Technical Contact: USDL: 99-173 (202) 606-6199 ocltinfo@bls.gov Media Contact: FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT (202) 606-5902 Thursday, June 24, 1999 Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/ecthome.htm EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION - MARCH 1999 In March 1999, employer costs for employee compensation for civilian workers (private industry and State and local government) in the United States averaged $20.29 per hour worked, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Wages and salaries, which averaged $14.72, accounted for 72.5 percent of these costs, while benefits, which averaged $5.58, accounted for the remaining 27.5 percent. (See table 1.) Legally required benefits averaged $1.65 per hour (8.1 percent of total compensation), representing the largest non-wage employer cost. Employer costs for paid leave benefits averaged $1.34 (6.6 percent), insurance benefits averaged $1.29 (6.4 percent), and retirement and savings benefits averaged 76 cents (3.7 percent) per hour worked. Private Industry In March 1999, private industry employer compensation costs averaged $19.00 per hour worked. Wages and salaries averaged $13.87 per hour (73 percent), while benefits averaged $5.13 (27 percent). (See table 5.) Compensation costs varied by industry, occupational group, region, establishment size, and worker characteristics (bargaining status and full- /part-time status). Average employer compensation costs were $22.86 per hour in goods- producing and $17.82 per hour in service-producing industries. Among industry groups, average compensation costs ranged from $10.64 in retail trade to $25.11 in finance, insurance, and real estate. (See table 10.) Average compensation costs were $23.02 per hour for white-collar occupations, $17.98 for blue-collar occupations, and $9.58 for service occupations. Benefits, however, accounted for a greater proportion of compensation costs for blue-collar occupations (30.5 percent) than for white-collar (26.1 percent) and service occupations (22.3 percent). (See table 6.) In March 1999, average employer compensation costs were $24.75 per hour for union workers and $18.20 for nonunion workers. Benefits represented a greater proportion of compensation costs for union workers (34.5 percent) than for nonunion workers (25.6 percent). These compensation cost differences reflect variations in the distribution of union and nonunion workers among occupations, industries, and establishment size, as well as union/nonunion status. (See table 13.) Among the four regions, compensation costs ranged from $16.97 per hour in the South to $20.94 in the Northeast. The proportion of compensation represented by benefits ranged from 25.9 percent in the West to 28.1 percent in the Midwest. (See table 7.) Compensation costs increased with establishment size. These costs ranged from an average of $16.27 per hour in establishments with fewer than 100 workers to $26.37 in establishments with 500 or more workers. The proportion of compensation costs represented by benefits also increased with establishment size, from 24.5 percent in establishments with fewer than 100 workers to 30.3 percent in establishments with 500 or more workers. (See table 8.) Compensation costs for full-time workers averaged $21.55 per hour compared with $10.20 for part-time workers. Benefit costs represented a greater proportion of compensation costs for full-time workers than for part-time workers (28.2 percent compared with 18.7 percent). (See table 9.) Workers are classified as full time or part time according to the practices of surveyed establishments. Part-time employees are typically scheduled to work fewer hours than full-time employees in the same work activity. Health benefit costs in private industry In March 1999, private industry health benefit costs averaged $1.03 per hour, or 5.4 percent of total compensation. Employer health benefit costs varied by industry, occupation, bargaining status, region, and establishment size. In goods-producing industries, health benefit costs were $1.52 per hour (6.6 percent of total compensation) compared with 88 cents (4.9 percent of total compensation) for service-producing industries. (See table 5.) Employer costs for health benefits ranged from 40 cents, or 4.2 percent of total compensation, for service occupations to $1.20 per hour, or 6.7 percent of total compensation, for blue-collar occupations. In white-collar occupations, employer costs for health benefits averaged $1.15, or 5.0 percent of compensation. (See table 6.) Employer costs for health benefits were higher for union workers, averaging $2.02 per hour (8.2 percent), than for nonunion workers, averaging 89 cents (4.9 percent). (See table 7.) Among the four regions, costs for health benefits ranged from 89 cents per hour in the South to $1.19 in the Northeast. (See table 7.) Health benefit costs increased, both in average dollar amount and as a proportion of total compensation, with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 workers averaged 77 cents (4.7 percent), those with 100-499 employees averaged $1.01 (5.6 percent), and those with 500 or more employees averaged $1.64 (6.2 percent). (See table 8.) Retirement and savings benefit costs in private industry In March 1999, the average cost for retirement and savings benefits was 57 cents per hour in private industry (3.0 percent of total compensation). Included in this amount were employer costs for defined benefit plans, which averaged 25 cents (1.3 percent), and for defined contribution plans, which averaged 32 cents (1.7 percent). Defined benefit plans specify a formula for determining future benefits, while defined contribution plans specify employer contributions, but do not guarantee future benefits. Employer retirement and savings costs varied by industry, occupation, bargaining status, region, and establishment size. Retirement and savings costs were higher in goods-producing (84 cents per hour, or 3.7 percent of total compensation) than in service-producing (49 cents per hour, or 2.7 percent of total compensation) industries. Defined benefit plan costs represented a greater proportion of employer costs (relative to defined contribution plans) in goods-producing than in service-producing industries. (See table 5.) The average cost per hour worked for retirement and savings was 69 cents for white-collar occupations, 64 cents for blue-collar occupations, and 13 cents for service occupations. The proportion of total compensation represented by retirement and savings benefits was 3.6 percent among blue- collar occupations, 3.0 percent for white-collar occupations, and 1.4 percent for service occupations. (See table 6.) Retirement and savings costs were higher, both in average dollar amount per hour and as a proportion of total compensation, for union workers ($1.37, or 5.5 percent of total compensation) than for nonunion workers (46 cents, or 2.5 percent of total compensation). Defined benefit plan costs represented a greater proportion of employer