.3 76.2 76.1 76.1 76.2 74.9 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 77.5 76.9 76.3 76.3 76.3 76.3 75.8 75.8 75.8 75.8 75.2 74.6 74.4 74.4 74.6 74.6 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 Japan..................... 59.5 59.5 59.3 58.8 58.7 59.0 58.3 58.5 59.0 59.1 59.1 59.0 59.2 58.9 58.1 57.8 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 83.1 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 73.0 72.0 68.9 68.8 66.6 64.3 63.3 62.7 62.1 61.1 61.3 68.8 72.0 70.2 67.3 66.1 Sri Lanka................. 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 71.4 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 55.8 55.8 55.5 54.9 54.9 54.1 53.9 53.4 53.0 52.6 52.0 52.2 52.1 52.0 52.1 51.9 Belgium................... 62.1 61.0 60.0 59.1 58.8 58.6 58.3 57.8 57.3 56.7 55.7 54.8 53.9 53.0 53.0 53.0 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 85.1 85.0 84.9 84.7 84.1 83.5 82.9 82.4 81.9 81.4 82.3 83.1 84.1 85.0 84.4 83.7 Finland................... 70.6 68.9 67.0 66.7 66.4 66.2 65.9 65.5 66.0 65.6 65.3 64.4 63.5 62.2 61.8 60.9 France.................... 60.0 59.6 59.4 59.0 58.7 58.5 58.3 57.2 55.9 55.3 55.3 55.0 54.7 54.0 53.7 53.7 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 64.0 63.2 62.4 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.0 62.8 62.7 62.1 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 77.3 76.2 76.7 76.9 76.4 75.2 74.0 72.7 72.3 71.2 71.1 71.1 71.2 71.2 71.6 72.0 Italy..................... 49.3 49.1 50.4 51.5 52.0 53.7 53.9 53.3 53.1 53.4 52.6 51.9 51.6 51.2 49.9 49.8 Luxembourg................ 68.3 69.0 70.4 71.9 71.5 70.7 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.9 69.3 69.0 68.4 68.8 69.1 Netherlands............... 59.1 59.5 59.4 57.8 57.2 57.7 58.5 59.5 59.2 58.5 57.4 57.0 56.8 57.0 57.5 57.5 Norway.................... 68.6 68.9 68.7 67.8 66.3 66.4 66.4 66.1 66.7 66.3 65.8 65.9 66.1 65.8 65.9 65.8 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 62.5 62.5 61.5 61.4 61.0 60.6 60.5 60.0 59.3 58.8 58.5 58.6 58.7 58.5 59.0 59.2 Spain..................... 45.7 45.7 47.5 48.2 48.8 48.7 48.6 48.8 48.9 49.2 49.5 49.5 49.5 49.5 50.3 51.2 Sweden.................... 69.0 67.2 64.9 64.3 62.2 61.9 61.2 61.9 61.0 60.0 59.5 59.2 58.9 59.0 58.8 59.2 Switzerland............... 68.3 68.0 67.8 67.5 67.4 67.1 66.9 66.7 66.5 66.1 65.7 65.5 65.4 65.6 65.6 65.6 United Kingdom............ 80.5 79.2 77.3 76.3 74.8 73.5 73.2 73.6 73.8 74.6 75.2 74.7 75.0 75.1 75.6 75.6 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -45- Table 13. Production Workers: Pay for time worked as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 70.8 70.6 70.6 70.9 71.0 71.0 71.3 71.8 72.4 72.0 71.1 70.8 70.0 69.8 69.6 69.6 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 52.2 52.6 52.2 53.3 53.5 53.3 53.5 53.2 53.8 53.2 53.5 Canada.................... 73.8 72.8 72.3 72.4 72.1 72.4 72.6 73.1 73.2 73.4 72.7 71.5 70.7 70.2 70.0 69.8 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 74.2 73.9 73.7 73.5 73.0 72.5 72.0 71.6 71.2 71.3 70.7 70.4 70.1 69.4 69.5 69.7 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.3 77.4 77.2 77.0 78.2 78.3 77.2 77.0 77.3 77.3 77.5 77.9 Japan..................... 57.6 57.4 57.7 58.1 57.8 57.8 57.5 57.7 58.3 58.0 58.1 58.9 58.7 58.4 58.1 58.1 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 83.1 83.0 83.5 83.0 82.6 82.3 82.1 82.7 83.5 83.7 83.7 83.9 83.9 84.3 84.3 84.0 Philippines............... 70.8 70.8 70.8 70.8 70.9 70.9 70.9 70.9 70.7 70.8 70.9 71.0 71.0 70.6 70.6 70.6 Singapore................. 64.8 64.5 63.9 63.2 62.2 62.0 62.5 64.3 68.4 67.9 67.3 67.3 67.4 67.9 68.4 67.7 Sri Lanka................. 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 67.6 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 52.4 52.7 52.4 52.2 52.3 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.7 52.7 53.7 53.8 53.9 53.9 53.9 53.9 Belgium................... 53.1 53.1 52.2 51.6 50.9 50.5 50.4 50.4 50.5 49.4 50.5 50.5 50.5 50.5 50.5 50.5 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 60.1 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.2 60.0 59.0 59.4 59.4 59.4 60.3 60.4 Denmark................... 83.1 82.5 81.7 80.3 79.0 77.7 77.1 76.6 74.3 74.1 73.0 72.5 72.2 72.4 71.7 70.8 Finland................... 60.7 60.3 58.1 57.9 59.5 60.4 60.9 61.6 61.9 62.4 61.4 60.6 59.4 58.5 58.5 58.3 France.................... 53.4 52.9 53.4 53.9 54.5 55.0 54.9 54.8 54.7 54.6 54.9 55.2 55.5 55.7 55.7 55.7 Germany................... .. .. 57.4 57.0 56.7 56.7 56.9 57.9 58.8 57.8 57.4 57.1 57.1 57.9 58.3 57.9 Greece.................... 61.5 59.8 59.6 59.4 59.2 59.0 58.8 58.7 58.6 58.5 57.3 56.1 55.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 Hungary................... .. .. .. 