Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 02-107 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, March 1, 2002 WORK AT HOME IN 2001 In May 2001, 19.8 million persons usually did some work at home as part of their primary job, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. These workers, who reported working at home at least once per week, accounted for 15 percent of total employment. These findings are from a special supplement to the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly survey of households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data on work at home were last collected in the CPS in May 1997; however, due to changes in the questions asked, much of the data for May 2001 is not comparable with the May 1997 data. Additional information about the May 2001 survey, including a discussion of data comparability with the May 1997 survey, is provided in the Technical Note. Highlights from the 2001 data include: --Half of those who usually worked at home were wage and salary workers who took work home from the job on an unpaid basis. Another 17 percent had a formal arrangement with their employer to be paid for the work they did at home. The remainder who worked at home--30 percent--were self- employed. --Wage and salary workers who were expressly paid to work at home worked there 18 hours per week on average; those who were just taking work home from the job usually worked about 7 hours per week at home. --Four-fifths of those who regularly worked at home were employed in managerial, professional, and sales jobs. --About 8 people in 10 used a computer for the work they did at home, and about 6 in 10 made use of Internet or e-mail access. --Two-thirds of those who usually work at home reported that they did so because they need to "finish or catch up on work" or because it is the "nature of the job." Pay Status Of the 13.9 million wage and salary workers who usually did some work at home in 2001, about 3.4 million had a formal arrangement with their employer to be paid for the time they put in at home. Nearly half of these paid home workers spent 8 hours or more per week working at home, and about 1 in 6 put in 35 hours or more at home. On average, those expressly paid for their work time at home logged 18 hours per week at home. (See tables 3 and 5.) The vast majority of wage and salary workers who do some job-related work at home on a regular basis do so without a formal arrangement to be paid for this work. Of the 10.3 million workers just taking work home from the job, fewer than 1 in 4 regularly worked 8 hours or more per week at home. Workers doing unpaid job-related activity at home averaged about 7 hours per week. (See table 4.) - 2 - Occupation and Industry Regardless of whether or not there was a formal arrangement to be paid for the work done at home, most home workers were employed in managerial, professional, and sales occupations. Among those paid to work at home, about half worked in managerial and professional specialty jobs, and another 1 in 5 worked in sales occupations. (See tables 1 and 3.) Managers and professionals accounted for a higher proportion (about three-fourths) of those just taking work home from the job. Schoolteachers (excluding college) especially were likely to do unpaid work at home, with 2.7 million--or almost half of all teachers--reporting such activity in 2001. Another 1.3 million persons who put in time at home without an explicit pay arrangement worked in sales jobs. (See table 4.) From an industry perspective, workers employed in the services industries (such as business services, educational services, and other professional services) were among the most likely to usually work at home in 2001. Overall, about 1 out of every 5 workers in services usually did some work at home, similar to the proportions in finance, insurance, and real estate and wholesale trade. Among those paid to work at home, almost half were employed in services (1.6 million); for those doing unpaid work at home, about three-fifths worked in the services industry (6.3 million). (See tables 1, 3, and 4.) Demographics Women and men were about equally likely to do some job-related work at home in 2001. Whites were more than twice as likely as blacks and Hispanics to work at home, reflecting, at least in part, their relatively higher concentration in managerial and professional occupations. The work-at-home rate for parents was slightly higher than for persons without children. (See tables 1 and 2.) Use of Electronic Equipment Nearly 80 percent of those engaged in some job-related work at home in 2001 used a computer, and the same proportion used a telephone, as part of their work at home. About 63 percent of all persons who