Employment Situation News Release

Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until		USDL-21-0002
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 8, 2021

Technical information: 
 Household data:	cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data:	cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov

	
			   THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- DECEMBER 2020


Total nonfarm payroll employment declined by 140,000 in December, and the unemployment rate
was unchanged at 6.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The 
decline in payroll employment reflects the recent increase in coronavirus (COVID-19) cases 
and efforts to contain the pandemic. In December, job losses in leisure and hospitality and
in private education were partially offset by gains in professional and business services,
retail trade, and construction. 

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey 
measures labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The
establishment survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For 
more information about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys,
see the Technical Note.

 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|		   Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data		|
|											|
| Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal 	|
| adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally 	|
| adjusted estimates back to January 2016 were subject to revision. The unemployment	|
| rates for January 2020 through November 2020 (as originally published and as revised) |
| appear in table A at the end of this news release, along with additional information  |
| about the revisions.									|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


Household Survey Data

In December, both the unemployment rate, at 6.7 percent, and the number of unemployed 
persons, at 10.7 million, were unchanged. Although both measures are much lower than their
April highs, they are nearly twice their pre-pandemic levels in February (3.5 percent and 
5.7 million, respectively). (See table A-1. For more information about how the household
survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic, see the box note at the
end of this news release.) 

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for teenagers (16.0 percent) and 
Hispanics (9.3 percent) increased in December. The jobless rates for adult men (6.4 
percent), adult women (6.3 percent), Whites (6.0 percent), Blacks (9.9 percent), and 
Asians (5.9 percent) showed little change. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.) 

Among the unemployed, the number of persons on temporary layoff increased by 277,000 in 
December to 3.0 million. This measure is down considerably from the high of 18.0 million 
in April but is 2.3 million higher than in February. The number of permanent job losers 
declined by 348,000 to 3.4 million in December but is up by 2.1 million since February. 
The number of unemployed reentrants increased by 282,000 to 2.3 million over the month, 
452,000 higher than in February. (See table A-11.) 

In December, the number of persons jobless less than 5 weeks increased by 449,000 to 2.9
million, while the number of persons jobless 15 to 26 weeks declined by 303,000 to 1.6 
million. The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 4.0
million, was essentially unchanged in December but has increased by 2.8 million since 
February. The number of those jobless for 27 weeks or more accounted for 37.1 percent of
total unemployed in December. (See table A-12.) 

The labor force participation rate and the employment-population ratio were both 
unchanged over the month, at 61.5 percent and 57.4 percent, respectively. These measures 
are up from their recent April lows but are lower than in February by 1.8 percentage
points and 3.7 percentage points, respectively. (See table A-1.) 

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 6.2 million, decreased
by 471,000 over the month. This measure is down from its April high of 10.9 million but
is 1.8 million higher than the February level. These individuals, who would have 
preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been 
reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.) 

In December, the number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 
7.3 million, was little changed over the month but is 2.3 million higher than in 
February. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not 
actively looking for work during the last 4 weeks or were unavailable to take a job. 
(See table A-1.) 

Among those not in the labor force who currently want a job, the number of persons 
marginally attached to the labor force, at 2.2 million, changed little in December but
is up by 749,000 since February. These individuals wanted and were available for work
and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in
the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, was essentially 
unchanged at 663,000 in December but is up by 262,000 since February. (See Summary 
table A.)  

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In December, 23.7 percent of employed persons teleworked because of the coronavirus 
pandemic, up from 21.8 percent in November. These data refer to employed persons who 
teleworked or worked at home for pay at some point in the last 4 weeks specifically 
because of the pandemic. 

In December, 15.8 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because 
their employer closed or lost business due to the pandemic--that is, they did not work
at all or worked fewer hours at some point in the last 4 weeks due to the pandemic. 
This measure is 1.0 million higher than in November. Among those who reported in 
December that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related closures or lost 
business, 12.8 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours 
not worked, little changed from November.  

Among those not in the labor force in December, 4.6 million persons were prevented 
from looking for work due to the pandemic. This measure is up from 3.9 million in
November. (To be counted as unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either 
actively looking for work or on temporary layoff.)  
 
These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning
in May to help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are 
not seasonally adjusted. Tables with estimates from the supplemental questions for
all months are available online at 
www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm. 

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment declined by 140,000 in December. Employment declines
in leisure and hospitality, private education, and government were partially offset by
gains in professional and business services, retail trade, construction, and 
transportation and warehousing. In December, nonfarm employment was below its February
level by 9.8 million, or 6.5 percent. (See table B-1. For more information about how 
the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the coronavirus pandemic,
see the box note at the end of this news release.)

In December, employment in leisure and hospitality declined by 498,000, with three-
quarters of the decrease in food services and drinking places (-372,000). Employment
also fell in the amusements, gambling, and recreation industry (-92,000) and in the 
accommodation industry (-24,000). Since February, employment in leisure and 
hospitality is down by 3.9 million, or 23.2 percent. 

Employment in private education decreased by 63,000 in December. Employment in the
industry is down by 450,000 since February.

Government employment declined by 45,000 in December. Employment in the component of 
local government that excludes education declined by 32,000, and state government 
education lost 20,000 jobs. Federal government employment increased by 6,000. Since 
February, government employment overall is down by 1.3 million. 

Other services lost 22,000 jobs in December, with over half of the loss in personal
and laundry services (-12,000). Employment in the other services industry is down by 
453,000 since February.

In December, employment in professional and business services increased by 161,000,
with a large gain in temporary help services (+68,000). Job growth also occurred in 
computer systems design and related services (+20,000), other professional and technical
services (+11,000), management of companies and enterprises (+11,000), and business 
support services (+7,000). Employment in professional and business services is down by
858,000 since February.

Retail trade added 121,000 jobs in December, with nearly half of the growth occurring
in the component of general merchandise stores that includes warehouse clubs and 
supercenters (+59,000). Job gains also occurred in nonstore retailers (+14,000), 
automobile dealers (+13,000), health and personal care stores (+10,000), and food and
beverage stores (+8,000). Employment in retail trade is 411,000 lower than in February.

Construction added 51,000 jobs in December, but employment in the industry is 226,000 
below its February level. In December, employment rose in residential specialty trade 
contractors (+14,000) and residential building (+9,000), two industries that have 
gained back the jobs lost in March and April. In December, employment also increased 
in nonresidential specialty trade contractors (+18,000) and in heavy and civil 
engineering construction (+15,000).

Employment in transportation and warehousing rose by 47,000 in December, largely in 
couriers and messengers (+37,000). While employment in transportation and warehousing
overall is 89,000 lower than in February, employment in couriers and messengers has
increased by 222,000 over the same period. In December, employment also grew in 
warehousing and storage (+8,000) and in truck transportation (+7,000), while transit
and ground passenger transportation lost 9,000 jobs. 

In December, health care added 39,000 jobs. Employment growth in hospitals (+32,000)
and ambulatory health care services (+21,000) was partially offset by declines in 
nursing care facilities (-6,000) and community care facilities for the elderly (-5,000).
Health care employment is 502,000 lower than in February.

In December, manufacturing employment increased by 38,000, with gains in motor vehicles
and parts (+7,000), plastics and rubber products (+7,000), and nonmetallic mineral 
products (+6,000). By contrast, miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing lost 
11,000 jobs over the month. Despite gains over the past 8 months, employment in 
manufacturing is 543,000 below its February level.

Wholesale trade employment rose by 25,000 in December but is down by 251,000 since 
February. In December, job gains occurred in durable goods (+11,000) and nondurable
goods (+11,000).

In December, employment changed little in other major industries, including mining,
information, and financial activities.

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls
increased by 23 cents to $29.81. Average hourly earnings of private-sector 
production and nonsupervisory employees increased by 20 cents to $25.09. These 
increases largely reflect the disproportionate number of lower-paid workers in 
leisure and hospitality who went off payrolls, which put upward pressure on the 
average hourly earnings estimates. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls declined by 0.1
hour to 34.7 hours in December. In manufacturing, the workweek was unchanged at 
40.2 hours, and overtime increased by 0.1 hour to 3.3 hours. The average workweek
for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls was 
unchanged at 34.2 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised up by 
44,000, from +610,000 to +654,000, and the change for November was revised up by 
91,000, from +245,000 to +336,000. With these revisions, employment in October 
and November combined was 135,000 more than previously reported. (Monthly 
revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 
seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, 
February 5, 2021, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|		      Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on December 2020 			|
|			  Establishment and Household Survey Data			|
|											|
| Data collection for both surveys was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. |
| In the establishment survey, approximately one-fifth of the establishments are 	|
| assigned to four regional data collection centers for collection. Although these 	|
| centers were closed, interviewers at these centers worked remotely to collect data by |
| telephone. Additionally, BLS encouraged businesses to report electronically. The 	|
| collection rate for the establishment survey was 76 percent in December, about the 	|
| same as the average for the 12 months ending in February 2020. The household survey 	|
| is generally conducted through in-person and telephone interviews. However, for the 	|
| safety of both interviewers and respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only |
| when telephone interviews could not be done. The household survey response rate was 	|
| 77 percent in December, considerably higher than the low of 65 percent in June but 	|
| below the average of 83 percent for the 12 months ending in February 2020. 		|
|											|
| In the establishment survey, workers who are paid by their employer for all or any 	|
| part of the pay period including the 12th of the month are counted as employed, even 	|
| if they were not actually at their jobs. Workers who are temporarily or permanently 	|
| absent from their jobs and are not being paid are not counted as employed, even if 	|
| they continue to receive benefits. 							|
|											|
| In the household survey, individuals are classified as employed, unemployed, or not 	|
| in the labor force based on their answers to a series of questions about their 	|
| activities during the survey reference week (December 6th through December 12th). 	|
| Workers who indicate they were not working during the entire survey reference week 	|
| and expect to be recalled to their jobs should be classified as unemployed on 	|
| temporary layoff. As in recent months, a large number of persons were classified as 	|
| unemployed on temporary layoff in December.     					|
|											|
| Since March, household survey interviewers have been instructed to classify employed 	|
| persons absent from work due to temporary, coronavirus-related business closures or	|
| cutbacks as unemployed on temporary layoff. As in earlier months, some workers 	|
| affected by the pandemic who should have been classified as unemployed on temporary 	|
| layoff were instead misclassified as employed but not at work. However, the share of 	|
| responses that may have been misclassified was highest in the early months of the 	|
| pandemic and has been considerably lower in recent months.     			|
|											|
| For March through November, BLS published an estimate of what the unemployment rate 	|
| would have been had misclassified workers been included among the unemployed. 	|
| Repeating this same approach, the overall December unemployment rate would have been	|
| 0.6 percentage point higher than reported. However, this represents the upper bound 	|
| of our estimate of misclassification and probably overstates the size of the 		|
| misclassification error.   								|
|											|
| According to usual practice, the data from the household survey are accepted as 	|
| recorded. To maintain data integrity, no ad hoc actions are taken to reclassify 	|
| survey responses.									|
|											|
| More information is available at 							|
| www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-december-2020.htm.  		|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|			Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data			|
|											|
| Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2021 on February	|
| 5, 2021, new population controls will be used in the household survey estimation 	|
| process. These new controls reflect the annual update of intercensal population 	|
| estimates by the U.S. Census Bureau. In accordance with usual practice, historical 	|
| data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls; consequently, household 	|
| survey data for January 2021 will not be directly comparable with data for December 	|
| 2020 or earlier periods. A table showing the effects of the new controls on the major |
| labor force series will be included in the January 2021 news release. In addition, 	|
| the population controls for veterans, which are derived from a Department of Veterans |
| Affairs population model and are updated periodically, will also be updated with the 	|
| release of January data.								|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|		     Upcoming Revisions to Establishment Survey Data 			|
|											|
| Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2021 on February 	|
| 5, 2021, the establishment survey will revise nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and 	|
| earnings data to reflect the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment |
| factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with April 2019 and seasonally 	|
| adjusted data beginning with January 2016 are subject to revision. Consistent with 	|
| standard practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the	|
| benchmark process.									|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


		  Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data

At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors 
for the national labor force series derived from the household survey. As a result of 
this process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2016 through November 2020 were 
subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data were not subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2020 through November 2020, as first 
published and as revised. The rates changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 3 of 
the 11 months and were unchanged in the remaining 8 months. Revised seasonally adjusted
data for other major labor force series beginning in December 2019 appear in table B. 

More information on this year's revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is 
available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed 
information on the seasonal adjustment methodology is found at 
www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm.

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this news release
can be accessed at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted
data are available at www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and 
https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/.


Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2020 and changes due to revision
January - November 2020


Month                  As First Computed          As Revised              Change

January.............                 3.6                 3.5                -0.1
February............                 3.5                 3.5                 0.0
March...............                 4.4                 4.4                 0.0
April...............                14.7                14.8                 0.1
May.................                13.3                13.3                 0.0
June................                11.1                11.1                 0.0
July................                10.2                10.2                 0.0
August..............                 8.4                 8.4                 0.0
September...........                 7.9                 7.8                -0.1
October.............                 6.9                 6.9                 0.0
November............                 6.7                 6.7                 0.0






HOUSEHOLD DATA
 Table B.  Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]




	Employment status, sex, and age
	2019
	2020


	Dec.
	Jan.
	Feb.
	Mar.
	Apr.
	May
	June
	July
	Aug.
	Sept.
	Oct.
	Nov.
	Dec.






	TOTAL
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	260,181
	259,502
	259,628
	259,758
	259,896
	260,047
	260,204
	260,373
	260,558
	260,742
	260,925
	261,085
	261,230



	Civilian labor force
	164,579
	164,455
	164,448
	162,721
	156,478
	158,200
	159,797
	160,085
	160,818
	160,078
	160,718
	160,536
	160,567



	Participation rate
	63.3
	63.4
	63.3
	62.6
	60.2
	60.8
	61.4
	61.5
	61.7
	61.4
	61.6
	61.5
	61.5



	Employed
	158,735
	158,659
	158,732
	155,536
	133,370
	137,224
	142,100
	143,777
	147,276
	147,543
	149,669
	149,809
	149,830



	Employment-population ratio
	61.0
	61.1
	61.1
	59.9
	51.3
	52.8
	54.6
	55.2
	56.5
	56.6
	57.4
	57.4
	57.4



	Unemployed
	5,844
	5,796
	5,717
	7,185
	23,109
	20,975
	17,697
	16,308
	13,542
	12,535
	11,049
	10,728
	10,736



	Unemployment rate
	3.6
	3.5
	3.5
	4.4
	14.8
	13.3
	11.1
	10.2
	8.4
	7.8
	6.9
	6.7
	6.7



	


	Men, 20 years and over
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	117,413
	117,110
	117,181
	117,254
	117,330
	117,410
	117,492
	117,580
	117,672
	117,763
	117,854
	117,936
	118,010



	Civilian labor force
	83,996
	83,970
	83,930
	83,171
	80,490
	81,073
	81,922
	81,861
	82,461
	82,293
	82,505
	82,226
	82,244



	Participation rate
	71.5
	71.7
	71.6
	70.9
	68.6
	69.1
	69.7
	69.6
	70.1
	69.9
	70.0
	69.7
	69.7



	Employed
	81,373
	81,329
	81,235
	79,785
	69,975
	71,668
	73,605
	74,173
	75,903
	76,258
	77,013
	76,777
	77,004



	Employment-population ratio
	69.3
	69.4
	69.3
	68.0
	59.6
	61.0
	62.6
	63.1
	64.5
	64.8
	65.3
	65.1
	65.3



	Unemployed
	2,623
	2,641
	2,695
	3,385
	10,515
	9,405
	8,317
	7,688
	6,558
	6,036
	5,492
	5,449
	5,240



	Unemployment rate
	3.1
	3.1
	3.2
	4.1
	13.1
	11.6
	10.2
	9.4
	8.0
	7.3
	6.7
	6.6
	6.4



	


	Women, 20 years and over
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	126,082
	125,770
	125,841
	125,915
	125,991
	126,072
	126,155
	126,243
	126,336
	126,429
	126,520
	126,604
	126,681



	Civilian labor force
	74,616
	74,502
	74,501
	73,657
	70,896
	71,548
	72,479
	72,866
	72,728
	71,865
	72,255
	72,395
	72,422



	Participation rate
	59.2
	59.2
	59.2
	58.5
	56.3
	56.8
	57.5
	57.7
	57.6
	56.8
	57.1
	57.2
	57.2



	Employed
	72,172
	72,099
	72,171
	70,691
	59,938
	61,630
	64,321
	65,270
	66,667
	66,328
	67,534
	67,941
	67,872



	Employment-population ratio
	57.2
	57.3
	57.4
	56.1
	47.6
	48.9
	51.0
	51.7
	52.8
	52.5
	53.4
	53.7
	53.6



	Unemployed
	2,443
	2,404
	2,330
	2,966
	10,958
	9,918
	8,158
	7,596
	6,061
	5,537
	4,721
	4,453
	4,551



	Unemployment rate
	3.3
	3.2
	3.1
	4.0
	15.5
	13.9
	11.3
	10.4
	8.3
	7.7
	6.5
	6.2
	6.3



	


	Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
				



	Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	16,686
	16,622
	16,606
	16,590
	16,574
	16,566
	16,557
	16,550
	16,550
	16,551
	16,551
	16,545
	16,538



	Civilian labor force
	5,967
	5,982
	6,017
	5,894
	5,093
	5,579
	5,396
	5,358
	5,630
	5,920
	5,958
	5,915
	5,900



	Participation rate
	35.8
	36.0
	36.2
	35.5
	30.7
	33.7
	32.6
	32.4
	34.0
	35.8
	36.0
	35.8
	35.7



	Employed
	5,190
	5,231
	5,326
	5,060
	3,457
	3,926
	4,174
	4,333
	4,706
	4,957
	5,122
	5,091
	4,955



	Employment-population ratio
	31.1
	31.5
	32.1
	30.5
	20.9
	23.7
	25.2
	26.2
	28.4
	29.9
	30.9
	30.8
	30.0



	Unemployed
	778
	751
	691
	834
	1,636
	1,653
	1,222
	1,024
	924
	963
	836
	825
	946



	Unemployment rate
	13.0
	12.6
	11.5
	14.1
	32.1
	29.6
	22.6
	19.1
	16.4
	16.3
	14.0
	13.9
	16.0







	
		Footnotes

		(1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

	





	
		NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table B. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	2019	2020
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	260,181	259,502	259,628	259,758	259,896	260,047	260,204	260,373	260,558	260,742	260,925	261,085	261,230
Civilian labor force	164,579	164,455	164,448	162,721	156,478	158,200	159,797	160,085	160,818	160,078	160,718	160,536	160,567
Participation rate	63.3	63.4	63.3	62.6	60.2	60.8	61.4	61.5	61.7	61.4	61.6	61.5	61.5
Employed	158,735	158,659	158,732	155,536	133,370	137,224	142,100	143,777	147,276	147,543	149,669	149,809	149,830
Employment-population ratio	61.0	61.1	61.1	59.9	51.3	52.8	54.6	55.2	56.5	56.6	57.4	57.4	57.4
Unemployed	5,844	5,796	5,717	7,185	23,109	20,975	17,697	16,308	13,542	12,535	11,049	10,728	10,736
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.5	3.5	4.4	14.8	13.3	11.1	10.2	8.4	7.8	6.9	6.7	6.7

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	117,413	117,110	117,181	117,254	117,330	117,410	117,492	117,580	117,672	117,763	117,854	117,936	118,010
Civilian labor force	83,996	83,970	83,930	83,171	80,490	81,073	81,922	81,861	82,461	82,293	82,505	82,226	82,244
Participation rate	71.5	71.7	71.6	70.9	68.6	69.1	69.7	69.6	70.1	69.9	70.0	69.7	69.7
Employed	81,373	81,329	81,235	79,785	69,975	71,668	73,605	74,173	75,903	76,258	77,013	76,777	77,004
Employment-population ratio	69.3	69.4	69.3	68.0	59.6	61.0	62.6	63.1	64.5	64.8	65.3	65.1	65.3
Unemployed	2,623	2,641	2,695	3,385	10,515	9,405	8,317	7,688	6,558	6,036	5,492	5,449	5,240
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.1	3.2	4.1	13.1	11.6	10.2	9.4	8.0	7.3	6.7	6.6	6.4

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	126,082	125,770	125,841	125,915	125,991	126,072	126,155	126,243	126,336	126,429	126,520	126,604	126,681
Civilian labor force	74,616	74,502	74,501	73,657	70,896	71,548	72,479	72,866	72,728	71,865	72,255	72,395	72,422
Participation rate	59.2	59.2	59.2	58.5	56.3	56.8	57.5	57.7	57.6	56.8	57.1	57.2	57.2
Employed	72,172	72,099	72,171	70,691	59,938	61,630	64,321	65,270	66,667	66,328	67,534	67,941	67,872
Employment-population ratio	57.2	57.3	57.4	56.1	47.6	48.9	51.0	51.7	52.8	52.5	53.4	53.7	53.6
Unemployed	2,443	2,404	2,330	2,966	10,958	9,918	8,158	7,596	6,061	5,537	4,721	4,453	4,551
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.2	3.1	4.0	15.5	13.9	11.3	10.4	8.3	7.7	6.5	6.2	6.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	16,686	16,622	16,606	16,590	16,574	16,566	16,557	16,550	16,550	16,551	16,551	16,545	16,538
Civilian labor force	5,967	5,982	6,017	5,894	5,093	5,579	5,396	5,358	5,630	5,920	5,958	5,915	5,900
Participation rate	35.8	36.0	36.2	35.5	30.7	33.7	32.6	32.4	34.0	35.8	36.0	35.8	35.7
Employed	5,190	5,231	5,326	5,060	3,457	3,926	4,174	4,333	4,706	4,957	5,122	5,091	4,955
Employment-population ratio	31.1	31.5	32.1	30.5	20.9	23.7	25.2	26.2	28.4	29.9	30.9	30.8	30.0
Unemployed	778	751	691	834	1,636	1,653	1,222	1,024	924	963	836	825	946
Unemployment rate	13.0	12.6	11.5	14.1	32.1	29.6	22.6	19.1	16.4	16.3	14.0	13.9	16.0
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Change from: Nov. 2020- Dec. 2020
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	260,181	260,925	261,085	261,230	145
Civilian labor force	164,579	160,718	160,536	160,567	31
Participation rate	63.3	61.6	61.5	61.5	0.0
Employed	158,735	149,669	149,809	149,830	21
Employment-population ratio	61.0	57.4	57.4	57.4	0.0
Unemployed	5,844	11,049	10,728	10,736	8
Unemployment rate	3.6	6.9	6.7	6.7	0.0
Not in labor force	95,602	100,207	100,548	100,663	115

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.6	6.9	6.7	6.7	0.0
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.1	6.7	6.6	6.4	-0.2
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.3	6.5	6.2	6.3	0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	13.0	14.0	13.9	16.0	2.1
White	3.1	6.0	5.9	6.0	0.1
Black or African American	6.2	10.8	10.3	9.9	-0.4
Asian	2.6	7.6	6.7	5.9	-0.8
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.3	8.8	8.4	9.3	0.9

Total, 25 years and over	2.9	6.2	6.0	5.8	-0.2
Less than a high school diploma	5.3	9.9	9.2	9.8	0.6
High school graduates, no college	3.7	8.1	7.8	7.8	0.0
Some college or associate degree	2.8	6.6	6.3	6.3	0.0
Bachelor's degree and higher	1.9	4.2	4.2	3.8	-0.4

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,703	7,685	7,468	7,210	-258
Job leavers	814	763	698	743	45
Reentrants	1,734	2,017	1,968	2,250	282
New entrants	574	526	551	509	-42

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,098	2,494	2,455	2,904	449
5 to 14 weeks	1,682	2,341	2,404	2,222	-182
15 to 26 weeks	821	2,651	1,875	1,572	-303
27 weeks and over	1,177	3,534	3,929	3,956	27

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	4,172	6,668	6,641	6,170	-471
Slack work or business conditions	2,634	5,298	5,223	4,891	-332
Could only find part-time work	1,259	1,135	1,167	1,045	-122
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,649	19,465	18,580	18,237	-343

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,233	1,958	2,083	2,186	103
Discouraged workers	279	590	657	663	6
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	184	654	336	-140
Total private	164	925	417	-95
Goods-producing	5	117	67	93
Mining and logging	-9	2	3	4
Construction	16	72	29	51
Manufacturing	-2	43	35	38
Durable goods(1)	0	19	25	25
Motor vehicles and parts	2.0	4.1	10.9	6.7
Nondurable goods	-2	24	10	13
Private service-providing	159	808	350	-188
Wholesale trade	6.9	8.7	11.8	25.1
Retail trade	41.4	100.3	-21.2	120.5
Transportation and warehousing	-2.1	65.8	128.0	46.6
Utilities	0.7	-1.3	-0.5	-0.4
Information	9	-16	2	-1
Financial activities	10	30	16	12
Professional and business services(1)	22	245	88	161
Temporary help services	4.5	125.5	41.8	67.6
Education and health services(1)	29	65	44	-31
Health care and social assistance	25.3	90.8	48.5	32.0
Leisure and hospitality	40	265	75	-498
Other services	2	46	6	-22
Government	20	-271	-81	-45

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	210	953	567	283
Total private	200	961	757	416

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	50.0	49.8	49.8	49.7
Total private women employees	48.7	48.4	48.4	48.3
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	82.2	81.5	81.5	81.5

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.3	34.8	34.8	34.7
Average hourly earnings	$28.37	$29.49	$29.58	$29.81
Average weekly earnings	$973.09	$1,026.25	$1,029.38	$1,034.41
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	111.4	105.6	106.0	105.6
Over-the-month percent change	0.2	0.8	0.4	-0.4
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	151.0	148.9	149.9	150.5
Over-the-month percent change	0.2	0.8	0.7	0.4