costs (relative to defined contribution plans) for union workers than for nonunion workers. (See table 7.) Retirement and savings costs ranged from 48 cents per hour in the South to 63 cents in the Northeast. The proportion of total compensation represented by retirement and savings varied slightly among regions. (See table 7.) Retirement and savings costs increased, both in average dollar amount per hour and as a proportion of total compensation, with establishment size. Establishments with fewer than 100 employees averaged 39 cents (2.4 percent), establishments with 100-499 employees averaged 53 cents (2.9 percent), and establishments with 500 or more employees averaged $1.05 (4.0 percent). (See table 8.) State and local government In March 1999, employer costs in State and local governments averaged $28.00 per hour worked. Wages and salaries, which accounted for 71 percent of the total, averaged $19.78, while benefits, which accounted for the remaining 29 percent, averaged $8.22. (See table 3.) Average hourly compensation costs were higher for white-collar occupations ($30.99) than for blue-collar ($21.94) and service occupations ($21.23). (See table 4.) Benefits accounted for about the same proportion of total compensation in blue-collar occupations (34.0 percent) and service occupations (35.3 percent); for white-collar occupations, benefits represented 27.6 percent of total compensation. Notes BLS is evaluating Employment Cost Index (ECI) and Employer Costs for Employee Compensation (ECEC) publication standards. The first phase of this evaluation, a review of the statistical reliability of the ECI series, is complete. To improve the quality of the ECI and ECEC estimates, the sample size is being increased and other initiatives, such as revising collection procedures, are being explored. All series will continue to be published until further notice. Employer Costs for Employee Compensation standard errors for major industry and occupational categories are available in the appendix of this release. Table of Contents: Table 1. Civilian workers, by major occupational group 6 Table 2. Civilian workers, by occupational and industry group 7 Table 3. State and local government, by selected characteristics 8 Table 4. State and local government, by occupational and industry group 9 Table 5. Private industry, by major industry group 10 Table 6. Private industry, by major occupational group 11 Table 7. Private industry, by region and bargaining status 12 Table 8. Private industry, by establishment employment size 13 Table 9. Private industry, by major occupational and industry group, and full-time and part-time status 14 Table 10. Private industry, by occupational and industry group 15 Table 11. Private industry, workers in goods-producing and service- producing industries, by occupational group 16 Table 12. Private industry, workers in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries, by occupational group 17 Table 13. Private industry, by bargaining status, and major industry and occupational group 18 Table 14. Private industry, by establishment employment size, and major industry and occupational group 19 Table 15. Private industry, health services, by industry and occupational group 20 Table 16. Private industry, transportation equipment manufacturing and public utilities, by industry and occupational group 21 Explanatory notes 22 Appendix table. Employer costs per hour worked for components of compensation, and relative standard errors, by major industry and occupational categories, March 1999 25 Table 1. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by major occupational group, March 1999 Civilian workers White-collar Blue-collar Service Compensation component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $20.29 100.0 $24.50 100.0 $18.20 100.0 $11.46 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 14.72 72.5 18.02 73.6 12.61 69.3 8.45 73.7 Total benefits.......................... 5.58 27.5 6.47 26.4 5.58 30.7 3.00 26.2 Paid leave............................ 1.34 6.6 1.74 7.1 1.04 5.7 .64 5.6 Vacation............................ .62 3.1 .78 3.2 .53 2.9 .29 2.5 Holiday............................. .46 2.3 .59 2.4 .37 2.0 .21 1.8 Sick................................ .20 1.0 .29 1.2 .10 .5 .11 1.0 Other............................... .07 .3 .09 .4 .04 .2 .03 .3 Supplemental pay...................... .51 2.5 .52 2.1 .67 3.7 .21 1.8 Premium(1).......................... .21 1.0 .11 .4 .46 2.5 .11 1.0 Shift differentials................. .05 .2 .04 .2 .07 .4 .04 .3 Nonproduction bonuses............... .25 1.2 .37 1.5 .14 .8 .06 .5 Insurance............................. 1.29 6.4 1.48 6.0 1.34 7.4 .66 5.8 Life................................ .05 .2 .06 .2 .05 .3 .02 .2 Health.............................. 1.18 5.8 1.35 5.5 1.24 6.8 .62 5.4 Short-term disability(2)............ .03 .1 .04 .2 .04 .2 .02 .2 Long-term disability................ .03 .1 .04 .2 .02 .1 (3) (4) Retirement and savings................ .76 3.7 .93 3.8 .68 3.7 .40 3.5 Defined benefit..................... .46 2.3 .52 2.1 .44 2.4 .32 2.8 Defined contribution................ .30 1.5 .41 1.7 .24 1.3 .07 .6 Legally required benefits............. 1.65 8.1 1.76 7.2 1.82 10.0 1.09 9.5 Social Security(5).................. 1.18 5.8 1.41 5.8 1.07 5.9 .70 6.1 OASDI............................. .94 4.6 1.12 4.6 .86 4.7 .56 4.9 Medicare.......................... .24 1.2 .29 1.2 .20 1.1 .14 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance...... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .3 State unemployment insurance........ .09 .4 .09 .4 .12 .7 .08 .7 Workers' compensation............... .35 1.7 .24 1.0 .61 3.4 .28 2.4 Other benefits(6)..................... .03 .1 .04 .2 .03 .2 (3) (4) 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Short-term disability (previously, sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 4 Less than .05 percent. 5 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 6 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 2. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Civilian workers, by occupational and industry group, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked Civilian workers.......................... $20.29 $14.72 $5.58 $1.34 $0.51 $1.29 $0.76 $1.65 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations................ 24.50 18.02 6.47 1.74 .52 1.48 .93 1.76 .04 Professional specialty and technical.. 32.42 24.04 8.38 2.27 .50 1.89 1.45 2.21 .06 Professional specialty.............. 34.31 25.58 8.73 2.36 .48 2.00 1.57 2.27 .06 Nurses............................ 29.37 21.53 7.85 2.34 .94 1.49 .77 2.30 (2) Teachers.......................... 36.88 28.13 8.75 1.88 .07 2.33 2.31 2.11 .06 Technical........................... 25.72 18.59 7.14 1.95 .58 1.52 1.02 2.01 .06 Executive, administrative, and managerial............................ 35.18 25.31 9.87 3.05 1.14 1.86 1.36 2.41 .05 Administrative support, including clerical.............................. 16.63 11.90 4.73 1.21 .31 1.37 .58 1.25 .02 Blue-collar occupations................. 