usually worked at home made use of the Internet or e-mail to do their work. In general, those who were paid to work at home were more likely to use electronic equipment than workers who were just taking work home from the job. (See table 5.) Reason for Job-Related Work at Home Among wage and salary workers who were just taking work home on an unpaid basis, the most common reason for working at home was to "finish or catch up on work" (57 percent). An additional 31 percent reported that they worked at home at least once per week because it was the "nature of the job." For those paid to work at home as part of a formal arrangement with their employer, the reasons were more varied. For example, 38 percent reported it was the "nature of the job," 23 percent indicated that "business is conducted from home," 16 percent worked at home to "finish or catch up on work," and 11 percent arranged to work at home to "coordinate work schedule with personal or family needs." Almost half of self-employed workers indicated the main reason for working at home was because their "business is conducted from home," with an additional 24 percent responding that it was the "nature of the job" to work at home. (See table 6.) - 3 - Frequency of Work at Home The focus of this report is the 19.8 million persons who reported in May 2001 that they worked at home at least once per week. The total number of persons who reported that they worked at home in the May 2001 survey-- regardless of how often they engaged in home-based work activity--was 25.0 million (19.0 percent of total nonagricultural employment). This includes, in addition to those who usually worked at home, 2.1 million persons who worked at home at least once every 2 weeks, 1.8 million who worked at home at least once per month, and 1.0 million who worked at home less than once per month. (See table 7.) By way of comparison, in May 1997, 22.4 million employed persons did at least some work at home as part of their primary job (17.8 percent of total nonagricultural employment). (See Technical Note for a discussion of data comparability between the May 1997 and May 2001 surveys.) Technical Note These data and other information on work at home were obtained from a supplement to the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), principally to gather information on employment and unemployment for the nation. (Data for May 2001 were based on a sample size of 50,000 households.) Respondents to the May 2001 supplement answered questions about work schedules, job-related work at home, and other related topics. The data in this release pertain to workers who did some job-related work at home. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts Data discussed in this release on job-related work at home were obtained from the following questions: As part of this job, do you do any of your work at home? 1. Yes 2. No Do you have a formal arrangement with your employer to be paid for the work you do at home, or were you just taking work home from the job? 1. Paid 2. Taking work home - 2 - How frequently do you work at home? (Interviewer reads all.) 1. At least once a week 2. At least once every two weeks 3. At least once a month 4. Less than once a month When you work at home, how many hours per week do you work at home for this job? 1. Hours: ___ 2. It varies Do you use any of the following (electronic) equipment at home to do your work? (Interviewer reads all.) 1. Computer, including laptop 2. E-mail or Internet access 3. Fax 3. Telephone, cell phone, or pager 4. Some other electronic or communication equipment What is the main reason why you work at home? (Interviewer reads all.) 1. Finish or catch up on work 2. Business is conducted from home 3. Nature of the job 4. Coordinate work schedule with personal or family needs 5. Reduce commuting time or expense 6. Local transportation or pollution control program 7. Some other reason Special notes on May 2001 work-at-home data This release focuses on persons who worked at home at least once per week on their primary job (in nonagricultural industries). This group-- referred to as those who usually worked at home--totaled 19.8 million in May 2001 and accounted for about four-fifths of all persons who responded that they did job-related work at home. When persons who worked at home less frequently are included (that is, at least once every 2 weeks, once per month, or less than once per month), a total of 25.0 million workers engaged in work at home to some degree in May 2001. Unpublished tabulations of 2001 data for all workers--not restricted by frequency of work at home-- are available upon request. There are some notable differences between the data collected in May 2001 and those collected in May 1997 that