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (258 industries)	58.1	74.8	62.8	61.0
Manufacturing (76 industries)	50.7	67.1	61.2	71.1
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on
payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
are paid, please visit https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-
businesses-pay-workers.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 145,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 697,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series, and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-60,000 to +160,000 (50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from -0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	260,181	261,085	261,230	260,181	260,558	260,742	260,925	261,085	261,230
Civilian labor force	164,007	160,468	160,017	164,579	160,818	160,078	160,718	160,536	160,567
Participation rate	63.0	61.5	61.3	63.3	61.7	61.4	61.6	61.5	61.5
Employed	158,504	150,203	149,613	158,735	147,276	147,543	149,669	149,809	149,830
Employment-population ratio	60.9	57.5	57.3	61.0	56.5	56.6	57.4	57.4	57.4
Unemployed	5,503	10,264	10,404	5,844	13,542	12,535	11,049	10,728	10,736
Unemployment rate	3.4	6.4	6.5	3.6	8.4	7.8	6.9	6.7	6.7
Not in labor force	96,174	100,617	101,213	95,602	99,740	100,664	100,207	100,548	100,663
Persons who currently want a job	4,643	6,791	7,088	4,888	7,049	7,184	6,682	7,127	7,331

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	125,852	126,296	126,367	125,852	126,036	126,127	126,218	126,296	126,367
Civilian labor force	86,500	84,934	84,644	87,034	85,270	85,199	85,495	85,161	85,175
Participation rate	68.7	67.2	67.0	69.2	67.7	67.6	67.7	67.4	67.4
Employed	83,467	79,291	78,955	83,995	78,213	78,663	79,537	79,267	79,481
Employment-population ratio	66.3	62.8	62.5	66.7	62.1	62.4	63.0	62.8	62.9
Unemployed	3,033	5,643	5,689	3,039	7,057	6,537	5,958	5,894	5,694
Unemployment rate	3.5	6.6	6.7	3.5	8.3	7.7	7.0	6.9	6.7
Not in labor force	39,352	41,363	41,723	38,818	40,765	40,928	40,722	41,135	41,192

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	117,413	117,936	118,010	117,413	117,672	117,763	117,854	117,936	118,010
Civilian labor force	83,628	82,134	81,877	83,996	82,461	82,293	82,505	82,226	82,244
Participation rate	71.2	69.6	69.4	71.5	70.1	69.9	70.0	69.7	69.7
Employed	80,940	76,904	76,572	81,373	75,903	76,258	77,013	76,777	77,004
Employment-population ratio	68.9	65.2	64.9	69.3	64.5	64.8	65.3	65.1	65.3
Unemployed	2,688	5,230	5,305	2,623	6,558	6,036	5,492	5,449	5,240
Unemployment rate	3.2	6.4	6.5	3.1	8.0	7.3	6.7	6.6	6.4
Not in labor force	33,785	35,802	36,134	33,417	35,211	35,470	35,349	35,710	35,767

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	134,329	134,788	134,862	134,329	134,523	134,615	134,707	134,788	134,862
Civilian labor force	77,507	75,534	75,373	77,545	75,548	74,879	75,222	75,376	75,392
Participation rate	57.7	56.0	55.9	57.7	56.2	55.6	55.8	55.9	55.9
Employed	75,036	70,913	70,658	74,740	69,063	68,880	70,131	70,542	70,350
Employment-population ratio	55.9	52.6	52.4	55.6	51.3	51.2	52.1	52.3	52.2
Unemployed	2,471	4,621	4,715	2,805	6,485	5,998	5,091	4,834	5,042
Unemployment rate	3.2	6.1	6.3	3.6	8.6	8.0	6.8	6.4	6.7
Not in labor force	56,822	59,254	59,490	56,784	58,975	59,737	59,485	59,413	59,471

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	126,082	126,604	126,681	126,082	126,336	126,429	126,520	126,604	126,681
Civilian labor force	74,730	72,695	72,558	74,616	72,728	71,865	72,255	72,395	72,422
Participation rate	59.3	57.4	57.3	59.2	57.6	56.8	57.1	57.2	57.2
Employed	72,534	68,407	68,248	72,172	66,667	66,328	67,534	67,941	67,872
Employment-population ratio	57.5	54.0	53.9	57.2	52.8	52.5	53.4	53.7	53.6
Unemployed	2,196	4,289	4,309	2,443	6,061	5,537	4,721	4,453	4,551
Unemployment rate	2.9	5.9	5.9	3.3	8.3	7.7	6.5	6.2	6.3
Not in labor force	51,352	53,909	54,124	51,466	53,608	54,563	54,265	54,209	54,259

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,686	16,545	16,538	16,686	16,550	16,551	16,551	16,545	16,538
Civilian labor force	5,649	5,639	5,582	5,967	5,630	5,920	5,958	5,915	5,900
Participation rate	33.9	34.1	33.8	35.8	34.0	35.8	36.0	35.8	35.7
Employed	5,029	4,893	4,793	5,190	4,706	4,957	5,122	5,091	4,955
Employment-population ratio	30.1	29.6	29.0	31.1	28.4	29.9	30.9	30.8	30.0
Unemployed	619	745	789	778	924	963	836	825	946
Unemployment rate	11.0	13.2	14.1	13.0	16.4	16.3	14.0	13.9	16.0
Not in labor force	11,038	10,906	10,956	10,719	10,920	10,631	10,593	10,630	10,638
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	201,326	201,685	201,749	201,326	201,417	201,515	201,610	201,685	201,749
Civilian labor force	126,758	124,065	123,828	127,160	124,512	124,202	124,672	124,038	124,208
Participation rate	63.0	61.5	61.4	63.2	61.8	61.6	61.8	61.5	61.6
Employed	122,919	117,041	116,479	123,164	115,342	115,510	117,146	116,665	116,703
Employment-population ratio	61.1	58.0	57.7	61.2	57.3	57.3	58.1	57.8	57.8
Unemployed	3,839	7,024	7,348	3,997	9,170	8,691	7,525	7,373	7,505
Unemployment rate	3.0	5.7	5.9	3.1	7.4	7.0	6.0	5.9	6.0
Not in labor force	74,568	77,620	77,921	74,166	76,906	77,313	76,939	77,647	77,541
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,827	64,598	64,407	66,022	64,946	65,001	65,123	64,648	64,593
Participation rate	71.4	69.8	69.6	71.6	70.3	70.4	70.4	69.9	69.8
Employed	63,897	60,953	60,561	64,219	60,459	60,780	61,314	60,844	60,872
Employment-population ratio	69.3	65.9	65.5	69.6	65.5	65.8	66.3	65.8	65.8
Unemployed	1,930	3,645	3,847	1,803	4,487	4,220	3,808	3,804	3,721
Unemployment rate	2.9	5.6	6.0	2.7	6.9	6.5	5.8	5.9	5.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	56,509	55,014	55,048	56,454	55,140	54,568	54,866	54,717	54,980
Participation rate	58.4	56.7	56.7	58.3	56.9	56.3	56.5	56.4	56.6
Employed	55,086	52,200	52,116	54,854	51,111	50,813	51,761	51,765	51,871
Employment-population ratio	56.9	53.8	53.7	56.6	52.7	52.4	53.3	53.3	53.4
Unemployed	1,423	2,814	2,932	1,600	4,029	3,755	3,105	2,953	3,109
Unemployment rate	2.5	5.1	5.3	2.8	7.3	6.9	5.7	5.4	5.7
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,423	4,453	4,372	4,684	4,425	4,633	4,683	4,673	4,635
Participation rate	36.2	36.7	36.1	38.3	36.5	38.2	38.6	38.5	38.2
Employed	3,936	3,887	3,802	4,090	3,771	3,917	4,071	4,056	3,960
Employment-population ratio	32.2	32.1	31.4	33.4	31.1	32.3	33.5	33.4	32.7
Unemployed	486	565	570	594	654	716	612	616	675
Unemployment rate	11.0	12.7	13.0	12.7	14.8	15.5	13.1	13.2	14.6

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,215	33,486	33,516	33,215	33,386	33,420	33,453	33,486	33,516
Civilian labor force	20,855	20,166	19,919	20,989	20,112	19,942	20,123	20,165	20,055
Participation rate	62.8	60.2	59.4	63.2	60.2	59.7	60.2	60.2	59.8
Employed	19,692	18,184	18,066	19,687	17,530	17,558	17,955	18,087	18,061
Employment-population ratio	59.3	54.3	53.9	59.3	52.5	52.5	53.7	54.0	53.9
Unemployed	1,163	1,982	1,853	1,302	2,582	2,385	2,169	2,077	1,994
Unemployment rate	5.6	9.8	9.3	6.2	12.8	12.0	10.8	10.3	9.9
Not in labor force	12,360	13,320	13,597	12,226	13,274	13,478	13,330	13,321	13,461
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,500	9,197	9,166	9,555	9,281	9,124	9,224	9,217	9,222
Participation rate	68.0	65.1	64.8	68.4	65.9	64.7	65.4	65.2	65.2
Employed	8,965	8,217	8,245	8,988	8,059	7,975	8,166	8,184	8,265
Employment-population ratio	64.1	58.2	58.3	64.3	57.3	56.6	57.9	57.9	58.4
Unemployed	535	980	921	567	1,222	1,149	1,058	1,033	956
Unemployment rate	5.6	10.7	10.0	5.9	13.2	12.6	11.5	11.2	10.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,646	10,295	10,041	10,693	10,140	10,093	10,169	10,242	10,088
Participation rate	63.4	60.7	59.2	63.7	60.0	59.7	60.1	60.4	59.5
Employed	10,139	9,395	9,264	10,111	8,945	8,999	9,230	9,320	9,238
Employment-population ratio	60.4	55.4	54.6	60.2	52.9	53.2	54.5	55.0	54.5
Unemployed	507	900	778	582	1,195	1,093	939	921	849
Unemployment rate	4.8	8.7	7.7	5.4	11.8	10.8	9.2	9.0	8.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	709	674	712	742	691	726	731	706	746
Participation rate	28.9	28.0	29.6	30.3	28.6	30.1	30.3	29.3	31.0
Employed	588	572	557	588	525	584	559	583	558
Employment-population ratio	24.0	23.8	23.2	24.0	21.8	24.2	23.2	24.2	23.2
Unemployed	121	102	154	154	166	142	172	123	188
Unemployment rate	17.1	15.1	21.7	20.7	24.0	19.6	23.5	17.4	25.2

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,482	16,558	16,583	16,482	16,597	16,668	16,542	16,558	16,583
Civilian labor force	10,443	10,366	10,259	10,439	10,582	10,480	10,382	10,380	10,253
Participation rate	63.4	62.6	61.9	63.3	63.8	62.9	62.8	62.7	61.8
Employed	10,189	9,675	9,664	10,172	9,461	9,553	9,598	9,685	9,645
Employment-population ratio	61.8	58.4	58.3	61.7	57.0	57.3	58.0	58.5	58.2
Unemployed	254	691	595	267	1,121	926	784	695	608
Unemployment rate	2.4	6.7	5.8	2.6	10.6	8.8	7.6	6.7	5.9
Not in labor force	6,040	6,192	6,324	6,043	6,015	6,188	6,160	6,179	6,329
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	43,986	44,559	44,639	43,986	44,300	44,388	44,475	44,559	44,639
Civilian labor force	29,493	29,240	29,129	29,530	28,940	28,804	29,156	29,152	29,150
Participation rate	67.1	65.6	65.3	67.1	65.3	64.9	65.6	65.4	65.3
Employed	28,275	26,821	26,442	28,269	25,897	25,834	26,582	26,688	26,436
Employment-population ratio	64.3	60.2	59.2	64.3	58.5	58.2	59.8	59.9	59.2
Unemployed	1,218	2,419	2,688	1,260	3,042	2,969	2,575	2,463	2,714
Unemployment rate	4.1	8.3	9.2	4.3	10.5	10.3	8.8	8.4	9.3
Not in labor force	14,493	15,319	15,510	14,456	15,361	15,584	15,318	15,407	15,489
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	15,878	15,971	15,854	15,897	15,760	15,859	16,080	15,951	15,856
Participation rate	79.9	79.4	78.6	80.0	78.8	79.1	80.1	79.3	78.6
Employed	15,352	14,753	14,423	15,391	14,218	14,463	14,767	14,700	14,462
Employment-population ratio	77.3	73.3	71.5	77.5	71.1	72.1	73.5	73.0	71.7
Unemployed	526	1,218	1,431	505	1,542	1,397	1,313	1,251	1,395
Unemployment rate	3.3	7.6	9.0	3.2	9.8	8.8	8.2	7.8	8.8
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	12,310	11,910	11,929	12,288	11,912	11,575	11,746	11,821	11,906
Participation rate	61.2	58.4	58.4	61.1	58.8	57.0	57.7	58.0	58.3
Employed	11,779	10,946	10,874	11,725	10,652	10,306	10,688	10,851	10,820
Employment-population ratio	58.6	53.7	53.2	58.3	52.5	50.7	52.5	53.2	52.9
Unemployed	531	964	1,055	562	1,260	1,270	1,058	970	1,086
Unemployment rate	4.3	8.1	8.8	4.6	10.6	11.0	9.0	8.2	9.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,305	1,358	1,346	1,346	1,267	1,370	1,331	1,380	1,388
Participation rate	32.5	33.6	33.3	33.5	31.5	34.0	33.0	34.2	34.3
Employed	1,143	1,121	1,145	1,153	1,027	1,066	1,127	1,137	1,155
Employment-population ratio	28.5	27.8	28.3	28.7	25.5	26.5	27.9	28.2	28.6
Unemployed	161	237	202	193	240	303	203	243	234
Unemployment rate	12.4	17.5	15.0	14.3	18.9	22.1	15.3	17.6	16.8
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,918	9,418	9,246	9,833	8,528	8,811	9,169	9,276	9,147
Participation rate	46.6	46.4	45.5	46.2	45.0	43.5	46.0	45.7	45.0
Employed	9,330	8,585	8,288	9,309	7,455	7,872	8,258	8,418	8,254
Employment-population ratio	43.8	42.3	40.8	43.7	39.3	38.9	41.5	41.4	40.7
Unemployed	588	833	958	524	1,073	939	911	858	893
Unemployment rate	5.9	8.8	10.4	5.3	12.6	10.7	9.9	9.2	9.8

