Technical information: (202) 691-5870 USDL 02-412 http://www.bls.gov/jlt/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, July 30, 2002 NEW MONTHLY DATA SERIES ON JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER ANNOUNCED BY BLS New data on job openings and labor turnover were announced today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. These series include estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and sepa- rations for the nation, by industry and geographic region. Job openings are a measure of unmet labor demand and can be compared with unemployment, which measures unused labor supply. Job openings refer to the number on the last business day of the month, and the number of hires and separations are for the entire month. The sample of 16,000 business establishments covers both the private sector and government. Estimates from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are not seasonally adjusted, and experience suggests that there is a seasonal pattern to job openings, hires, and separations. Thus, compari- sons of JOLTS estimates should be based on the same month in different years (for example, May 2002 to May 2001), and comparisons between consecutive months should not be used as an indicator of trend. In addition, BLS consi- ders the JOLTS estimates to be developmental. See the Background section and the Technical Note for additional information. This first release of JOLTS estimates covers the period from May 2001 to May 2002 and shows that: --The number and rate of job openings in May 2002 were substantially lower than a year earlier. On the last business day of May 2002, there were 3.5 million job openings, 2.6 percent of the number of total filled and unfilled positions (employment plus job openings) in the United States. This was down significantly from 4.3 million openings, or a job openings rate of 3.2 percent, in May 2001. (See tables 1 and 2.) Over the same period, the total U.S. unemployment rate (not seasonally adjusted) rose to 5.5 percent from 4.1 percent a year earlier. --Over the year ended in May 2002, the largest decline in job openings occurred in construction, where the rate fell from 3.4 percent to 1.9 percent. Large declines also occurred in retail trade, services, and mining. Job openings held relatively steady compared with a year ago in manufacturing and government. (See table 1.) --The pace of hiring also declined compared with a year ago. The hires rate, or the number of hires during the month divided by employment, was 3.7 percent in May 2002, down significantly from 4.3 percent a year earlier. (See table 3.) Hires are any additions to the payroll during the month. The hires rate was lower in most industry divisions in May 2002 than in May 2001. (Hires and separations estimates prior to March 2002 are not strictly compa- rable with estimates for later periods. See the Background section and the Technical Note for additional information.) --The total separations, or turnover, rate (the number of separations during the month divided by employment) was 3.1 percent in May 2002, down significantly from 3.7 percent a year ago. (See table 5.) Separations are terminations of employment that occur at any time during the month. Total separations includes quits (voluntary separations), layoffs and discharges (involuntary separations), and other separations (including retirements). The quits rate, which can serve as a barometer of workers' ability to change jobs, was down significantly, falling to 1.8 percent in May 2002 from 2.2 percent in May 2001. (See table 7.) The rates of layoffs and discharges and other separations were little changed over the year. (See tables 9 and 11.) --Hires and separations estimates help show dynamic flows in the labor market that net changes in the employment level do not. Over the year ended in May 2002, nonfarm payroll employment declined by 1.4 million. In the same period, 52.3 million hires and 52.9 million separations occurred at U.S. businesses. (Procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised in March 2002 to address possible underreporting. See the fol- lowing Background Section and the Technical Note for additional information.) Retail trade and services reported the largest number of hires and separations. - 2 - Background The Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected job openings and turnover data in the past, but not in a way that covered all industries and the entire nation on an ongoing basis. The new survey collects monthly job openings and labor turnover data from a random sample of 16,000 nonfarm business establishments, including factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The data elements collected monthly from each cooperating establishment are employment for the pay period that includes the 12th of the month; job openings on the last business day of the month; and hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations for the entire month. The measure of job openings is a one-day snapshot at the end of the month, while the hires and separations measures represent flows of workers into and out of jobs over the course of the full calendar month. In responding to the survey, employers are asked to report only those job openings for which 1) a specific position exists, 2) work could start within 30 days, and 3) the employer is actively recruiting from outside of the establishment to fill the position. Hires are any additions to the payroll, and separations are any separations from the payroll, including quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations (retirements or transfers to other locations). For hires and separations, firms are asked to exclude employees returning from or going on strike; employees of tempo- rary help agencies, leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants; and employees changing jobs within the establishment. Data on employees of temporary help agencies, leasing companies, outside contractors, and consul- tants are reported by employers in those industries. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates are available for the nation; for the total private sector and nine private industry divi- sions based on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system; and for the total public sector, with breakouts for the federal government and for state and local government combined. Levels and rates also are published for four geographic regions: the Northeast, South, Midwest, and West. (See at- tached tables.) JOLTS industry estimates are scheduled to be converted to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) in 2003. - 3 - The estimates from the JOLTS program are considered developmental and caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions from them. The sample of establishments selected for the survey was not fully initiated until January 2002, and therefore JOLTS estimates for January 2002 forward are based on more survey responses. In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may not be strictly comparable with estimates for March 2002 and later. Uses of the Data As the monthly JOLTS time series grow longer, their value in assessing the business cycle, the difficulty that employers have in hiring workers, and the extent of the mismatch between the unused supply of available workers and the unmet demand for labor by employers will increase. Of particular interest will be the study of the complex relationship between job openings and unemployment. While these two measures are expected to move in opposite directions over the course of the business cycle, their relative levels and movements depend on the efficiency of the labor market in matching workers and jobs. Along with the job openings rate, trends in hires and separations may broadly identify which aggregate industries face the tightest labor markets. Quits rates may provide clues about workers' views of the labor market or their success in finding better jobs. In addition, businesses will be able to compare their own turnover rate to the national, regional, and major industry division rates. Hires and separations estimates cannot completely explain net changes in payroll employment. Research shows that some reporters systematically underreport separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their payroll systems and practices. The shortfall appears to be about 2 percent or less over a 12-month period. Other reasons why it is problematic to compare changes in payroll employment with hires and separations, especially over short-term periods, are: 1) the reference period for payroll employment is the pay period including the 12th of the month, while the reference period for hires and separations is the calendar month; and 2) payroll employment can vary from month to month simply because part-time and on-call workers may not always work during the pay period including the 12th of the month. Future Releases BLS plans to update the job openings, hires, and separations series from the JOLTS survey on its website during the last week of each month. Estimates for June 2002 are scheduled for release August 30, 2002. In future months, please refer to the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/jlt/ for updates of the JOLTS series. For More Information For additional information, please see the Technical Note or the JOLTS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/jlt/. Additional information about JOLTS also may be obtained by e-mailing Joltsinfo@bls.gov or by calling (202) 691-5870. Technical Note The statistics for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics from data collected monthly from a sample of business establishments. Collection Each month, data are collected in a survey of business establishments for total employment, job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Data collection methods include computer-assisted tele- phone interviewing, touchtone data entry, fax, and mail. Coverage The JOLTS sample includes randomly selected nonfarm establishments such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as federal, state, and local govern- ment entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Concepts Industry classification. The industry classifications in this release are in accordance with the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Manual. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, State Employment Security Agencies verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry code, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establishment classification codes resulting from the veri- fication process are always introduced with the data reported for the first month of the year. Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or re- ceived pay for the pay period that includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, temporary, short-term, salaried, and hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacations or other paid leave. Persons on leave without pay or on strike for the entire pay period, or who are proprietors or partners of unincorporated businesses or un- paid family workers, are not counted as employed. Job openings. Establishments submit job openings information for the last business day of the reference month. A job opening requires that 1) a speci- fic position exists, 2) work could start within 30 days, and 3) the employer is actively recruiting from outside of the establishment to fill the position. Included are full-time, part-time, permanent, temporary, and short-term openings. Active recruiting means that the establishment is engaged in current efforts to fill the job opening, such as advertising in newspapers or on the Internet, posting help-wanted signs, accepting applications, or using other similar methods. Excluded are jobs to be filled only by internal transfers, promotions, de- motions, or recall from layoffs. Also excluded are jobs with start dates more than 30 days in the future and jobs for which employees have been hired but have not yet reported for work. The job openings rate is computed by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings and multiplying that quotient by 100. Hires. A hire is reported if it occurred any time during the reference month. Hires are the total number of additions to the payroll during the month, including both new and rehired employees, on-call or intermittent em- ployees who returned to work after having been formally separated, transfers from other locations, and employees recalled to the location after a layoff lasting more than 7 days. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. Separations. Separations are terminations of employment occurring any time during the reference month and are reported by type of separation--quits, lay- offs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are voluntary separations. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer and include layoffs with no intent to rehire or formal layoffs lasting or ex- pected to last more than 7 days, discharges for cause, and terminations of seasonal employees. Other separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, deaths, and separations due to disability. Separations do not in- clude transfers within the location or employees on strike. The separations rate is computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, layoffs and dis- charges, and other separations rates are computed using a similar method. Sample methodology The 16,000 establishments in JOLTS are drawn from a universe of approxi- mately eight million establishments compiled as part of the operations of the Covered Employment and Wages, or ES-202, program. This program includes all employers subject to state Unemployment Insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE). The sample design is based on a probability sample of firms, and BLS con- ducts sample validation procedures to ensure the suitability of the establish- ments selected. The sampling frame is stratified by ownership, census region, major indus- try division, and size class. Large firms fall into the sample with virtual certainty. The sample is rotated so that most establishments participate in the survey for 18 consecutive months. JOLTS total employment estimates are controlled to the employment estimates of the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. A ratio of CES to JOLTS employment is used to adjust the levels for all other JOLTS data elements. Rates are then computed from the adjusted levels. Using developmental data The JOLTS data series on job openings, hires, and separations are consi- dered developmental. The full sample is divided into 18 panels, with one panel enrolled each month. All 18 panels were not completely enrolled in the survey until early 2002. The data collected up until that point are from less than the full sample. Therefore, estimates from earlier months should be used with caution, as fewer sampled units were reporting data at that time. In March 2002, BLS procedures for collecting hires and separations data were revised to address possible underreporting. As a result, JOLTS hires and separations estimates for months prior to March 2002 may not be comparable with estimates for March 2002 and later. The estimates are not seasonally adjusted, and month-to-month changes in the estimates are subject to strong seasonal variation. Reliability of the estimates JOLTS estimates are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they repre- sent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the parti- cular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. Estimates of sam- pling errors are available upon request. In general, estimates involving many establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates that are based on observations from fewer establishments. The precision of estimates also is improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The JOLTS estimates also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. JOLTS hires and separations estimates cannot be used to exactly explain net changes in payroll employment. Research has found that some reporters systematically underreport separations relative to hires due to a number of