Technical Contact: USDL: 07-0453 (202) 691-6199 NCSinfo@bls.gov Media Contact: FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. (EDT) (202) 691-5902 THURSDAY, MARCH 29, 2007 Internet address: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION-DECEMBER 2006 Employer costs for employee compensation averaged $27.54 per hour worked in December 2006, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and salaries, which averaged $19.24 per hour, accounted for 69.9 percent of these costs, while benefits, which averaged $8.30 per hour, accounted for the remaining 30.1 percent. (See table 1.) Employer Costs for Employee Compensation, a product of the National Compensation Survey, measures employer costs for wages, salaries, and employee benefits for nonfarm private and state and local government workers. Employer costs for insurance benefits - life, health, and disability - averaged $2.26 per hour (8.2 percent of total compensation). Legally required benefits, including Social Security, Medicare, unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation, averaged $2.20 per hour (8.0 percent of total compensation); paid leave benefits (vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave) averaged $1.94 (7.0 percent); and retirement and savings benefits averaged $1.21 (4.4 percent) per hour worked. Private industry In December 2006, private industry employer compensation costs averaged $25.67 per hour worked. Wages and salaries averaged $18.11 per hour (70.5 percent), while benefits averaged $7.57 (29.5 percent). Employer costs for legally required benefits averaged $2.20 (8.6 percent) per hour worked, insurance benefits averaged $1.92 (7.5 percent), paid leave averaged $1.76 (6.8 percent), retirement and savings averaged 94 cents (3.7 percent), and supplemental pay averaged 75 cents (2.9 percent). (See table 5.) NOTE: New employer cost series for private industry workers by industry are being introduced with this release of December 2006 estimates. Aircraft manufacturing has been added to table 10 and nursing care facilities to table 14. The construction and extraction series in table 9 has been modified to include farming, fishing, and forestry occupations. In addition, 14 supplemental tables are being added, with new occupational, establishment size, and bargaining status series for detailed industries. These tables are available at the Internet sites http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/sp/ecsuptc.pdf and http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/sp/ecsuptc.txt. Finally, a new variance calculation procedure and new procedure for benchmarking occupational weights have been introduced. See the explanatory note for more details. Legally required benefit costs in private industry The average cost for legally required benefits was $2.20 per hour worked in private industry (8.6 percent of total compensation) in December 2006. Included in this amount are employer costs for Social Security and Medicare, federal and state unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation. Employer costs for legally required benefits varied by occupation, industry, bargaining status, region, and establishment size. The average cost per hour worked for legally required benefits ranged from $1.36 per hour worked for service occupations to $3.24 per hour for management, professional, and related occupations. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations averaged $3.09; production, transportation, and material moving occupations, $2.22; and sales and office occupations, $1.66 per hour. The proportion of total compensation represented by legally required benefits ranged from 7.1 percent for management, professional, and related workers to 10.7 percent for service workers and natural resources, construction, and maintenance workers. (See table 5.) Employer costs for legally required benefits were significantly higher for union workers, $3.15 per hour, than for nonunion workers, $2.09 per hour. As a proportion of total compensation, legally required benefits accounted for 8.8 percent of total compensation for union workers, compared with 8.5 percent for nonunion workers. (See table 5.) Costs for legally required benefits were higher in goods-producing industries ($2.81 per hour or 9.4 percent of total compensation) than in service-providing industries ($2.04 per hour or 8.3 percent of total compensation). Within goods-producing industries, construction averaged $3.30 per hour worked (11.6 percent), higher than in manufacturing, at $2.55 per hour (8.4 percent). For a component of legally required benefits, workers’ compensation, costs were $1.38 per hour in construction, significantly higher than in manufacturing, $0.61 per hour. Legally required benefit costs in service-providing industries ranged from $1.23 per hour for the leisure and hospitality industry (11.1 percent) to $2.71 for the information industry (7.1 percent). (See table 6.) Among the four regions, employer costs for legally required benefits ranged from $1.90 per hour in the South to $2.54 per hour in the West. Legally required benefit costs were $2.11 in the Midwest and $2.45 in the Northeast. Within the nine census divisions, costs for legally required benefits ranged from $1.73 in the East South Central division, to $2.75 in the Pacific division. (See table 7.) Legally required benefit costs increased in average dollar amount per hour with establishment size. In establishments with fewer than 100 employees, average hourly costs were $1.98, less than the cost of $2.44 in establishments with 100 employees or more. Conversely, legally required costs decreased as a proportion of total compensation with establishment size. Legally required benefit costs in establishments with fewer than 50 employees averaged 9.4 percent; and in establishments with 500 workers or more, 7.4 percent of total compensation. (See table 8.) Paid leave benefit costs in private industry Employer costs for paid leave benefits were highest for management, professional, and related occupations, $3.87 per hour, or 8.5 percent of total compensation in December 2006. Costs were lowest among service occupations, 58 cents or 4.5 percent of total compensation. (See table 5.) Included in this amount were employer costs for vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave, such as personal leave, jury duty leave, military leave, and funeral leave. Employer costs for paid leave benefits averaged $2.81 per hour for union workers, significantly higher than the $1.63 per hour average for nonunion workers. (See table 5.) Paid leave costs in goods-producing industries were $1.92 per hour (6.4 percent of total compensation), greater than the average for service-providing industries, $1.71 (7.0 percent of total compensation) in December 2006. (See table 6.) Among the nine census divisions, paid leave costs ranged from $1.17 in the East South Central division, to $2.19 and $2.28 in the New England and Middle Atlantic divisions, respectively. (See table 7.) Paid leave benefit costs increased, both in average dollar amount and as a proportion of total compensation, with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 workers averaged $1.14 per hour (5.4 percent); significantly less than those with 100 workers or more, $2.41 per hour (7.9 percent). (See table 8.) _________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: The Employer Costs for Employee Compensation for March 2007 is scheduled to be released Thursday, June 21, 2007, at 10:00 A.M. (EDT). _________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents: Table 1. Civilian workers, by major occupational and industry group 6 Table 2. Civilian workers, by occupational and industry group 8 Table 3. State and local government workers, by major occupational and industry group 9 Table 4. State and local government workers, by occupational and industry group 10 Table 5. Private industry workers, by major occupational group and bargaining unit status 11 Table 6. Private industry workers, by major industry group 13 Table 7. Private industry workers, by census region and division, and area 15 Table 8. Private industry workers, by establishment employment size 18 Table 9. Private industry workers, goods-producing and service-providing industries, by occupational group 19 Table 10. Private industry workers, by industry group 20 Table 11. Private industry workers, by occupational group and full-time and part-time status 21 Table 12. Private industry workers, by industry group and full-time and part-time status 22 Table 13. Private industry workers, by major industry group and establishment employment size and bargaining unit status 23 Table 14. Private industry health care and social assistance workers, by industry and occupational group 24 Explanatory Note 25 Table 1. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by major occupational and industry group, December 2006 Occupational group Industry group Management, Natural Production, Compensation All professional, Sales resources, transportation, Goods- Service- component workers(1) and and Service construction, and producing(2) providing(3) related office and material maintenance moving Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $27.54 100.0 $45.92 100.0 $20.78 100.0 $15.29 100.0 $29.25 100.0 $22.60 100.0 $30.00 100.0 $27.01 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 19.24 69.9 32.50 70.8 14.77 71.1 10.80 70.6 19.73 67.5 14.95 66.1 19.90 66.3 19.09 70.7 Total benefits............................... 8.30 30.1 13.43 29.2 6.01 28.9 4.50 29.4 9.52 32.5 7.65 33.9 10.10 33.7 7.92 29.3 Paid leave................................. 