45.6 45.6 45.6 47.4 49.1 50.9 52.7 53.1 53.4 53.8 54.1 54.2 54.7 Ireland................... 72.2 72.6 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.4 72.2 72.0 71.8 71.8 72.4 72.5 72.5 72.5 72.4 Italy..................... 50.1 51.2 51.1 51.0 51.3 51.5 51.6 53.0 52.9 52.6 53.0 53.5 53.9 54.2 54.2 54.7 Luxembourg................ 69.5 69.7 68.6 67.6 67.5 66.5 66.6 66.6 66.7 66.8 66.9 67.0 67.1 67.3 67.3 67.3 Netherlands............... 57.6 57.9 57.7 57.6 57.4 57.3 57.9 58.5 59.1 59.7 59.3 58.9 58.6 58.2 58.2 58.2 Norway.................... 66.2 66.8 68.4 68.4 67.8 67.5 67.5 67.6 67.7 67.8 67.3 66.7 66.1 65.6 65.6 65.6 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 44.8 45.7 56.8 58.0 58.2 58.5 58.8 59.1 59.1 59.1 Portugal.................. 59.4 59.6 60.1 60.6 60.1 60.6 60.3 60.1 59.8 59.5 59.8 60.2 60.5 62.3 62.3 62.3 Spain..................... 52.0 53.0 52.6 52.7 53.1 53.2 53.9 54.6 55.2 55.9 55.6 55.3 54.9 54.7 54.5 54.5 Sweden.................... 57.7 56.5 60.9 60.6 59.3 59.8 59.5 59.1 58.7 58.4 57.9 57.4 57.0 56.5 56.5 56.5 Switzerland............... 65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 64.9 64.9 64.9 64.9 64.9 64.9 64.9 64.9 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.3 United Kingdom............ 74.8 74.9 74.5 74.2 73.8 73.5 72.3 71.1 70.0 68.9 69.1 69.3 69.5 69.7 69.7 69.7 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -46- Table 13. Production Workers: Pay for time worked as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 70.2 Brazil.................... 53.5 Canada.................... 69.8 Mexico.................... .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 69.7 Hong Kong SAR............. .. Israel.................... 78.2 Japan..................... 58.2 Korea, Republic of........ .. New Zealand............... 83.1 Philippines............... 69.8 Singapore................. 67.7 Sri Lanka................. 67.6 Taiwan.................... .. Europe Austria................... 53.9 Belgium................... 50.6 Czech Republic............ 60.1 Denmark................... 70.0 Finland................... 58.5 France.................... 55.7 Germany................... 58.9 Greece.................... 54.0 Hungary................... 54.7 Ireland................... 71.0 Italy..................... 54.7 Luxembourg................ 67.3 Netherlands............... 58.2 Norway.................... 65.6 Poland.................... 59.1 Portugal.................. 62.3 Spain..................... 54.3 Sweden.................... 56.5 Switzerland............... 65.3 United Kingdom............ 69.7 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -47- Table 14. Production Workers: Other direct pay as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.9 7.3 7.4 6.9 6.8 7.1 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 10.9 10.9 10.9 10.9 11.0 11.3 11.3 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.0 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 9.5 9.9 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 Japan..................... 30.6 29.8 29.3 28.7 29.3 29.6 29.9 29.4 28.8 28.6 28.3 28.3 27.9 28.0 28.6 28.6 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 12.9 13.8 11.2 10.8 10.9 10.2 11.3 11.6 11.4 11.6 11.7 12.5 12.6 13.8 15.1 14.9 Sri Lanka................. 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 22.7 22.6 22.6 22.7 22.4 22.7 22.4 22.4 22.3 21.9 22.0 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.6 22.0 Belgium................... 14.9 16.4 17.9 19.2 19.5 19.8 20.0 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.3 20.1 20.0 19.9 19.6 19.3 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 11.3 11.2 11.1 11.0 11.6 12.2 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.6 Finland................... 9.1 10.1 10.8 11.4 11.9 12.4 12.9 13.4 13.9 14.0 14.1 14.7 14.9 14.9 14.9 15.1 France.................... 14.3 13.9 13.9 14.0 14.0 14.2 14.2 14.5 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.5 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.4 19.8 19.5 20.0 20.0 19.4 18.8 18.7 19.0 19.2 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 8.4 8.5 8.8 9.0 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10.2 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.2 10.1 10.0 9.9 Italy..................... 19.4 19.0 19.4 18.9 18.5 18.5 19.2 19.0 18.9 19.0 19.5 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.6 19.7 Luxembourg................ 17.5 16.1 14.7 13.4 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.5 15.7 16.0 16.1 16.1 16.0 Netherlands............... 17.8 17.0 17.0 18.3 18.7 18.3 17.6 17.1 17.2 18.3 19.2 19.3 19.5 19.3 19.5 20.0 Norway.................... 