18.20 12.61 5.58 1.04 .67 1.34 .68 1.82 .03 Service occupations..................... 11.46 8.45 3.00 .64 .21 .66 .40 1.09 (2) Industry group Services................................ 21.23 15.87 5.37 1.40 .33 1.26 .78 1.58 .02 Health services....................... 19.44 14.30 5.14 1.47 .44 1.13 .54 1.55 (2) Hospitals........................... 22.90 16.15 6.75 2.04 .65 1.63 .70 1.72 (2) Educational services.................. 30.13 22.34 7.79 1.88 .09 2.19 1.83 1.75 .05 Elementary and secondary education.. 29.52 21.88 7.63 1.66 .07 2.37 1.84 1.63 .06 Higher education.................... 32.39 23.99 8.40 2.38 .14 1.94 1.92 2.02 (2) Percent of total compensation Civilian workers.......................... 100.0 72.5 27.5 6.6 2.5 6.4 3.7 8.1 0.1 Occupational group White-collar occupations................ 100.0 73.6 26.4 7.1 2.1 6.0 3.8 7.2 .2 Professional specialty and technical.. 100.0 74.2 25.8 7.0 1.5 5.8 4.5 6.8 .2 Professional specialty.............. 100.0 74.6 25.4 6.9 1.4 5.8 4.6 6.6 .2 Nurses............................ 100.0 73.3 26.7 8.0 3.2 5.1 2.6 7.8 (3) Teachers.......................... 100.0 76.3 23.7 5.1 .2 6.3 6.3 5.7 .2 Technical........................... 100.0 72.3 27.8 7.6 2.3 5.9 4.0 7.8 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial............................ 100.0 71.9 28.1 8.7 3.2 5.3 3.9 6.9 .1 Administrative support, including clerical.............................. 100.0 71.6 28.4 7.3 1.9 8.2 3.5 7.5 .1 Blue-collar occupations................. 100.0 69.3 30.7 5.7 3.7 7.4 3.7 10.0 .2 Service occupations..................... 100.0 73.7 26.2 5.6 1.8 5.8 3.5 9.5 (3) Industry group Services................................ 100.0 74.8 25.3 6.6 1.6 5.9 3.7 7.4 .1 Health services....................... 100.0 73.6 26.4 7.6 2.3 5.8 2.8 8.0 (3) Hospitals........................... 100.0 70.5 29.5 8.9 2.8 7.1 3.1 7.5 (3) Educational services.................. 100.0 74.1 25.9 6.2 .3 7.3 6.1 5.8 .2 Elementary and secondary education.. 100.0 74.1 25.8 5.6 .2 8.0 6.2 5.5 .2 Higher education.................... 100.0 74.1 25.9 7.3 .4 6.0 5.9 6.2 (3) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 3. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: State and local government, by selected characteristics,(1) March 1999 All workers in State White-collar Service occupations Service industries Compensation and local governments occupations component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $28.00 100.0 $30.99 100.0 $21.23 100.0 $29.45 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 19.78 70.6 22.44 72.4 13.74 64.7 21.50 73.0 Total benefits.......................... 8.22 29.4 8.55 27.6 7.49 35.3 7.95 27.0 Paid leave............................ 2.17 7.8 2.24 7.2 1.98 9.3 1.96 6.7 Vacation............................ .74 2.6 .69 2.2 .84 4.0 .53 1.8 Holiday............................. .71 2.5 .74 2.4 .63 3.0 .66 2.2 Sick................................ .55 2.0 .62 2.0 .37 1.7 .59 2.0 Other............................... .17 .6 .19 .6 .13 .6 .18 .6 Supplemental pay...................... .24 .9 .14 .5 .51 2.4 .15 .5 Premium(2).......................... .11 .4 .04 .1 .25 1.2 .05 .2 Shift differentials................. .06 .2 .04 .1 .13 .6 .05 .2 Nonproduction bonuses............... .07 .2 .06 .2 .13 .6 .05 .2 Insurance............................. 2.22 7.9 2.35 7.6 1.84 8.7 2.27 7.7 Life................................ .05 .2 .06 .2 .04 .2 .05 .2 Health.............................. 2.12 7.6 2.25 7.3 1.76 8.3 2.17 7.4 Short-term disability(3)............ .02 .1 .02 .1 .03 .1 .02 .1 Long-term disability................ .03 .1 .03 .1 .02 .1 .03 .1 Retirement and savings................ 1.91 6.8 2.02 6.5 1.80 8.5 1.86 6.3 Defined benefit..................... 1.73 6.2 1.82 5.9 1.72 8.1 1.69 5.7 Defined contribution................ .18 .6 .20 .6 .08 .4 .17 .6 Legally required benefits............. 1.64 5.9 1.76 5.7 1.33 6.3 1.66 5.6 Social Security(4).................. 1.31 4.7 1.48 4.8 .86 4.1 1.42 4.8 OASDI............................. 1.01 3.6 1.15 3.7 .66 3.1 1.10 3.7 Medicare.......................... .29 1.0 .33 1.1 .20 .9 .31 1.1 Federal unemployment insurance...... (5) (6) (5) (6) (5) (6) (5) (6) State unemployment insurance........ .03 .1 .03 .1 .04 .2 .03 .1 Workers' compensation............... .30 1.1 .24 .8 .43 2.0 .21 .7 Other benefits(7)..................... .04 .1 .05 .2 .04 .2 .05 .2 1 This table presents data for the two major occupational groups in State and local governments: White-collar occupations, largely professional occupations, including teachers; and service occupations, including police and firefighters; and one major industry group, services. The service industries, which include health and educational services, employ a large part of the State and local government workforce. 2 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3 Short-term disability (previously, sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 4 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 6 Less than .05 percent. 7 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 4. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: State and local government, by occupational and industry group, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked State and local government workers........ $28.00 $19.78 $8.22 $2.17 $0.24 $2.22 $1.91 $1.64 $0.04 Occupational group White-collar occupations................ 30.99 22.44 8.55 2.24 .14 2.35 2.02 1.76 .05 Professional specialty and technical.. 36.67 27.30 9.36 2.21 .15 2.51 2.41 2.02 .07 Professional specialty.............. 38.03 28.45 9.58 2.22 .13 2.58 2.51 2.07 .07 Teachers.......................... 40.83 30.94 9.89 2.08 .06 2.73 2.80 2.14 .08 Technical........................... 22.88 15.70 7.17 2.14 .35 1.76 1.36 1.54 .03 Executive, administrative, and managerial............................ 35.08 24.58 10.51 3.52 .17 2.42 2.37 2.02 (2) Administrative support, including clerical.............................. 17.88 11.91 5.97 1.63 .10 2.02 1.09 1.11 .02 Blue-collar occupations................. 21.94 14.47 7.47 2.09 .34 2.09 1.41 1.53 .02 Service occupations..................... 21.23 13.74 7.49 1.98 .51 1.84 1.80 1.33 .04 Industry group Services................................ 29.45 21.50 7.95 1.96 .15 2.27 1.86 1.66 .05 Health services....................... 22.95 15.52 7.43 2.35 .58 1.72 1.15 1.60 .03 Hospitals........................... 23.48 15.89 7.59 2.41 .58 1.75 1.19 1.63 .03 Educational services.................. 30.67 22.64 8.03 1.89 .09 2.34 1.98 1.68 .05 Elementary and secondary education.. 30.25 22.38 7.87 1.71 .06 2.46 1.96 1.61 .07 Higher education.................... 32.35 23.80 8.55 2.41 .16 2.01 2.08 1.89 (2) Public administration................... 25.39 16.78 8.61 2.53 .37 2.10 2.03 1.55 .03 Percent of total compensation State and local government workers........ 100.0 70.6 29.4 7.8 0.9 7.9 6.8 5.9 0.1 Occupational group White-collar occupations................ 100.0 72.4 27.6 7.2 .5 7.6 6.5 5.7 .2 Professional specialty and technical.. 