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,923	35,246	34,751	36,100	34,228	34,974	35,479	35,163	34,925
Participation rate	58.2	55.5	55.2	58.5	55.1	55.0	55.8	55.4	55.5
Employed	34,585	32,622	32,006	34,781	30,875	31,835	32,607	32,435	32,198
Employment-population ratio	56.0	51.4	50.8	56.3	49.7	50.1	51.3	51.1	51.1
Unemployed	1,337	2,624	2,745	1,320	3,354	3,139	2,873	2,728	2,726
Unemployment rate	3.7	7.4	7.9	3.7	9.8	9.0	8.1	7.8	7.8

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	37,499	35,833	35,714	37,474	36,558	35,969	35,762	35,644	35,676
Participation rate	64.7	62.6	62.6	64.7	64.2	63.6	62.4	62.3	62.5
Employed	36,516	33,647	33,538	36,418	33,642	33,056	33,409	33,387	33,430
Employment-population ratio	63.0	58.8	58.8	62.9	59.1	58.4	58.3	58.4	58.6
Unemployed	983	2,185	2,175	1,056	2,916	2,912	2,354	2,257	2,246
Unemployment rate	2.6	6.1	6.1	2.8	8.0	8.1	6.6	6.3	6.3

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	60,174	59,719	60,174	59,947	61,815	59,861	59,530	59,620	59,940
Participation rate	73.8	72.3	72.1	73.5	72.7	72.2	72.0	72.2	71.9
Employed	59,096	57,287	57,985	58,783	58,563	57,024	57,041	57,095	57,665
Employment-population ratio	72.5	69.3	69.5	72.1	68.8	68.8	69.0	69.1	69.1
Unemployed	1,079	2,432	2,190	1,164	3,252	2,837	2,488	2,524	2,274
Unemployment rate	1.8	4.1	3.6	1.9	5.3	4.7	4.2	4.2	3.8
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,649	18,283	16,756	16,375	1,893	1,908
Civilian labor force	9,272	8,693	8,151	7,578	1,121	1,115
Participation rate	49.7	47.5	48.6	46.3	59.2	58.5
Employed	9,009	8,231	7,909	7,158	1,100	1,074
Employment-population ratio	48.3	45.0	47.2	43.7	58.1	56.3
Unemployed	264	462	242	420	22	42
Unemployment rate	2.8	5.3	3.0	5.5	1.9	3.7
Not in labor force	9,377	9,590	8,605	8,797	772	793

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,344	4,536	3,580	3,728	764	808
Civilian labor force	3,494	3,476	2,963	2,939	531	537
Participation rate	80.4	76.6	82.7	78.8	69.5	66.4
Employed	3,387	3,298	2,873	2,788	514	510
Employment-population ratio	78.0	72.7	80.2	74.8	67.3	63.1
Unemployed	107	178	90	151	17	27
Unemployment rate	3.1	5.1	3.0	5.1	3.1	5.0
Not in labor force	851	1,060	618	789	233	271

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,126	3,079	2,646	2,609	480	470
Civilian labor force	2,360	2,263	2,035	1,930	325	333
Participation rate	75.5	73.5	76.9	74.0	67.8	70.9
Employed	2,302	2,163	1,980	1,841	322	322
Employment-population ratio	73.7	70.3	74.8	70.5	67.1	68.6
Unemployed	58	100	55	89	3	11
Unemployment rate	2.5	4.4	2.7	4.6	1.0	3.3
Not in labor force	766	816	611	679	155	137

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	7,028	6,644	6,784	6,412	244	232
Civilian labor force	1,466	1,171	1,419	1,141	46	30
Participation rate	20.9	17.6	20.9	17.8	19.0	13.0
Employed	1,418	1,117	1,372	1,087	46	30
Employment-population ratio	20.2	16.8	20.2	17.0	18.9	13.0
Unemployed	48	54	48	54	0	0
Unemployment rate	3.3	4.6	3.4	4.8	-	-
Not in labor force	5,562	5,473	5,365	5,271	198	202

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,151	4,024	3,746	3,626	405	398
Civilian labor force	1,953	1,783	1,734	1,568	219	215
Participation rate	47.0	44.3	46.3	43.2	54.0	54.0
Employed	1,902	1,653	1,685	1,442	217	211
Employment-population ratio	45.8	41.1	45.0	39.8	53.6	53.0
Unemployed	51	129	49	125	2	4
Unemployment rate	2.6	7.3	2.8	8.0	0.7	1.9
Not in labor force	2,198	2,241	2,012	2,058	186	183

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	232,695	234,071	104,710	105,479	127,985	128,593
Civilian labor force	152,699	149,403	77,424	76,127	75,275	73,276
Participation rate	65.6	63.8	73.9	72.2	58.8	57.0
Employed	147,702	139,689	74,761	70,985	72,940	68,704
Employment-population ratio	63.5	59.7	71.4	67.3	57.0	53.4
Unemployed	4,997	9,714	2,662	5,142	2,335	4,572
Unemployment rate	3.3	6.5	3.4	6.8	3.1	6.2
Not in labor force	79,996	84,668	27,286	29,351	52,710	55,317
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2020 data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	30,705	29,887	229,476	231,342
Civilian labor force	6,281	5,979	157,726	154,038
Participation rate	20.5	20.0	68.7	66.6
Employed	5,840	5,320	152,663	144,293
Employment-population ratio	19.0	17.8	66.5	62.4
Unemployed	440	659	5,063	9,745
Unemployment rate	7.0	11.0	3.2	6.3
Not in labor force	24,425	23,908	71,749	77,305

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,657	2,603	77,840	76,174
Participation rate	34.9	34.4	82.7	81.2
Employed	2,445	2,304	75,176	71,108
Employment-population ratio	32.2	30.5	79.9	75.8
Unemployed	211	299	2,664	5,067
Unemployment rate	7.9	11.5	3.4	6.7
Not in labor force	4,948	4,962	16,268	17,676

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,389	2,348	70,052	68,288
Participation rate	31.6	31.9	72.1	70.4
Employed	2,201	2,079	67,898	64,145
Employment-population ratio	29.1	28.3	69.9	66.1
Unemployed	188	269	2,154	4,143
Unemployment rate	7.9	11.4	3.1	6.1
Not in labor force	5,165	5,009	27,105	28,717

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,235	1,028	9,834	9,575
Participation rate	7.9	6.9	25.7	23.7
Employed	1,193	937	9,589	9,041
Employment-population ratio	7.7	6.3	25.1	22.3
Unemployed	42	92	245	535
Unemployment rate	3.4	8.9	2.5	5.6
Not in labor force	14,312	13,938	28,376	30,911
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	42,438	42,947	20,625	20,728	21,813	22,219
Civilian labor force	28,086	27,529	15,936	15,818	12,150	11,711
Participation rate	66.2	64.1	77.3	76.3	55.7	52.7
Employed	27,223	25,512	15,513	14,808	11,709	10,704
Employment-population ratio	64.1	59.4	75.2	71.4	53.7	48.2
Unemployed	863	2,017	422	1,010	441	1,007
Unemployment rate	3.1	7.3	2.7	6.4	3.6	8.6
Not in labor force	14,352	15,418	4,689	4,910	9,663	10,508

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	217,743	218,283	105,228	105,640	112,516	112,643
Civilian labor force	135,921	132,487	70,564	68,826	65,357	63,661
Participation rate	62.4	60.7	67.1	65.2	58.1	56.5
Employed	131,281	124,101	67,954	64,147	63,327	59,954
Employment-population ratio	60.3	56.9	64.6	60.7	56.3	53.2
Unemployed	4,640	8,387	2,610	4,679	2,030	3,708
Unemployment rate	3.4	6.3	3.7	6.8	3.1	5.8
Not in labor force	81,822	85,795	34,663	36,814	47,159	48,981
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,449	2,441	2,390	2,531	2,194	2,270	2,515	2,432	2,461
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,795	1,590	1,578	1,801	1,461	1,482	1,570	1,553	1,569
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	637	820	782	679	754	799	881	837	823
Unpaid family workers	17	30	30	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	156,055	147,763	147,223	156,189	145,216	145,454	147,255	147,314	147,351
Wage and salary workers(1)	147,176	139,095	138,617	147,501	136,168	136,493	138,539	138,891	138,971
Government	21,367	20,637	20,762	21,307	20,988	20,466	20,678	20,418	20,709
Private industries	125,808	118,458	117,856	126,081	115,141	116,299	117,939	118,525	118,123
Private households	841	626	636	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	124,968	117,832	117,220	125,239	114,440	115,601	117,304	117,902	117,472
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,809	8,622	8,540	8,916	8,788	8,675	8,690	8,570	8,638
Unpaid family workers	70	45	66	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,247	6,492	6,245	4,172	7,533	6,283	6,668	6,641	6,170
Slack work or business conditions	2,742	5,131	5,003	2,634	6,181	4,881	5,298	5,223	4,891
Could only find part-time work	1,190	1,151	972	1,259	1,120	1,120	1,135	1,167	1,045
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	22,086	19,449	18,678	21,649	18,630	18,990	19,465	18,580	18,237
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,170	6,423	6,133	4,119	7,439	6,197	6,552	6,582	6,082
Slack work or business conditions	2,685	5,087	4,919	2,587	6,110	4,823	5,227	5,176	4,819
Could only find part-time work	1,186	1,142	967	1,252	1,107	1,112	1,113	1,163	1,037
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,685	19,043	18,283	21,248	18,257	18,589	19,029	18,182	17,846
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	158,504	150,203	149,613	158,735	147,276	147,543	149,669	149,809	149,830
16 to 19 years	5,029	4,893	4,793	5,190	4,706	4,957	5,122	5,091	4,955
16 to 17 years	1,793	1,748	1,693	1,881	1,816	1,786	1,824	1,797	1,785
18 to 19 years	3,236	3,146	3,100	3,329	2,851	3,162	3,295	3,277	3,192
20 years and over	153,474	145,310	144,820	153,545	142,571	142,586	144,547	144,718	144,876
20 to 24 years	13,947	13,169	13,002	14,112	12,281	12,641	13,212	13,203	13,167
25 years and over	139,527	132,142	131,817	139,380	130,340	130,040	131,566	131,461	131,637
25 to 54 years	101,783	96,394	96,427	101,609	94,986	94,738	95,875	95,861	96,225
25 to 34 years	36,263	33,767	33,993	36,191	32,953	33,293	33,836	33,581	33,913
35 to 44 years	33,432	32,290	32,052	33,400	31,978	31,687	31,903	32,098	32,011
45 to 54 years	32,088	30,337	30,382	32,017	30,055	29,758	30,136	30,182	30,300
55 years and over	37,744	35,748	35,391	37,771	35,354	35,302	35,692	35,600	35,412

Men, 16 years and over	83,467	79,291	78,955	83,995	78,213	78,663	79,537	79,267	79,481
16 to 19 years	2,527	2,387	2,384	2,622	2,310	2,405	2,524	2,490	2,477
16 to 17 years	797	809	812	863	845	849	878	863	881
18 to 19 years	1,730	1,578	1,571	1,766	1,442	1,546	1,647	1,630	1,603
20 years and over	80,940	76,904	76,572	81,373	75,903	76,258	77,013	76,777	77,004
20 to 24 years	7,001	6,662	6,527	7,142	6,339	6,512	6,749	6,722	6,672
25 years and over	73,940	70,241	70,044	74,130	69,559	69,718	70,291	70,040	70,220
25 to 54 years	53,863	51,207	51,177	53,945	50,741	50,723	51,140	51,025	51,246
25 to 34 years	19,295	17,984	18,177	19,296	17,595	17,808	18,056	17,889	18,172
35 to 44 years	17,819	17,334	17,154	17,871	17,197	17,146	17,209	17,288	17,201
45 to 54 years	16,748	15,889	15,846	16,778	15,950	15,769	15,876	15,848	15,873
55 years and over	20,077	19,034	18,867	20,184	18,818	18,996	19,151	19,015	18,974