1.94 7.0 3.70 8.1 1.39 6.7 .90 5.9 1.59 5.4 1.43 6.3 1.93 6.4 1.94 7.2 Vacation................................. .91 3.3 1.67 3.6 .67 3.2 .43 2.8 .82 2.8 .71 3.1 1.01 3.4 .89 3.3 Holiday.................................. .63 2.3 1.19 2.6 .46 2.2 .28 1.8 .52 1.8 .49 2.2 .68 2.3 .62 2.3 Sick..................................... .30 1.1 .63 1.4 .20 1.0 .15 1.0 .17 .6 .17 .7 .17 .6 .32 1.2 Other.................................... .10 .4 .21 .5 .06 .3 .05 .3 .08 .3 .07 .3 .07 .2 .11 .4 Supplemental pay........................... .69 2.5 1.09 2.4 .47 2.3 .28 1.8 .88 3.0 .77 3.4 1.16 3.9 .59 2.2 Overtime and premium(4).................. .25 .9 .15 .3 .14 .7 .16 1.0 .63 2.1 .49 2.2 .55 1.8 .19 .7 Shift differentials...................... .07 .2 .11 .2 .02 .1 .06 .4 .05 .2 .10 .5 .10 .3 .06 .2 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .37 1.3 .83 1.8 .31 1.5 .07 .4 .21 .7 .18 .8 .51 1.7 .34 1.3 Insurance.................................. 2.26 8.2 3.36 7.3 1.82 8.8 1.28 8.4 2.46 8.4 2.27 10.0 2.67 8.9 2.17 8.0 Life..................................... .05 .2 .08 .2 .03 .2 .02 .1 .05 .2 .04 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 Health................................... 2.13 7.7 3.13 6.8 1.73 8.3 1.23 8.0 2.32 7.9 2.14 9.5 2.49 8.3 2.05 7.6 Short-term disability.................... .05 .2 .07 .2 .03 .2 .02 .1 .06 .2 .06 .3 .08 .3 .04 .2 Long-term disability..................... .04 .1 .08 .2 .03 .1 (5) (6) .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .1 .04 .1 Retirement and savings..................... 1.21 4.4 2.23 4.9 .67 3.2 .60 3.9 1.57 5.4 .97 4.3 1.54 5.1 1.14 4.2 Defined benefit.......................... .76 2.8 1.38 3.0 .32 1.5 .48 3.1 1.11 3.8 .63 2.8 1.00 3.3 .71 2.6 Defined contribution..................... .44 1.6 .85 1.8 .35 1.7 .12 .8 .45 1.5 .33 1.5 .54 1.8 .42 1.6 Legally required benefits.................. 2.20 8.0 3.05 6.6 1.65 8.0 1.43 9.4 3.03 10.3 2.21 9.8 2.80 9.3 2.08 7.7 Social Security and Medicare............. 1.54 5.6 2.49 5.4 1.23 5.9 .88 5.8 1.65 5.6 1.28 5.7 1.70 5.7 1.51 5.6 Social Security(7)..................... 1.23 4.5 1.96 4.3 .99 4.7 .70 4.6 1.33 4.5 1.03 4.6 1.37 4.6 1.20 4.4 Medicare............................... .31 1.1 .53 1.2 .24 1.2 .18 1.2 .32 1.1 .25 1.1 .33 1.1 .31 1.1 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .02 (6) .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance............. .15 .5 .15 .3 .14 .7 .12 .8 .19 .7 .17 .7 .21 .7 .13 .5 Workers' compensation.................... .48 1.8 .39 .9 .26 1.2 .40 2.6 1.16 4.0 .73 3.3 .87 2.9 .40 1.5 1 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy excluding households and the public sector excluding the Federal government. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. 3 Includes utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 4 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 5 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 6 Less than .05 percent. 7 Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Table 2. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by occupational and industry group, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked Civilian workers(1)............................ $27.54 $19.24 $8.30 $1.94 $0.69 $2.26 $1.21 $2.20 Occupational group Management, professional, and related.... 45.92 32.50 13.43 3.70 1.09 3.36 2.23 3.05 Management, business, and financial.... 50.41 34.86 15.55 4.61 1.76 3.39 2.45 3.33 Professional and related............... 44.10 31.53 12.56 3.33 .82 3.34 2.14 2.93 Teachers(2).......................... 49.60 36.66 12.94 2.63 .11 4.29 3.10 2.81 Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 47.54 34.70 12.85 2.41 .10 4.72 3.05 2.56 Registered nurses.................... 42.71 30.13 12.58 3.53 1.54 2.78 1.47 3.27 Sales and office......................... 20.78 14.77 6.01 1.39 .47 1.82 .67 1.65 Sales and related...................... 19.48 14.66 4.81 1.04 .54 1.15 .44 1.64 Office and administrative support...... 21.58 14.84 6.74 1.60 .43 2.23 .81 1.66 Service.................................. 15.29 10.80 4.50 .90 .28 1.28 .60 1.43 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance............................. 29.25 19.73 9.52 1.59 .88 2.46 1.57 3.03 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry(3).............. 28.94 19.53 9.42 1.20 .87 2.39 1.68 3.27 Installation, maintenance, and repair.. 29.65 19.99 9.66 2.09 .90 2.55 1.42 2.71 Production, transportation, and material moving.................................. 22.60 14.95 7.65 1.43 .77 2.27 .97 2.21 Production............................. 23.15 15.14 8.01 1.55 .94 2.43 .92 2.16 Transportation and material moving..... 22.07 14.76 7.31 1.32 .61 2.11 1.01 2.25 Industry group Education and health services............ 32.74 23.31 9.43 2.38 .40 2.94 1.50 2.21 Educational services................... 40.27 28.71 11.56 2.60 .13 4.06 2.45 2.31 Elementary and secondary schools..... 39.63 28.13 11.50 2.24 .11 4.49 2.49 2.18 Junior colleges, colleges, and universities....................... 43.96 31.30 12.67 3.66 .19 3.51 2.67 2.64 Health care and social assistance...... 27.00 19.20 7.80 2.20 .61 2.09 .77 2.13 Hospitals............................ 32.92 22.28 10.64 3.01 1.02 2.93 1.26 2.43 Percent of total compensation Civilian workers(1)............................ 100.0 69.9 30.1 7.0 2.5 8.2 4.4 8.0 Occupational group Management, professional, and related.... 100.0 70.8 29.2 8.1 2.4 7.3 4.9 6.6 Management, business, and financial.... 100.0 69.2 30.8 9.2 3.5 6.7 4.9 6.6 Professional and related............... 100.0 71.5 28.5 7.5 1.9 7.6 4.8 6.7 Teachers(2).......................... 100.0 73.9 26.1 5.3 .2 8.7 6.2 5.7 Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 100.0 73.0 27.0 5.1 .2 9.9 6.4 5.4 Registered nurses.................... 100.0 70.5 29.5 8.3 3.6 6.5 3.4 7.7 Sales and office......................... 100.0 71.1 28.9 6.7 2.3 8.8 3.2 8.0 Sales and related...................... 100.0 75.3 24.7 5.4 2.8 5.9 2.3 8.4 Office and administrative support...... 100.0 68.8 31.2 7.4 2.0 10.3 3.7 7.7 Service.................................. 100.0 70.6 29.4 5.9 1.8 8.4 3.9 9.4 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance............................. 100.0 67.5 32.5 5.4 3.0 8.4 5.4 10.3 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry(3).............. 100.0 67.5 32.5 4.1 3.0 8.3 5.8 11.3 Installation, maintenance, and repair.. 100.0 67.4 32.6 7.0 3.0 8.6 4.8 9.1 Production, transportation, and material moving.................................. 100.0 66.1 33.9 6.3 3.4 10.0 4.3 9.8 Production............................. 100.0 65.4 34.6 6.7 4.1 10.5 4.0 9.3 Transportation and material moving..... 100.0 66.9 33.1 6.0 2.8 9.6 4.6 10.2 Industry group Education and health services............ 100.0 71.2 28.8 7.3 1.2 9.0 4.6 6.7 Educational services................... 100.0 71.3 28.7 6.5 .3 10.1 6.1 5.7 Elementary and secondary schools..... 100.0 71.0 29.0 5.6 .3 11.3 6.3 5.5 Junior colleges, colleges, and universities....................... 100.0 71.2 28.8 8.3 .4 8.0 6.1 6.0 Health care and social assistance...... 100.0 71.1 28.9 8.2 2.3 7.7 2.9 7.9 Hospitals............................ 100.0 67.7 32.3 9.1 3.1 8.9 3.8 7.4 1 Includes workers in the private nonfarm economy excluding households and the public sector excluding the Federal government. 2 Includes postsecondary teachers; primary, secondary, and special education teachers; and other teachers and instructors. 3 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations were combined with construction and extraction occupational group as of December 2006. Table 3. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: State and local government workers, by major occupational and industry group, December 2006 Occupational group(1) Industry group Management, Sales Compensation All professional, and Service Service-providing component workers and office (2) related Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $38.26 100.0 $46.85 100.0 $25.84 100.0 $29.27 100.0 $38.36 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 25.74 67.3 33.04 70.5 16.05 62.1 17.80 60.8 25.82 67.3 Total benefits............................... 12.52 32.7 13.82 29.5 9.79 37.9 11.48 39.2 12.54 32.7 Paid leave................................. 2.99 7.8 3.28 7.0 2.46 9.5 2.68 9.1 2.99 7.8 Vacation................................. 1.03 2.7 .93 2.0 1.01 3.9 1.15 3.9 1.03 2.7 Holiday.................................. .96 2.5 1.08 2.3 .79 3.1 .84 2.9 .96 2.5 Sick..................................... .75 2.0 .96 2.1 .51 2.0 .50 1.7 .75 2.0 Other.................................... .24 .6 .30 .6 .16 .6 .19 .7 .25 .6 Supplemental pay........................... .32 .8 .18 .4 .18 .7 .63 2.1 .32 .8 Overtime and premium(3).................. .16 .4 .05 .1 .09 .4 .35 1.2 .16 .4 Shift differentials...................... .07 .2 .05 .1 .02 .1 .14 .5 .07 .2 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .09 .2 .09 .2 .07 .3 .13 .4 .09 .2 Insurance.................................. 4.22 11.0 4.65 9.9 3.93 15.2 3.47 11.8 4.23 11.0 Life..................................... .06 .2 .07 .2 .05 .2 .05 .2 .06 .2 Health................................... 4.09 10.7 4.50 9.6 3.83 14.8 3.33 11.4 4.09 10.7 Short-term disability.................... .03 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .04 .1 .03 .1 Long-term disability..................... .04 .1 .05 .1 .03 .1 .04 .1 .04 .1 Retirement and savings..................... 2.75 7.2 3.13 6.7 1.62 6.3 2.86 9.8 2.76 7.2 Defined benefit.......................... 2.46 6.4 2.78 5.9 1.45 5.6 2.69 9.2 2.46 6.4 Defined contribution..................... .30 .8 .35 .8 .17 .7 .17 .6 .30 .8 Legally required benefits.................. 2.23 5.8 2.58 5.5 1.60 6.2 1.85 6.3 2.24 5.8 Social Security and Medicare............. 1.71 4.5 2.14 4.6 1.24 4.8 1.12 3.8 1.71 4.5 Social Security(4)..................... 