limit comparability of the estimates from the two surveys. Data on frequency of work at home were not collected in May 1997. However, even if the broadest measure of work at home from the May 2001 data is used, some data cannot be readily compared with May 1997 estimates due to differences in questionnaire wording. Most notably, data on hours worked at home collected in May 2001 are not strictly comparable with data from the May 1997 survey. Wording changes in other questions in the May 2001 survey limit comparisons for other characteristics of work at home and have the potential to affect comparisons to some degree for all of the work-at-home measures. Moreover, May 1997 work-at-home data tabulated by BLS and published in USDL news release 98-93 pertained only to those at work during the survey reference week. This restriction does not apply to May 2001 and May 1997 data published in this release, which relate to total employed persons (includes those with a job but not at work). Hence, in general, BLS tabulations of work-at-home data for May 2001 and May 1997 are not strictly comparable. - 3 - It also should be noted that questions on several important aspects of work at home that BLS included in the May 2001 supplement were not asked of the full sample because of programming problems in the computerized questionnaire when the survey was conducted. For example, several questions intended to obtain information on home-based businesses and on whether a person used employer-provided equipment for their work at home were not asked of most respondents in the survey. Consequently, data on these aspects of work at home are not available from the May 2001 survey. Table 1. Job-related work at home on primary job by sex, occupation, industry, race, Hispanic origin, class of worker, and pay status, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Persons who usually worked at home(2) Percent distribution by class of worker(3) Total Characteristic employed Percent (1) Total of total Wage and salary employed Self- Total employed Paid work Unpaid (4) at home work at home Total, 16 years and over.............. 131,803 19,759 15.0 100.0 17.4 52.0 29.7 Men..................................... 69,659 10,291 14.8 100.0 16.0 50.5 32.6 Women................................... 62,144 9,468 15.2 100.0 18.9 53.7 26.5 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty... 42,442 12,628 29.8 100.0 14.2 62.8 22.4 Executive, administrative, and managerial........................... 20,484 5,262 25.7 100.0 16.7 52.5 30.0 Professional specialty................ 21,958 7,366 33.5 100.0 12.5 70.1 17.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support................................ 38,203 4,669 12.2 100.0 24.7 40.2 33.9 Technicians and related support....... 4,392 305 6.9 100.0 36.0 48.4 14.3 Sales occupations..................... 15,636 3,133 20.0 100.0 20.3 40.3 38.9 Administrative support, including clerical............................. 18,174 1,231 6.8 100.0 33.4 37.8 25.8 Service occupations..................... 18,189 972 5.3 100.0 24.1 18.4 55.1 Precision production, craft, and repair. 14,737 1,050 7.1 100.0 15.7 19.4 64.4 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.... 17,553 381 2.2 100.0 19.4 24.3 49.3 Farming, forestry, and fishing.......... 678 59 8.7 100.0 (5) (5) (5) Industry Mining.................................. 590 65 11.1 100.0 (5) (5) (5) Construction............................ 9,153 1,134 12.4 100.0 11.6 20.5 65.2 Manufacturing........................... 19,466 1,806 9.3 100.0 28.7 54.9 15.7 Transportation and public utilities..... 10,072 898 8.9 100.0 22.8 49.4 26.0 Wholesale trade......................... 5,207 1,009 19.4 100.0 24.4 47.9 25.6 Retail trade............................ 21,963 1,529 7.0 100.0 12.8 36.4 49.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 8,693 1,810 20.8 100.0 18.8 48.2 33.0 Services................................ 50,374 10,926 21.7 100.0 14.8 57.2 27.1 Public administration................... 6,285 581 9.2 100.0 29.6 69.8 - Race and Hispanic origin White................................... 110,109 17,947 16.3 100.0 17.5 51.6 30.0 Black................................... 15,116 1,152 7.6 100.0 14.9 57.9 26.0 Hispanic origin......................... 13,946 937 6.7 100.0 20.4 49.2 28.4 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at home. 2 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 3 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. 