Women, 16 years and over	75,036	70,913	70,658	74,740	69,063	68,880	70,131	70,542	70,350
16 to 19 years	2,502	2,506	2,410	2,568	2,396	2,552	2,598	2,600	2,478
16 to 17 years	996	939	880	1,019	970	937	946	934	904
18 to 19 years	1,506	1,567	1,529	1,562	1,409	1,616	1,648	1,647	1,589
20 years and over	72,534	68,407	68,248	72,172	66,667	66,328	67,534	67,941	67,872
20 to 24 years	6,947	6,506	6,475	6,970	5,943	6,129	6,463	6,481	6,495
25 years and over	65,587	61,900	61,773	65,250	60,781	60,322	61,275	61,422	61,417
25 to 54 years	47,921	45,187	45,250	47,664	44,245	44,016	44,735	44,836	44,979
25 to 34 years	16,969	15,783	15,816	16,895	15,359	15,485	15,781	15,692	15,741
35 to 44 years	15,613	14,956	14,898	15,529	14,781	14,541	14,694	14,810	14,810
45 to 54 years	15,339	14,448	14,535	15,240	14,105	13,989	14,260	14,334	14,428
55 years and over	17,666	16,714	16,523	17,587	16,536	16,306	16,540	16,586	16,438

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,969	43,753	43,499	46,184	44,404	43,598	43,761	43,754	43,720
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,913	35,165	35,109	36,631	35,262	34,321	34,685	34,795	34,817
Women who maintain families(2)	9,757	9,541	9,490	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	131,142	124,325	124,415	131,477	122,461	122,569	123,646	124,292	124,689
Part-time workers(4)	27,362	25,879	25,197	27,072	24,896	25,067	26,139	25,373	24,917

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	8,058	6,690	6,496	8,024	6,802	6,491	6,669	6,559	6,460
Percent of total employed	5.1	4.5	4.3	5.1	4.6	4.4	4.5	4.4	4.3

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,554	6,236	5,859	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,446	9,443	9,322	9,596	9,541	9,473	9,571	9,408	9,461
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	5,844	10,728	10,736	3.6	8.4	7.8	6.9	6.7	6.7
16 to 19 years	778	825	946	13.0	16.4	16.3	14.0	13.9	16.0
16 to 17 years	317	314	302	14.4	14.8	17.2	14.1	14.9	14.5
18 to 19 years	469	507	655	12.4	17.6	15.8	14.1	13.4	17.0
20 years and over	5,067	9,903	9,790	3.2	8.1	7.5	6.6	6.4	6.3
20 to 24 years	1,001	1,580	1,653	6.6	14.1	12.5	10.9	10.7	11.2
25 years and over	4,093	8,409	8,170	2.9	7.5	7.0	6.2	6.0	5.8
25 to 54 years	3,173	6,193	5,946	3.0	7.5	7.1	6.4	6.1	5.8
25 to 34 years	1,379	2,530	2,397	3.7	9.6	8.6	7.3	7.0	6.6
35 to 44 years	962	1,910	1,857	2.8	6.4	6.2	5.8	5.6	5.5
45 to 54 years	833	1,753	1,693	2.5	6.2	6.4	6.0	5.5	5.3
55 years and over	948	2,202	2,259	2.4	7.6	6.6	5.5	5.8	6.0

Men, 16 years and over	3,039	5,894	5,694	3.5	8.3	7.7	7.0	6.9	6.7
16 to 19 years	416	444	455	13.7	17.8	17.3	15.6	15.1	15.5
16 to 17 years	161	146	159	15.7	14.5	18.3	16.1	14.5	15.3
18 to 19 years	259	299	301	12.8	19.9	16.8	15.4	15.5	15.8
20 years and over	2,623	5,449	5,240	3.1	8.0	7.3	6.7	6.6	6.4
20 to 24 years	567	904	922	7.4	14.3	12.9	11.8	11.9	12.1
25 years and over	2,085	4,617	4,353	2.7	7.3	6.8	6.2	6.2	5.8
25 to 54 years	1,618	3,433	3,167	2.9	7.4	7.0	6.5	6.3	5.8
25 to 34 years	739	1,491	1,291	3.7	9.7	8.7	7.8	7.7	6.6
35 to 44 years	463	1,028	1,049	2.5	6.3	6.1	5.7	5.6	5.7
45 to 54 years	417	914	827	2.4	5.7	6.0	6.0	5.5	5.0
55 years and over	467	1,183	1,186	2.3	7.2	6.2	5.2	5.9	5.9

Women, 16 years and over	2,805	4,834	5,042	3.6	8.6	8.0	6.8	6.4	6.7
16 to 19 years	362	380	491	12.3	15.0	15.3	12.5	12.8	16.5
16 to 17 years	157	168	143	13.3	14.9	16.2	12.1	15.2	13.7
18 to 19 years	210	208	354	11.8	15.2	14.8	12.8	11.2	18.2
20 years and over	2,443	4,453	4,551	3.3	8.3	7.7	6.5	6.2	6.3
20 to 24 years	434	676	732	5.9	13.9	12.1	10.0	9.4	10.1
25 years and over	2,008	3,792	3,817	3.0	7.7	7.3	6.1	5.8	5.9
25 to 54 years	1,555	2,759	2,780	3.2	7.6	7.3	6.3	5.8	5.8
25 to 34 years	640	1,039	1,106	3.7	9.4	8.6	6.9	6.2	6.6
35 to 44 years	499	882	808	3.1	6.5	6.3	6.0	5.6	5.2
45 to 54 years	416	839	865	2.7	6.8	6.8	5.9	5.5	5.7
55 years and over	475	1,020	1,065	2.6	8.0	7.2	5.8	5.8	6.1

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	758	1,854	1,841	1.6	5.0	4.8	4.1	4.1	4.0
Married women, spouse present(1)	819	1,644	1,705	2.2	6.4	5.9	4.8	4.5	4.7
Women who maintain families(2)	425	798	734	4.2	10.4	10.0	8.6	7.7	7.2

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	4,769	9,145	8,911	3.5	8.3	7.8	6.9	6.9	6.7
Part-time workers(4)	1,118	1,610	1,871	4.0	9.0	8.4	6.7	6.0	7.0
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,752	7,219	7,264	2,703	10,248	9,039	7,685	7,468	7,210
On temporary layoff	873	2,615	3,124	788	6,175	4,624	3,231	2,762	3,039
Not on temporary layoff	1,879	4,603	4,141	1,914	4,074	4,415	4,454	4,705	4,171
Permanent job losers	1,296	3,647	3,342	1,325	3,326	3,661	3,620	3,718	3,370
Persons who completed temporary jobs	583	956	798	590	747	754	834	987	802
Job leavers	776	680	706	814	595	808	763	698	743
Reentrants	1,524	1,855	2,044	1,734	2,104	2,123	2,017	1,968	2,250
New entrants	452	511	389	574	549	535	526	551	509

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	50.0	70.3	69.8	46.4	75.9	72.3	69.9	69.9	67.3
On temporary layoff	15.9	25.5	30.0	13.5	45.8	37.0	29.4	25.9	28.4
Not on temporary layoff	34.1	44.8	39.8	32.9	30.2	35.3	40.5	44.0	38.9
Job leavers	14.1	6.6	6.8	14.0	4.4	6.5	6.9	6.5	6.9
Reentrants	27.7	18.1	19.7	29.8	15.6	17.0	18.3	18.4	21.0
New entrants	8.2	5.0	3.7	9.9	4.1	4.3	4.8	5.2	4.7

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.7	4.5	4.5	1.6	6.4	5.6	4.8	4.7	4.5
Job leavers	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5
Reentrants	0.9	1.2	1.3	1.1	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.4
New entrants	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,001	2,291	2,813	2,098	2,312	2,552	2,494	2,455	2,904
5 to 14 weeks	1,651	2,293	2,211	1,682	3,213	2,754	2,341	2,404	2,222
15 weeks and over	1,852	5,681	5,380	1,997	8,129	7,339	6,185	5,804	5,529
15 to 26 weeks	755	1,807	1,502	821	6,536	4,934	2,651	1,875	1,572
27 weeks and over	1,097	3,873	3,878	1,177	1,593	2,405	3,534	3,929	3,956

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	20.3	24.0	22.8	20.8	20.0	21.0	21.4	23.0	23.4
Median duration, in weeks	8.4	18.8	16.1	9.1	16.7	17.8	19.0	18.9	16.8

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	36.4	22.3	27.0	36.3	16.9	20.2	22.6	23.0	27.3
5 to 14 weeks	30.0	22.3	21.3	29.1	23.5	21.8	21.2	22.5	20.9
15 weeks and over	33.6	55.3	51.7	34.6	59.5	58.0	56.1	54.4	51.9
15 to 26 weeks	13.7	17.6	14.4	14.2	47.9	39.0	24.1	17.6	14.8
27 weeks and over	19.9	37.7	37.3	20.4	11.7	19.0	32.1	36.8	37.1
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020
Total, 16 years and over(1)	158,504	149,613	5,503	10,404	3.4	6.5
Management, professional, and related occupations	65,682	64,007	1,171	2,235	1.8	3.4
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	27,748	27,141	533	1,016	1.9	3.6
Professional and related occupations	37,935	36,866	638	1,219	1.7	3.2
Service occupations	26,487	22,490	1,198	2,824	4.3	11.2
Sales and office occupations	33,441	30,712	1,062	1,859	3.1	5.7
Sales and related occupations	15,672	14,809	528	825	3.3	5.3
Office and administrative support occupations	17,769	15,904	533	1,035	2.9	6.1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,329	13,191	782	1,449	5.2	9.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,171	1,019	130	178	10.0	14.8
Construction and extraction occupations	8,143	7,580	547	1,000	6.3	11.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5,016	4,593	105	272	2.0	5.6
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18,564	19,212	826	1,630	4.3	7.8
Production occupations	8,229	8,039	372	547	4.3	6.4
Transportation and material moving occupations	10,335	11,174	454	1,084	4.2	8.8
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020
Total, 16 years and over(1)	5,503	10,404	3.4	6.5
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,207	8,460	3.2	6.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	31	89	3.8	13.1
Construction	489	930	5.0	9.6
Manufacturing	422	640	2.7	4.3
Durable goods	246	337	2.5	3.5
Nondurable goods	175	304	3.1	5.5
Wholesale and retail trade	726	1,125	3.6	5.5
Transportation and utilities	196	627	2.6	8.4
Information	48	158	1.9	6.4
Financial activities	236	313	2.3	3.1
Professional and business services	546	1,071	3.1	6.1
Education and health services	604	1,013	2.4	4.1
Leisure and hospitality	685	2,042	5.0	16.7
Other services	225	453	3.2	7.4
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	185	189	9.6	11.0
Government workers	393	692	1.8	3.2
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	266	674	2.7	6.7
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Dec. 2019	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Aug. 2020	Sept. 2020	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020	Dec. 2020
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.1	3.5	3.4	1.2	5.1	4.6	3.8	3.6	3.4
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.7	4.5	4.5	1.6	6.4	5.6	4.8	4.7	4.5
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.4	6.4	6.5	3.6	8.4	7.8	6.9	6.7	6.7
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.5	6.8	6.9	3.7	8.7	8.2	7.2	7.1	7.1
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.1	7.6	7.8	4.3	9.6	8.9	8.0	7.9	7.9
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.7	11.6	11.6	6.8	14.2	12.8	12.1	12.0	11.7
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2019	Dec. 2020
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	96,174	101,213	39,352	41,723	56,822	59,490
Persons who currently want a job	4,643	7,088	2,336	3,388	2,307	3,699
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,246	2,197	688	1,151	558	1,046
Discouraged workers(2)	277	661	172	418	105	243
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	969	1,536	516	733	452	803

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	8,058	6,496	3,972	3,092	4,086	3,404
Percent of total employed	5.1	4.3	4.8	3.9	5.4	4.8
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,419	3,721	2,377	1,926	2,041	1,795
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	2,072	1,590	727	563	1,344	1,027
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	336	287	221	156	115	130
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,165	832	606	414	560	418
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Change from: Nov.2020 - Dec.2020(p)
Total nonfarm	152,929	143,502	144,105	143,777	151,998	142,428	142,764	142,624	-140
Total private	129,918	121,571	122,162	122,027	129,319	120,901	121,318	121,223	-95
Goods-producing	21,037	20,361	20,320	20,283	21,136	20,192	20,259	20,352	93