1.31 3.4 1.64 3.5 .97 3.8 .84 2.9 1.32 3.4 Medicare............................... .39 1.0 .50 1.1 .26 1.0 .28 1.0 .40 1.0 Federal unemployment insurance........... (5) (6) (5) (6) (5) (6) (5) (6) (5) (6) State unemployment insurance............. .06 .2 .06 .1 .05 .2 .07 .2 .06 .2 Workers' compensation.................... .47 1.2 .39 .8 .31 1.2 .67 2.3 .47 1.2 1 This table presents data for the three major occupational groups in State and local government: management, professional, and related occupations, including teachers; sales and office occupations, including clerical workers; and service occupations, including police and firefighters. 2 Service-providing industries, which include health and educational services, employ a large part of the State and local government workforce. 3 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4 Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. 5 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 6 Less than .05 percent. Table 4. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: State and local government workers, by occupational and industry group, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked State and local government workers............. $38.26 $25.74 $12.52 $2.99 $0.32 $4.22 $2.75 $2.23 Occupational group Management, professional, and related.... 46.85 33.04 13.82 3.28 .18 4.65 3.13 2.58 Professional and related............... 46.62 33.21 13.41 2.98 .19 4.64 3.07 2.54 Teachers(1).......................... 52.03 38.09 13.94 2.74 .09 4.83 3.53 2.74 Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 50.25 36.49 13.76 2.52 .09 5.16 3.40 2.59 Sales and office......................... 25.84 16.05 9.79 2.46 .18 3.93 1.62 1.60 Office and administrative support...... 25.85 16.05 9.80 2.46 .18 3.93 1.63 1.60 Service.................................. 29.27 17.80 11.48 2.68 .63 3.47 2.86 1.85 Industry group Education and health services............ 40.65 28.51 12.14 2.79 .19 4.31 2.61 2.24 Educational services................... 41.25 29.16 12.09 2.62 .13 4.42 2.68 2.23 Elementary and secondary schools..... 40.23 28.44 11.80 2.27 .10 4.66 2.61 2.15 Junior colleges, colleges, and universities....................... 44.74 31.61 13.13 3.77 .20 3.71 2.95 2.51 Health care and social assistance...... 36.48 23.98 12.50 3.97 .66 3.52 2.07 2.28 Hospitals............................ 32.57 21.18 11.39 3.37 .79 3.28 1.78 2.17 Public administration.................... 34.77 21.70 13.08 3.30 .49 4.09 3.08 2.11 Percent of total compensation State and local government workers............. 100.0 67.3 32.7 7.8 0.8 11.0 7.2 5.8 Occupational group Management, professional, and related.... 100.0 70.5 29.5 7.0 .4 9.9 6.7 5.5 Professional and related............... 100.0 71.2 28.8 6.4 .4 10.0 6.6 5.4 Teachers(1).......................... 100.0 73.2 26.8 5.3 .2 9.3 6.8 5.3 Primary, secondary, and special education school teachers......... 100.0 72.6 27.4 5.0 .2 10.3 6.8 5.2 Sales and office......................... 100.0 62.1 37.9 9.5 .7 15.2 6.3 6.2 Office and administrative support...... 100.0 62.1 37.9 9.5 .7 15.2 6.3 6.2 Service.................................. 100.0 60.8 39.2 9.1 2.1 11.8 9.8 6.3 Industry group Education and health services............ 100.0 70.1 29.9 6.9 .5 10.6 6.4 5.5 Educational services................... 100.0 70.7 29.3 6.4 .3 10.7 6.5 5.4 Elementary and secondary schools..... 100.0 70.7 29.3 5.6 .3 11.6 6.5 5.3 Junior colleges, colleges, and universities....................... 100.0 70.6 29.4 8.4 .4 8.3 6.6 5.6 Health care and social assistance...... 100.0 65.7 34.3 10.9 1.8 9.7 5.7 6.2 Hospitals............................ 100.0 65.0 35.0 10.4 2.4 10.1 5.5 6.7 Public administration.................... 100.0 62.4 37.6 9.5 1.4 11.8 8.9 6.1 1 Includes postsecondary teachers; primary, secondary, and special education teachers; and other teachers and instructors. Table 5. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major occupational group and bargaining unit status, December 2006 Occupational group Bargaining unit status Management, Natural Production, Compensation All professional, Sales resources, transportation, component workers and and Service construction, and Union Nonunion related office and material maintenance moving Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $25.67 100.0 $45.54 100.0 $20.35 100.0 $12.72 100.0 $28.86 100.0 $22.20 100.0 $35.60 100.0 $24.52 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 18.11 70.5 32.28 70.9 14.66 72.1 9.51 74.7 19.63 68.0 14.76 66.5 21.91 61.5 17.66 72.0 Total benefits............................... 7.57 29.5 13.27 29.1 5.69 27.9 3.21 25.3 9.23 32.0 7.43 33.5 13.69 38.5 6.85 28.0 Paid leave................................. 1.76 6.8 3.87 8.5 1.30 6.4 .58 4.5 1.42 4.9 1.36 6.1 2.81 7.9 1.63 6.7 Vacation................................. .89 3.5 1.97 4.3 .64 3.1 .29 2.3 .76 2.6 .68 3.1 1.41 4.0 .83 3.4 Holiday.................................. .58 2.2 1.24 2.7 .44 2.1 .18 1.4 .47 1.6 .48 2.1 .84 2.4 .55 2.2 Sick..................................... .22 .8 .49 1.1 .17 .9 .08 .6 .13 .4 .14 .6 .37 1.0 .20 .8 Other.................................... .08 .3 .17 .4 .05 .3 .02 .2 .07 .2 .06 .3 .18 .5 .06 .3 Supplemental pay........................... .75 2.9 1.46 3.2 .50 2.5 .22 1.7 .92 3.2 .79 3.5 1.13 3.2 .71 2.9 Overtime and premium(1).................. .27 1.0 .20 .4 .14 .7 .12 1.0 .65 2.2 .50 2.2 .75 2.1 .21 .9 Shift differentials...................... .07 .3 .13 .3 .02 .1 .04 .3 .05 .2 .11 .5 .20 .6 .05 .2 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .42 1.6 1.13 2.5 .33 1.6 .06 .4 .22 .8 .18 .8 .18 .5 .45 1.8 Insurance.................................. 1.92 7.5 2.84 6.2 1.64 8.1 .88 6.9 2.33 8.1 2.16 9.7 4.04 11.3 1.67 6.8 Life..................................... .04 .2 .08 .2 .03 .2 (2) (3) .05 .2 .04 .2 .07 .2 .04 .2 Health................................... 1.79 7.0 2.58 5.7 1.55 7.6 .84 6.6 2.18 7.6 2.02 9.1 3.79 10.6 1.55 6.3 Short-term disability.................... .05 .2 .09 .2 .04 .2 .02 .1 .06 .2 .06 .3 .12 .3 .04 .2 Long-term disability..................... .04 .1 .09 .2 .03 .1 (2) (3) .03 .1 .03 .1 .06 .2 .03 .1 Retirement and savings..................... .94 3.7 1.87 4.1 .59 2.9 .18 1.4 1.48 5.1 .90 4.1 2.57 7.2 .75 3.1 Defined benefit.......................... .47 1.8 .81 1.8 .22 1.1 .07 .6 1.02 3.6 .58 2.6 1.94 5.5 .30 1.2 Defined contribution..................... .47 1.8 1.05 2.3 .37 1.8 .11 .8 .45 1.6 .33 1.5 .63 1.8 .45 1.8 Legally required benefits.................. 2.20 8.6 3.24 7.1 1.66 8.2 1.36 10.7 3.09 10.7 2.22 10.0 3.15 8.8 2.09 8.5 Social Security and Medicare............. 1.52 5.9 2.63 5.8 1.22 6.0 .84 6.6 1.66 5.8 1.27 5.7 1.93 5.4 1.47 6.0 Social Security(4)..................... 1.22 4.7 2.09 4.6 .99 4.8 .68 5.4 1.35 4.7 1.03 4.6 1.55 4.4 1.18 4.8 Medicare............................... .30 1.2 .54 1.2 .24 1.2 .16 1.3 .32 1.1 .24 1.1 .37 1.0 .29 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 .04 .3 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance............. .16 .6 .18 .4 .15 .7 .13 1.0 .21 .7 .17 .8 .23 .6 .16 .6 Workers' compensation.................... .49 1.9 .39 .9 .25 1.2 .35 2.7 1.19 4.1 .75 3.4 .96 2.7 .43 1.8 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Table 6. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major industry group, December 2006 Goods-producing(1) Service-providing(2) All Trade, Professional Education Leisure Compensation All goods- Construction Manufacturing service- transportation, Information Financial and and and Other services component producing(1) providing(2) and activities business health hospitality utilities services services Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $30.02 100.0 $28.46 100.0 $30.31 100.0 $24.55 100.0 $21.92 100.0 $38.31 100.0 $34.38 100.0 $29.73 100.0 $27.48 100.0 $11.17 100.0 $21.45 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 19.92 66.4 19.73 69.3 19.79 65.3 17.64 71.8 15.53 70.8 26.18 68.3 23.32 67.8 21.84 73.5 19.85 72.2 8.71 78.0 15.92 74.2 Total benefits............................... 10.10 33.6 8.72 30.7 10.52 34.7 6.92 28.2 6.39 29.2 12.13 31.7 11.06 32.2 7.89 26.5 7.63 27.8 2.46 22.0 5.53 25.8 Paid leave................................. 1.92 6.4 1.02 3.6 2.35 7.7 1.71 7.0 1.36 6.2 3.58 9.3 2.79 8.1 2.12 7.1 2.10 7.6 .39 3.5 1.38 6.5 Vacation................................. 1.01 3.4 .57 2.0 1.21 4.0 .86 3.5 .69 3.1 1.78 4.7 1.41 4.1 1.04 3.5 1.03 3.8 .22 2.0 .64 3.0 Holiday.................................. .68 2.3 .35 1.2 .84 2.8 .55 2.2 .42 1.9 1.09 2.9 .89 2.6 .73 2.4 .65 2.4 .11 1.0 .52 2.4 Sick..................................... .16 .5 .07 .2 .21 .7 .23 .9 .19 .9 .45 1.2 .35 1.0 .27 .9 .31 1.1 .04 .4 .16 .7 Other.................................... .07 .2 .02 .1 .09 .3 .08 .3 .05 .2 .25 .7 .13 .4 .08 .3 .11 .4 (3) (4) .06 .3 Supplemental pay........................... 1.17 3.9 1.00 3.5 1.20 4.0 .65 2.6 .54 2.4 1.00 2.6 1.77 5.1 .81 2.7 .54 2.0 .13 1.2 .32 1.5 Overtime and premium(5).................. .55 1.8 .59 2.1 .52 1.7 .19 .8 .25 1.1 .35 .9 .13 .4 .19 .6 .21 .8 .08 .7 .13 .6 Shift differentials...................... .10 .3 (3) (4) .14 .5 .06 .2 .03 .1 .05 .1 (3) (4) .04 .2 .20 .7 (3) (4) (3) (4) Nonproduction bonuses.................... .52 1.7 .40 1.4 .54 1.8 .39 1.6 .26 1.2 .60 1.6 1.63 4.7 .58 2.0 .14 .5 .05 .5 .18 .8 Insurance.................................. 2.66 8.9 2.05 7.2 2.92 9.6 1.73 7.0 1.69 7.7 3.11 8.1 2.63 7.6 1.74 5.8 2.03 7.4 .60 5.3 1.38 6.4 Life..................................... .06 .2 .04 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 .03 .2 .05 .1 .07 .2 .05 .2 .03 .1 (3) (4) .04 .2 Health................................... 