5 Data not shown where the base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Dash represents zero. Table 2. Job-related work at home on primary job by sex, marital status, presence and age of children, and pay status, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Persons who usually worked at home(2) Percent distribution by class of worker(3) Total Characteristic employed Percent (1) Total of total Wage and salary employed Self- Total employed Paid work Unpaid (4) at home work at home Total, 16 years and over................ 131,803 19,759 15.0 100.0 17.4 52.0 29.7 Married, spouse present............... 75,248 13,916 18.5 100.0 16.9 51.1 30.9 Not married........................... 56,555 5,843 10.3 100.0 18.6 54.2 26.7 Never married....................... 35,196 3,086 8.8 100.0 19.8 60.0 19.6 Other marital status................ 21,358 2,757 12.9 100.0 17.2 47.6 34.7 Without own children under 18......... 81,059 11,121 13.7 100.0 15.7 52.3 31.0 With own children under 18............ 50,744 8,638 17.0 100.0 19.6 51.6 27.9 With youngest child 6 to 17......... 29,227 5,058 17.3 100.0 18.0 52.8 28.5 With youngest child under 6......... 21,517 3,580 16.6 100.0 21.8 49.9 27.2 Men, 16 years and over.................. 69,659 10,291 14.8 100.0 16.0 50.5 32.6 Married, spouse present............... 42,153 7,616 18.1 100.0 15.5 51.1 32.3 Not married........................... 27,506 2,675 9.7 100.0 17.3 48.9 33.2 Never married....................... 18,943 1,571 8.3 100.0 19.8 52.9 26.4 Other marital status................ 8,562 1,104 12.9 100.0 13.7 43.2 42.8 Without own children under 18......... 43,625 5,763 13.2 100.0 14.6 48.5 35.8 With own children under 18............ 26,034 4,527 17.4 100.0 17.7 53.1 28.4 With youngest child 6 to 17......... 14,216 2,652 18.7 100.0 16.8 51.0 31.6 With youngest child under 6......... 11,818 1,875 15.9 100.0 19.1 56.1 23.9 Women, 16 years and over................ 62,144 9,468 15.2 100.0 18.9 53.7 26.5 Married, spouse present............... 33,095 6,300 19.0 100.0 18.6 51.2 29.1 Not married........................... 29,049 3,168 10.9 100.0 19.7 58.6 21.3 Never married....................... 16,253 1,516 9.3 100.0 19.7 67.3 12.6 Other marital status................ 12,796 1,652 12.9 100.0 19.6 50.6 29.3 Without own children under 18......... 37,434 5,357 14.3 100.0 16.9 56.5 25.8 With own children under 18............ 24,710 4,111 16.6 100.0 21.6 50.0 27.4 With youngest child 6 to 17......... 15,011 2,406 16.0 100.0 19.3 54.8 25.1 With youngest child under 6......... 9,699 1,705 17.6 100.0 24.8 43.1 30.7 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on work at home. 2 Persons who usually work at home are defined as those who work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. 3 Unpaid family workers and wage and salary workers who did not report pay status are included in total but not shown separately. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries. Children are own children and include sons, daughters, step-children, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Table 3. Hours of paid job-related work at home on primary job among wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Percent distribution by hours worked at home(2) Mean Paid work weekly Characteristic at 8 hours or more hours home(1) Hours Less than usually Total vary 8 hours worked Total 35 hours at home or more Total, 16 years and over.............. 3,436 100.0 27.4 24.5 47.6 15.7 18.0 Men..................................... 1,642 100.0 30.9 23.3 45.1 14.8 17.8 Women................................... 1,794 100.0 24.2 25.7 49.9 16.5 18.1 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty... 1,798 100.0 28.0 24.1 47.4 13.9 17.0 Executive, administrative, and managerial........................... 880 100.0 25.8 24.3 49.3 12.9 16.8 Professional specialty................ 918 100.0 30.1 23.9 45.6 14.9 17.2 Technical, sales, and administrative support................................ 1,155 100.0 27.3 22.1 50.3 16.7 19.1 Technicians and related support....... 110 100.0 40.2 24.6 35.3 21.2 21.3 Sales occupations..................... 635 100.0 27.8 18.9 53.0 13.0 18.5 Administrative support, including clerical............................. 411 100.0 23.3 26.5 50.3 21.0 19.5 Service occupations..................... 234 100.0 25.6 19.6 54.7 33.1 26.9 Precision production, craft, and repair. 165 100.0 29.1 47.2 22.1 2.7 7.8 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.... 74 100.0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Farming, forestry, and fishing.......... 10 100.0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Industry Mining.................................. 9 100.0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Construction............................ 131 100.0 31.8 36.5 31.7 5.1 13.2 Manufacturing........................... 518 100.0 27.0 21.5 51.2 12.5 16.7 Transportation and public utilities..... 205 100.0 14.1 29.7 54.8 25.3 19.1 Wholesale trade......................... 