factors, including the nature of their payroll systems and practices. The shortfall appears to be about 2 percent or less over a 12-month period. Other reasons why it is problematic to compare changes in payroll employment with JOLTS hires and separations, especially over short-term periods, are: 1) the reference period for payroll employment is the pay period including the 12th of the month, while the reference period for hires and separations is the calendar month; and 2) payroll employment can vary from month to month simply because part-time and on-call workers may not always work during the pay period including the 12th of the month. To improve the employment estimates, JOLTS employment estimates are con- trolled to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates. The sample- based estimates from the CES program are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision and serves as a rough proxy for total CES survey error. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent, ranging from zero to 0.7 percent. This annual benchmark revision will affect the JOLTS program once a year through the employment adjustment process. Other information Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Job openings rates(1) by industry and census region (Percent) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 3.2 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.6 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 Mining................................. 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 .8 1.5 1.4 1.2 .6 .9 .8 Construction........................... 3.4 2.5 2.6 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.7 1.9 Manufacturing.......................... 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Durable goods......................... 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.1 .9 .9 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.6 Nondurable goods...................... 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 Transportation and public utilities.... 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.0 1.9 Wholesale trade........................ 2.1 2.4 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.7 1.7 Retail trade........................... 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.5 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 Services............................... 4.3 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.7 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.5 Government.............................. 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 Federal................................ 2.3 2.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 2.0 1.7 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.4 State and local........................ 2.5 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.3 South.................................. 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.9 Midwest................................ 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.1 West................................... 3.3 3.3 3.1 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.6 1 The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of total employment plus job openings. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 2. Job openings levels(1) by industry and census region (In thousands) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 4,339 4,055 3,908 3,853 3,652 3,332 3,014 2,820 2,915 3,030 3,188 3,258 3,455 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 3,792 3,463 3,330 3,321 3,194 2,867 2,544 2,396 2,488 2,595 2,739 2,779 2,930 Mining................................. 9 12 10 10 8 8 5 9 8 7 3 5 4 Construction........................... 240 177 189 131 125 129 91 69 83 81 106 110 126 Manufacturing.......................... 275 304 296 274 269 227 183 167 205 226 233 249 278 Durable goods......................... 169 190 172 168 150 119 94 92 110 132 134 142 157 Nondurable goods...................... 106 114 124 106 119 108 88 75 95 94 99 107 121 Transportation and public utilities.... 160 163 156 155 128 164 132 102 116 107 120 137 132 Wholesale trade........................ 143 167 120 108 107 84 84 69 105 109 139 113 115 Retail trade........................... 891 724 755 779 790 683 575 484 448 481 558 547 576 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 230 231 188 193 202 150 177 189 182 191 209 195 189 Services............................... 1,845 1,686 1,616 1,670 1,564 1,422 1,298 1,308 1,341 1,394 1,371 1,424 1,508 Government.............................. 547 592 578 532 458 465 470 424 427 434 449 479 525 Federal................................ 61 64 40 43 42 40 54 46 37 54 59 52 65 State and local........................ 486 528 538 490 416 425 416 378 389 381 390 426 460 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 854 744 695 703 692 582 556 542 478 484 527 542 604 South.................................. 1,511 1,388 1,346 1,316 1,308 1,192 1,090 1,053 1,156 1,207 1,190 1,245 1,389 Midwest................................ 