2.48 8.3 1.96 6.9 2.71 8.9 1.61 6.5 1.60 7.3 2.82 7.4 2.42 7.0 1.58 5.3 1.91 6.9 .57 5.1 1.28 6.0 Short-term disability.................... .08 .3 .04 .1 .10 .3 .04 .2 .04 .2 .17 .4 .08 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 (3) (4) .02 .1 Long-term disability..................... .04 .1 (3) (4) .05 .2 .04 .2 .03 .1 .07 .2 .06 .2 .05 .2 .05 .2 (3) (4) .03 .1 Retirement and savings..................... 1.54 5.1 1.36 4.8 1.50 4.9 .79 3.2 .82 3.7 1.73 4.5 1.58 4.6 .82 2.8 .76 2.8 .10 .9 .47 2.2 Defined benefit.......................... .99 3.3 .88 3.1 .94 3.1 .34 1.4 .45 2.0 1.01 2.6 .67 2.0 .29 1.0 .23 .8 (3) (4) .14 .7 Defined contribution..................... .54 1.8 .48 1.7 .55 1.8 .45 1.8 .37 1.7 .72 1.9 .91 2.6 .53 1.8 .53 1.9 .09 .8 .33 1.5 Legally required benefits.................. 2.81 9.4 3.30 11.6 2.55 8.4 2.04 8.3 1.98 9.1 2.71 7.1 2.30 6.7 2.39 8.1 2.19 8.0 1.23 11.1 1.97 9.2 Social Security and Medicare............. 1.70 5.7 1.63 5.7 1.72 5.7 1.47 6.0 1.29 5.9 2.20 5.7 1.90 5.5 1.77 6.0 1.65 6.0 .79 7.1 1.33 6.2 Social Security(6)..................... 1.37 4.6 1.32 4.6 1.39 4.6 1.18 4.8 1.04 4.8 1.76 4.6 1.50 4.4 1.41 4.7 1.33 4.8 .64 5.8 1.07 5.0 Medicare............................... .33 1.1 .31 1.1 .34 1.1 .29 1.2 .25 1.2 .44 1.2 .40 1.2 .36 1.2 .32 1.2 .15 1.4 .26 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .4 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance............. .21 .7 .25 .9 .19 .6 .15 .6 .15 .7 .19 .5 .15 .4 .19 .6 .13 .5 .12 1.1 .15 .7 Workers' compensation.................... .87 2.9 1.38 4.9 .61 2.0 .39 1.6 .51 2.3 .29 .8 .20 .6 .40 1.3 .38 1.4 .28 2.5 .47 2.2 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. 2 Includes utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 4 Less than .05 percent. 5 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 6 Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Table 7. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by census region and division, and area, December 2006 Census region and division(1) Area Northeast Northeast divisions South South divisions Midwest Midwest divisions West West divisions Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan Compensation area area component New England Middle Atlantic South Atlantic East South Central West South Central East North Central West North Central Mountain Pacific Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $29.49 100.0 $29.61 100.0 $29.44 100.0 $22.84 100.0 $24.16 100.0 $19.47 100.0 $22.51 100.0 $25.00 100.0 $26.16 100.0 $22.41 100.0 $27.37 100.0 $23.20 100.0 $29.14 100.0 $26.92 100.0 $18.89 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 20.52 69.6 20.98 70.9 20.34 69.1 16.42 71.9 17.41 72.1 13.86 71.2 16.20 71.9 17.39 69.6 18.09 69.2 15.81 70.5 19.35 70.7 16.72 72.1 20.47 70.2 18.97 70.5 13.40 70.9 Total benefits............................... 8.97 30.4 8.63 29.1 9.11 30.9 6.42 28.1 6.74 27.9 5.62 28.8 6.32 28.1 7.61 30.4 8.06 30.8 6.60 29.5 8.02 29.3 6.48 27.9 8.67 29.8 7.95 29.5 5.49 29.1 Paid leave................................. 2.25 7.6 2.19 7.4 2.28 7.7 1.46 6.4 1.57 6.5 1.17 6.0 1.43 6.4 1.68 6.7 1.78 6.8 1.47 6.6 1.85 6.8 1.42 6.1 2.03 7.0 1.88 7.0 1.06 5.6 Vacation................................. 1.11 3.8 1.10 3.7 1.11 3.8 .74 3.2 .80 3.3 .63 3.3 .71 3.1 .86 3.5 .90 3.4 .79 3.5 .94 3.4 .74 3.2 1.03 3.5 .95 3.5 .56 2.9 Holiday.................................. .73 2.5 .75 2.5 .73 2.5 .48 2.1 .51 2.1 .38 1.9 .49 2.2 .55 2.2 .59 2.2 .46 2.1 .61 2.2 .47 2.0 .67 2.3 .62 2.3 .35 1.9 Sick..................................... .30 1.0 .25 .8 .32 1.1 .18 .8 .20 .8 .11 .5 .18 .8 .18 .7 .19 .7 .16 .7 .24 .9 .17 .7 .27 .9 .24 .9 .11 .6 Other.................................... .11 .4 .09 .3 .12 .4 .06 .3 .06 .3 .05 .3 .05 .2 .09 .3 .10 .4 .06 .3 .06 .2 .04 .2 .06 .2 .08 .3 .04 .2 Supplemental pay........................... .97 3.3 .90 3.0 1.00 3.4 .61 2.7 .59 2.4 .49 2.5 .70 3.1 .73 2.9 .78 3.0 .62 2.8 .80 2.9 .66 2.8 .86 3.0 .79 2.9 .55 2.9 Overtime and premium(2).................. .28 1.0 .27 .9 .29 1.0 .24 1.0 .24 1.0 .21 1.1 .26 1.1 .29 1.2 .31 1.2 .25 1.1 .26 .9 .22 .9 .27 .9 .26 1.0 .28 1.5 Shift differentials...................... .07 .2 .06 .2 .07 .3 .06 .3 .06 .3 .07 .4 .05 .2 .09 .3 .10 .4 .07 .3 .06 .2 .06 .2 .06 .2 .07 .3 .06 .3 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .62 2.1 .58 2.0 .64 2.2 .31 1.3 .29 1.2 .21 1.1 .39 1.7 .35 1.4 .37 1.4 .31 1.4 .49 1.8 .39 1.7 .53 1.8 .46 1.7 .22 1.2 Insurance.................................. 2.16 7.3 2.01 6.8 2.22 7.5 1.66 7.3 1.71 7.1 1.65 8.5 1.58 7.0 2.06 8.3 2.20 8.4 1.77 7.9 1.93 7.0 1.65 7.1 2.04 7.0 1.99 7.4 1.54 8.1 Life..................................... .04 .1 .04 .1 .04 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .05 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 .04 .1 .03 .1 .04 .1 .04 .2 .03 .2 Health................................... 2.00 6.8 1.88 6.4 2.05 7.0 1.54 6.7 1.59 6.6 1.54 7.9 1.46 6.5 1.92 7.7 2.04 7.8 1.64 7.3 1.82 6.6 1.56 6.7 1.92 6.6 1.85 6.9 1.45 7.7 Short-term disability.................... .07 .2 .05 .2 .08 .3 .04 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .06 .2 .07 .3 .05 .2 .04 .1 .03 .1 .04 .1 .05 .2 .04 .2 Long-term disability..................... .04 .1 .04 .1 .04 .1 .04 .2 .04 .2 .03 .2 .03 .2 .04 .1 .04 .1 .04 .2 .04 .1 .03 .1 .04 .1 .04 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings..................... 1.13 3.8 1.06 3.6 1.17 4.0 .79 3.4 .88 3.6 .57 2.9 .76 3.4 1.03 4.1 1.12 4.3 .82 3.6 .90 3.3 .69 3.0 .98 3.4 1.01 3.7 .58 3.1 Defined benefit.......................... .55 1.9 .47 1.6 .58 2.0 .36 1.6 .40 1.7 .23 1.2 .36 1.6 .59 2.4 .67 2.6 .41 1.8 .43 1.6 .28 1.2 .50 1.7 .51 1.9 .28 1.5 Defined contribution..................... .59 2.0 .59 2.0 .59 2.0 .43 1.9 .48 2.0 .34 1.8 .39 1.7 .44 1.7 .45 1.7 .41 1.8 .46 1.7 .42 1.8 .48 1.7 .50 1.9 .30 1.6 Legally required benefits.................. 2.45 8.3 2.47 8.3 2.45 8.3 1.90 8.3 1.99 8.2 1.73 8.9 1.85 8.2 2.11 8.4 2.19 8.4 1.92 8.6 2.54 9.3 2.05 8.8 2.75 9.4 2.28 8.5 1.76 9.3 Social Security and Medicare............. 1.72 5.8 1.76 5.9 1.71 5.8 1.37 6.0 1.43 5.9 1.23 6.3 1.34 6.0 1.47 5.9 1.53 5.8 1.35 6.0 1.61 5.9 1.40 6.0 1.70 5.8 1.58 5.9 1.16 6.1 Social Security(3)..................... 1.38 4.7 1.41 4.8 1.36 4.6 1.10 4.8 1.15 4.8 .99 5.1 1.07 4.8 1.18 4.7 1.23 4.7 1.09 4.8 1.29 4.7 1.12 4.8 1.36 4.7 1.27 4.7 .94 5.0 Medicare............................... .34 1.2 .35 1.2 .34 1.2 .27 1.2 .28 1.2 .24 1.2 .27 1.2 .29 1.2 .30 1.1 .26 1.2 .32 1.2 .27 1.2 .34 1.2 .31 1.2 .22 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance........... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance............. .22 .8 .23 .8 .22 .8 .11 .5 .10 .4 .09 .5 .12 .5 .16 .7 .17 .7 .14 .6 .20 .7 .13 .6 .22 .8 .17 .6 .13 .7 Workers' compensation.................... .47 1.6 .44 1.5 .49 1.7 .40 1.7 .42 1.7 .38 2.0 .36 1.6 .44 1.8 .45 1.7 .41 1.8 .70 2.6 .48 2.1 .80 2.7 .50 1.8 .44 2.4 1 The States that comprise the census divisions are: New England: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont; Middle Atlantic: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania; South Atlantic: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia; East South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee; West South Central: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; East North Central: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; West North Central: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Mountain: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; and Pacific: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. 2 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3 Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Table 8. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by establishment employment size, December 2006 1-99 workers 100 workers or more Compensation component 1-99 workers 1-49 workers 50-99 workers 100 workers or more 100-499 workers 500 workers or more Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation............................. $20.96 100.0 $20.53 100.0 $22.20 100.0 $30.68 100.0 $26.12 100.0 $36.33 100.0 Wages and salaries........................... 15.47 73.8 15.30 74.5 15.96 71.9 20.91 68.1 18.26 69.9 24.19 66.6 Total benefits............................... 5.49 26.2 5.23 25.5 6.24 28.1 9.77 31.9 7.86 30.1 12.14 33.4 Paid leave................................. 1.14 5.4 1.09 5.3 1.27 5.7 2.41 7.9 1.80 6.9 3.17 8.7 Vacation................................. .57 2.7 .55 2.7 .63 2.8 1.23 4.0 .91 3.5 1.63 4.5 Holiday.................................. .40 1.9 .39 1.9 .44 2.0 .76 2.5 .60 2.3 .96 2.7 Sick..................................... .14 .6 .13 .6 .16 .7 .30 1.0 .22 .8 .41 1.1 Other.................................... .04 .2 .03 .2 .05 .2 .12 .4 .07 .3 .17 .5 Supplemental pay........................... .55 2.6 .55 2.7 .56 2.5 .97 3.2 .74 2.8 1.24 3.4 Overtime and premium(1).................. .20 .9 .17 .8 .26 1.2 .34 1.1 .31 1.2 .38 1.0 Shift differentials...................... .02 .1 (2) (3) .04 .2 .12 .4 .07 .3 .18 .5 Nonproduction bonuses.................... .33 1.6 .36 1.7 .26 1.2 .51 1.7 .37 1.4 .68 1.9 Insurance.................................. 1.34 6.4 1.22 6.0 1.67 7.5 2.53 8.3 2.11 8.1 3.06 8.4 Life..................................... .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .2 .06 .2 .05 .2 .07 .2 Health................................... 1.26 6.0 1.15 5.6 1.56 7.0 2.35 7.7 1.97 7.5 2.82 7.8 Short-term disability.................... .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .2 .08 .2 .06 .2 .10 .3 Long-term disability..................... .02 .1 .02 .1 .03 .1 .05 .2 .04 .1 .08 .2 Retirement and savings..................... .49 2.3 .43 2.1 .64 2.9 1.42 4.6 .99 3.8 1.96 5.4 Defined benefit.......................... .19 .9 .15 .7 .29 1.3 .77 2.5 .51 1.9 1.10 3.0 Defined contribution..................... .30 1.4 .28 1.4 .35 1.6 .65 2.1 .48 1.8 .86 2.4 Legally required benefits.................. 