14.1 13.7 13.8 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.2 14.4 15.0 15.2 14.9 14.7 14.7 15.1 15.4 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 20.5 20.5 20.2 20.2 20.0 19.9 19.9 19.7 19.5 19.3 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.2 19.4 19.4 Spain..................... 23.9 23.9 24.9 25.2 25.6 25.5 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.8 25.9 25.9 25.9 25.9 24.8 23.8 Sweden.................... 6.6 6.1 6.2 7.3 9.2 8.9 9.2 8.4 7.6 8.7 9.0 9.2 9.1 9.0 9.0 9.1 Switzerland............... 16.4 16.6 16.6 16.8 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.1 18.1 18.3 18.2 18.3 18.3 18.3 United Kingdom............ 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.5 9.7 9.9 9.5 9.0 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -48- Table 14. Production Workers: Other direct pay as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 7.4 7.0 6.9 6.9 7.3 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.5 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 13.9 13.8 14.1 14.2 14.1 14.2 14.1 14.2 14.1 14.2 Canada.................... 10.9 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.5 10.4 10.3 10.3 10.3 Mexico.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 10.0 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.4 Hong Kong SAR............. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Israel.................... 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.1 7.0 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.4 Japan..................... 28.8 28.6 28.0 27.3 27.4 27.0 27.0 26.3 25.4 25.3 24.9 23.9 23.9 23.9 24.1 24.0 Korea, Republic of........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand............... 11.0 11.1 10.7 11.1 11.4 11.3 11.3 11.0 10.7 11.1 11.5 11.5 11.5 11.2 11.2 11.6 Philippines............... 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.4 14.7 15.2 15.6 16.0 16.0 15.9 15.9 15.9 Singapore................. 15.5 15.3 15.7 15.8 16.5 16.6 16.5 16.0 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.4 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.0 Sri Lanka................. 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 Taiwan.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Europe Austria................... 21.4 20.8 20.4 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.1 20.1 20.0 19.9 20.3 20.3 20.4 20.4 20.4 20.4 Belgium................... 19.0 18.8 18.9 19.1 19.3 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.1 19.6 19.5 19.6 19.5 19.6 19.6 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 13.7 14.0 13.8 13.8 13.5 13.1 13.9 13.2 13.2 13.0 13.0 12.9 Denmark................... 13.7 13.9 14.7 15.3 15.9 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.3 18.7 18.4 18.1 17.8 17.5 17.4 17.3 Finland................... 16.2 17.3 16.5 16.5 16.1 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.4 16.3 17.2 18.2 19.0 19.8 19.8 19.8 France.................... 16.4 16.3 15.9 15.5 15.1 14.7 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.0 13.5 12.9 12.3 12.3 12.3 Germany................... .. .. 19.5 18.9 18.7 19.0 18.9 18.4 18.3 18.7 19.1 19.1 19.1 18.1 18.5 19.1 Greece.................... 19.4 20.1 19.8 19.5 19.2 18.9 19.2 19.6 19.9 20.3 20.1 20.0 19.8 19.7 19.7 19.7 Hungary................... .. .. .. 20.9 20.9 20.9 19.9 18.9 17.8 16.8 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 17.7 17.9 Ireland................... 9.8 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 10.6 11.4 12.3 13.1 12.2 11.4 10.4 9.5 11.2 12.9 Italy..................... 19.9 20.5 19.3 18.2 17.1 16.1 14.9 15.5 15.7 15.8 15.5 15.2 14.9 14.6 14.6 14.7 Luxembourg................ 16.0 15.9 16.7 17.4 18.4 19.1 18.9 18.6 18.4 18.2 18.4 18.7 19.0 19.3 19.3 19.3 Netherlands............... 19.8 19.7 19.5 19.3 19.2 19.0 19.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.3 19.4 19.4 19.4 Norway.................... 15.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.6 15.8 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.8 16.6 16.5 16.3 16.2 16.2 16.2 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 24.0 22.9 26.5 25.1 24.8 24.4 24.1 23.8 23.8 23.8 Portugal.................. 19.5 19.6 19.4 19.3 18.8 18.7 19.2 19.7 20.3 20.8 20.0 19.3 18.5 18.2 18.2 18.2 Spain..................... 22.7 21.6 21.4 21.4 21.6 21.6 21.0 20.4 19.8 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.7 19.9 19.9 19.9 Sweden.................... 9.6 10.5 9.9 10.1 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.0 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.4 10.4 Switzerland............... 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.2 18.2 18.2 United Kingdom............ 