100.0 74.4 25.5 6.0 .4 6.8 6.6 5.5 .2 Professional specialty.............. 100.0 74.8 25.2 5.8 .3 6.8 6.6 5.4 .2 Teachers.......................... 100.0 75.8 24.2 5.1 .1 6.7 6.9 5.2 .2 Technical........................... 100.0 68.6 31.3 9.4 1.5 7.7 5.9 6.7 .1 Executive, administrative, and managerial............................ 100.0 70.1 30.0 10.0 .5 6.9 6.8 5.8 (3) Administrative support, including clerical.............................. 100.0 66.6 33.4 9.1 .6 11.3 6.1 6.2 .1 Blue-collar occupations................. 100.0 66.0 34.0 9.5 1.5 9.5 6.4 7.0 .1 Service occupations..................... 100.0 64.7 35.3 9.3 2.4 8.7 8.5 6.3 .2 Industry group Services................................ 100.0 73.0 27.0 6.7 .5 7.7 6.3 5.6 .2 Health services....................... 100.0 67.6 32.4 10.2 2.5 7.5 5.0 7.0 .1 Hospitals........................... 100.0 67.7 32.3 10.3 2.5 7.5 5.1 6.9 .1 Educational services.................. 100.0 73.8 26.2 6.2 .3 7.6 6.5 5.5 .2 Elementary and secondary education.. 100.0 74.0 26.0 5.7 .2 8.1 6.5 5.3 .2 Higher education.................... 100.0 73.6 26.4 7.4 .5 6.2 6.4 5.8 (3) Public administration................... 100.0 66.1 33.9 10.0 1.5 8.3 8.0 6.1 .1 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 5. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major industry group, March 1999 All workers in Goods- Service- Manufacturing Nonmanufacturing Compensation private industry producing(1) producing(2) component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $19.00 100.0 $22.86 100.0 $17.82 100.0 $22.77 100.0 $18.20 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 13.87 73.0 15.84 69.3 13.26 74.4 15.66 68.8 13.49 74.1 Total benefits.......................... 5.13 27.0 7.02 30.7 4.55 25.5 7.11 31.2 4.71 25.9 Paid leave............................ 1.20 6.3 1.50 6.6 1.11 6.2 1.73 7.6 1.09 6.0 Vacation............................ .59 3.1 .78 3.4 .54 3.0 .89 3.9 .53 2.9 Holiday............................. .41 2.2 .55 2.4 .37 2.1 .64 2.8 .37 2.0 Sick................................ .14 .7 .11 .5 .15 .8 .13 .6 .14 .8 Other............................... .05 .3 .06 .3 .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .2 Supplemental pay...................... .55 2.9 .85 3.7 .46 2.6 .89 3.9 .48 2.6 Premium(3).......................... .23 1.2 .49 2.1 .14 .8 .50 2.2 .17 .9 Shift differentials................. .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .2 .10 .4 .04 .2 Nonproduction bonuses............... .28 1.5 .28 1.2 .28 1.6 .29 1.3 .28 1.5 Insurance............................. 1.13 5.9 1.66 7.3 .97 5.4 1.74 7.6 1.01 5.5 Life................................ .04 .2 .06 .3 .04 .2 .06 .3 .04 .2 Health.............................. 1.03 5.4 1.52 6.6 .88 4.9 1.58 6.9 .91 5.0 Short-term disability(4)............ .04 .2 .06 .3 .03 .2 .07 .3 .03 .2 Long-term disability................ .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .03 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings................ .57 3.0 .84 3.7 .49 2.7 .75 3.3 .53 2.9 Defined benefit..................... .25 1.3 .45 2.0 .19 1.1 .38 1.7 .22 1.2 Defined contribution................ .32 1.7 .39 1.7 .30 1.7 .38 1.7 .31 1.7 Legally required benefits............. 1.65 8.7 2.11 9.2 1.51 8.5 1.93 8.5 1.59 8.7 Social Security(5).................. 1.16 6.1 1.34 5.9 1.10 6.2 1.34 5.9 1.12 6.2 OASDI............................. .93 4.9 1.08 4.7 .89 5.0 1.08 4.7 .90 4.9 Medicare.......................... .23 1.2 .26 1.1 .22 1.2 .26 1.1 .22 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance...... .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance........ .10 .5 .13 .6 .09 .5 .11 .5 .10 .5 Workers' compensation............... .36 1.9 .61 2.7 .28 1.6 .44 1.9 .34 1.9 Other benefits(6)..................... .03 .2 .06 .3 .02 .1 .08 .4 .02 .1 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 3 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 4 Short-term disability (previously, sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 5 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 6 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 6. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major occupational group, March 1999 All workers White-collar Blue-collar Service Compensation component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $19.00 100.0 $23.02 100.0 $17.98 100.0 $9.58 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 13.87 73.0 17.02 73.9 12.51 69.6 7.44 77.7 Total benefits.......................... 5.13 27.0 6.00 26.1 5.48 30.5 2.14 22.3 Paid leave............................ 1.20 6.3 1.63 7.1 .98 5.5 .38 4.0 Vacation............................ .59 3.1 .79 3.4 .51 2.8 .18 1.9 Holiday............................. .41 2.2 .55 2.4 .35 1.9 .13 1.4 Sick................................ .14 .7 .21 .9 .08 .4 .06 .6 Other............................... .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .2 .02 .2 Supplemental pay...................... .55 2.9 .61 2.6 .69 3.8 .16 1.7 Premium(1).......................... .23 1.2 .13 .6 .47 2.6 .08 .8 Shift differentials................. .05 .3 .04 .2 .07 .4 .03 .3 Nonproduction bonuses............... .28 1.5 .44 1.9 .15 .8 .05 .5 Insurance............................. 1.13 5.9 1.28 5.6 1.30 7.2 .43 4.5 Life................................ .04 .2 .06 .3 .05 .3 (2) (3) Health.............................. 1.03 5.4 1.15 5.0 1.20 6.7 .40 4.2 Short-term disability(4)............ .04 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 (2) (3) Long-term disability................ .02 .1 .04 .2 .02 .1 (2) (3) Retirement and savings................ .57 3.0 .69 3.0 .64 3.6 .13 1.4 Defined benefit..................... .25 1.3 .23 1.0 .40 2.2 .06 .6 Defined contribution................ .32 1.7 .46 2.0 .24 1.3 .07 .7 Legally required benefits............. 1.65 8.7 1.76 7.6 1.84 10.2 1.04 10.9 Social Security(5).................. 1.16 6.1 1.39 6.0 1.07 6.0 .67 7.0 OASDI............................. .93 4.9 1.11 4.8 .87 4.8 .55 5.7 Medicare.......................... .23 1.2 .28 1.2 .20 1.1 .13 1.4 Federal unemployment insurance...... .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .04 .4 State unemployment insurance........ .10 .5 .10 .4 .12 .7 .09 .9 Workers' compensation............... .36 1.9 .24 1.0 .62 3.4 .25 2.6 Other benefits(6)..................... .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 (2) (3) 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 Short-term disability (previously, sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 5 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 6 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 7. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by region and bargaining status, March 1999 Region(1) Bargaining status Compensation component Northeast South Midwest West Union Nonunion Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation.................. $20.94 100.0 $16.97 100.0 $18.36 100.0 $20.74 100.0 $24.75 100.0 $18.20 100.0 Wages and salaries................ 