1.98 9.4 1.94 9.4 2.10 9.4 2.44 7.9 2.22 8.5 2.71 7.4 Social Security and Medicare............. 1.28 6.1 1.27 6.2 1.34 6.0 1.76 5.7 1.51 5.8 2.07 5.7 Social Security(4)..................... 1.03 4.9 1.02 5.0 1.08 4.9 1.41 4.6 1.21 4.6 1.66 4.6 Medicare............................... .25 1.2 .25 1.2 .26 1.2 .35 1.1 .30 1.1 .42 1.1 Federal unemployment insurance........... .04 .2 .04 .2 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance............. .16 .8 .16 .8 .17 .8 .16 .5 .17 .7 .15 .4 Workers' compensation.................... .50 2.4 .48 2.3 .55 2.5 .48 1.6 .50 1.9 .45 1.2 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 Comprises the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. Table 9. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, goods-producing and service-providing industries, by occupational group, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked All workers in private industry...................... $25.67 $18.11 $7.57 $1.76 $0.75 $1.92 $0.94 $2.20 Management, professional, and related.......... 45.54 32.28 13.27 3.87 1.46 2.84 1.87 3.24 Management, business, and financial.......... 50.87 35.39 15.48 4.57 2.07 3.15 2.26 3.43 Professional and related..................... 42.80 30.67 12.13 3.51 1.15 2.68 1.66 3.14 Sales and office............................... 20.35 14.66 5.69 1.30 .50 1.64 .59 1.66 Sales and related............................ 19.47 14.66 4.81 1.04 .54 1.14 .44 1.64 Office and administrative support............ 20.96 14.66 6.30 1.48 .47 1.99 .69 1.67 Service........................................ 12.72 9.51 3.21 .58 .22 .88 .18 1.36 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 28.86 19.63 9.23 1.42 .92 2.33 1.48 3.09 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry(1)............................. 28.73 19.54 9.19 1.02 .92 2.26 1.61 3.38 Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 29.04 19.74 9.29 1.94 .92 2.41 1.30 2.72 Production, transportation, and material moving 22.20 14.76 7.43 1.36 .79 2.16 .90 2.22 Production................................... 22.93 15.02 7.91 1.51 .94 2.40 .88 2.18 Transportation and material moving........... 21.45 14.50 6.95 1.22 .62 1.90 .93 2.27 All workers, goods-producing industries(2)....... 30.02 19.92 10.10 1.92 1.17 2.66 1.54 2.81 Management, professional, and related.......... 52.02 34.74 17.28 4.61 2.15 3.58 3.29 3.65 Sales and office............................... 25.87 17.93 7.94 1.74 .84 2.28 .99 2.08 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 29.22 19.69 9.53 1.15 1.00 2.36 1.65 3.37 Production, transportation, and material moving 24.05 15.47 8.58 1.60 1.03 2.66 .98 2.31 All workers, service-providing industries(3)..... 24.55 17.64 6.92 1.71 .65 1.73 .79 2.04 Management, professional, and related.......... 44.51 31.88 12.62 3.75 1.35 2.72 1.64 3.17 Sales and office............................... 19.91 14.40 5.51 1.27 .47 1.59 .56 1.63 Service........................................ 12.63 9.46 3.17 .57 .21 .87 .17 1.35 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 28.27 19.53 8.74 1.88 .77 2.27 1.18 2.64 Production, transportation, and material moving 20.51 14.12 6.39 1.15 .56 1.69 .84 2.15 Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry...................... 100.0 70.5 29.5 6.8 2.9 7.5 3.7 8.6 Management, professional, and related.......... 100.0 70.9 29.1 8.5 3.2 6.2 4.1 7.1 Management, business, and financial.......... 100.0 69.6 30.4 9.0 4.1 6.2 4.4 6.7 Professional and related..................... 100.0 71.7 28.3 8.2 2.7 6.3 3.9 7.3 Sales and office............................... 100.0 72.1 27.9 6.4 2.5 8.1 2.9 8.2 Sales and related............................ 100.0 75.3 24.7 5.4 2.8 5.9 2.3 8.4 Office and administrative support............ 100.0 69.9 30.1 7.1 2.3 9.5 3.3 8.0 Service........................................ 100.0 74.7 25.3 4.5 1.7 6.9 1.4 10.7 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 100.0 68.0 32.0 4.9 3.2 8.1 5.1 10.7 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry(1)............................. 100.0 68.0 32.0 3.5 3.2 7.9 5.6 11.8 Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 100.0 68.0 32.0 6.7 3.2 8.3 4.5 9.4 Production, transportation, and material moving 100.0 66.5 33.5 6.1 3.5 9.7 4.1 10.0 Production................................... 100.0 65.5 34.5 6.6 4.1 10.5 3.8 9.5 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 67.6 32.4 5.7 2.9 8.9 4.4 10.6 All workers, goods-producing industries(2)....... 100.0 66.4 33.6 6.4 3.9 8.9 5.1 9.4 Management, professional, and related.......... 100.0 66.8 33.2 8.9 4.1 6.9 6.3 7.0 Sales and office............................... 100.0 69.3 30.7 6.7 3.2 8.8 3.8 8.0 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 100.0 67.4 32.6 3.9 3.4 8.1 5.7 11.5 Production, transportation, and material moving 100.0 64.3 35.7 6.6 4.3 11.1 4.1 9.6 All workers, service-providing industries(3)..... 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.0 2.6 7.0 3.2 8.3 Management, professional, and related.......... 100.0 71.6 28.4 8.4 3.0 6.1 3.7 7.1 Sales and office............................... 100.0 72.3 27.7 6.4 2.4 8.0 2.8 8.2 Service........................................ 100.0 74.9 25.1 4.5 1.7 6.9 1.4 10.7 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 100.0 69.1 30.9 6.7 2.7 8.0 4.2 9.3 Production, transportation, and material moving 100.0 68.8 31.2 5.6 2.7 8.3 4.1 10.5 1 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations were combined with construction and extraction occupational group as of December 2006. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. 3 Includes utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. Table 10. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by industry group, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked All workers, goods-producing industries(1)....... $30.02 $19.92 $10.10 $1.92 $1.17 $2.66 $1.54 $2.81 Construction................................... 28.46 19.73 8.72 1.02 1.00 2.05 1.36 3.30 Manufacturing.................................. 30.31 19.79 10.52 2.35 1.20 2.92 1.50 2.55 Aircraft manufacturing(2).................... 57.12 32.50 24.62 4.90 4.23 4.66 7.02 3.82 All workers, service-providing industries(3)..... 24.55 17.64 6.92 1.71 .65 1.73 .79 2.04 Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 21.92 15.53 6.39 1.36 .54 1.69 .82 1.98 Wholesale trade.............................. 28.08 19.69 8.39 1.91 .92 2.31 .90 2.36 Retail trade................................. 15.96 12.09 3.87 .75 .31 1.01 .29 1.52 Transportation and warehousing............... 31.79 20.80 10.99 2.41 .70 3.08 1.78 3.02 Utilities.................................... 49.06 28.74 20.32 4.42 1.73 4.13 6.63 3.41 Information.................................... 38.31 26.18 12.13 3.58 1.00 3.11 1.73 2.71 Financial activities........................... 34.38 23.32 11.06 2.79 1.77 2.63 1.58 2.30 Finance and insurance........................ 37.86 25.38 12.48 3.17 2.14 2.88 1.90 2.39 Credit intermediation and related activities................................ 32.52 22.06 10.47 2.70 1.36 2.68 1.62 2.11 Insurance carriers and related activities.. 36.26 24.35 11.91 3.03 1.45 2.98 2.00 2.45 Real estate and rental and leasing........... 22.35 16.20 6.15 1.48 .50 1.75 .45 1.98 Professional and business services............. 29.73 21.84 7.89 2.12 .81 1.74 .82 2.39 Professional and technical services.......... 40.85 29.79 11.07 3.36 1.16 2.46 1.14 2.95 Administrative and waste services............ 18.52 14.08 4.43 .82 .44 .96 .37 1.84 Education and health services.................. 27.48 19.85 7.63 2.10 .54 2.03 .76 2.19 Educational services......................... 36.14 26.80 9.34 2.53 .14 2.53 1.48 2.67 Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 42.53 30.72 11.81 3.45 .16 3.15 2.16 2.89 Health care and social assistance............ 26.09 18.74 7.35 2.03 .60 1.95 .65 2.11 Leisure and hospitality........................ 11.17 8.71 2.46 .39 .13 .60 .10 1.23 Accommodation and food services.............. 10.49 8.19 2.30 .35 .12 .57 .09 1.18 Other services................................. 21.45 15.92 5.53 1.38 .32 1.38 .47 1.97 Percent of total compensation All workers, goods-producing industries(1)....... 100.0 66.4 33.6 6.4 3.9 8.9 5.1 9.4 Construction................................... 100.0 69.3 30.7 3.6 3.5 7.2 4.8 11.6 Manufacturing.................................. 100.0 65.3 34.7 7.7 4.0 9.6 4.9 8.4 Aircraft manufacturing(2).................... 100.0 56.9 43.1 8.6 7.4 8.2 12.3 6.7 All workers, service-providing industries(3)..... 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.0 2.6 7.0 3.2 8.3 Trade, transportation, and utilities........... 100.0 70.8 29.2 6.2 2.4 7.7 3.7 9.1 Wholesale trade.............................. 100.0 70.1 29.9 6.8 3.3 8.2 3.2 8.4 Retail trade................................. 100.0 75.7 24.3 4.7 1.9 6.3 1.8 9.5 Transportation and warehousing............... 100.0 65.4 34.6 7.6 2.2 9.7 5.6 9.5 Utilities.................................... 100.0 58.6 41.4 9.0 3.5 8.4 13.5 6.9 Information.................................... 100.0 68.3 31.7 9.3 2.6 8.1 4.5 7.1 Financial activities........................... 100.0 67.8 32.2 8.1 5.1 7.6 4.6 6.7 Finance and insurance........................ 100.0 67.0 33.0 8.4 5.6 7.6 5.0 6.3 Credit intermediation and related activities................................ 100.0 67.8 32.2 8.3 4.2 8.3 5.0 6.5 Insurance carriers and related activities.. 100.0 67.2 32.8 8.4 4.0 8.2 5.5 6.7 Real estate and rental and leasing........... 