1,005 949 949 977 892 786 694 643 612 649 713 727 692 West................................... 969 974 917 858 760 771 674 582 668 690 759 744 769 1 Job openings are the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 3. Hires rates(1) by industry and census region (Percent) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 4.3 4.4 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.4 3.0 2.3 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.3 3.7 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 4.8 4.9 3.9 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.4 2.6 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.7 4.1 Mining................................. 5.2 4.9 3.5 3.4 2.8 1.9 1.5 1.8 5.2 2.1 3.6 2.6 5.8 Construction........................... 7.4 7.1 5.5 5.1 4.8 5.3 4.3 3.2 4.9 4.7 5.2 6.5 6.4 Manufacturing.......................... 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.4 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.3 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.4 2.8 Durable goods......................... 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.2 1.6 1.7 1.3 .9 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.6 Nondurable goods...................... 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.4 3.0 Transportation and public utilities.... 4.1 3.0 3.5 2.5 3.3 2.2 2.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 2.1 3.1 2.5 Wholesale trade........................ 3.5 3.3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.3 2.7 Retail trade........................... 6.8 6.2 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.3 5.5 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.7 Services............................... 5.0 5.9 4.1 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.3 2.7 3.4 3.4 3.6 3.7 4.2 Government.............................. 1.7 2.1 2.0 3.0 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.5 Federal................................ 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.6 State and local........................ 1.7 2.0 2.0 3.3 2.3 1.5 1.2 .9 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.5 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 4.1 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 2.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.2 South.................................. 4.4 5.1 3.8 4.6 3.7 3.6 3.3 2.5 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 4.0 Midwest................................ 4.6 4.2 3.5 4.2 4.1 3.4 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 3.5 3.8 West................................... 4.0 3.8 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.6 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 1 The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of total employment. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 4. Hires levels(1) by industry and census region (In thousands) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 5,682 5,900 4,772 5,223 4,808 4,530 3,992 3,068 3,529 3,574 3,806 4,270 4,864 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 5,311 5,468 4,382 4,621 4,368 4,220 3,728 2,862 3,234 3,345 3,584 4,026 4,530 Mining................................. 30 28 20 20 16 11 8 10 29 12 20 15 33 Construction........................... 504 493 386 357 330 361 292 212 303 286 321 414 422 Manufacturing.......................... 393 394 357 420 328 365 271 224 297 336 342 397 463 Durable goods......................... 186 211 194 229 166 180 133 92 166 205 216 232 262 Nondurable goods...................... 207 183 163 191 163 185 138 131 131 131 126 165 202 Transportation and public utilities.... 294 215 249 179 235 158 192 123 142 145 139 210 169 Wholesale trade........................ 239 228 180 184 175 147 125 98 132 120 146 153 183 Retail trade........................... 1,595 1,468 1,312 1,469 1,497 1,490 1,320 972 821 893 1,002 1,142 1,326 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 200 184 168 187 159 173 166 119 134 159 153 157 206 Services............................... 2,056 2,458 1,709 1,805 1,627 1,514 1,354 1,104 1,378 1,395 1,463 1,538 1,727 Government.............................. 371 432 390 603 440 310 265 206 295 229 222 244 334 Federal................................ 62 65 50 41 27 35 43 37 31 33 28 28 41 State and local........................ 309 367 340 562 413 276 222 169 263 196 194 216 293 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 1,039 1,086 760 768 862 752 668 508 523 456 528 622 821 South.................................. 2,036 2,382 1,750 2,125 1,700 1,660 1,531 1,150 1,466 1,549 1,607 1,597 1,863 Midwest................................ 1,476 1,342 1,118 1,331 1,295 1,095 926 709 718 782 821 1,108 1,193 West................................... 1,131 1,090 1,143 1,000 950 1,023 867 700 822 787 849 943 987 1 Hires are the number of hires during the entire month. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 5. Total separations rates(1) by industry and census region (Percent) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 3.7 3.4 3.9 4.6 4.1 3.6 3.0 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.1 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 4.2 3.7 4.4 5.0 4.5 4.1 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 Mining................................. 3.0 4.3 3.4 3.8 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.7 3.3 3.9 2.7 2.3 Construction........................... 5.8 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.8 6.1 7.0 7.3 5.0 5.5 5.3 4.6 4.8 Manufacturing.......................... 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.4 2.5 3.2 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 Durable goods......................... 