8.4 9.9 10.6 11.3 12.0 12.7 12.8 12.9 13.0 13.1 12.1 11.1 10.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -49- Table 14. Production Workers: Other direct pay as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 7.7 Brazil.................... 14.2 Canada.................... 10.3 Mexico.................... .. Asia and Oceania Australia................. 9.4 Hong Kong SAR............. .. Israel.................... 7.0 Japan..................... 24.0 Korea, Republic of........ .. New Zealand............... 12.3 Philippines............... 15.8 Singapore................. 18.0 Sri Lanka................. 18.1 Taiwan.................... .. Europe Austria................... 20.4 Belgium................... 19.6 Czech Republic............ 13.1 Denmark................... 17.6 Finland................... 19.9 France.................... 12.3 Germany................... 21.2 Greece.................... 19.7 Hungary................... 17.9 Ireland................... 14.7 Italy..................... 14.7 Luxembourg................ 19.3 Netherlands............... 19.4 Norway.................... 16.2 Poland.................... 23.8 Portugal.................. 18.2 Spain..................... 19.8 Sweden.................... 10.4 Switzerland............... 18.2 United Kingdom............ 9.0 '..' means data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -50- Table 15. Production Workers: Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 17.0 17.5 18.1 18.5 18.9 19.3 19.6 20.4 20.4 20.2 20.1 19.9 20.1 20.2 20.5 21.0 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.6 11.5 11.9 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.6 14.0 Mexico.................... 23.9 24.1 24.3 24.5 24.3 25.3 26.5 27.3 29.6 27.7 27.0 27.5 25.8 26.6 28.4 28.3 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 12.9 13.2 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.7 15.3 15.5 15.6 15.3 15.3 Hong Kong SAR............. 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.3 Israel.................... 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 Japan..................... 10.0 10.7 11.4 12.4 12.0 11.4 11.8 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.9 13.1 13.3 13.5 Korea, Republic of........ 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.8 9.9 10.1 9.5 11.1 12.3 New Zealand............... 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 14.1 14.2 19.9 20.4 22.5 25.5 25.4 25.8 26.5 27.3 27.0 18.7 15.4 16.0 17.6 19.0 Sri Lanka................. 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 Taiwan.................... 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.7 8.2 8.0 7.5 7.4 7.6 Europe Austria................... 21.5 21.7 21.9 22.4 22.7 23.2 23.7 24.2 24.7 25.5 26.0 26.0 26.2 26.4 26.3 26.1 Belgium................... 23.0 22.5 22.1 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.2 27.4 27.7 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.8 5.3 5.8 4.9 3.9 2.9 1.9 2.3 2.7 Finland................... 20.3 21.1 22.2 21.9 21.7 21.4 21.2 21.1 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.9 21.7 23.0 23.2 24.0 France.................... 25.8 26.5 26.6 27.0 27.3 27.3 27.5 28.3 29.4 29.5 29.1 29.0 29.0 29.5 29.8 29.8 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.1 18.1 18.0 18.0 18.6 19.2 18.5 18.3 18.7 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... 14.2 15.3 14.5 14.1 14.2 15.3 16.2 17.4 17.4 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.5 18.6 18.4 18.1 Italy..................... 31.3 31.9 30.2 29.6 29.6 27.8 26.9 27.7 28.0 27.6 27.9 28.5 28.6 28.9 30.5 30.5 Luxembourg................ 14.2 14.9 14.9 14.7 14.6 14.8 14.9 14.9 14.4 14.2 14.6 15.0 15.0 15.4 15.2 14.9 Netherlands............... 23.1 23.6 23.6 23.8 24.1 24.0 23.9 23.4 23.5 23.2 23.4 23.8 23.7 23.8 23.0 22.5 Norway.................... 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.8 19.2 19.2 19.3 19.7 18.9 18.7 19.0 19.2 19.2 19.5 19.0 18.8 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 17.0 17.0 18.3 18.4 18.9 19.5 19.6 20.3 21.2 21.8 22.2 22.2 22.1 22.3 21.6 21.3 Spain..................... 30.4 30.4 27.6 26.6 25.6 25.8 26.0 25.7 25.4 25.0 24.6 24.6 24.6 24.6 24.8 25.1 Sweden.................... 24.4 26.7 28.9 28.4 28.6 29.2 29.6 29.7 31.3 31.3 31.5 31.5 31.9 31.9 32.2 31.8 Switzerland............... 15.2 15.4 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.8 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.1 United Kingdom............ 11.7 13.0 14.8 15.8 17.2 18.3 18.3 17.6 17.1 16.2 15.4 15.8 15.3 15.0 14.9 15.4 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 15.7 16.1 16.3 16.5 16.6 16.8 17.3 17.6 18.2 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.6 17.8 18.2 18.7 OECD (4).................. 