100.0 72.5 27.5 6.6 2.2 7.8 2.0 8.8 Professional and business services............. 100.0 73.5 26.5 7.1 2.7 5.8 2.8 8.1 Professional and technical services.......... 100.0 72.9 27.1 8.2 2.8 6.0 2.8 7.2 Administrative and waste services............ 100.0 76.1 23.9 4.4 2.4 5.2 2.0 9.9 Education and health services.................. 100.0 72.2 27.8 7.6 2.0 7.4 2.8 8.0 Educational services......................... 100.0 74.1 25.9 7.0 .4 7.0 4.1 7.4 Junior colleges, colleges, and universities 100.0 72.2 27.8 8.1 .4 7.4 5.1 6.8 Health care and social assistance............ 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.8 2.3 7.5 2.5 8.1 Leisure and hospitality........................ 100.0 78.0 22.0 3.5 1.2 5.3 .9 11.1 Accommodation and food services.............. 100.0 78.1 21.9 3.3 1.1 5.4 .9 11.3 Other services................................. 100.0 74.2 25.8 6.5 1.5 6.4 2.2 9.2 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. 2 Data are available beginning with December 2006. 3 Includes utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. Table 11. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by occupational group and full-time and part-time status, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked All full-time workers in private industry.......... $29.18 $20.26 $8.92 $2.15 $0.91 $2.30 $1.16 $2.41 Management, professional, and related.......... 46.96 33.02 13.94 4.15 1.53 2.99 2.02 3.26 Management, business, and financial.......... 51.27 35.61 15.66 4.65 2.11 3.17 2.29 3.44 Professional and related..................... 44.38 31.47 12.91 3.84 1.18 2.88 1.86 3.14 Sales and office............................... 23.41 16.55 6.85 1.65 .64 2.02 .74 1.81 Sales and related............................ 25.62 18.92 6.70 1.61 .83 1.64 .65 1.97 Office and administrative support............ 22.28 15.35 6.93 1.67 .54 2.22 .78 1.72 Service........................................ 15.19 10.81 4.37 .90 .32 1.38 .29 1.49 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 29.25 19.81 9.43 1.47 .95 2.38 1.53 3.11 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry(1)............................. 28.98 19.67 9.31 1.03 .94 2.29 1.66 3.39 Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 29.59 20.00 9.59 2.02 .95 2.51 1.36 2.75 Production, transportation, and material moving 23.81 15.69 8.12 1.55 .88 2.37 1.00 2.32 Production................................... 23.56 15.32 8.24 1.58 .99 2.53 .93 2.21 Transportation and material moving........... 24.13 16.17 7.96 1.50 .74 2.17 1.10 2.45 All part-time workers in private industry.......... 14.08 10.99 3.09 .46 .23 .66 .21 1.52 Management, professional, and related.......... 34.46 26.49 7.97 1.71 .93 1.63 .62 3.07 Professional and related..................... 34.52 26.52 7.99 1.74 .95 1.59 .60 3.10 Sales and office............................... 12.41 9.75 2.66 .39 .14 .64 .20 1.28 Sales and related............................ 10.46 8.43 2.03 .21 .11 .41 .13 1.16 Office and administrative support............ 15.31 11.72 3.59 .66 .18 .99 .31 1.45 Service........................................ 9.83 7.98 1.85 .20 .10 .30 .06 1.19 Production, transportation, and material moving 13.56 9.80 3.76 .38 .28 .98 .38 1.72 Transportation and material moving........... 13.75 9.71 4.04 .40 .28 1.15 .45 1.75 Percent of total compensation All full-time workers in private industry.......... 100.0 69.4 30.6 7.4 3.1 7.9 4.0 8.2 Management, professional, and related.......... 100.0 70.3 29.7 8.8 3.3 6.4 4.3 6.9 Management, business, and financial.......... 100.0 69.4 30.6 9.1 4.1 6.2 4.5 6.7 Professional and related..................... 100.0 70.9 29.1 8.7 2.7 6.5 4.2 7.1 Sales and office............................... 100.0 70.7 29.3 7.0 2.7 8.7 3.1 7.7 Sales and related............................ 100.0 73.8 26.2 6.3 3.2 6.4 2.6 7.7 Office and administrative support............ 100.0 68.9 31.1 7.5 2.4 10.0 3.5 7.7 Service........................................ 100.0 71.2 28.8 5.9 2.1 9.1 1.9 9.8 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance................................... 100.0 67.7 32.3 5.0 3.2 8.1 5.2 10.6 Construction, extraction, farming, fishing, and forestry(1)............................. 100.0 67.9 32.1 3.6 3.2 7.9 5.7 11.7 Installation, maintenance, and repair........ 100.0 67.6 32.4 6.8 3.2 8.5 4.6 9.3 Production, transportation, and material moving 100.0 65.9 34.1 6.5 3.7 10.0 4.2 9.7 Production................................... 100.0 65.0 35.0 6.7 4.2 10.8 3.9 9.4 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 67.0 33.0 6.2 3.1 9.0 4.6 10.2 All part-time workers in private industry.......... 100.0 78.1 21.9 3.3 1.6 4.7 1.5 10.8 Management, professional, and related.......... 100.0 76.9 23.1 5.0 2.7 4.7 1.8 8.9 Professional and related..................... 100.0 76.8 23.2 5.0 2.8 4.6 1.7 9.0 Sales and office............................... 100.0 78.6 21.4 3.2 1.1 5.2 1.6 10.3 Sales and related............................ 100.0 80.6 19.4 2.0 1.1 3.9 1.3 11.1 Office and administrative support............ 100.0 76.5 23.5 4.3 1.2 6.5 2.0 9.5 Service........................................ 100.0 81.2 18.8 2.0 1.0 3.0 .6 12.1 Production, transportation, and material moving 100.0 72.3 27.7 2.8 2.1 7.3 2.8 12.7 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 70.6 29.4 2.9 2.1 8.4 3.3 12.7 1 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations were combined with construction and extraction occupational group as of December 2006. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 12. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by industry group and full-time and part-time status, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked All full-time workers in private industry.... $29.18 $20.26 $8.92 $2.15 $0.91 $2.30 $1.16 $2.41 Goods-producing(1)......................... 30.46 20.15 10.31 1.98 1.20 2.73 1.58 2.83 Construction............................. 28.85 19.93 8.92 1.05 1.03 2.11 1.40 3.33 Manufacturing............................ 30.77 20.04 10.73 2.40 1.23 2.99 1.53 2.58 Service-providing(2)....................... 28.73 20.30 8.44 2.21 .81 2.15 1.01 2.26 Trade, transportation, and utilities..... 26.22 18.30 7.92 1.81 .70 2.10 1.06 2.25 Information.............................. 40.87 27.73 13.14 3.81 1.11 3.45 1.93 2.84 Financial activities..................... 36.84 24.83 12.01 3.08 1.97 2.83 1.73 2.41 Professional and business services....... 33.29 24.20 9.10 2.57 .90 2.05 1.00 2.58 Education and health services............ 29.01 20.66 8.35 2.41 .58 2.28 .88 2.20 Leisure and hospitality.................. 13.93 10.36 3.57 .72 .21 1.08 .18 1.38 Other services........................... 24.54 17.66 6.88 1.82 .42 1.84 .63 2.17 All part-time workers in private industry.... 14.08 10.99 3.09 .46 .23 .66 .21 1.52 Service-providing(2)....................... 14.02 10.94 3.08 .47 .23 .67 .21 1.51 Trade, transportation, and utilities..... 12.36 9.36 3.00 .34 .18 .80 .28 1.40 Professional and business services....... 15.53 12.44 3.09 .33 .48 .51 .10 1.67 Education and health services............ 23.05 17.53 5.52 1.22 .42 1.31 .41 2.17 Leisure and hospitality.................. 8.46 7.09 1.38 .07 .06 .13 .03 1.09 Percent of total compensation All full-time workers in private industry.... 100.0 69.4 30.6 7.4 3.1 7.9 4.0 8.2 Goods-producing(1)......................... 100.0 66.2 33.8 6.5 3.9 8.9 5.2 9.3 Construction............................. 100.0 69.1 30.9 3.6 3.6 7.3 4.9 11.5 Manufacturing............................ 100.0 65.1 34.9 7.8 4.0 9.7 5.0 8.4 Service-providing(2)....................... 100.0 70.6 29.4 7.7 2.8 7.5 3.5 7.9 Trade, transportation, and utilities..... 100.0 69.8 30.2 6.9 2.7 8.0 4.1 8.6 Information.............................. 100.0 67.8 32.2 9.3 2.7 8.4 4.7 6.9 Financial activities..................... 100.0 67.4 32.6 8.4 5.3 7.7 4.7 6.5 Professional and business services....... 100.0 72.7 27.3 7.7 2.7 6.1 3.0 7.7 Education and health services............ 100.0 71.2 28.8 8.3 2.0 7.9 3.0 7.6 Leisure and hospitality.................. 100.0 74.4 25.6 5.2 1.5 7.7 1.3 9.9 Other services........................... 100.0 72.0 28.0 7.4 1.7 7.5 2.6 8.8 All part-time workers in private industry.... 100.0 78.1 21.9 3.3 1.6 4.7 1.5 10.8 Service-providing(2)....................... 100.0 78.0 22.0 3.3 1.6 4.8 1.5 10.7 Trade, transportation, and utilities..... 100.0 75.7 24.3 2.8 1.4 6.5 2.3 11.3 Professional and business services....... 100.0 80.1 19.9 2.1 3.1 3.3 .6 10.8 Education and health services............ 100.0 76.0 24.0 5.3 1.8 5.7 1.8 9.4 Leisure and hospitality.................. 100.0 83.8 16.2 .8 .7 1.5 .4 12.9 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. 2 Includes utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. Table 13. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major industry group and establishment employment size and bargaining unit status, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked All workers, goods-producing industries(1) $30.02 $19.92 $10.10 $1.92 $1.17 $2.66 $1.54 $2.81 1-99 workers............................... 25.21 17.69 7.52 1.15 .87 1.93 .84 2.73 1-49 workers............................. 24.55 17.54 7.01 1.06 .86 1.65 .72 2.72 50-99 workers............................ 26.62 18.00 8.62 1.33 .91 2.52 1.11 2.75 100 workers or more........................ 34.26 21.89 12.37 2.61 1.43 3.30 2.15 2.88 100-499 workers.......................... 28.85 18.95 9.89 1.79 1.11 2.86 1.48 2.65 500 workers or more...................... 41.23 25.68 15.55 3.66 1.84 3.86 3.01 3.18 Union...................................... 38.06 22.60 15.45 2.43 1.53 4.63 3.27 3.59 Nonunion................................... 28.07 19.27 8.80 1.80 1.08 2.18 1.11 2.62 All workers, service-providing industries(2)............................. 