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.3 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.9 Nondurable goods...................... 3.1 2.9 4.1 3.5 3.1 3.5 2.5 3.4 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 Transportation and public utilities.... 2.9 3.4 4.3 3.0 3.4 3.4 3.2 2.8 3.1 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.1 Wholesale trade........................ 3.5 2.5 3.7 3.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.5 Retail trade........................... 6.2 4.6 4.9 6.0 6.2 5.2 4.4 5.0 5.2 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.1 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.2 1.5 2.1 1.9 2.6 Services............................... 3.7 3.6 4.8 5.9 4.9 4.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.8 3.3 3.2 Government.............................. 1.3 1.9 1.5 2.4 1.4 1.2 .8 1.0 1.0 .8 .9 1.0 1.3 Federal................................ 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.3 2.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.2 State and local........................ 1.3 2.0 1.5 2.5 1.5 1.1 .8 .8 .9 .8 .8 .9 1.3 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 2.8 2.6 3.4 4.7 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.5 South.................................. 3.8 3.7 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 Midwest................................ 4.4 3.9 3.3 4.8 4.1 3.7 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.3 2.6 2.5 2.9 West................................... 3.8 3.3 3.8 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 3.2 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.2 1 The separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 6. Total separations levels(1) by industry and census region (In thousands) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 4,962 4,570 5,194 6,067 5,356 4,748 4,014 4,265 3,944 3,366 3,514 3,791 4,037 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 4,680 4,170 4,903 5,592 5,055 4,498 3,832 4,059 3,741 3,186 3,320 3,584 3,754 Mining................................. 17 25 20 22 19 19 18 17 21 18 21 15 13 Construction........................... 394 381 382 420 469 419 474 480 311 335 330 293 315 Manufacturing.......................... 625 588 624 588 520 589 432 552 434 415 427 431 468 Durable goods......................... 408 380 334 341 301 343 257 320 266 232 246 256 285 Nondurable goods...................... 218 208 289 247 218 246 175 233 168 183 181 175 183 Transportation and public utilities.... 210 243 307 211 238 240 221 197 208 185 148 169 146 Wholesale trade........................ 241 170 251 242 172 168 166 164 141 147 137 178 164 Retail trade........................... 1,467 1,099 1,152 1,433 1,465 1,224 1,054 1,209 1,206 914 959 1,008 1,120 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 187 182 178 222 162 171 183 143 171 118 165 144 200 Services............................... 1,540 1,481 1,989 2,455 2,011 1,669 1,284 1,297 1,249 1,053 1,134 1,345 1,327 Government.............................. 281 401 291 475 301 250 182 207 203 180 195 206 283 Federal................................ 37 35 40 44 36 40 34 51 41 27 35 30 31 State and local........................ 245 366 251 431 265 210 148 156 162 153 160 176 252 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 710 682 863 1,181 942 787 642 716 631 531 517 618 621 South.................................. 1,769 1,706 2,199 2,102 1,936 1,706 1,431 1,586 1,487 1,337 1,381 1,471 1,590 Midwest................................ 1,402 1,247 1,059 1,534 1,312 1,170 975 1,085 936 722 793 792 915 West................................... 1,081 936 1,073 1,250 1,166 1,085 966 879 890 776 824 909 911 1 Total separations are the number of total separations during the entire month. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 7. Quits rates(1) by industry and census region (Percent) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 2.5 2.3 2.8 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 Mining................................. 1.9 2.7 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.1 .4 1.3 1.4 .8 .8 1.1 Construction........................... 2.4 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 Manufacturing.......................... 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.2 .8 .7 .9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Durable goods......................... 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 .9 .7 .6 .8 1.0 .9 1.1 1.3 Nondurable goods...................... 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.0 .9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 Transportation and public utilities.... 1.8 1.5 2.3 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.1 .9 1.3 1.3 Wholesale trade........................ 1.8 1.4 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.3 Retail trade........................... 4.7 3.6 4.0 4.6 4.5 3.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.4 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.0 .9 1.2 .9 1.3 1.3 1.5 Services............................... 2.2 2.2 3.2 3.3 2.4 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 Government.............................. .8 .9 .8 1.2 .7 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 Federal................................ .8 .8 .8 1.0 .5 .6 .8 .7 .8 .6 .7 .5 .6 State and local........................ .8 1.0 .8 1.2 .7 .4 .5 .4 .5 .5 .5 .5 .6 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.5 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.4 South.................................. 2.5 2.3 3.3 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 Midwest................................ 2.3 2.2 2.1 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.7 West................................... 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.9 1 The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of total employment. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 8. Quits levels(1) by industry and census region (In thousands) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 2,956 2,727 3,274 3,585 2,910 2,497 1,982 1,906 2,026 1,844 1,989 2,167 2,383 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 2,787 2,529 3,119 3,357 2,770 2,401 1,874 1,805 1,920 1,743 1,881 2,063 2,247 Mining................................. 11 15 12 13 10 9 6 2 7 8 5 4 6 Construction........................... 162 185 207 173 180 145 118 88 104 118 122 127 125 Manufacturing.......................... 231 252 217 287 218 202 137 125 149 171 177 198 211 Durable goods......................... 115 157 127 149 121 93 69 61 82 100 94 109 125 Nondurable goods...................... 115 95 90 138 97 109 67 64 68 71 83 88 86 Transportation and public utilities.... 128 106 163 133 143 112 79 84 99 77 61 87 87 Wholesale trade........................ 124 95 116 145 102 71 80 77 82 72 82 97 89 Retail trade........................... 1,109 857 939 1,103 1,050 908 725 705 670 615 676 723 790 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 100 118 130 150 96 94 80 68 91 69 103 98 118 Services............................... 922 899 1,335 1,354 971 860 649 655 716 614 656 729 822 Government.............................. 169 198 154 228 140 96 108 101 106 101 108 104 136 Federal................................ 20 20 22 27 14 14 21 19 19 15 19 13 15 State and local........................ 148 178 132 202 126 82 87 82 87 86 89 91 121 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 395 415 460 625 495 433 312 301 294 273 261 297 359 South.................................. 1,155 1,057 1,528 1,302 1,128 971 788 744 786 762 827 908 943 Midwest................................ 726 720 673 950 685 585 443 469 503 372 451 446 530 West................................... 679 535 612 708 602 509 439 392 444 438 449 516 551 1 Quits are the number of quits during the entire month. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 9. Layoffs and discharges rates(1) by industry and census region (Percent) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 Mining................................. 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.8 2.5 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.6 .8 Construction........................... 3.0 2.6 2.1 2.9 3.8 3.7 5.0 5.8 3.2 3.4 3.1 2.4 2.6 Manufacturing.......................... 1.9 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.6 2.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 Durable goods......................... 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.2 1.7 2.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.3 Nondurable goods...................... 1.3 1.4 2.6 1.2 1.6 1.5 1.4 2.2 1.2 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.2 Transportation and public utilities.... .9 1.5 1.2 .9 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.0 .6 Wholesale trade........................ 1.4 .9 1.8 1.2 .9 1.2 1.2 1.1 .7 .8 .7 1.1 1.0 Retail trade........................... 1.2 .9 .7 1.2 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.1 1.1 1.1 .9 1.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... .8 .4 .4 .5 .7 .8 1.1 .6 .7 .6 .4 .4 .9 Services............................... 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.1 .8 1.0 1.2 1.0 Government.............................. .3 .6 .3 1.0 .5 .5 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 .3 .4 Federal................................ .2 .3 .3 .2 .5 .3 .2 .6 .4 .1 .3 .4 .3 State and local........................ .3 .6 .3 1.1 .5 .5 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .4 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 1.0 .8 1.1 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.2 .8 .8 1.0 .9 South.................................. 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 Midwest................................ 1.6 1.3 .8 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.2 .9 .9 .9 .9 West................................... 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1 The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of total employment. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 10. Layoffs and discharges levels(1) by industry and census region (In thousands) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 1,600 1,454 1,435 1,981 2,014 1,911 1,786 2,005 1,590 1,242 1,247 1,324 1,350 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 1,541 1,334 1,369 1,788 1,906 1,815 1,743 1,944 1,542 1,205 1,204 1,259 1,266 Mining................................. 5 7 7 8 6 7 10 14 8 10 9 9 5 Construction........................... 200 178 148 204 265 254 336 381 197 208 195 155 174 Manufacturing.......................... 344 275 332 222 256 330 270 384 235 212 214 191 208 Durable goods......................... 