16.3 16.7 16.8 17.0 17.1 17.1 17.7 18.0 18.7 18.3 18.3 18.5 18.3 18.5 18.9 19.4 Europe.................... 20.0 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.4 21.6 21.6 21.8 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.3 22.3 22.5 22.6 22.7 Euro Area (2)............. 22.4 23.1 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.8 23.2 23.6 23.8 23.9 24.2 24.3 24.6 24.8 24.9 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 9.3 9.3 10.5 10.6 11.0 11.6 11.6 11.7 11.8 12.0 11.9 10.4 9.8 9.6 10.5 11.3 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -51- Table 15. Production Workers: Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 21.8 22.3 22.6 22.2 21.7 21.4 21.4 21.1 20.6 20.8 21.5 21.6 22.4 22.7 22.7 22.9 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 34.0 33.5 34.0 32.6 32.4 32.6 32.4 32.8 32.0 32.7 32.3 Canada.................... 15.4 16.4 17.0 17.0 17.3 16.9 16.7 16.1 16.0 15.8 16.6 18.0 18.9 19.5 19.7 19.9 Mexico.................... 28.6 29.4 29.4 29.0 28.8 28.6 28.5 29.3 28.8 28.4 28.1 27.8 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.4 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 15.8 16.1 16.3 16.6 17.1 17.8 18.3 18.7 19.2 19.1 19.8 20.1 20.4 21.2 21.1 20.9 Hong Kong SAR............. 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5 Israel.................... 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.3 15.1 15.2 15.5 14.6 14.7 15.1 15.6 15.3 15.4 15.2 14.7 Japan..................... 13.6 13.9 14.2 14.5 14.7 15.1 15.6 16.0 16.3 16.6 17.0 17.2 17.4 17.6 17.8 17.8 Korea, Republic of........ 14.8 16.7 17.8 16.0 16.0 17.5 23.2 26.7 29.6 27.2 26.1 24.1 21.7 19.5 17.4 17.7 New Zealand............... 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.4 6.6 6.3 5.8 5.2 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 Philippines............... 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.5 14.0 13.5 12.9 12.9 13.5 13.5 13.5 Singapore................. 19.7 20.2 20.4 20.9 21.3 21.5 21.0 19.7 13.9 14.6 15.3 15.2 15.2 14.3 13.4 14.3 Sri Lanka................. 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 14.3 Taiwan.................... 7.5 8.6 7.7 8.7 11.3 11.2 13.8 12.8 13.7 14.4 14.5 13.0 12.0 12.1 12.6 14.3 Europe Austria................... 26.2 26.5 27.2 27.6 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.3 27.4 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.7 25.7 25.7 Belgium................... 27.9 28.2 28.9 29.3 29.8 30.0 30.0 30.1 30.0 31.5 29.9 30.0 29.9 30.0 29.9 29.9 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 26.2 26.0 26.2 26.2 26.2 27.0 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.6 26.7 26.8 Denmark................... 3.1 3.5 3.6 4.4 5.0 5.8 5.9 5.9 7.4 7.2 8.6 9.5 9.9 10.1 11.0 11.9 Finland................... 23.2 22.5 25.3 25.6 24.4 23.1 22.6 21.9 21.7 21.3 21.4 21.2 21.6 21.7 21.7 21.9 France.................... 30.2 30.9 30.7 30.6 30.4 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.8 31.0 31.3 31.6 31.9 31.9 31.9 Germany................... .. .. 23.1 24.1 24.6 24.3 24.2 23.6 22.9 23.5 23.5 23.8 23.8 23.9 23.2 23.0 Greece.................... 19.1 20.0 20.6 21.1 21.6 22.2 21.9 21.7 21.5 21.2 22.6 23.9 25.1 26.4 26.4 26.4 Hungary................... .. .. .. 33.5 33.5 33.5 32.8 32.0 31.2 30.5 29.9 29.3 28.7 28.2 28.1 27.3 Ireland................... 18.0 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.8 17.7 17.0 16.4 15.8 15.1 16.1 16.3 17.1 18.0 16.4 14.7 Italy..................... 29.9 28.3 29.6 30.8 31.6 32.4 33.5 31.5 31.5 31.7 31.6 31.2 31.2 31.2 31.2 30.7 Luxembourg................ 14.5 14.3 14.7 15.0 14.1 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.0 14.6 14.2 13.8 13.4 13.4 13.4 Netherlands............... 22.6 22.4 22.8 23.1 23.4 23.7 23.1 22.5 21.8 21.2 21.5 21.8 22.1 22.4 22.4 22.4 Norway.................... 18.3 18.1 16.5 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.9 16.4 15.9 15.4 16.1 16.9 17.6 18.3 18.3 18.3 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 31.2 31.4 16.7 16.9 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.2 17.2 Portugal.................. 21.1 20.8 20.4 20.0 21.1 20.7 20.5 20.2 19.9 19.7 20.1 20.6 21.0 19.6 19.6 19.6 Spain..................... 25.3 25.4 26.0 25.9 25.3 25.2 25.1 25.0 25.0 24.9 24.9 25.1 25.4 25.4 25.6 25.7 Sweden.................... 32.6 33.0 29.2 29.3 30.9 30.3 30.6 30.9 31.2 31.5 31.9 32.3 32.7 33.1 33.1 33.1 Switzerland............... 16.4 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.5 16.5 United Kingdom............ 16.8 15.2 14.9 14.5 14.2 13.8 14.9 16.0 17.0 18.0 18.8 19.6 20.5 21.3 21.3 21.3 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 19.3 19.8 20.0 20.0 20.3 20.6 21.0 21.2 21.0 20.8 21.1 21.4 21.6 21.7 21.5 21.5 OECD (4).................. 