Mining and logging	714	629	629	630	715	623	626	630	4
Logging	53.7	52.4	51.8	53.0	53.2	51.0	50.9	52.2	1.3
Mining	659.9	576.7	577.3	577.0	661.3	572.4	575.2	577.3	2.1
Oil and gas extraction	158.0	160.4	161.6	164.4	157.9	159.7	161.4	163.7	2.3
Mining, except oil and gas	187.2	182.0	181.1	179.1	189.3	180.1	179.9	179.9	0.0
Coal mining	51.2	44.8	44.7	44.7	51.1	44.6	44.2	44.1	-0.1
Metal ore mining	40.6	40.5	40.4	40.0	40.7	40.6	40.6	40.3	-0.3
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	95.4	96.7	96.0	94.4	97.5	94.9	95.1	95.5	0.4
Support activities for mining	314.7	234.3	234.6	233.5	314.1	232.6	233.9	233.7	-0.2

Construction	7,447	7,507	7,425	7,322	7,555	7,333	7,362	7,413	51
Construction of buildings	1,666.4	1,667.9	1,655.3	1,649.9	1,675.9	1,645.9	1,650.7	1,655.3	4.6
Residential building	827.7	849.9	844.6	849.3	829.5	836.6	838.8	847.7	8.9
Nonresidential building	838.7	818.0	810.7	800.6	846.4	809.3	811.9	807.6	-4.3
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,042.4	1,080.4	1,050.6	997.2	1,087.6	1,015.7	1,025.4	1,040.4	15.0
Specialty trade contractors	4,738.5	4,758.9	4,718.6	4,674.8	4,791.9	4,671.5	4,685.4	4,717.5	32.1
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,066.7	2,138.3	2,131.5	2,120.1	2,095.0	2,106.6	2,120.2	2,134.0	13.8
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,671.8	2,620.6	2,587.1	2,554.7	2,696.9	2,564.9	2,565.2	2,583.5	18.3

Manufacturing	12,876	12,225	12,266	12,331	12,866	12,236	12,271	12,309	38

Durable goods	8,072	7,599	7,637	7,685	8,064	7,623	7,648	7,673	25
Wood products	411.1	397.3	398.9	401.1	411.0	398.3	399.1	400.8	1.7
Nonmetallic mineral products	419.8	407.2	406.8	407.9	422.3	402.5	404.1	410.2	6.1
Primary metals	377.6	339.7	341.7	342.4	375.9	343.6	342.9	340.8	-2.1
Fabricated metal products	1,485.7	1,393.4	1,394.1	1,406.8	1,485.1	1,402.2	1,401.9	1,404.6	2.7
Machinery	1,117.4	1,047.5	1,050.8	1,058.0	1,117.3	1,052.6	1,055.1	1,057.9	2.8
Computer and electronic products	1,096.4	1,087.6	1,090.9	1,095.4	1,095.3	1,090.4	1,091.6	1,093.2	1.6
Computer and peripheral equipment	167.8	170.6	169.8	170.3	167.5	170.2	169.9	170.1	0.2
Communications equipment	84.4	81.6	83.5	83.5	84.2	82.3	83.2	83.1	-0.1
Semiconductors and electronic components	378.8	372.8	371.7	373.4	379.1	373.5	372.9	373.7	0.8
Electronic instruments	431.8	427.2	429.8	430.7	431.3	428.9	429.7	429.6	-0.1
Miscellaneous computer and electronic products	33.6	35.4	36.1	37.5	33.2	35.5	35.9	36.7	0.8
Electrical equipment and appliances	407.1	378.7	378.3	381.8	405.6	378.9	378.2	380.1	1.9
Transportation equipment(1)	1,747.2	1,593.3	1,614.2	1,623.6	1,743.7	1,599.8	1,614.0	1,619.2	5.2
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,001.7	904.0	924.1	934.0	997.9	914.6	925.5	932.2	6.7
Furniture and related products	387.8	353.9	357.8	360.5	386.8	355.0	358.6	359.8	1.2
Miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing	621.9	600.6	603.1	607.4	620.7	599.2	602.2	606.0	3.8

Nondurable goods	4,804	4,626	4,629	4,646	4,802	4,613	4,623	4,636	13
Food manufacturing	1,662.8	1,630.4	1,631.7	1,639.7	1,661.1	1,622.0	1,626.3	1,631.8	5.5
Textile mills	106.7	96.3	96.5	96.5	106.7	96.8	96.5	96.4	-0.1
Textile product mills	112.7	104.2	104.2	105.1	112.0	103.7	103.9	104.5	0.6
Apparel	106.2	89.1	87.0	90.8	106.3	88.8	86.9	90.9	4.0
Paper and paper products	365.6	353.5	355.0	357.7	365.0	355.2	356.1	356.8	0.7
Printing and related support activities	421.2	368.5	371.1	373.6	419.3	367.5	368.9	371.7	2.8
Petroleum and coal products	111.9	106.7	104.9	106.1	113.9	105.5	105.1	108.3	3.2
Chemicals	855.3	834.6	834.9	838.4	853.3	836.5	835.2	835.8	0.6
Plastics and rubber products	743.8	729.1	732.7	742.6	743.0	730.7	734.7	741.6	6.9
Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing	317.5	313.7	310.9	295.7	320.9	306.7	309.6	298.4	-11.2

Private service-providing	108,881	101,210	101,842	101,744	108,183	100,709	101,059	100,871	-188

Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,582	26,830	27,410	27,896	27,809	26,761	26,880	27,071	191

Wholesale trade	5,947.8	5,654.7	5,672.8	5,699.6	5,933.2	5,646.6	5,658.4	5,683.5	25.1
Durable goods	3,224.5	3,066.2	3,078.1	3,094.8	3,218.2	3,062.0	3,077.0	3,088.4	11.4
Nondurable goods	2,185.3	2,084.9	2,089.3	2,096.2	2,179.5	2,082.1	2,078.0	2,088.8	10.8
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	538.0	503.6	505.4	508.6	535.5	502.5	503.4	506.3	2.9

Retail trade	16,159.7	15,183.7	15,500.8	15,730.5	15,672.2	15,162.0	15,140.8	15,261.3	120.5
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,049.0	1,962.0	1,965.3	1,974.5	2,057.1	1,961.6	1,965.7	1,980.8	15.1
Automobile dealers	1,304.0	1,226.2	1,227.4	1,239.2	1,306.5	1,223.3	1,226.3	1,239.7	13.4
Other motor vehicle dealers	159.2	156.8	154.8	153.6	166.3	159.0	159.0	160.3	1.3
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	585.8	579.0	583.1	581.7	584.3	579.3	580.4	580.8	0.4
Furniture and home furnishings stores	491.8	428.9	444.6	457.7	470.2	429.3	433.6	435.9	2.3
Electronics and appliance stores	495.9	458.0	465.8	465.7	479.8	454.2	446.4	445.9	-0.5
Building material and garden supply stores	1,269.9	1,383.1	1,376.2	1,369.9	1,305.8	1,402.3	1,405.5	1,407.3	1.8
Food and beverage stores	3,119.7	3,152.2	3,182.5	3,198.4	3,088.3	3,148.8	3,155.9	3,163.8	7.9
Health and personal care stores	1,082.8	986.0	997.0	1,014.0	1,055.8	985.9	978.1	987.9	9.8
Gasoline stations	949.1	928.5	930.5	930.6	951.5	929.1	929.7	931.3	1.6
Clothing and clothing accessories stores	1,410.5	958.7	1,022.2	1,069.7	1,286.9	970.0	966.2	973.9	7.7
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores	589.4	459.1	476.5	492.1	543.1	459.4	450.8	453.5	2.7
General merchandise stores	3,291.9	3,148.5	3,318.7	3,411.6	3,060.7	3,126.5	3,115.9	3,172.6	56.7
Department stores	1,231.3	1,054.7	1,128.1	1,166.1	1,090.6	1,042.3	1,032.4	1,030.4	-2.0
General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters	2,060.6	2,093.8	2,190.6	2,245.5	1,970.1	2,084.2	2,083.5	2,142.2	58.7
Miscellaneous store retailers	834.3	750.3	745.6	750.0	821.5	732.4	735.1	736.2	1.1
Nonstore retailers	575.4	568.4	575.9	596.3	551.5	562.5	557.9	572.2	14.3

Transportation and warehousing	5,925.3	5,454.3	5,697.9	5,926.3	5,655.9	5,414.2	5,542.2	5,588.8	46.6
Air transportation	506.3	386.2	387.4	390.3	508.2	385.9	388.9	391.7	2.8
Rail transportation	163.7	145.2	145.2	145.2	163.8	145.1	144.9	144.9	0.0
Water transportation	64.3	56.6	55.9	55.7	65.2	56.7	57.4	56.8	-0.6
Truck transportation	1,525.2	1,478.3	1,484.9	1,482.4	1,526.4	1,465.2	1,477.0	1,484.3	7.3
Transit and ground passenger transportation	522.0	402.7	403.8	394.6	506.1	384.6	387.0	378.4	-8.6
Pipeline transportation	51.4	49.3	49.3	49.3	51.2	49.3	49.3	49.3	0.0
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	30.0	24.1	21.8	20.6	35.9	23.6	25.7	24.5	-1.2
Support activities for transportation	765.9	688.8	696.3	700.1	760.7	687.9	692.5	693.8	1.3
Couriers and messengers	1,073.1	942.6	1,134.3	1,361.8	846.4	948.0	1,032.2	1,069.6	37.4
Warehousing and storage	1,223.4	1,280.5	1,319.0	1,326.3	1,192.0	1,267.9	1,287.3	1,295.5	8.2

Utilities	549.3	537.5	538.5	539.6	547.9	538.6	538.1	537.7	-0.4

Information	2,895	2,631	2,642	2,640	2,883	2,625	2,627	2,626	-1
Publishing industries, except Internet	765.9	739.8	743.1	744.6	764.4	739.1	740.4	743.8	3.4
Motion picture and sound recording industries	459.5	272.9	272.1	270.5	454.4	266.8	267.6	264.2	-3.4
Broadcasting, except Internet	265.6	246.2	247.5	246.3	264.0	246.0	246.6	245.0	-1.6
Telecommunications	708.1	676.9	679.6	677.0	704.3	675.6	674.8	672.3	-2.5
Data processing, hosting and related services	345.2	338.8	339.4	340.9	346.4	339.1	338.8	341.4	2.6
Other information services	351.0	356.4	359.9	360.2	349.5	358.0	359.2	359.4	0.2

Financial activities	8,819	8,723	8,737	8,758	8,814	8,715	8,731	8,743	12
Finance and insurance	6,475.4	6,496.9	6,515.7	6,530.2	6,464.4	6,498.7	6,507.7	6,514.6	6.9
Monetary authorities - central bank	19.1	19.9	19.8	19.9	19.2	20.0	20.0	20.1	0.1
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,672.7	2,663.9	2,677.5	2,681.5	2,669.1	2,670.2	2,677.3	2,677.1	-0.2
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,782.0	1,749.0	1,751.8	1,750.3	1,783.4	1,757.8	1,755.3	1,750.9	-4.4
Commercial banking	1,390.9	1,361.2	1,362.2	1,359.8	1,392.8	1,368.7	1,365.7	1,361.8	-3.9
Nondepository credit intermediation	582.9	597.7	604.2	609.1	580.2	595.3	603.2	606.5	3.3
Activities related to credit intermediation	307.8	317.2	321.5	322.1	305.5	317.1	318.8	319.7	0.9
Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and funds and trusts	971.0	979.6	974.6	980.3	968.6	976.3	974.9	977.0	2.1
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,812.6	2,833.5	2,843.8	2,848.5	2,807.5	2,832.2	2,835.5	2,840.4	4.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,344.0	2,225.9	2,220.8	2,228.2	2,349.1	2,216.6	2,223.4	2,228.2	4.8
Real estate	1,747.9	1,713.7	1,718.0	1,724.0	1,743.5	1,705.2	1,716.5	1,717.0	0.5
Rental and leasing services	572.4	488.9	479.5	481.0	582.0	488.3	483.8	488.2	4.4
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets	23.7	23.3	23.3	23.2	23.6	23.1	23.1	23.0	-0.1