24.55 17.64 6.92 1.71 .65 1.73 .79 2.04 1-99 workers............................... 20.00 14.97 5.03 1.14 .48 1.20 .41 1.81 1-49 workers............................. 19.71 14.84 4.87 1.10 .48 1.13 .37 1.77 50-99 workers............................ 20.90 15.36 5.54 1.26 .46 1.42 .50 1.90 100 workers or more........................ 29.64 20.62 9.02 2.35 .83 2.31 1.21 2.31 100-499 workers.......................... 25.32 18.06 7.26 1.80 .64 1.89 .85 2.09 500 workers or more...................... 34.95 23.77 11.19 3.04 1.08 2.83 1.66 2.57 Union...................................... 34.08 21.48 12.60 3.04 .88 3.67 2.13 2.87 Nonunion................................... 23.72 17.30 6.42 1.60 .63 1.56 .67 1.97 Percent of total compensation All workers, goods-producing industries(1) 100.0 66.4 33.6 6.4 3.9 8.9 5.1 9.4 1-99 workers............................... 100.0 70.2 29.8 4.6 3.5 7.6 3.3 10.8 1-49 workers............................. 100.0 71.5 28.5 4.3 3.5 6.7 2.9 11.1 50-99 workers............................ 100.0 67.6 32.4 5.0 3.4 9.5 4.2 10.3 100 workers or more........................ 100.0 63.9 36.1 7.6 4.2 9.6 6.3 8.4 100-499 workers.......................... 100.0 65.7 34.3 6.2 3.8 9.9 5.1 9.2 500 workers or more...................... 100.0 62.3 37.7 8.9 4.5 9.4 7.3 7.7 Union...................................... 100.0 59.4 40.6 6.4 4.0 12.2 8.6 9.4 Nonunion................................... 100.0 68.7 31.3 6.4 3.8 7.8 4.0 9.3 All workers, service-providing industries(2)............................. 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.0 2.6 7.0 3.2 8.3 1-99 workers............................... 100.0 74.8 25.2 5.7 2.4 6.0 2.0 9.0 1-49 workers............................. 100.0 75.3 24.7 5.6 2.4 5.8 1.9 9.0 50-99 workers............................ 100.0 73.5 26.5 6.0 2.2 6.8 2.4 9.1 100 workers or more........................ 100.0 69.6 30.4 7.9 2.8 7.8 4.1 7.8 100-499 workers.......................... 100.0 71.3 28.7 7.1 2.5 7.5 3.3 8.3 500 workers or more...................... 100.0 68.0 32.0 8.7 3.1 8.1 4.8 7.4 Union...................................... 100.0 63.0 37.0 8.9 2.6 10.8 6.3 8.4 Nonunion................................... 100.0 72.9 27.1 6.7 2.6 6.6 2.8 8.3 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. The agriculture, forestry, farming, and hunting sector is excluded. 2 Includes utilities; wholesale trade; retail trade; transportation and warehousing; information; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and waste services; educational services; health care and social assistance; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and food services; and other services, except public administration. Table 14. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry health care and social assistance workers, by industry and occupational group, December 2006 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally sation salaries Total Paid mental Insurance ment required leave pay and benefits savings Cost per hour worked Health care and social assistance............ $26.09 $18.74 $7.35 $2.03 $0.60 $1.95 $0.65 $2.11 Management, professional, and related.... 37.53 27.20 10.34 3.14 .91 2.41 1.00 2.87 Registered nurses...................... 42.25 29.65 12.59 3.60 1.57 2.79 1.35 3.28 Sales and office......................... 19.84 13.91 5.93 1.52 .36 1.92 .53 1.61 Service.................................. 15.08 10.71 4.36 .93 .35 1.40 .26 1.42 Hospitals.................................. 32.99 22.49 10.50 2.94 1.06 2.87 1.15 2.48 Management, professional, and related.... 40.76 28.23 12.53 3.76 1.38 2.93 1.43 3.03 Registered nurses...................... 43.89 30.22 13.67 4.00 1.83 3.01 1.54 3.29 Service.................................. 18.79 12.12 6.67 1.37 .61 2.60 .56 1.53 Nursing and residential care facilities.... 18.55 13.40 5.16 1.25 .44 1.39 .29 1.78 Management, professional, and related.... 28.97 21.14 7.83 2.16 .72 1.78 .56 2.60 Service.................................. 14.12 10.07 4.05 .85 .35 1.23 .18 1.44 Nursing care facilities(1)............... 19.14 13.98 5.16 1.29 .51 1.24 .27 1.84 Management, professional, and related.... 31.03 23.10 7.93 2.21 .89 1.51 .51 2.80 Service.................................. 14.47 10.37 4.10 .92 .39 1.14 .18 1.47 Percent of total compensation Health care and social assistance............ 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.8 2.3 7.5 2.5 8.1 Management, professional, and related.... 100.0 72.5 27.5 8.4 2.4 6.4 2.7 7.7 Registered nurses...................... 100.0 70.2 29.8 8.5 3.7 6.6 3.2 7.8 Sales and office......................... 100.0 70.1 29.9 7.6 1.8 9.7 2.7 8.1 Service.................................. 100.0 71.1 28.9 6.2 2.3 9.3 1.7 9.4 Hospitals.................................. 100.0 68.2 31.8 8.9 3.2 8.7 3.5 7.5 Management, professional, and related.... 100.0 69.3 30.7 9.2 3.4 7.2 3.5 7.4 Registered nurses...................... 100.0 68.8 31.2 9.1 4.2 6.9 3.5 7.5 Service.................................. 100.0 64.5 35.5 7.3 3.3 13.8 3.0 8.1 Nursing and residential care facilities.... 100.0 72.2 27.8 6.7 2.4 7.5 1.6 9.6 Management, professional, and related.... 100.0 73.0 27.0 7.5 2.5 6.1 1.9 9.0 Service.................................. 100.0 71.3 28.7 6.0 2.5 8.7 1.3 10.2 Nursing care facilities(1)............... 100.0 73.1 26.9 6.7 2.7 6.5 1.4 9.6 Management, professional, and related.... 100.0 74.5 25.5 7.1 2.9 4.9 1.6 9.0 Service.................................. 100.0 71.7 28.3 6.3 2.7 7.9 1.2 10.2 1 Data are available beginning with December 2006. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. EXPLANATORY NOTE Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) measures the average cost per employee hour worked that employers pay for wages and salaries and benefits. Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate or, for workers not paid on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total earnings before payroll deductions and include production bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments. Not included in straight-time earnings are nonproduction bonuses such as end-of-year payments, shift differentials, and premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and holidays; these payments are included in the benefits component. Benefits include: Paid leave-vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave; supplemental pay-premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends and holidays), shift differentials, and nonproduction bonuses (such as referral bonuses and attendance bonuses); insurance benefits-life, health, short-term disability, and long-term disability; retirement and savings benefits-defined benefit and defined contribution plans; and legally required benefits-Social Security, Medicare, federal and state unemployment insurance, and workers’ compensation. The collection of other benefits-severance pay and supplemental unemployment plans-were discontinued with the release of the March 2006 estimates. The Employer Costs for Employee Compensation includes data for the civilian economy, which includes data from both private industry and state and local government. Excluded from private industry are the self-employed and farm and private household workers. Federal government workers are excluded from the public sector. The private industry series and the state and local government series provide data for the two sectors separately. The cost levels for this quarter were collected from a probability sample of approximately 49,000 occupations within about 11,000 sample establishments in private industry and approximately 3,400 occupations within about 800 sample establishments in state and local governments. Data are collected for the pay period including the 12th day of the survey months of March, June, September, and December. When respondents do not provide all the data needed, a procedure for assigning missing values is used in the ECEC. A new imputation procedure, comparable to that used for the Employment Cost Index (ECI), was implemented with the publication of the March 2006 estimates. For a description of the methodological changes, see "Accounting for missing data in the Employment Cost Index," in the April 2006 issue of the Monthly Labor Review on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/04/contents.htm. The ECEC percent of total compensation estimates are calculated from dollar aggregates and then rounded to the published level of precision. This method provided the most precise estimates of the percent of total compensation; however, estimates of the percentage of total compensation calculated from the published cost estimates may differ slightly from those calculated from the unpublished dollar aggregates. Sample establishments are classified by industry categories based on the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Within a sample establishment, specific job categories are selected and classified into about 800 occupational classifications according to the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. Individual occupations are combined to represent one of eight intermediate aggregations, such as professional and related occupations, or one of five higher-level aggregations, such as management, professional, and related occupations. Employees in occupations included in the survey receive cash payments from the establishment for services performed, while the establishment pays the employer’s portion of Medicare taxes on that individual’s wages. Major exclusions from the survey are the self-employed, individuals who set their own pay (for example proprietors, owners, major stockholders, and partners in unincorporated firms), volunteers, unpaid workers, family