20.1 20.6 20.9 20.8 21.0 21.0 21.4 21.6 21.6 21.3 21.6 22.0 22.2 22.4 22.2 22.1 Europe.................... 23.0 22.8 22.9 23.0 23.3 23.3 23.6 23.6 23.4 23.1 23.5 23.8 24.2 24.7 24.3 23.9 Euro Area (2)............. 24.9 25.0 25.4 25.5 25.8 26.0 26.0 25.8 25.4 24.8 25.0 25.3 25.6 26.1 25.5 24.9 Eastern Europe (6)........ .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.2 30.1 23.8 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.2 23.0 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 12.6 13.6 13.8 13.6 14.3 14.9 17.4 18.1 18.3 17.7 17.9 16.7 15.6 14.7 14.0 14.7 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -52- Table 15. Production Workers: Social insurance expenditures and other labor taxes as percent of hourly compensation costs in manufacturing, 34 countries or areas and selected economic groups, 1975-2007 Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 22.1 Brazil.................... 32.3 Canada.................... 19.9 Mexico.................... 26.3 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 20.9 Hong Kong SAR............. 8.5 Israel.................... 14.8 Japan..................... 17.8 Korea, Republic of........ 17.7 New Zealand............... 4.6 Philippines............... 14.4 Singapore................. 14.3 Sri Lanka................. 14.3 Taiwan.................... 14.3 Europe Austria................... 25.7 Belgium................... 29.8 Czech Republic............ 26.8 Denmark................... 12.3 Finland................... 21.6 France.................... 31.9 Germany................... 19.9 Greece.................... 26.4 Hungary................... 27.3 Ireland................... 14.3 Italy..................... 30.7 Luxembourg................ 13.4 Netherlands............... 22.4 Norway.................... 18.3 Poland.................... 17.2 Portugal.................. 19.6 Spain..................... 25.9 Sweden.................... 33.1 Switzerland............... 16.5 United Kingdom............ 21.3 Trade-Weighted Measures All 33 Foreign Economies (1,3)................... 21.4 OECD (4).................. 21.9 Europe.................... 23.6 Euro Area (2)............. 24.5 Eastern Europe (6)........ 23.0 East Asia ex-Japan (5).... 14.8 '..' means data not available. (1) For a description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the Technical Notes preceding these tables. (2) Euro Area refers to European Union member countries in this release that have adopted the Euro as the common currency as of January 1, 2009. (3) The trade-weighted measures for production workers in this table are not directly comparable with those for all employees; the country coverage of the two series differs slightly. (4) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. (5) East Asia ex-Japan includes Hong Kong SAR, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, and Taiwan. (6) Eastern Europe refers to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -53- Table 16. Exchange rates, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (National currency units per U.S. dollar) Country or Area 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Americas United States............. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Canada.................... 1.017 .9861 1.063 1.140 1.171 1.169 1.199 1.234 1.232 1.295 1.366 1.390 1.326 1.231 1.184 1.167 Mexico.................... 12.50 14.46 22.60 22.78 22.82 22.97 24.52 56.40 120.1 167.8 256.9 611.8 1378 2273 2461 2813 Asia and Oceania Australia................. .7647 .8187 .9024 .8740 .8947 .8772 .8699 .9838 1.109 1.137 1.428 1.490 1.426 1.275 1.263 1.281 Hong Kong SAR............. 4.939 4.904 4.662 4.685 5.003 4.976 5.568 6.070 7.257 7.819 7.791 7.804 7.798 7.807 7.801 7.790 Israel.................... .6390 .7980 1.046 1.747 2.544 5.124 11.43 24.27 56.21 293.2 #1.179 1.488 1.595 1.599 1.916 2.016 Japan..................... 296.7 296.4 267.8 208.4 218.2 225.7 220.1 249.1 237.6 237.4 238.5 168.4 144.6 128.2 138.1 145.0 Korea, Republic of........ 484.0 484.0 484.0 484.0 484.0 607.4 681.0 731.1 775.8 806.0 870.0 881.4 822.6 731.5 671.5 707.8 New Zealand............... .8254 1.009 1.032 .9649 .9782 1.027 1.151 1.332 1.497 1.729 2.010 1.906 1.686 1.525 1.685 1.677 Philippines............... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Singapore................. 2.371 2.471 2.439 2.274 2.175 2.141 2.113 2.140 2.113 2.133 2.200 2.177 2.106 2.012 1.950 1.813 Sri Lanka................. 7.050 8.459 9.153 15.61 15.57 16.53 19.25 20.81 23.53 25.44 27.16 28.02 29.44 31.81 36.05 40.06 Taiwan.................... 