Professional and business services	21,600	20,670	20,748	20,800	21,503	20,443	20,531	20,692	161
Professional and technical services	9,693.5	9,441.3	9,469.6	9,540.8	9,667.4	9,449.4	9,455.6	9,508.1	52.5
Legal services	1,162.3	1,121.3	1,125.7	1,129.0	1,156.3	1,119.2	1,122.8	1,122.6	-0.2
Accounting and bookkeeping services	1,039.4	963.6	980.8	1,019.8	1,037.1	1,012.9	1,011.7	1,014.0	2.3
Architectural and engineering services	1,528.5	1,512.3	1,512.2	1,513.4	1,530.2	1,504.2	1,510.1	1,514.5	4.4
Specialized design services	146.7	138.2	137.8	138.5	144.4	137.6	136.8	136.4	-0.4
Computer systems design and related services	2,233.6	2,204.6	2,203.6	2,203.9	2,238.9	2,193.6	2,188.6	2,208.9	20.3
Management and technical consulting services	1,570.2	1,534.4	1,536.7	1,543.4	1,557.2	1,518.2	1,519.6	1,528.8	9.2
Scientific research and development services	745.7	761.8	765.8	770.8	744.8	764.7	766.5	770.2	3.7
Advertising and related services	497.1	447.4	447.6	452.0	495.1	445.4	446.8	449.2	2.4
Other professional and technical services	770.0	757.7	759.4	770.0	763.4	753.6	752.7	763.5	10.8
Management of companies and enterprises	2,451.5	2,356.1	2,357.8	2,373.1	2,447.7	2,358.6	2,357.4	2,368.1	10.7
Administrative and waste services	9,455.0	8,872.3	8,920.6	8,886.4	9,387.4	8,634.5	8,717.9	8,815.3	97.4
Administrative and support services	8,991.2	8,412.9	8,459.6	8,425.5	8,922.2	8,175.8	8,257.0	8,352.8	95.8
Office administrative services	529.6	512.1	512.9	514.4	530.1	509.6	511.1	514.6	3.5
Facilities support services	167.0	155.7	154.5	154.4	166.7	154.3	154.3	154.1	-0.2
Employment services(1)	3,797.9	3,418.1	3,486.2	3,553.1	3,653.4	3,267.7	3,317.5	3,405.9	88.4
Temporary help services	3,086.3	2,751.2	2,813.5	2,866.1	2,950.0	2,616.9	2,658.7	2,726.3	67.6
Business support services	892.4	793.1	807.8	816.2	869.5	781.7	788.0	795.2	7.2
Travel arrangement and reservation services	220.1	154.3	152.0	149.2	222.5	154.3	152.3	150.6	-1.7
Investigation and security services	966.4	921.1	926.1	917.1	962.9	917.4	919.5	913.0	-6.5
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,075.4	2,156.2	2,117.2	2,017.4	2,170.0	2,094.8	2,110.4	2,112.0	1.6
Other support services	342.4	302.3	302.9	303.7	347.1	296.0	303.9	307.4	3.5
Waste management and remediation services	463.8	459.4	461.0	460.9	465.2	458.7	460.9	462.5	1.6

Education and health services	24,633	23,487	23,581	23,470	24,465	23,279	23,323	23,292	-31
Educational services	3,909.2	3,610.3	3,629.9	3,483.0	3,810.3	3,445.6	3,441.0	3,378.5	-62.5
Health care and social assistance	20,724.0	19,876.2	19,950.6	19,987.3	20,654.2	19,833.3	19,881.8	19,913.8	32.0
Health care(3)	16,497.8	15,963.2	16,011.1	16,066.3	16,438.6	15,935.4	15,966.4	16,005.2	38.8
Ambulatory health care services	7,842.8	7,641.8	7,687.8	7,716.2	7,811.1	7,627.0	7,661.4	7,682.1	20.7
Offices of physicians	2,726.5	2,663.4	2,673.2	2,679.9	2,709.2	2,659.2	2,662.5	2,662.7	0.2
Offices of dentists	977.8	957.4	963.7	969.3	974.0	957.9	960.8	965.4	4.6
Offices of other health practitioners	985.4	925.6	932.5	937.1	982.0	923.4	929.8	933.7	3.9
Outpatient care centers	980.9	973.5	982.4	992.0	977.4	976.1	983.3	987.6	4.3
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	289.0	281.8	283.6	284.4	288.2	282.7	282.9	283.5	0.6
Home health care services	1,564.2	1,534.3	1,546.4	1,545.2	1,560.1	1,525.6	1,538.4	1,539.9	1.5
Other ambulatory health care services	319.0	305.8	306.0	308.3	320.3	302.1	303.7	309.3	5.6
Hospitals	5,255.3	5,166.1	5,177.9	5,208.8	5,242.1	5,156.8	5,164.4	5,195.9	31.5
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,399.7	3,155.3	3,145.4	3,141.3	3,385.4	3,151.6	3,140.6	3,127.2	-13.4
Nursing care facilities	1,594.8	1,459.6	1,450.1	1,445.2	1,588.2	1,457.6	1,445.4	1,439.3	-6.1
Residential mental health facilities	652.2	622.6	621.3	620.4	650.7	622.6	620.6	619.2	-1.4
Community care facilities for the elderly	985.6	915.0	916.6	918.7	979.7	913.3	917.2	912.2	-5.0
Other residential care facilities	167.1	158.1	157.4	157.0	166.8	158.1	157.4	156.5	-0.9
Social assistance	4,226.2	3,913.0	3,939.5	3,921.0	4,215.6	3,897.9	3,915.4	3,908.6	-6.8
Individual and family services	2,672.0	2,570.6	2,594.1	2,581.9	2,670.2	2,567.2	2,585.7	2,578.7	-7.0
Emergency and other relief services	188.4	180.6	184.0	185.5	186.2	181.4	183.6	183.1	-0.5
Vocational rehabilitation services	325.2	284.4	281.9	279.6	325.2	285.7	282.8	279.6	-3.2
Child day care services	1,040.6	877.4	879.5	874.0	1,034.0	863.6	863.3	867.2	3.9

Leisure and hospitality	16,450	13,365	13,225	12,712	16,784	13,382	13,457	12,959	-498
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,311.7	1,718.7	1,676.2	1,584.0	2,481.5	1,738.1	1,786.6	1,684.0	-102.6
Performing arts and spectator sports	493.7	304.3	312.5	300.1	514.3	297.2	321.0	310.5	-10.5
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	171.1	134.0	130.7	129.6	178.5	133.6	134.8	134.6	-0.2
Amusements, gambling, and recreation	1,646.9	1,280.4	1,233.0	1,154.3	1,788.7	1,307.3	1,330.8	1,238.9	-91.9
Accommodation and food services	14,138.5	11,646.2	11,549.0	11,127.7	14,302.9	11,643.7	11,670.2	11,274.6	-395.6
Accommodation	2,032.6	1,422.2	1,387.5	1,358.9	2,099.6	1,436.2	1,449.1	1,425.5	-23.6
Food services and drinking places	12,105.9	10,224.0	10,161.5	9,768.8	12,203.3	10,207.5	10,221.1	9,849.1	-372.0

Other services	5,902	5,504	5,499	5,468	5,925	5,504	5,510	5,488	-22
Repair and maintenance	1,357.8	1,329.4	1,328.8	1,323.3	1,365.4	1,326.4	1,331.2	1,330.2	-1.0
Personal and laundry services	1,533.7	1,290.2	1,291.4	1,279.7	1,533.0	1,288.8	1,291.7	1,279.3	-12.4
Membership associations and organizations	3,010.5	2,884.3	2,879.1	2,864.9	3,026.3	2,889.1	2,887.2	2,878.7	-8.5

Government	23,011	21,931	21,943	21,750	22,679	21,527	21,446	21,401	-45
Federal	2,859.0	2,988	2,906	2,922	2,847.0	2,988	2,902	2,908	6
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,237.8	2,385.6	2,291.9	2,296.9	2,243.7	2,383.4	2,296.8	2,301.9	5.1
U.S. Postal Service	620.7	602.0	613.9	624.7	603.1	604.4	605.3	605.9	0.6
State government	5,291.0	5,031	5,028	4,939	5,184.0	4,850	4,845	4,826	-19
State government education	2,600.1	2,336.8	2,347.4	2,262.9	2,481.3	2,156.3	2,156.9	2,137.0	-19.9
State government, excluding education	2,690.6	2,694.6	2,680.3	2,676.5	2,702.4	2,693.3	2,688.0	2,688.8	0.8
Local government	14,861.0	13,912	14,009	13,889	14,648.0	13,689	13,699	13,667	-32
Local government education	8,340.4	7,636.1	7,703.9	7,669.7	8,039.2	7,371.6	7,363.4	7,363.1	-0.3
Local government, excluding education	6,520.2	6,276.3	6,305.4	6,218.8	6,609.2	6,317.8	6,335.4	6,303.9	-31.5
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.3	34.8	34.8	34.7
Goods-producing	40.1	40.0	39.9	39.9
Mining and logging	45.8	44.4	44.7	44.6
Construction	39.0	38.9	39.0	39.1
Manufacturing	40.4	40.4	40.2	40.2
Durable goods	40.9	40.6	40.5	40.4
Nondurable goods	39.7	40.2	39.7	39.9
Private service-providing	33.2	33.8	33.8	33.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	34.5	34.5	34.1
Wholesale trade	38.8	38.7	38.6	38.6
Retail trade	30.6	31.0	31.0	30.4
Transportation and warehousing	38.3	38.9	38.9	38.8
Utilities	42.4	42.9	43.0	42.9
Information	36.3	36.8	36.9	36.9
Financial activities	37.5	37.7	37.7	37.7
Professional and business services	36.1	36.6	36.7	36.7
Education and health services	33.0	33.5	33.5	33.7
Leisure and hospitality	25.8	26.0	25.7	25.2
Other services	31.8	32.5	32.4	32.4