247 100.0 28.1 15.0 56.0 12.9 17.8 Retail trade............................ 196 100.0 23.7 32.5 43.9 10.3 14.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 340 100.0 30.7 24.0 45.3 9.5 15.1 Services................................ 1,618 100.0 28.0 24.3 47.5 19.0 19.9 Public administration................... 172 100.0 33.7 27.1 37.7 12.8 15.7 Race and Hispanic origin White................................... 3,138 100.0 27.2 24.4 48.0 15.0 17.7 Black................................... 172 100.0 29.7 22.1 48.1 28.9 23.2 Hispanic origin......................... 191 100.0 32.3 15.9 51.8 27.6 23.2 1 Includes persons who worked at home at least once per week but did not report the number of hours usually worked. 2 Persons who did not report the number of hours worked are included in total but not shown separately. 3 Data not shown where the base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries who reported that they usually work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job and exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 4. Hours of unpaid job-related work at home on primary job among wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Percent distribution by hours worked at home(2) Mean Unpaid weekly Characteristic work at 8 hours or more hours home(1) Hours Less than usually Total vary 8 hours worked Total 35 hours at home or more Total, 16 years and over.............. 10,278 100.0 29.2 47.4 22.6 1.0 6.8 Men..................................... 5,197 100.0 30.0 47.7 21.7 .8 6.7 Women................................... 5,081 100.0 28.4 47.1 23.7 1.3 7.0 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty... 7,924 100.0 28.1 47.0 24.1 .9 6.9 Executive, administrative, and managerial........................... 2,762 100.0 27.6 53.5 18.4 1.0 6.2 Professional specialty................ 5,163 100.0 28.4 43.5 27.2 .8 7.3 Technical, sales, and administrative support................................ 1,876 100.0 33.2 46.3 19.5 1.4 6.8 Technicians and related support....... 147 100.0 38.1 40.0 18.5 2.5 6.9 Sales occupations..................... 1,263 100.0 35.4 41.6 22.2 1.1 7.2 Administrative support, including clerical............................. 465 100.0 25.5 61.2 12.4 2.0 5.7 Service occupations..................... 179 100.0 24.5 60.1 15.4 4.7 6.1 Precision production, craft, and repair. 203 100.0 33.3 58.7 8.1 .9 4.7 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.... 92 100.0 35.1 58.1 6.8 - 4.5 Farming, forestry, and fishing.......... 4 100.0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Industry Mining.................................. 39 100.0 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Construction............................ 232 100.0 37.5 49.4 13.2 1.3 5.4 Manufacturing........................... 991 100.0 29.3 51.2 18.2 1.2 6.3 Transportation and public utilities..... 444 100.0 26.0 55.7 18.3 .5 5.6 Wholesale trade......................... 483 100.0 29.0 49.7 21.3 .8 6.9 Retail trade............................ 557 100.0 30.7 49.4 19.8 1.4 6.4 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 872 100.0 34.2 47.4 17.5 .9 6.5 Services................................ 6,255 100.0 28.7 45.2 25.2 1.1 7.2 Public administration................... 405 100.0 22.3 58.6 19.1 - 5.6 Race and Hispanic origin White................................... 9,260 100.0 29.1 47.5 22.7 1.1 6.9 Black................................... 667 100.0 34.0 44.2 20.9 .8 6.3 Hispanic origin......................... 461 100.0 34.4 46.8 17.6 .6 6.0 1 Includes persons who worked at home at least once per week but did not report the number of hours usually worked. 2 Persons who did not report the number of hours worked are included in total but not shown separately. 3 Data not shown where the base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries who reported that they usually work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job and exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Dash represents zero. Table 5. Job-related work at home on primary job by usage of electronic equipment at home, sex, class of worker, and pay status, May 2001 (In thousands) Workers using electronic equipment for work Worked at Characteristic home(1) Computer Internet Fax Telephone Other or e-mail Total, 16 years and over.............. 19,759 15,282 12,360 7,829 15,333 1,266 Men..................................... 10,291 8,215 6,953 4,647 8,634 765 Women................................... 9,468 7,067 5,407 3,182 6,699 501 Class of worker and pay status(2) Wage and salary workers(3).............. 13,856 11,059 8,872 4,668 10,246 864 Paid work at home..................... 3,436 2,795 2,422 1,813 2,865 312 Unpaid work at home................... 10,278 8,180 6,382 2,802 7,270 542 Self-employed(4)........................ 