15.08 72.0 12.55 74.0 13.21 71.9 15.36 74.1 16.21 65.5 13.54 74.4 Total benefits.................... 5.86 28.0 4.42 26.0 5.15 28.1 5.38 25.9 8.53 34.5 4.66 25.6 Paid leave...................... 1.44 6.9 1.01 6.0 1.14 6.2 1.29 6.2 1.66 6.7 1.13 6.2 Vacation...................... .69 3.3 .51 3.0 .58 3.2 .63 3.0 .90 3.6 .55 3.0 Holiday....................... .50 2.4 .34 2.0 .40 2.2 .45 2.2 .53 2.1 .40 2.2 Sick.......................... .19 .9 .12 .7 .11 .6 .16 .8 .16 .6 .14 .8 Other......................... .06 .3 .04 .2 .05 .3 .05 .2 .07 .3 .05 .3 Supplemental pay................ .63 3.0 .43 2.5 .62 3.4 .56 2.7 .94 3.8 .50 2.7 Premium(2).................... .21 1.0 .21 1.2 .28 1.5 .20 1.0 .62 2.5 .17 .9 Shift differentials........... .05 .2 .03 .2 .06 .3 .04 .2 .14 .6 .03 .2 Nonproduction bonuses......... .38 1.8 .18 1.1 .28 1.5 .32 1.5 .17 .7 .30 1.6 Insurance....................... 1.33 6.4 .98 5.8 1.18 6.4 1.09 5.3 2.21 8.9 .98 5.4 Life.......................... .05 .2 .04 .2 .05 .3 .04 .2 .08 .3 .04 .2 Health........................ 1.19 5.7 .89 5.2 1.07 5.8 1.00 4.8 2.02 8.2 .89 4.9 Short-term disability(3)...... .05 .2 .03 .2 .04 .2 .02 .1 .08 .3 .03 .2 Long-term disability.......... .03 .1 .03 .2 .02 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings.......... .63 3.0 .48 2.8 .62 3.4 .58 2.8 1.37 5.5 .46 2.5 Defined benefit............... .26 1.2 .20 1.2 .29 1.6 .25 1.2 1.05 4.2 .14 .8 Defined contribution.......... .37 1.8 .29 1.7 .33 1.8 .33 1.6 .32 1.3 .32 1.8 Legally required benefits....... 1.81 8.6 1.49 8.8 1.56 8.5 1.84 8.9 2.26 9.1 1.57 8.6 Social Security(4)............ 1.25 6.0 1.06 6.2 1.12 6.1 1.26 6.1 1.40 5.7 1.12 6.2 OASDI....................... 1.00 4.8 .85 5.0 .90 4.9 1.01 4.9 1.13 4.6 .90 4.9 Medicare.................... .25 1.2 .20 1.2 .22 1.2 .25 1.2 .27 1.1 .22 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance.. .16 .8 .06 .4 .09 .5 .12 .6 .14 .6 .10 .5 Workers' compensation......... .37 1.8 .34 2.0 .32 1.7 .42 2.0 .69 2.8 .31 1.7 Other benefits(5)............... .03 .1 .02 .1 .04 .2 .02 .1 .09 .4 .02 .1 1 The regional coverage is as follows: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; and West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 2 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 3 Short-term disability (previously, sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 4 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 5 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 8. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by establishment employment size, March 1999 All workers in 1-99 100 workers or 100-499 500 or more Compensation private industry workers more workers workers component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation........................ $19.00 100.0 $16.27 100.0 $21.88 100.0 $18.14 100.0 $26.37 100.0 Wages and salaries...................... 13.87 73.0 12.29 75.5 15.54 71.0 13.17 72.6 18.37 69.7 Total benefits.......................... 5.13 27.0 3.98 24.5 6.35 29.0 4.97 27.4 8.00 30.3 Paid leave............................ 1.20 6.3 .83 5.1 1.58 7.2 1.11 6.1 2.15 8.2 Vacation............................ .59 3.1 .40 2.5 .80 3.7 .55 3.0 1.09 4.1 Holiday............................. .41 2.2 .30 1.8 .53 2.4 .38 2.1 .71 2.7 Sick................................ .14 .7 .10 .6 .19 .9 .14 .8 .25 .9 Other............................... .05 .3 .03 .2 .07 .3 .05 .3 .10 .4 Supplemental pay...................... .55 2.9 .40 2.5 .71 3.2 .58 3.2 .87 3.3 Premium(1).......................... .23 1.2 .16 1.0 .30 1.4 .25 1.4 .35 1.3 Shift differentials................. .05 .3 (2) (3) .09 .4 .05 .3 .13 .5 Nonproduction bonuses............... .28 1.5 .23 1.4 .33 1.5 .28 1.5 .39 1.5 Insurance............................. 1.13 5.9 .84 5.2 1.44 6.6 1.12 6.2 1.83 6.9 Life................................ .04 .2 .03 .2 .06 .3 .04 .2 .07 .3 Health.............................. 1.03 5.4 .77 4.7 1.30 5.9 1.01 5.6 1.64 6.2 Short-term disability(4)............ .04 .2 .02 .1 .05 .2 .04 .2 .07 .3 Long-term disability................ .02 .1 .02 .1 .03 .1 .02 .1 .05 .2 Retirement and savings................ .57 3.0 .39 2.4 .76 3.5 .53 2.9 1.05 4.0 Defined benefit..................... .25 1.3 .14 .9 .36 1.6 .21 1.2 .55 2.1 Defined contribution................ .32 1.7 .25 1.5 .40 1.8 .32 1.8 .50 1.9 Legally required benefits............. 1.65 8.7 1.51 9.3 1.80 8.2 1.62 8.9 2.01 7.6 Social Security(5).................. 1.16 6.1 1.02 6.3 1.30 5.9 1.10 6.1 1.54 5.8 OASDI............................. .93 4.9 .83 5.1 1.04 4.8 .89 4.9 1.23 4.7 Medicare.......................... .23 1.2 .20 1.2 .26 1.2 .22 1.2 .31 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance...... .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 State unemployment insurance........ .10 .5 .10 .6 .10 .5 .11 .6 .10 .4 Workers' compensation............... .36 1.9 .35 2.2 .36 1.6 .38 2.1 .34 1.3 Other benefits(6)..................... .03 .2 (2) (3) .05 .2 .02 .1 .09 .3 1 Includes premium pay for work in addition to the regular work schedule (such as overtime, weekends, and holidays). 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. 4 Short-term disability (previously, sickness and accident insurance) includes all insured, self-insured, and state-mandated plans that provide benefits for each disability, including unfunded plans. 5 The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a Medicare portion. OASDI is the acronym for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. 6 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 9. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by major occupational and industry group, and full-time and part-time status, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked All full-time workers in private industry........ $21.55 $15.48 $6.07 $1.46 $0.67 $1.39 $0.69 $1.82 $0.03 White-collar occupations....................... 25.42 18.57 6.85 1.90 .71 1.51 .81 1.88 .04 Sales........................................ 20.97 16.22 4.75 1.01 .63 .95 .50 1.63 .02 Administrative support, including clerical... 17.25 12.33 4.92 1.26 .38 1.41 .53 1.31 .03 Blue-collar occupations........................ 19.00 13.12 5.88 1.07 .74 1.42 .69 1.92 .04 Service occupations............................ 11.77 8.70 3.07 .64 .25 .76 .20 1.21 (2) Goods-producing industries(3).................. 23.20 16.04 7.16 1.54 .86 1.70 .86 2.13 .07 Construction................................. 22.96 16.32 6.63 .73 .68 1.41 1.12 2.69 (2) Manufacturing................................ 23.11 15.85 7.26 1.77 .91 1.78 .77 1.95 .08 Service-producing industries(4)................ 20.87 15.25 5.61 1.43 .59 1.26 .62 1.69 .02 Transportation and public utilities.......... 26.64 18.34 8.30 2.02 .79 1.97 1.21 2.24 .07 Wholesale trade.............................. 21.91 15.75 6.16 1.38 .73 1.50 .73 1.81 .02 Retail trade................................. 13.78 10.66 3.12 .67 .27 .63 .20 1.34 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate.......... 26.52 18.69 7.83 1.95 1.35 1.72 1.00 1.77 .05 Services....................................... 