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.3
Durable goods	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1
Nondurable goods	3.4	3.3	3.3	3.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
Total private	$28.37	$29.49	$29.58	$29.81	$973.09	$1,026.25	$1,029.38	$1,034.41
Goods-producing	29.43	30.12	30.23	30.24	1,180.14	1,204.80	1,206.18	1,206.58
Mining and logging	34.57	35.24	34.95	35.14	1,583.31	1,564.66	1,562.27	1,567.24
Construction	31.15	31.87	31.96	32.02	1,214.85	1,239.74	1,246.44	1,251.98
Manufacturing	28.14	28.82	28.96	28.92	1,136.86	1,164.33	1,164.19	1,162.58
Durable goods	29.62	30.33	30.45	30.40	1,211.46	1,231.40	1,233.23	1,228.16
Nondurable goods	25.58	26.29	26.45	26.42	1,015.53	1,056.86	1,050.07	1,054.16
Private service-providing	28.12	29.35	29.42	29.71	933.58	992.03	994.40	1,001.23
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24.50	25.46	25.49	25.64	835.45	878.37	879.41	874.32
Wholesale trade	31.61	32.70	32.74	32.84	1,226.47	1,265.49	1,263.76	1,267.62
Retail trade	20.04	21.11	21.15	21.31	613.22	654.41	655.65	647.82
Transportation and warehousing	24.92	25.57	25.54	25.64	954.44	994.67	993.51	994.83
Utilities	42.14	44.32	44.52	44.38	1,786.74	1,901.33	1,914.36	1,903.90
Information	42.57	44.68	44.37	44.37	1,545.29	1,644.22	1,637.25	1,637.25
Financial activities	36.53	38.64	38.78	38.99	1,369.88	1,456.73	1,462.01	1,469.92
Professional and business services	34.23	35.29	35.37	35.60	1,235.70	1,291.61	1,298.08	1,306.52
Education and health services	27.86	28.61	28.72	29.05	919.38	958.44	962.12	978.99
Leisure and hospitality	16.77	17.05	17.02	17.04	432.67	443.30	437.41	429.41
Other services	25.55	26.34	26.50	26.63	812.49	856.05	858.60	862.81
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2020 - Dec. 2020(p)	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2020 - Dec. 2020(p)
Total private	111.4	105.6	106.0	105.6	-0.4	151.0	148.9	149.9	150.5	0.4
Goods-producing	96.6	92.0	92.1	92.5	0.4	128.4	125.3	125.8	126.4	0.5
Mining and logging	102.9	86.9	87.9	88.3	0.5	142.8	123.0	123.4	124.6	1.0
Construction	101.6	98.3	99.0	99.9	0.9	137.5	136.2	137.4	139.0	1.2
Manufacturing	93.5	88.9	88.7	89.0	0.3	122.4	119.2	119.5	119.7	0.2
Durable goods	92.9	87.1	87.2	87.3	0.1	122.2	117.4	117.9	117.8	-0.1
Nondurable goods	95.2	92.6	91.6	92.3	0.8	123.5	123.5	122.9	123.8	0.7
Private service-providing	115.6	109.6	110.0	109.4	-0.5	158.0	156.3	157.3	158.0	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	103.5	100.7	101.2	100.7	-0.5	136.7	138.3	139.1	139.3	0.1
Wholesale trade	101.5	96.4	96.3	96.8	0.5	134.3	131.8	131.9	132.9	0.8
Retail trade	97.4	95.4	95.3	94.2	-1.2	129.0	133.2	133.2	132.7	-0.4
Transportation and warehousing	124.5	121.0	123.9	124.6	0.6	157.8	157.4	161.0	162.5	0.9
Utilities	100.5	100.0	100.1	99.8	-0.3	139.9	146.4	147.3	146.3	-0.7
Information	95.6	88.2	88.5	88.5	0.0	144.9	140.3	139.9	139.8	-0.1
Financial activities	108.3	107.7	107.9	108.0	0.1	154.3	162.3	163.1	164.2	0.7
Professional and business services	121.7	117.3	118.1	119.1	0.8	168.7	167.6	169.2	171.6	1.4
Education and health services	131.8	127.3	127.6	128.2	0.5	176.7	175.3	176.3	179.1	1.6
Leisure and hospitality	123.6	99.3	98.7	93.2	-5.6	167.2	136.6	135.5	128.1	-5.5
Other services	108.6	103.1	102.9	102.5	-0.4	152.1	148.9	149.5	149.6	0.1
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
Total nonfarm	76,047	70,859	71,038	70,882	50.0	49.8	49.8	49.7
Total private	62,936	58,481	58,684	58,569	48.7	48.4	48.4	48.3
Goods-producing	4,762	4,569	4,581	4,601	22.5	22.6	22.6	22.6
Mining and logging	97	92	89	90	13.6	14.8	14.2	14.3
Construction	987	975	979	984	13.1	13.3	13.3	13.3
Manufacturing	3,678	3,502	3,513	3,527	28.6	28.6	28.6	28.7
Durable goods	1,953	1,862	1,869	1,876	24.2	24.4	24.4	24.4
Nondurable goods	1,725	1,640	1,644	1,651	35.9	35.6	35.6	35.6
Private service-providing	58,174	53,912	54,103	53,968	53.8	53.5	53.5	53.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,148	10,517	10,577	10,660	40.1	39.3	39.3	39.4
Wholesale trade	1,792.9	1,694.7	1,696.0	1,700.6	30.2	30.0	30.0	29.9
Retail trade	7,756.0	7,353.4	7,354.4	7,407.7	49.5	48.5	48.6	48.5
Transportation and warehousing	1,466.1	1,335.4	1,393.3	1,418.2	25.9	24.7	25.1	25.4
Utilities	133.3	133.5	133.5	133.5	24.3	24.8	24.8	24.8
Information	1,146	1,052	1,051	1,052	39.8	40.1	40.0	40.1
Financial activities	4,993	4,931	4,939	4,936	56.6	56.6	56.6	56.5
Professional and business services	9,853	9,399	9,446	9,542	45.8	46.0	46.0	46.1
Education and health services	18,940	17,966	18,022	18,013	77.4	77.2	77.3	77.3
Leisure and hospitality	8,937	7,141	7,168	6,886	53.2	53.4	53.3	53.1
Other services	3,157	2,906	2,900	2,879	53.3	52.8	52.6	52.5
Government	13,111	12,378	12,354	12,313	57.8	57.5	57.6	57.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
Total private	106,300	98,538	98,907	98,771
Goods-producing	15,119	14,327	14,383	14,481
Mining and logging	516	441	444	448
Construction	5,623	5,418	5,447	5,509
Manufacturing	8,980	8,468	8,492	8,524
Durable goods	5,539	5,162	5,184	5,204
Nondurable goods	3,441	3,306	3,308	3,320
Private service-providing	91,181	84,211	84,524	84,290
Trade, transportation, and utilities	23,494	22,637	22,743	22,908
Wholesale trade	4,750.2	4,490.0	4,489.8	4,507.0
Retail trade	13,347.3	12,969.2	12,929.8	12,997.8
Transportation and warehousing	4,957.1	4,750.8	4,896.7	4,978.0
Utilities	438.9	426.7	426.3	424.7
Information	2,314	2,069	2,069	2,065
Financial activities	6,812	6,625	6,653	6,655
Professional and business services	17,444	16,456	16,542	16,655
Education and health services	21,491	20,392	20,448	20,424
Leisure and hospitality	14,736	11,546	11,583	11,112
Other services	4,890	4,486	4,486	4,471
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.6	34.2	34.2	34.2
Goods-producing	40.8	40.6	40.6	40.9
Mining and logging	46.2	45.1	45.6	45.4
Construction	39.4	39.2	39.2	39.8
Manufacturing	41.4	41.3	41.2	41.3
Durable goods	41.7	41.4	41.5	41.5
Nondurable goods	40.8	41.0	40.8	41.0
Private service-providing	32.4	33.1	33.1	33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.8	34.4	34.4	34.1
Wholesale trade	38.5	38.5	38.4	38.4
Retail trade	30.3	30.9	31.0	30.6
Transportation and warehousing	37.9	39.2	39.0	38.5
Utilities	43.0	42.6	42.6	42.4
Information	35.1	36.5	37.3	36.8
Financial activities	36.8	37.3	37.1	37.3
Professional and business services	35.3	36.1	36.1	36.1
Education and health services	32.3	32.8	32.9	32.9
Leisure and hospitality	24.7	24.6	24.3	23.9
Other services	30.8	31.4	31.4	31.5

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.1
Durable goods	4.1	3.9	4.0	4.1
Nondurable goods	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.2
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)
Total private	$23.84	$24.82	$24.89	$25.09	$801.02	$848.84	$851.24	$858.08
Goods-producing	25.07	25.58	25.68	25.78	1,022.86	1,038.55	1,042.61	1,054.40
Mining and logging	30.68	30.39	30.06	30.40	1,417.42	1,370.59	1,370.74	1,380.16
Construction	28.88	29.42	29.54	29.64	1,137.87	1,153.26	1,157.97	1,179.67
Manufacturing	22.44	22.98	23.07	23.12	929.02	949.07	950.48	954.86
Durable goods	23.42	24.04	24.11	24.14	976.61	995.26	1,000.57	1,001.81
Nondurable goods	20.83	21.30	21.41	21.50	849.86	873.30	873.53	881.50
Private service-providing	23.59	24.66	24.73	24.94	764.32	816.25	818.56	823.02
Trade, transportation, and utilities	20.83	21.60	21.63	21.70	704.05	743.04	744.07	739.97
Wholesale trade	26.15	27.01	27.11	27.14	1,006.78	1,039.89	1,041.02	1,042.18
Retail trade	16.88	17.85	17.89	17.94	511.46	551.57	554.59	548.96
Transportation and warehousing	22.50	22.93	22.86	22.95	852.75	898.86	891.54	883.58
Utilities	37.28	39.09	39.30	39.35	1,603.04	1,665.23	1,674.18	1,668.44
Information	34.44	36.36	36.09	36.11	1,208.84	1,327.14	1,346.16	1,328.85
Financial activities	28.06	29.60	29.68	29.73	1,032.61	1,104.08	1,101.13	1,108.93
Professional and business services	28.28	29.34	29.45	29.62	998.28	1,059.17	1,063.15	1,069.28
Education and health services	24.72	25.58	25.68	26.04	798.46	839.02	844.87	856.72
Leisure and hospitality	14.77	14.79	14.67	14.57	364.82	363.83	356.48	348.22
Other services	21.71	22.45	22.59	22.70	668.67	704.93	709.33	715.05
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Industry	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2020 - Dec. 2020(p)	Dec. 2019	Oct. 2020	Nov. 2020(p)	Dec. 2020(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2020 - Dec. 2020(p)
Total private	119.0	112.3	112.7	112.6	-0.1	189.6	186.3	187.5	188.8	0.7
Goods-producing	94.3	88.9	89.2	90.5	1.5	144.7	139.2	140.3	142.9	1.9
Mining and logging	126.7	105.7	107.6	108.1	0.5	226.0	186.8	188.1	191.1	1.6
Construction	110.9	106.3	106.9	109.8	2.7	173.0	168.9	170.5	175.7	3.0
Manufacturing	85.3	80.3	80.3	80.8	0.6	125.2	120.7	121.2	122.2	0.8
Durable goods	86.8	80.3	80.8	81.2	0.5	126.9	120.5	121.7	122.3	0.5
Nondurable goods	82.7	79.9	79.5	80.2	0.9	121.8	120.2	120.3	121.9	1.3
Private service-providing	125.9	118.8	119.2	118.5	-0.6	203.7	200.9	202.2	202.7	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	111.1	108.9	109.4	109.2	-0.2	165.3	168.1	169.1	169.4	0.2
Wholesale trade	108.5	102.6	102.3	102.7	0.4	167.5	163.6	163.7	164.5	0.5
Retail trade	102.3	101.4	101.4	100.7	-0.7	148.0	155.1	155.5	154.7	-0.5
Transportation and warehousing	142.2	140.9	144.5	145.0	0.3	203.6	205.7	210.3	211.9	0.8
Utilities	96.5	93.0	92.9	92.1	-0.9	150.2	151.7	152.3	151.3	-0.7
Information	92.7	86.2	88.1	86.7	-1.6	158.1	155.1	157.4	155.0	-1.5
Financial activities	118.0	116.3	116.2	116.8	0.5	203.7	211.8	212.1	213.7	0.8
Professional and business services	137.7	132.8	133.5	134.4	0.7	231.5	231.7	233.8	236.8	1.3
Education and health services	148.0	142.6	143.4	143.3	-0.1	241.5	240.8	243.1	246.2	1.3
Leisure and hospitality	133.3	104.0	103.1	97.3	-5.6	223.6	174.7	171.8	161.0	-6.3
Other services	105.6	98.8	98.8	98.8	0.0	167.1	161.6	162.6	163.4	0.5
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2019 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Last Modified Date: January 08, 2021

Employment status, sex, and age	2019	2020
Employment status, sex, and age	Dec.	Jan.	Feb.	Mar.	Apr.	May	June	July	Aug.	Sept.	Oct.	Nov.	Dec.
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	260,181	259,502	259,628	259,758	259,896	260,047	260,204	260,373	260,558	260,742	260,925	261,085	261,230
Civilian labor force	164,579	164,455	164,448	162,721	156,478	158,200	159,797	160,085	160,818	160,078	160,718	160,536	160,567
Participation rate	63.3	63.4	63.3	62.6	60.2	60.8	61.4	61.5	61.7	61.4	61.6	61.5	61.5
Employed	158,735	158,659	158,732	155,536	133,370	137,224	142,100	143,777	147,276	147,543	149,669	149,809	149,830
Employment-population ratio	61.0	61.1	61.1	59.9	51.3	52.8	54.6	55.2	56.5	56.6	57.4	57.4	57.4
Unemployed	5,844	5,796	5,717	7,185	23,109	20,975	17,697	16,308	13,542	12,535	11,049	10,728	10,736
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.5	3.5	4.4	14.8	13.3	11.1	10.2	8.4	7.8	6.9	6.7	6.7

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	117,413	117,110	117,181	117,254	117,330	117,410	117,492	117,580	117,672	117,763	117,854	117,936	118,010
Civilian labor force	83,996	83,970	83,930	83,171	80,490	81,073	81,922	81,861	82,461	82,293	82,505	82,226	82,244
Participation rate	71.5	71.7	71.6	70.9	68.6	69.1	69.7	69.6	70.1	69.9	70.0	69.7	69.7
Employed	81,373	81,329	81,235	79,785	69,975	71,668	73,605	74,173	75,903	76,258	77,013	76,777	77,004
Employment-population ratio	69.3	69.4	69.3	68.0	59.6	61.0	62.6	63.1	64.5	64.8	65.3	65.1	65.3
Unemployed	2,623	2,641	2,695	3,385	10,515	9,405	8,317	7,688	6,558	6,036	5,492	5,449	5,240
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.1	3.2	4.1	13.1	11.6	10.2	9.4	8.0	7.3	6.7	6.6	6.4

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	126,082	125,770	125,841	125,915	125,991	126,072	126,155	126,243	126,336	126,429	126,520	126,604	126,681
Civilian labor force	74,616	74,502	74,501	73,657	70,896	71,548	72,479	72,866	72,728	71,865	72,255	72,395	72,422
Participation rate	59.2	59.2	59.2	58.5	56.3	56.8	57.5	57.7	57.6	56.8	57.1	57.2	57.2
Employed	72,172	72,099	72,171	70,691	59,938	61,630	64,321	65,270	66,667	66,328	67,534	67,941	67,872
Employment-population ratio	57.2	57.3	57.4	56.1	47.6	48.9	51.0	51.7	52.8	52.5	53.4	53.7	53.6
Unemployed	2,443	2,404	2,330	2,966	10,958	9,918	8,158	7,596	6,061	5,537	4,721	4,453	4,551
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.2	3.1	4.0	15.5	13.9	11.3	10.4	8.3	7.7	6.5	6.2	6.3

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)	16,686	16,622	16,606	16,590	16,574	16,566	16,557	16,550	16,550	16,551	16,551	16,545	16,538
Civilian labor force	5,967	5,982	6,017	5,894	5,093	5,579	5,396	5,358	5,630	5,920	5,958	5,915	5,900
Participation rate	35.8	36.0	36.2	35.5	30.7	33.7	32.6	32.4	34.0	35.8	36.0	35.8	35.7
Employed	5,190	5,231	5,326	5,060	3,457	3,926	4,174	4,333	4,706	4,957	5,122	5,091	4,955
Employment-population ratio	31.1	31.5	32.1	30.5	20.9	23.7	25.2	26.2	28.4	29.9	30.9	30.8	30.0
Unemployed	778	751	691	834	1,636	1,653	1,222	1,024	924	963	836	825	946
Unemployment rate	13.0	12.6	11.5	14.1	32.1	29.6	22.6	19.1	16.4	16.3	14.0	13.9	16.0
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.
NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.