members being paid token wages, and individuals receiving long-term disability compensation. For more detailed information on NAICS and SOC, including background methodology and definitions, see the BLS websites: (http://www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm and http://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm.) Additional occupational and industrial series were introduced in March 2004 with the introduction of the NAICS and SOC definitions. For more information, see "Comparing Current and Former Industry and Occupational ECEC Series" posted August 25, 2004 in Compensation and Working Conditions Online on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/cm20040823ar01p1.htm. Current employment weights are used to calculate cost levels. Beginning with data for December 2006, changes to the ECEC estimation process were introduced to make calculations more consistent across National Compensation Survey products. Current employment weights are now derived from two BLS programs: the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) and the Current Employment Statistics (CES). Combined, these programs provide the appropriate industry coverage and currency of data needed to match the ECEC. The new procedure had a negligible effect on estimates and estimated variances. For more information on the changes in procedure, see "Changes in Calculations for the BLS Employer Costs for Employee Compensation Data, March 2007," on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/sp/ececcalc.pdf. Also, beginning with December 2006 estimates, a new variance calculation procedure was introduced. This was done to standardize the variance estimation process for all compensation survey programs. The new procedure is expected to have a negligible effect on estimated variances. For more information on the variance calculation procedure, see "Changes in Variance Estimation Calculations for the BLS Employer Costs for Employee Compensation Data, March 2007," on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/sp/ececvmet.pdf. More information on these changes may also be obtained by calling (202) 691-6199 or by sending an e-mail message to NCSinfo@bls.gov. In most instances, private industry employment counts used in the ECEC were total employment estimates for 2-digit industry groups, such as utilities (NAICS 22) or wholesale trade (NAICS 42). In a few cases, more detailed private industry employment counts were used. In a few cases, more detailed private industry employment counts were used. These include 4-digit educational establishments--elementary and secondary schools (6111), junior colleges (6112), and colleges and universities (6113)--as well as the 6-digit aircraft manufacturing industry (336411). For state and local governments, a more aggregated level was used reflecting the level of detailed published by the CES program. For both private and government establishments, the employment data were apportioned based on the sampling weights assigned to the Employment Cost Index (ECI) sample. For more information on NAICS coding, see "Recent changes in the national Current Employment Statistics survey" in the June 2003 issue of the Monthly Labor Review on the BLS website http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2003/06/contents.htm. The ECI, which measures the change in employer costs for employee compensation, is calculated with fixed 2002 employment counts to prevent employment shifts among occupations and industries from influencing the changes. Therefore, year-to-year changes in Employer Costs for Employee Compensation will differ from those in the ECI. Historical ECEC data, using the industry categories based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification System and classifying jobs into occupational classifications according to the Census of Population, are available from several sources. Data and related articles are included in the bulletin, Employer Costs for Employee Compensation, 1986-99 (Bulletin 2508). An annual historical listing from March 1986 through March 2002 is also available on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or upon request. Data on a quarterly basis from June 2002 through December 2003 are also available. Beginning with the March 2004 quarter, historical data are available based on the 2002 North American Industry Classification System and the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification. The new historical tables are available on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm or upon request. Information on how costs are calculated appears in "Measuring Trends in the Structure and Levels of Employer Costs for Employee Compensation," Compensation and Working Conditions, Summer 1997, on the BLS site http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/summer1997art1.pdf. An article on changes in employer compensation costs, "Tracking Changes in Benefit Costs," appears in Compensation and Working Conditions, Spring 1999, on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/spring1999brief3.pdf. Relative Standard Errors Because the ECEC is a sample survey, it is subject to sampling errors. Sampling errors are differences that occur between the results computed from a sample of observations and those computed from all observations in the population. The estimates derived from different samples selected using the same sample design may differ from one another. A measure of the variation among these differing estimates is the standard error. It can be used to measure the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the expected result of all possible samples. The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimate from the survey differs from a complete population figure by less than the standard error. The chances are about 90 out of 100 that this difference would be less than 1.6 times the standard error. All the statements of comparisons appearing in this publication are significant at a 1.6 standard error level or better, unless otherwise indicated. This means that for differences cited, the estimated difference is greater than 1.6 times the standard error of the difference. The relative standard error (RSE) for all estimates will be available shortly after the release is issued and can be obtained directly from the BLS Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm. For a more detailed explanation of relative standard errors, see "Measuring Trends in the Structure and Levels of Employer Costs for Employee Compensation," Compensation and Working Conditions, Summer 1997, on the BLS site http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/summer1997art1.pdf. For a detailed explanation of how to use standard error data to analyze differences in year-to-year changes, see "Analyzing Year-to-Year Changes in Employer Costs for Employee Compensation," Compensation and Working Conditions, Spring 1998, on the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/spring1998art3.pdf. This article supplements an article from the Summer 1997 issue of Compensation and Working Conditions, "Explaining the Differential Growth Rates of the ECI and ECEC," which examined how differences in the construction of these measures contribute to differing trends. See the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/summer1997art2.pdf for this article. Standard errors relate to differences that occur from sampling errors, but not from nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors are not measured and include survey nonresponse and data collection and processing errors. Survey nonresponse occurs when sample members are unwilling or unable to participate in the survey. Data collection errors include inaccurate data by respondents and definitional difficulties. Processing errors include errors in recording, coding, and entering data. Although nonsampling errors are not measured, BLS quality assurance programs include procedures for reducing such errors. These procedures include data collection reinterviews, observed interviews, computer data edits, and systematic review of reports on which data are recorded. Extensive field economist training also is conducted to maintain high data collection standards. Comparing private and public sector data Aggregate compensation cost levels in state and local government should not be directly compared with those in private industry. Differences between these sectors stem from factors such as variation in work activities and occupational structures. Manufacturing and sales, for example, make up a large part of private industry work activities, but are rare in state and local government. Professional and administrative support occupations (including teachers) account for two-thirds of the state and local government workforce, compared with one-half of private industry. A detailed examination of differences in compensation levels and trends between private industry and state and local government may be found in "Cost of Employee Compensation in Public and Private Sectors," Monthly Labor Review, May 1993, on the BLS Internet site http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1993/05/contents.htm and "Compensation Cost Trends in Private Industry and State and Local Governments," Compensation and Working Conditions, Fall 1999, at http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/fall1999art2.pdf. Obtaining information Articles, bulletins, and other information may be obtained by calling (202) 691-6199, sending an e-mail message to NCSinfo@bls.gov, or visiting the Internet site http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ect/home.htm. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service Number: 1-800-877-8339.