20.90 15.51 5.39 1.51 .45 1.20 .56 1.67 (2) All part-time workers in private industry........ 10.20 8.29 1.91 .28 .15 .25 .15 1.08 (2) White-collar occupations....................... 12.89 10.49 2.40 .46 .20 .33 .19 1.21 (2) Sales........................................ 8.42 6.94 1.48 .18 .12 .19 .11 .87 (2) Administrative support, including clerical... 11.71 9.48 2.22 .43 .17 .35 .18 1.08 (2) Blue-collar occupations........................ 10.02 7.70 2.32 .22 .23 .38 .29 1.20 (2) Service occupations............................ 7.46 6.22 1.24 .13 .07 .11 .05 .88 (2) Goods-producing industries(3).................. 11.78 9.39 2.39 .23 .24 .30 .11 1.51 (2) Service-producing industries(4)................ 10.15 8.26 1.89 .29 .15 .24 .15 1.06 (2) Retail trade................................. 7.46 6.13 1.33 .13 .09 .16 .09 .86 (2) Service industries........................... 12.62 10.33 2.29 .42 .19 .28 .17 1.23 (2) Percent of total compensation All full-time workers in private industry........ 100.0 71.8 28.2 6.8 3.1 6.5 3.2 8.4 0.1 White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 73.1 26.9 7.5 2.8 5.9 3.2 7.4 .2 Sales........................................ 100.0 77.3 22.7 4.8 3.0 4.5 2.4 7.8 .1 Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 71.5 28.5 7.3 2.2 8.2 3.1 7.6 .2 Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 69.1 30.9 5.6 3.9 7.5 3.6 10.1 .2 Service occupations............................ 100.0 73.9 26.1 5.4 2.1 6.5 1.7 10.3 (5) Goods-producing industries(3).................. 100.0 69.1 30.9 6.6 3.7 7.3 3.7 9.2 .3 Construction................................. 100.0 71.1 28.9 3.2 3.0 6.1 4.9 11.7 (5) Manufacturing................................ 100.0 68.6 31.4 7.7 3.9 7.7 3.3 8.4 .3 Service-producing industries(4)................ 100.0 73.1 26.9 6.9 2.8 6.0 3.0 8.1 .1 Transportation and public utilities.......... 100.0 68.8 31.2 7.6 3.0 7.4 4.5 8.4 .3 Wholesale trade.............................. 100.0 71.9 28.1 6.3 3.3 6.8 3.3 8.3 .1 Retail trade................................. 100.0 77.4 22.6 4.9 2.0 4.6 1.5 9.7 (5) Finance, insurance, and real estate.......... 100.0 70.5 29.5 7.4 5.1 6.5 3.8 6.7 .2 Services....................................... 100.0 74.2 25.8 7.2 2.2 5.7 2.7 8.0 (5) All part-time workers in private industry........ 100.0 81.3 18.7 2.7 1.5 2.5 1.5 10.6 (5) White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 81.4 18.6 3.6 1.6 2.6 1.5 9.4 (5) Sales........................................ 100.0 82.4 17.6 2.1 1.4 2.3 1.3 10.3 (5) Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 81.0 19.0 3.7 1.5 3.0 1.5 9.2 (5) Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 76.8 23.2 2.2 2.3 3.8 2.9 12.0 (5) Service occupations............................ 100.0 83.4 16.6 1.7 .9 1.5 .7 11.8 (5) Goods-producing industries(3).................. 100.0 79.7 20.3 2.0 2.0 2.5 .9 12.8 (5) Service-producing industries(4)................ 100.0 81.4 18.6 2.9 1.5 2.4 1.5 10.4 (5) Retail trade................................. 100.0 82.2 17.8 1.7 1.2 2.1 1.2 11.5 (5) Service industries........................... 100.0 81.9 18.1 3.3 1.5 2.2 1.3 9.7 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 10. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by occupational and industry group, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked All workers in private industry.................. $19.00 $13.87 $5.13 $1.20 $0.55 $1.13 $0.57 $1.65 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations....................... 23.02 17.02 6.00 1.63 .61 1.28 .69 1.76 .03 Professional specialty and technical......... 30.38 22.47 7.91 2.30 .67 1.60 .99 2.31 .05 Professional specialty..................... 32.05 23.83 8.22 2.44 .69 1.64 .99 2.40 .05 Technical.................................. 26.16 19.02 7.13 1.92 .62 1.48 .97 2.08 .07 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 35.20 25.47 9.73 2.95 1.35 1.74 1.14 2.49 .06 Sales........................................ 16.13 12.64 3.49 .69 .44 .66 .35 1.34 (2) Administrative support, including clerical... 16.39 11.89 4.50 1.13 .35 1.25 .48 1.27 .02 Blue-collar occupations........................ 17.98 12.51 5.48 .98 .69 1.30 .64 1.84 .03 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 24.12 16.78 7.34 1.40 .86 1.66 .96 2.40 .05 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 16.90 11.41 5.49 1.04 .82 1.46 .50 1.61 .05 Transportation and material moving........... 17.64 12.37 5.28 .85 .61 1.23 .63 1.94 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 12.67 9.06 3.61 .53 .42 .82 .43 1.40 (2) Service occupations............................ 9.58 7.44 2.14 .38 .16 .43 .13 1.04 (2) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3).................. 22.86 15.84 7.02 1.50 .85 1.66 .84 2.11 .06 Construction................................. 22.64 16.13 6.51 .72 .67 1.37 1.08 2.66 (2) Manufacturing................................ 22.77 15.66 7.11 1.73 .89 1.74 .75 1.93 .08 Durables................................... 24.66 16.75 7.91 1.91 1.05 1.93 .80 2.10 .12 Nondurables................................ 19.98 14.04 5.94 1.46 .65 1.45 .69 1.67 .02 Service-producing industries(4)................ 17.82 13.26 4.55 1.11 .46 .97 .49 1.51 .02 Transportation and public utilities.......... 24.65 17.05 7.60 1.79 .73 1.77 1.12 2.13 .06 Wholesale trade.............................. 21.17 15.30 5.87 1.30 .69 1.41 .69 1.77 .02 Retail trade................................. 10.64 8.41 2.23 .40 .18 .40 .15 1.10 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate.......... 25.11 17.81 7.30 1.80 1.24 1.59 .92 1.71 .04 Services....................................... 18.76 14.17 4.59 1.22 .38 .96 .45 1.55 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry.................. 100.0 73.0 27.0 6.3 2.9 5.9 3.0 8.7 0.2 Occupational group White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 73.9 26.1 7.1 2.6 5.6 3.0 7.6 .1 Professional specialty and technical......... 100.0 74.0 26.0 7.6 2.2 5.3 3.3 7.6 .2 Professional specialty..................... 100.0 74.4 25.6 7.6 2.2 5.1 3.1 7.5 .2 Technical.................................. 100.0 72.7 27.3 7.3 2.4 5.7 3.7 8.0 .3 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 100.0 72.4 27.6 8.4 3.8 4.9 3.2 7.1 .2 Sales........................................ 100.0 78.4 21.6 4.3 2.7 4.1 2.2 8.3 (5) Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 72.5 27.5 6.9 2.1 7.6 2.9 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 69.6 30.5 5.5 3.8 7.2 3.6 10.2 .2 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 100.0 69.6 30.4 5.8 3.6 6.9 4.0 10.0 .2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 100.0 67.5 32.5 6.2 4.9 8.6 3.0 9.5 .3 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 70.1 29.9 4.8 3.5 7.0 3.6 11.0 (5) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 100.0 71.5 28.5 4.2 3.3 6.5 3.4 11.0 (5) Service occupations............................ 100.0 77.7 22.3 4.0 1.7 4.5 1.4 10.9 (5) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3).................. 