253 176 146 138 146 227 173 232 153 113 132 122 126 Nondurable goods...................... 91 99 186 84 110 103 97 152 82 99 82 69 81 Transportation and public utilities.... 63 109 88 62 79 97 117 92 89 94 72 71 43 Wholesale trade........................ 96 63 121 82 58 80 82 77 50 50 48 71 67 Retail trade........................... 292 204 176 279 343 265 299 429 476 248 245 219 280 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 61 33 34 37 51 64 82 44 50 44 31 34 71 Services............................... 479 464 463 893 849 716 548 524 435 341 391 510 419 Government.............................. 59 120 66 193 107 96 43 61 48 37 42 65 84 Federal................................ 6 7 7 6 13 8 5 16 9 3 8 11 8 State and local........................ 53 112 59 188 94 88 38 45 39 34 34 53 76 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 244 212 293 477 367 297 267 356 288 206 197 258 222 South.................................. 479 497 479 626 657 616 561 708 584 461 465 458 537 Midwest................................ 520 428 262 451 521 520 479 525 365 279 277 278 296 West................................... 357 317 401 427 469 477 478 415 354 296 308 329 295 1 Layoffs and discharges are the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 11. Other separations rates(1) by industry and census region (Percent) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 INDUSTRY Total private........................... .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 Mining................................. .1 .5 .2 .3 .6 .5 .4 .1 1.0 .2 1.4 .3 .3 Construction........................... .5 .3 .4 .6 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 Manufacturing.......................... .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .1 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .3 Durable goods......................... .4 .4 .6 .5 .3 .2 .1 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .3 Nondurable goods...................... .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 .5 .1 .2 .3 .2 .2 .3 .2 Transportation and public utilities.... .3 .4 .8 .2 .2 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 Wholesale trade........................ .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2 .1 .4 .1 .2 .1 Retail trade........................... .3 .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 .1 .3 .3 .2 .2 .3 .2 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... .3 .4 .2 .4 .2 .2 .3 .4 .4 .1 .4 .2 .1 Services............................... .3 .3 .5 .5 .5 .2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 Government.............................. .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 Federal................................ .4 .3 .4 .4 .3 .7 .3 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2 .3 State and local........................ .2 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. .3 .2 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 .2 South.................................. .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 Midwest................................ .5 .3 .4 .4 .3 .2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .3 West................................... .2 .3 .2 .4 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 1 The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of total employment. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Table 12. Other separations levels(1) by industry and census region (In thousands) Industry and census region May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 Total.................................... 407 389 485 500 432 340 246 354 328 280 278 300 304 INDUSTRY Total private........................... 353 307 414 447 379 282 215 310 280 237 234 262 241 Mining................................. 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 1 5 1 8 2 2 Construction........................... 31 18 27 43 24 19 19 10 10 10 14 11 17 Manufacturing.......................... 51 61 75 79 46 58 26 44 49 32 36 43 50 Durable goods......................... 39 47 61 54 34 23 15 27 32 19 20 25 34 Nondurable goods...................... 12 14 13 25 12 35 10 16 18 13 16 18 16 Transportation and public utilities.... 18 27 55 16 16 31 26 21 20 15 14 12 16 Wholesale trade........................ 21 11 13 15 12 16 4 10 10 25 7 10 8 Retail trade........................... 66 38 37 51 71 50 30 75 59 51 38 66 50 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... 26 31 14 35 15 13 22 31 29 5 31 12 11 Services............................... 140 117 191 208 190 92 86 119 98 98 87 107 87 Government.............................. 53 83 71 53 53 58 31 45 48 42 44 38 64 Federal................................ 11 7 11 11 9 18 8 16 12 9 7 6 8 State and local........................ 43 76 59 42 44 40 23 29 36 33 37 32 55 CENSUS REGION Northeast.............................. 71 55 109 79 81 58 63 59 49 53 59 63 41 South.................................. 135 152 192 174 151 119 81 133 118 114 89 104 110 Midwest................................ 155 99 123 133 106 65 52 90 68 71 65 68 89 West................................... 45 84 60 114 95 99 49 72 92 42 66 64 64 1 Other separations are the number of other separations during the entire month. NOTE: The States (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the census regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.