38.00 38.00 38.00 37.05 36.05 36.02 36.85 39.12 40.06 39.60 39.85 37.84 31.84 28.59 26.41 26.92 Europe Austria................... 17.40 17.94 16.53 14.50 13.37 12.93 15.89 17.06 17.97 20.00 20.68 15.26 12.65 12.36 13.24 11.33 Belgium................... 36.69 38.58 35.83 31.44 29.33 29.20 37.03 45.78 51.12 57.75 59.34 44.66 37.36 36.78 39.41 33.42 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Denmark................... 5.735 6.044 6.003 5.508 5.260 5.629 7.102 8.344 9.148 10.35 10.60 8.095 6.848 6.741 7.321 6.190 Finland................... 3.665 3.855 4.014 4.109 3.606 3.719 4.318 4.809 5.564 6.001 6.197 5.072 4.404 4.193 4.296 3.830 France.................... 4.282 4.775 4.915 4.501 4.255 4.220 5.409 6.579 7.620 8.736 8.980 6.926 6.012 5.959 6.380 5.447 Germany................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Greece.................... 32.29 36.52 36.84 36.75 37.04 42.62 55.41 66.80 88.06 112.7 138.1 140.0 135.4 141.9 162.4 158.5 Hungary................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ireland................... .4500 .5540 .5730 .5210 .4890 .4860 .6200 .7040 .8012 .9205 .9379 .7455 .6721 .6553 .7052 .6033 Italy..................... 652.4 830.3 882.8 848.8 830.9 855.1 1131 1354 1519 1756 1909 1491 1297 1302 1372 1198 Luxembourg................ 36.78 38.61 35.84 31.49 29.32 29.24 37.13 45.69 51.13 57.78 59.38 44.67 37.33 36.77 39.40 33.42 Netherlands............... 2.523 2.642 2.454 2.161 2.006 1.985 2.488 2.672 2.854 3.208 3.318 2.448 2.026 1.978 2.122 1.822 Norway.................... 5.214 5.456 5.322 5.241 5.064 4.936 5.728 6.457 7.301 8.160 8.593 7.398 6.741 6.524 6.913 6.254 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Portugal.................. 25.45 30.16 38.12 43.89 48.93 50.05 61.44 80.10 111.6 147.7 172.1 149.8 141.2 144.3 157.5 142.7 Spain..................... 57.39 66.85 75.26 76.49 67.13 71.64 92.00 110.1 143.5 160.8 170.0 140.0 123.5 116.5 118.4 102.0 Sweden.................... 4.142 4.356 4.468 4.517 4.288 4.229 5.035 6.284 7.672 8.271 8.603 7.127 6.347 6.137 6.456 5.923 Switzerland............... 2.581 2.499 2.397 1.777 1.663 1.675 1.960 2.033 2.101 2.350 2.455 1.798 1.492 1.464 1.637 1.390 United Kingdom............ .4501 .5541 .5731 .5213 .4712 .4300 .4940 .5721 .6597 .7482 .7708 .6813 .6098 .5614 .6104 .5605 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -54- Table 16. Exchange rates, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (National currency units per U.S. dollar) Country or Area 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Americas United States............. 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 Brazil.................... .. .. .. .. .. 1.005 1.078 1.161 1.821 1.830 2.353 2.921 3.075 2.926 2.435 2.174 Canada.................... 1.146 1.209 1.290 1.366 1.373 1.364 1.385 1.484 1.486 1.486 1.549 1.570 1.401 1.302 1.212 1.134 Mexico.................... 3018 3095 #3.116 3.375 6.419 7.600 7.918 9.152 9.553 9.459 9.337 9.663 10.79 11.29 10.89 10.91 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 1.284 1.360 1.471 1.367 1.350 1.277 1.345 1.590 1.549 1.720 1.935 1.839 1.533 1.358 1.311 1.327 Hong Kong SAR............. 7.771 7.740 7.736 7.729 7.736 7.735 7.743 7.747 7.759 7.792 7.800 7.800 7.788 7.789 7.778 7.768 Israel.................... 2.279 2.459 2.830 3.011 3.011 3.192 3.449 3.800 4.140 4.077 4.206 4.738 4.554 4.482 4.488 4.457 Japan..................... 134.6 126.8 111.1 102.2 93.96 108.8 121.1 131.0 113.7 107.8 121.6 125.2 115.9 108.2 110.1 116.3 Korea, Republic of........ 733.4 780.6 802.7 803.5 771.3 804.5 950.8 1400 1190 1131 1292 1250 1192 1145 1024 954.3 New Zealand............... 1.729 1.859 1.847 1.685 1.524 1.454 1.509 1.865 1.889 2.189 2.380 2.153 1.718 1.505 1.419 1.540 Philippines............... 27.48 25.51 27.12 26.42 25.71 26.13 29.47 40.89 39.09 44.19 50.99 51.60 54.20 56.04 55.09 51.25 Singapore................. 1.728 1.629 1.616 1.527 1.417 1.410 1.486 1.672 1.695 1.725 1.793 1.791 1.743 1.690 1.664 1.588 Sri Lanka................. 41.37 43.83 48.32 49.42 51.25 55.27 59.00 64.45 70.64 77.01 89.38 95.66 96.54 101.2 100.5 103.9 Taiwan.................... 26.76 25.16 26.42 26.47 26.50 27.47 28.78 33.55 32.32 31.26 33.82 34.54 34.41 33.37 32.13 32.51 Europe Austria................... 11.69 10.99 11.64 11.41 10.08 10.59 12.21 12.38 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Belgium................... 34.20 32.15 34.58 33.43 29.47 30.97 35.81 36.31 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Czech Republic............ .. .. .. .. 26.54 27.15 31.70 32.28 34.57 38.60 38.04 32.74 28.21 25.70 23.96 22.60 Denmark................... 6.404 6.037 6.486 6.356 5.600 5.800 6.609 6.703 6.990 8.095 8.332 7.886 6.577 5.989 5.995 5.942 Finland................... 4.052 4.487 5.725 5.234 4.376 4.595 5.196 5.347 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 France.................... 5.647 5.294 5.667 5.546 4.986 5.116 5.839 5.900 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Germany................... .. .. 1.655 1.622 1.432 1.505 1.735 1.760 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Greece.................... 182.3 190.6 229.3 242.6 231.7 240.7 273.1 295.5 306.7 365.4 #1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Hungary................... .. .. .. 105.2 125.7 152.6 186.8 214.4 237.1 282.2 286.5 257.9 224.3 202.7 199.6 210.4 Ireland................... .6196 .5868 .6827 .6680 .6236 .6252 .6595 .7019 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Italy..................... 1241 1232 1573 1611 1629 1543 1704 1737 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Luxembourg................ 34.15 32.15 34.60 33.46 29.48 30.96 35.77 36.30 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Netherlands............... 1.872 1.759 1.858 1.819 1.604 1.686 1.953 1.984 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Norway.................... 6.491 6.214 7.098 7.055 6.336 6.459 7.086 7.552 7.807 8.813 8.996 7.984 7.080 6.740 6.441 6.410 Poland.................... .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.280 3.480 3.970 4.350 4.094 4.080 3.889 3.658 3.236 3.103 Portugal.................. 144.8 135.1 161.1 165.9 149.9 154.3 175.4 180.3 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Spain..................... 104.0 102.4 127.5 133.9 124.6 126.7 146.5 149.4 #.9387 1.083 1.117 1.058 .8833 .8040 .8033 .7960 Sweden.................... 6.052 5.826 7.796 7.716 7.141 6.708 7.645 7.952 8.274 9.174 10.34 9.720 8.080 7.348 7.471 7.372 Switzerland............... 1.436 1.406 1.478 1.367 1.181 1.236 1.451 1.451 1.505 1.690 1.689 1.557 1.345 1.243 1.246 1.253 United Kingdom............ .5658 .5662 .6660 .6528 .6335 .6407 .6106 .6034 .6184 .6598 .6946 .6660 .6117 .5456 .5490 .5420 Continued on the following page. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009. -55- Table 16. Exchange rates, 34 countries or areas, 1975-2007 (National currency units per U.S. dollar) Country or Area 2007 Americas United States............. 1.000 Brazil.................... 1.946 Canada.................... 1.073 Mexico.................... 10.93 Asia and Oceania Australia................. 1.192 Hong Kong SAR............. 7.802 Israel.................... 4.133 Japan..................... 117.8 Korea, Republic of........ 929.0 New Zealand............... 1.358 Philippines............... 46.79 Singapore................. 1.507 Sri Lanka................. 110.6 Taiwan.................... 32.85 Europe Austria................... .7293 Belgium................... .7293 Czech Republic............ 20.54 Denmark................... 5.441 Finland................... .7293 France.................... .7293 Germany................... .7293 Greece.................... .7293 Hungary................... 185.2 Ireland................... .7293 Italy..................... .7293 Luxembourg................ .7293 Netherlands............... .7293 Norway.................... 5.856 Poland.................... 2.802 Portugal.................. .7293 Spain..................... .7293 Sweden.................... 6.755 Switzerland............... 1.200 United Kingdom............ .4995 Note: National currency units are United States, dollar; Brazil, real; Canada, dollar; Mexico, peso; Australia, dollar; Hong Kong SAR, dollar; Israel, shekel (1975-84), new shekel (1985-2007); Japan, yen; Republic of Korea, won; New Zealand, dollar; Philippines, peso; Singapore, dollar; Sri Lanka, rupee; Taiwan, dollar; Austria, schilling (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Belgium, franc (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Czech Republic, koruna; Denmark, krone; Finland, markkaa (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); France, franc (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Germany, mark (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Greece, drachma (1975-2000), euro (2001-2007); Hungary, forint; Ireland, pound (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Italy, lira (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Luxembourg, franc (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Netherlands, guilder (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Norway, kroner; Poland, zloty; Portugal, escudo (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Spain, peseta (1975-1998), euro (1999-2007); Sweden, krona; Switzerland, franc; United Kingdom, pound. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 2009.