100.0 69.3 30.7 6.6 3.7 7.3 3.7 9.2 .3 Construction................................. 100.0 71.2 28.8 3.2 3.0 6.1 4.8 11.7 (5) Manufacturing................................ 100.0 68.8 31.2 7.6 3.9 7.6 3.3 8.5 .4 Durables................................... 100.0 67.9 32.1 7.7 4.3 7.8 3.2 8.5 .5 Nondurables................................ 100.0 70.3 29.7 7.3 3.3 7.3 3.5 8.4 .1 Service-producing industries(4)................ 100.0 74.4 25.5 6.2 2.6 5.4 2.7 8.5 .1 Transportation and public utilities.......... 100.0 69.2 30.8 7.3 3.0 7.2 4.5 8.6 .2 Wholesale trade.............................. 100.0 72.3 27.7 6.1 3.3 6.7 3.3 8.4 .1 Retail trade................................. 100.0 79.0 21.0 3.8 1.7 3.8 1.4 10.3 (5) Finance, insurance, and real estate.......... 100.0 70.9 29.1 7.2 4.9 6.3 3.7 6.8 .2 Services....................................... 100.0 75.5 24.5 6.5 2.0 5.1 2.4 8.3 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 11. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry goods-producing and service-producing workers, by occupational group, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked All workers, goods-producing industries(2)....... $22.86 $15.84 $7.02 $1.50 $0.85 $1.66 $0.84 $2.11 $0.06 White-collar occupations....................... 30.77 22.09 8.68 2.58 .79 1.91 1.01 2.29 .09 Professional specialty and technical......... 36.89 26.55 10.34 3.34 .72 2.24 1.24 2.66 .13 Professional specialty..................... 39.88 28.91 10.97 3.69 .67 2.32 1.33 2.82 .14 Technical.................................. 28.17 19.66 8.51 2.33 .88 2.01 .99 2.21 .09 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 42.12 30.04 12.08 3.66 1.41 2.20 1.59 3.11 .12 Administrative support, including clerical... 17.17 12.27 4.90 1.18 .45 1.47 .41 1.36 .05 Blue-collar occupations........................ 19.93 13.52 6.41 1.09 .87 1.57 .78 2.05 .05 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 25.12 17.18 7.95 1.33 .95 1.83 1.14 2.64 .07 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 17.91 11.92 5.99 1.14 .92 1.61 .57 1.69 .06 Transportation and material moving........... 19.11 12.88 6.23 .93 1.02 1.45 .73 2.09 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 14.25 9.97 4.28 .55 .53 .99 .53 1.66 (3) Service occupations............................ 16.77 11.05 5.72 1.08 .82 1.56 .50 1.71 .06 All workers, service-producing industries(4)..... 17.82 13.26 4.55 1.11 .46 .97 .49 1.51 .02 White-collar occupations....................... 21.89 16.28 5.61 1.49 .59 1.19 .64 1.68 .02 Professional specialty and technical......... 28.93 21.56 7.37 2.06 .66 1.45 .93 2.23 .03 Professional specialty..................... 30.22 22.65 7.57 2.15 .70 1.48 .91 2.30 .02 Technical.................................. 25.76 18.90 6.86 1.84 .57 1.37 .97 2.05 .06 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 33.63 24.43 9.20 2.79 1.34 1.64 1.04 2.35 .04 Sales........................................ 15.86 12.45 3.41 .67 .43 .65 .34 1.32 (3) Administrative support, including clerical... 16.28 11.84 4.44 1.12 .33 1.21 .49 1.26 .02 Blue-collar occupations........................ 15.76 11.34 4.41 .85 .48 1.00 .48 1.59 (3) Precision production, craft, and repair...... 22.45 16.13 6.32 1.53 .72 1.39 .68 1.99 .02 Transportation and material moving........... 17.17 12.20 4.97 .83 .48 1.16 .60 1.89 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 11.91 8.62 3.29 .52 .37 .74 .38 1.28 (3) Service occupations............................ 9.42 7.36 2.06 .37 .14 .40 .12 1.03 (3) Percent of total compensation All workers, goods-producing industries(2)....... 100.0 69.3 30.7 6.6 3.7 7.3 3.7 9.2 0.3 White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 71.8 28.2 8.4 2.6 6.2 3.3 7.4 .3 Professional specialty and technical......... 100.0 72.0 28.0 9.1 2.0 6.1 3.4 7.2 .4 Professional specialty..................... 100.0 72.5 27.5 9.3 1.7 5.8 3.3 7.1 .4 Technical.................................. 100.0 69.8 30.2 8.3 3.1 7.1 3.5 7.8 .3 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 100.0 71.3 28.7 8.7 3.3 5.2 3.8 7.4 .3 Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 71.5 28.5 6.9 2.6 8.6 2.4 7.9 .3 Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 67.8 32.2 5.5 4.4 7.9 3.9 10.3 .3 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 100.0 68.4 31.6 5.3 3.8 7.3 4.5 10.5 .3 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 100.0 66.6 33.4 6.4 5.1 9.0 3.2 9.4 .3 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 67.4 32.6 4.9 5.3 7.6 3.8 10.9 (5) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 100.0 70.0 30.0 3.9 3.7 6.9 3.7 11.6 (5) Service occupations............................ 100.0 65.9 34.1 6.4 4.9 9.3 3.0 10.2 .4 All workers, service-producing industries(4)..... 100.0 74.4 25.5 6.2 2.6 5.4 2.7 8.5 .1 White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 74.4 25.6 6.8 2.7 5.4 2.9 7.7 .1 Professional specialty and technical......... 100.0 74.5 25.5 7.1 2.3 5.0 3.2 7.7 .1 Professional specialty..................... 100.0 75.0 25.0 7.1 2.3 4.9 3.0 7.6 .1 Technical.................................. 100.0 73.4 26.6 7.1 2.2 5.3 3.8 8.0 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 100.0 72.6 27.4 8.3 4.0 4.9 3.1 7.0 .1 Sales........................................ 100.0 78.5 21.5 4.2 2.7 4.1 2.1 8.3 (5) Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 72.7 27.3 6.9 2.0 7.4 3.0 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 72.0 28.0 5.4 3.0 6.3 3.0 10.1 (5) Precision production, craft, and repair...... 100.0 71.8 28.2 6.8 3.2 6.2 3.0 8.9 .1 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 71.1 28.9 4.8 2.8 6.8 3.5 11.0 (5) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 100.0 72.4 27.6 4.4 3.1 6.2 3.2 10.7 (5) Service occupations............................ 100.0 78.1 21.9 3.9 1.5 4.2 1.3 10.9 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 12. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry manufacturing and nonmanufacturing workers, by occupational group, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked All workers, manufacturing industries............ $22.77 $15.66 $7.11 $1.73 $0.89 $1.74 $0.75 $1.93 $0.08 White-collar occupations....................... 31.25 22.37 8.88 2.73 .77 1.97 1.06 2.25 .11 Professional specialty and technical......... 36.92 26.47 10.45 3.39 .72 2.27 1.27 2.66 .13 Professional specialty..................... 39.66 28.65 11.01 3.72 .65 2.34 1.35 2.80 .15 Technical.................................. 28.80 20.00 8.80 2.44 .91 2.08 1.02 2.25 .10 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 43.71 31.23 12.47 4.06 1.40 2.28 1.69 2.90 .15 Administrative support, including clerical... 17.39 12.36 5.03 1.26 .42 1.50 .43 1.36 .06 Blue-collar occupations........................ 18.99 12.66 6.32 1.28 .94 1.63 .62 1.79 .07 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 25.15 16.59 8.56 2.00 1.24 2.04 .88 2.27 .13 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 17.80 11.84 5.95 1.14 .91 1.60 .56 1.67 .07 Transportation and material moving........... 