5,860 4,193 3,474 3,140 5,061 402 1 Persons who worked at home at least once per week. 2 Excludes unpaid family workers, not shown separately. 3 Includes persons who worked at home but did not report pay status. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries who reported that they usually work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. The number of workers using electronic equipment at home exceeds the total number who worked at home because many of these workers used more than one type of equipment. "Other" electronic equipment includes scanners and other types of computer-related peripheral equipment. Table 6. Job-related work at home on primary job by reason for working at home, sex, class of worker, and pay status, May 2001 (In thousands) Reason for working at home Coordi- Local Characteristic Worked at Business nate work Reduce transpor- home(1) Finish or is Nature of schedule commuting tation or Some catch up conducted the job with time or pollution other on work from home personal expense control reason or family program needs Total, 16 years and over.............. 19,759 7,375 3,770 5,937 1,076 269 4 1,224 Men..................................... 10,291 3,936 2,054 3,091 339 157 4 638 Women................................... 9,468 3,439 1,716 2,846 737 112 - 587 Class of worker and pay status(2) Wage and salary workers(3).............. 13,856 6,431 1,115 4,508 706 226 4 795 Paid work at home..................... 3,436 548 786 1,291 379 138 4 275 Unpaid work at home................... 10,278 5,855 300 3,165 317 88 - 508 Self-employed(4)........................ 5,860 943 2,623 1,422 370 43 - 426 1 Persons who worked at home at least once per week. This total includes persons who did not report a reason for working at home. 2 Excludes unpaid family workers, not shown separately. 3 Includes persons who worked at home but did not report pay status. 4 Includes both the incorporated and unincorporated self-employed. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries who reported that they usually work at home at least once per week as part of their primary job. Dash represents zero. Table 7. Job-related work at home on primary job by sex, occupation, industry, race, Hispanic origin, and frequency of work at home, May 2001 (In thousands) Worked at Worked at Worked at Total who home at home at home at Worked at Characteristic worked at least least least home less home(1) once per once once per than once week(2) every 2 month per month weeks Total, 16 years and over.............. 25,000 19,759 2,072 1,770 994 Men..................................... 12,879 10,291 1,069 849 457 Women................................... 12,121 9,468 1,003 921 538 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty... 15,869 12,628 1,339 1,095 557 Executive, administrative, and managerial........................... 6,964 5,262 706 561 299 Professional specialty................ 8,905 7,366 632 534 258 Technical, sales, and administrative support................................ 6,065 4,669 526 473 312 Technicians and related support....... 527 305 74 78 65 Sales occupations..................... 3,656 3,133 231 155 88 Administrative support, including clerical............................. 1,882 1,231 221 239 160 Service occupations..................... 1,189 972 66 72 36 Precision production, craft, and repair. 1,327 1,050 103 96 58 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.... 477 381 34 34 21 Farming, forestry, and fishing.......... 73 59 3 1 10 Industry Mining.................................. 93 65 16 8 4 Construction............................ 1,418 1,134 108 94 63 Manufacturing........................... 2,461 1,806 255 221 139 Transportation and public utilities..... 1,210 898 134 105 57 Wholesale trade......................... 1,224 1,009 129 36 41 Retail trade............................ 1,949 1,529 146 155 80 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 2,391 1,810 245 199 89 Services................................ 13,283 10,926 927 776 444 Public administration................... 971 581 112 176 79 Race and Hispanic origin White................................... 22,525 17,947 1,849 1,563 827 Black................................... 1,572 1,152 158 127 99 Hispanic origin......................... 1,195 937 108 85 45 1 Includes persons who did not report frequency of work at home. 2 Persons who usually work at home--that is, persons who worked at home at least once per week--are the focus of this report. NOTE: Data refer to employed persons in nonagricultural industries who reported that they usually work at home as part of their primary job. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.