17.84 12.21 5.63 .99 .93 1.38 .45 1.86 .02 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 14.16 9.72 4.44 .74 .60 1.18 .48 1.42 .02 Service occupations............................ 17.76 11.55 6.22 1.21 .89 1.72 .54 1.79 .07 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries......... 18.20 13.49 4.71 1.09 .48 1.01 .53 1.59 .02 White-collar occupations....................... 22.03 16.38 5.66 1.49 .59 1.20 .64 1.70 .02 Professional specialty and technical......... 29.05 21.66 7.39 2.07 .66 1.46 .93 2.24 .03 Professional specialty..................... 30.42 22.80 7.62 2.17 .70 1.49 .92 2.32 .02 Technical.................................. 25.69 18.85 6.84 1.83 .57 1.37 .96 2.05 .06 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 33.86 24.56 9.30 2.78 1.34 1.66 1.05 2.43 .04 Sales........................................ 15.92 12.50 3.41 .67 .43 .65 .34 1.32 (2) Administrative support, including clerical... 16.27 11.84 4.44 1.12 .34 1.22 .48 1.26 .02 Blue-collar occupations........................ 17.38 12.41 4.97 .80 .53 1.11 .66 1.87 (2) Precision production, craft, and repair...... 23.70 16.86 6.84 1.16 .71 1.51 1.00 2.45 (2) Transportation and material moving........... 17.61 12.39 5.21 .83 .55 1.21 .67 1.95 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 12.32 8.90 3.41 .48 .38 .74 .41 1.40 (2) Service occupations............................ 9.41 7.35 2.06 .36 .14 .40 .12 1.03 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers, manufacturing industries............ 100.0 68.8 31.2 7.6 3.9 7.6 3.3 8.5 0.4 White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 71.6 28.4 8.7 2.5 6.3 3.4 7.2 .4 Professional specialty and technical......... 100.0 71.7 28.3 9.2 2.0 6.1 3.4 7.2 .4 Professional specialty..................... 100.0 72.2 27.8 9.4 1.6 5.9 3.4 7.1 .4 Technical.................................. 100.0 69.4 30.6 8.5 3.2 7.2 3.5 7.8 .3 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 100.0 71.4 28.5 9.3 3.2 5.2 3.9 6.6 .3 Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 71.1 28.9 7.2 2.4 8.6 2.5 7.8 .3 Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 66.7 33.3 6.7 4.9 8.6 3.3 9.4 .4 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 100.0 66.0 34.0 8.0 4.9 8.1 3.5 9.0 .5 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 100.0 66.5 33.4 6.4 5.1 9.0 3.1 9.4 .4 Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 68.4 31.6 5.5 5.2 7.7 2.5 10.4 .1 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 100.0 68.6 31.4 5.2 4.2 8.3 3.4 10.0 .1 Service occupations............................ 100.0 65.0 35.0 6.8 5.0 9.7 3.0 10.1 .4 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries......... 100.0 74.1 25.9 6.0 2.6 5.5 2.9 8.7 .1 White-collar occupations....................... 100.0 74.4 25.7 6.8 2.7 5.4 2.9 7.7 .1 Professional specialty and technical......... 100.0 74.6 25.4 7.1 2.3 5.0 3.2 7.7 .1 Professional specialty..................... 100.0 75.0 25.0 7.1 2.3 4.9 3.0 7.6 .1 Technical.................................. 100.0 73.4 26.6 7.1 2.2 5.3 3.7 8.0 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial.... 100.0 72.5 27.5 8.2 4.0 4.9 3.1 7.2 .1 Sales........................................ 100.0 78.5 21.4 4.2 2.7 4.1 2.1 8.3 (3) Administrative support, including clerical... 100.0 72.8 27.3 6.9 2.1 7.5 3.0 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations........................ 100.0 71.4 28.6 4.6 3.0 6.4 3.8 10.8 (3) Precision production, craft, and repair...... 100.0 71.1 28.9 4.9 3.0 6.4 4.2 10.3 (3) Transportation and material moving........... 100.0 70.4 29.6 4.7 3.1 6.9 3.8 11.1 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................................... 100.0 72.2 27.7 3.9 3.1 6.0 3.3 11.4 (3) Service occupations............................ 100.0 78.1 21.9 3.8 1.5 4.3 1.3 10.9 (3) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 13. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation: Private industry workers, by bargaining status, and major industry and occupational group, March 1999 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Supple- Retire- Legally Other sation salaries Paid mental ment required bene- Total leave pay Insurance and benefits fits(1) savings Cost per hour worked All union workers, private industry.............. $24.75 $16.21 $8.53 $1.66 $0.94 $2.21 $1.37 $2.26 $0.09 Blue-collar occupations...................... 25.76 16.41 9.35 1.64 1.13 2.43 1.60 2.45 .10 Goods-producing industries(2).................. 26.33 16.74 9.59 1.62 1.19 2.57 1.56 2.51 .13 Service-producing industries(3)................ 23.37 15.75 7.62 1.70 .72 1.89 1.21 2.04 .05 Manufacturing.................................. 23.21 14.60 8.61 1.78 1.29 2.30 .96 2.12 .17 Blue-collar occupations...................... 23.06 14.38 8.68 1.72 1.36 2.30 1.00 2.13 .17 Nonmanufacturing............................... 25.61 17.12 8.49 1.59 .74 2.16 1.61 2.34 .04 All nonunion workers, private industry........... 18.20 13.54 4.66 1.13 .50 .98 .46 1.57 .02 Blue-collar occupations...................... 15.39 11.20 4.18 .76 .54 .92 .32 1.63 (4) Goods-producing industries(2).................. 21.75 15.56 6.20 1.46 .73 1.37 .61 1.98 .04 Service-producing industries(3)................ 17.29 13.03 4.27 1.05 .44 .88 .42 1.46 (4) Manufacturing.................................. 22.62 16.01 6.61 1.71 .75 1.55 .68 1.86 .05 Blue-collar occupations...................... 16.99 11.82 5.16 1.06 .74 1.30 .43 1.62 .02 Nonmanufacturing............................... 17.42 13.11 4.32 1.03 .45 .88 .42 1.51 (4) Percent of total compensation All union workers, private industry.............. 100.0 65.5 34.5 6.7 3.8 8.9 5.5 9.1 0.4 Blue-collar occupations...................... 100.0 63.7 36.3 6.4 4.4 9.4 6.2 9.5 .4 Goods-producing industries(2).................. 100.0 63.6 36.4 6.2 4.5 9.8 5.9 9.5 .5 Service-producing industries(3)................ 100.0 67.4 32.6 7.3 3.1 8.1 5.2 8.7 .2 Manufacturing.................................. 100.0 62.9 37.1 7.7 5.6 9.9 4.1 9.1 .7 Blue-collar occupations...................... 100.0 62.4 37.6 7.5 5.9 10.0 4.3 9.2 .7 Nonmanufacturing............................... 100.0 66.8 33.2 6.2 2.9 8.4 6.3 9.1 .2 All nonunion workers, private industry........... 100.0 74.4 25.6 6.2 2.7 5.4 2.5 8.6 .1 Blue-collar occupations...................... 100.0 72.8 27.2 4.9 3.5 6.0 2.1 10.6 (5) Goods-producing industries(2).................. 100.0 71.5 28.5 6.7 3.4 6.3 2.8 9.1 .2 Service-producing industries(3)................ 100.0 75.4 24.7 6.1 2.5 5.1 2.4 8.4 (5) Manufacturing.................................. 100.0 70.8 29.2 7.6 3.3 6.9 3.0 8.2 .2 Blue-collar occupations...................... 100.0 69.6 30.4 6.2 4.4 7.7 2.5 9.5 .1 Nonmanufacturing............................... 100.0 75.3 24.8 5.9 2.6 5.1 2.4 8.7 (5) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 4 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 5 Less than .05 percent. Note: The sum of individual items may not equal totals due to rounding. Table 14. Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensat