Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until                          USDL-11-0202
8:30 a.m. (EST), Wednesday, February 16, 2011

Technical information:      (202) 691-7705  *  ppi-info@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ppi
Media contact:              (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov  


                                  PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES - JANUARY 2011


The Producer Price Index for finished goods rose 0.8 percent in January, seasonally adjusted, the 
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. This advance followed increases of 0.9 percent in 
December and 0.7 percent in November and marks the seventh straight rise in finished goods 
prices. At the earlier stages of processing, prices received by manufacturers of intermediate goods 
moved up 1.1 percent, and the crude goods index rose 3.3 percent. On an unadjusted basis, 
prices for finished goods advanced 3.6 percent for the 12 months ended January 2011. (See table 
A.)

Stage-of-Processing Analysis

Finished goods

In January, leading the broad-based increase in the index for finished goods were higher prices 
for finished energy goods, which rose 1.8 percent. The indexes for both finished goods less 
foods and energy and for finished consumer foods also contributed to this increase, moving up 
0.5 percent and 0.3 percent, respectively.

Finished energy:  The index for finished energy goods climbed 1.8 percent in January, the 
fourth consecutive monthly increase. Most of the January rise is attributable to a 6.9-percent 
advance in gasoline prices. Increases in the indexes for diesel fuel and home heating oil also 
contributed to higher finished energy goods prices. (See table 2.)

Finished core:  Prices for finished goods other than foods and energy moved up 0.5 percent in 
January, the third straight increase. Nearly forty percent of the January advance can be traced to 
the index for pharmaceutical preparations, which moved up 1.4 percent. Higher prices for plastic 
products also contributed to the rise in the finished core index.

Finished foods:  The index for finished consumer foods moved up 0.3 percent in January, the 
fifth consecutive monthly increase. A 13.7-percent advance in prices for fresh and dry vegetables 
was the main factor in the January rise in the finished consumer foods index.

Intermediate goods

The Producer Price Index for intermediate materials, supplies, and components rose 1.1 percent 
in January, the sixth straight monthly increase. Accounting for nearly two-thirds of the broad-
based January advance, prices for intermediate goods other than foods and energy climbed 1.0 
percent. The indexes for intermediate energy goods and for intermediate foods and feeds also 
contributed to this rise, moving up 1.8 percent and 0.4 percent, respectively. For the 12 months 
ended January 2011, prices for intermediate goods increased 6.0 percent, the smallest advance 
since rising 5.4 percent in September 2010. (See table B.)

Intermediate core:  The index for intermediate goods less foods and energy climbed 1.0 percent 
in January, the largest increase since a 1.1-percent jump in April 2010. Roughly one-fourth of 
January's over-the-month advance can be traced to prices for industrial chemicals, which moved 
up 3.0 percent. Higher prices for steel mill products and for plastic resins and materials also were 
major factors in the January rise in the intermediate core index. (See table 2.)

Intermediate energy:  Prices for intermediate energy goods increased 1.8 percent in January, the 
sixth straight monthly advance. A major factor in the January rise was the diesel fuel index, 
which jumped 7.2 percent. Higher prices for gasoline also contributed significantly to the increase 
in the intermediate energy goods index.

Intermediate foods:  In January, the index for intermediate foods and feeds moved up 0.4 
percent for the second consecutive month. A 2.7-percent rise in beef and veal prices accounted 
for about forty percent of the January increase in the intermediate foods index.

Crude goods

The Producer Price Index for crude materials for further processing increased 3.3 percent in 
January. For the 3-month period ended in January, crude material prices climbed 11.5 percent 
after moving up 8.8 percent from July to October. In January, about half of the broad-based 
monthly advance is attributable to a 4.3-percent rise in prices for crude foodstuffs and 
feedstuffs. Also contributing to this  increase, the index for crude nonfood materials less energy 
moved up 4.0 percent and prices for crude energy materials rose 1.9 percent. (See table B.)

Crude foods:  The index for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs increased 4.3 percent in January. 
From October to January, prices for crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs moved up 5.6 percent after 
rising 11.8 percent in the 3 months ended October 2010. Nearly half of the January monthly 
advance can be traced to a 7.6-percent gain in the slaughter cattle index. Higher prices for hay, 
hayseeds, and oilseeds and for slaughter borrow and gilts also were factors in the increase in the 
crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs index. (See table 2.)

Crude core:  The index for crude nonfood materials less energy moved up 4.0 percent in 
January. For the 3 months ended in January, crude core prices climbed 11.1 percent, subsequent 
to a 10.6-percent rise from July to October. Over eighty percent of January's over-the-month 
increase was driven by a 13.6-percent jump in the index for iron and steel scrap. Rising prices for 
nonferrous scrap also contributed to the advance in the crude core index.

Crude energy:  The index for crude energy materials rose 1.9 percent in January. For the 3-
month period ended in January, prices for crude energy materials jumped 17.3 percent after 
advancing 4.3 percent for the 3 months ended October 2010. A 3.7-percent increase in the index 
for crude petroleum led the January monthly advance in crude energy prices.

Services Analysis

Trade industries:  The Producer Price Index for the net output of total trade industries moved 
down 0.7 percent in January, the largest decline since a 1.4-percent drop in June 2010. (Trade 
indexes measure changes in margins received by wholesalers and retailers.) Accounting for over 
forty percent of the January decrease, margins received by discount department stores fell 11.1 
percent. Declines in the indexes for both family and women's clothing stores also contributed to 
the January drop in margins received by trade industries.

Transportation and warehousing industries:  The Producer Price Index for the net output of 
transportation and warehousing industries moved up 1.8 percent in January, the largest increase 
since a 2.1-percent gain in June 2008. Accounting for over two-fifths of the January advance, 
prices received by the air transportation industry group rose 4.2 percent. Higher prices received 
by couriers and the water transportation industry group also were major factors in the January 
increase in the transportation and warehousing industries index.

Traditional service industries:  The Producer Price Index for the net output of total traditional 
service industries advanced 0.7 percent in January, the largest increase since a similar 0.7-percent 
advance in April 2010. More than half of the January rise can be traced to a 4.3-percent increase 
in prices received by the depository credit intermediation industry group. Advances in the 
indexes for insurance carriers and offices of lawyers also contributed to higher prices received by 
total traditional service industries.

____________
The Producer Price Index for February 2011 is scheduled to be released on Wednesday, 
March 16, 2011 at 8:30 a.m. (EDT).


                                                *****

                                       Resampling of Industries

Effective with this release, the Producer Price Index (PPI) includes data for 50 resampled 
industries and one newly introduced industry classified according to the North American 
Industry Classification System (NAICS). The Bureau of Labor Statistics periodically updates the 
sample of producers providing data for the PPI to reflect current conditions more accurately 
when the structure, membership, technology, or product mix of an industry shifts. The first 
results of this systematic process were published in July 1986. Subsequent efforts have been 
completed at 6-month intervals.  
      
For information on specific index additions, deletions, and recodes that are effective with this 
semiannual update, see the January 2011 issue of the PPI Detailed Report online at 
http://www.bls.gov/ppi/ppidr201101.pdf, or contact the PPI's Section of Index Analysis and 
Public Information at ppi-info@bls.gov or (202) 691-7705.

NAICS
Code                    Industry

212113        Anthracite mining
212234        Copper ore and nickel ore mining
221110        Electric power generation
221121        Electric power transmission and control
221122        Electric power distribution
221210        Natural gas distribution
311111        Dog and cat food manufacturing
311311        Sugarcane mills
313222        Schiffli machine embroidery
314912        Canvas and related product mills
315110        Hosiery and sock mills (1)
315231        Women's and girls' lingerie and nightwear
316211        Rubber and plastics footwear manufacturing
321213        Engineered wood member manufacturing
322212        Folding paperboard box manufacturing
322224        Uncoated paper and multiwall bag manufacturing
323113        Commercial screen printing
323116        Manifold business forms printing
325180        Other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing (2)
325320        Pesticide and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
326211        Tire manufacturing, except retreading
331111        Iron and steel mills
331210        Iron and steel pipe and tube manufacturing from purchased steel
331221        Rolled steel shape manufacturing
331222        Steel wire drawing
331314        Secondary smelting and alloying of aluminum
332119        Metal crown, closure, and other metal stamping, except automotive (3)
332996        Fabricated pipe and pipe fitting manufacturing
333132        Oil and gas field machinery and equipment manufacturing
333312        Commercial laundry and drycleaning machinery manufacturing
333997        Scale and balance manufacturing, except laboratory
334111        Electronic computer manufacturing
334512        Automatic environmental control manufacturing
334612        Audio and video media reproduction
334613        Magnetic and optical recording media manufacturing
335932        Noncurrent-carrying wiring device manufacturing
337127        Institutional furniture manufacturing
337920        Blind and shade manufacturing
339912        Silverware and hollowware manufacturing
441210        Recreational vehicle dealers
441222        Boat dealers
444110        Home centers
444120        Paint and wallpaper stores
444130        Hardware stores
444190        Other building material dealers
483111        Deep sea freight transportation
541310        Architectural services
561380        Staffing services, except Professional Employer Organizations (4)
561720        Janitorial services
621210        Offices of dentists (5)
721110        Hotels and motels, except casino hotels

(1) Combines data formerly included under NAICS 315111 and 315119.
(2) Combines data formerly included under NAICS 325181, 325182, and 325188.
(3) Combines data formerly included under NAICS 332115 and 332116.
(4) Combines data formerly included under NAICS 561310 and 561320.
(5) For further discussion of this newly introduced PPI, see the January 2011 issue of the PPI 
Detailed Report online at http://www.bls.gov/ppi/ppidr201101.pdf.

                                *****

               Recalculation of Seasonal Adjustment Factors

Effective with this release, seasonal adjustment factors have been 
recalculated to reflect price-movement patterns during 2010 for stage-of-
processing (SOP) and commodity-grouping indexes. This routine annual 
recalculation may affect previously published seasonally adjusted indexes and 
percent changes for January 2006 through December 2010. Revised seasonally 
adjusted data for this period, as well as seasonal adjustment factors for 
commodity indexes to be used through December 2011, were released February 14, 
2011. To obtain this information, contact the Division of Industrial Prices 
and Price Indexes, Section of Index Analysis and Public Information at ppi-
info@bls.gov or (202) 691-7705, or visit the Producer Price Index homepage at 
www.bls.gov/ppi.

The table below provides monthly seasonally adjusted percent changes for the 
three major SOP categories during 2010, based on former and recalculated 
seasonal factors. These percent changes include final price data through 
August 2010 and may differ from values shown in tables A and B of this 
release, which include final price data through September 2010.


Over-the-month percent changes in major stage-of-processing indexes, 
seasonally adjusted, using former and recalculated seasonal factors for 2010
 
                Finished Goods       Intermediate Goods      Crude Goods     
Month         Former  Recalculated  Former  Recalculated  Former  Recalculated

January         1.3        1.1        1.9        1.7        8.5        8.8
February        -.5        -.4          0         .1       -2.5       -1.7
March           0.8         .7         .7         .6        1.9       -1.0
April           -.1        -.1         .8         .8        -.8       -1.9
May             -.3        -.2         .1         .2       -2.5       -3.3
June            -.4        -.3        -.9        -.7       -2.6       -3.0
July             .1         .1        -.4        -.4        2.8        1.5
August           .7         .6         .7         .6        2.6        3.3
September        .3         .4         .3         .5        -.9         .4
October          .4         .5        1.2        1.0        4.3        4.9
November         .8         .7        1.1        1.1         .6        1.3
December        1.1         .9        1.0         .9        4.0        6.5


                                                *****

                              PPI Introduces Experimental Aggregation System

On February 14, 2011, the Producer Price Index (PPI) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
introduced an Experimental Aggregation system. This Experimental Aggregation system takes 
advantage of PPI's expansion of coverage over the last twenty years to include portions of the 
services and construction sectors by combining indexes for those sectors with the currently 
highlighted goods sector indexes. This new system is a model that greatly expands PPI coverage 
of the United States economy.

A webpage describing this new aggregation system has been added to the BLS Website. It 
includes links to methodological documentation, relative importance figure tables, and 
instructions for accessing historical data from the BLS Website. This webpage is located at 
http://www.bls.gov/ppi/experimentalaggregation.htm. 

In addition, effective with the release of data for January 2011, the Experimental Aggregation 
indexes will be published in tables 10 through 15 of the monthly PPI Detailed Report. (See 
http://www.bls.gov/ppi/ppi_dr.htm.)

Since this new aggregation system is experimental, PPI is soliciting feedback from users with 
respect to methodology and data. To provide feedback, contact Jonathan Weinhagen by email at 
weinhagen.jonathan@bls.gov or by phone at (202) 691-7709. Further information also is 
available from the PPI Section of Index Analysis and Public Information, at ppi-info@bls.gov or 
(202) 691-7705.

Technical Note

               Brief Explanation of Producer Price Indexes

     The Producer Price Index (PPI) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
is a family of indexes that measure the average change over time in the
prices received by domestic producers of goods and services.  PPIs measure
price change from the perspective of the seller.  This contrasts with other
measures, such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI).  CPIs measure price
change from the purchaser's perspective.  Sellers' and purchasers' prices
can differ due to government subsidies, sales and excise taxes, and
distribution costs.

     More than 9,000 PPIs for individual products and groups of products
are released each month.  PPIs are available for the products of virtually
every industry in the mining and manufacturing sectors of the U.S. economy.
New PPIs are gradually being introduced for the products of industries in
the construction, trade, finance, and services sectors of the economy.

     More than 100,000 price quotations per month are organized into three
sets of PPIs:  (1) Stage-of-processing indexes, (2) commodity indexes, and
(3) indexes for the net output of industries and their products.  The stage-
of-processing structure organizes products by class of buyer and degree of
fabrication.  The commodity structure organizes products by similarity of
end use or material composition.  The entire output of various industries
is sampled to derive price indexes for the net output of industries and
their products.
     
                        Stage-of-Processing Indexes
                                     
     Within the stage-of-processing system, finished goods are commodities
that will not undergo further processing and are ready for sale to the
final-demand user, either an individual consumer or business firm.
Consumer foods include unprocessed foods such as eggs and fresh vegetables,
as well as processed foods such as bakery products and meats.  Other
finished consumer goods include durable goods such as automobiles,
household furniture, and appliances, as well as nondurable goods such as
apparel and home heating oil.  Capital equipment includes durable goods
such as heavy motor trucks, tractors, and machine tools.

     The stage-of-processing category for intermediate materials, supplies,
and components consists partly of commodities that have been processed but
require further processing.  Examples of such semifinished goods include
flour, cotton yarn, steel mill products, and lumber.  The intermediate
goods category also encompasses nondurable, physically complete items
purchased by business firms as inputs for their operations.  Examples
include diesel fuel, belts and belting, paper boxes, and fertilizers.

     Crude materials for further processing are products entering the
market for the first time that have not been manufactured or fabricated and
that are not sold directly to consumers.  Crude foodstuffs and feedstuffs
include items such as grains and livestock.  Examples of crude nonfood
materials include raw cotton, crude petroleum, coal, hides and skins, and
iron and steel scrap.
                                     
                             Commodity Indexes

     The commodity classification structure of the PPI organizes goods and 
services by similarity of material composition or end use, disregarding 
their industry of origin.  Table 6 of the PPI Detailed Report includes data 
for commodity indexes, organized in a hierarchal structure, including major 
commodity groupings (two-digit commodity codes),  subgroups (three-digit 
codes), product classes (four-digit codes), subproduct classes (five- and 
six-digit codes), item groupings (seven-digit codes) and individual items 
(eight-, nine-, and ten-digit codes). 
                                     
                     Industry Net-Output Price Indexes
                                     
     PPIs for the net output of industries and their products are grouped
according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).
Prior to the release of January 2004, industry-based PPIs were published
according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system.  Industry
price indexes are compatible with other economic time series organized by
industry, such as data on employment, wages, and productivity.  Table 5 of
the PPI Detailed Report includes data for NAICS industries and industry
groups (3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-digit codes), Census product classes (7- and 8-
digit codes), products (9-digit codes), and more detailed subproducts (11-
digit codes), and, for some industries, indexes for other sources of
revenue.

     Indexes may represent one of three kinds of product categories.  Every
industry has primary product indexes to show changes in prices received by
establishments classified in the industry for products made primarily, but
not necessarily exclusively, by that industry.  The industry classification
of an establishment is determined by which products make up a plurality of
its total shipment value.  In addition, most industries have secondary
product indexes that show changes in prices received by establishments
classified in the industry for products chiefly made in some other
industry.  Finally, some industries have miscellaneous receipts indexes to
show price changes in other sources of revenue received by establishments
within the industry that are not derived from sales of their products-for
example, resales of purchased materials, or revenues from parking lots
owned by a manufacturing plant.
                                     
                              Data Collection
                                     
     PPIs are based on selling prices reported by establishments of all
sizes selected by probability sampling, with the probability of selection
proportionate to size.  Individual items and transaction terms from these
firms also are chosen by probability proportionate to size.  BLS strongly
encourages cooperating companies to supply actual transaction prices at the
time of shipment to minimize the use of list prices.  Prices submitted by
survey respondents are effective on the Tuesday of the week containing the
13th day of the month.  This survey is conducted primarily through the
mail.

     Price data are provided on a voluntary and confidential basis; only
sworn BLS employees are allowed access to individual company price reports.
BLS publishes price indexes instead of actual prices.  All PPIs are subject
to revision 4 months after original publication to reflect the availability
of late reports and corrections by respondents.

     BLS periodically updates the PPI sample of survey respondents to
better reflect current conditions when the structure, membership,
technology, or product mix of an industry shifts significantly and to
spread reporting burden among smaller firms.  Results of these resampling
efforts are incorporated into the PPI with the release of data for January
and July.

     As part of an ongoing effort to expand coverage to sectors of the
economy other than mining and manufacturing, an increasing number of
service sector industries have been introduced into the PPI.  The following
list of recently introduced industries includes the month and year in which
an article describing the industry's content appeared in the PPI Detailed
Report.

                                                                      PPI
                                                                      Detailed
                                                                      Report
              Title                                           Code    Issue

                                                              SIC             
Wireless telecommunications...................................4812    July 1999
Telephone communications, except radio telephone..............4813    July 1995
Television broadcasting.......................................4833    July 2002
Grocery stores................................................5411    July 2000
Meat and fish (seafood) markets...............................5421    July 2000
Fruit and vegetable markets...................................5431    July 2000
Candy, nut, and confectionery stores..........................5441    July 2000
Retail bakeries...............................................5461    July 2000
Miscellaneous food stores.....................................5499    July 2000
New car dealers...............................................5511    July 2000
Gasoline service stations.....................................5541    January 2002
Boat dealers..................................................5551    January 2002
Recreational vehicle dealers..................................5561    January 2002
Miscellaneous retail..........................................59      January 2001
Security brokers, dealers, and investment bankers.............6211    January 2001
Investment advice.............................................6282    January 2003
Life insurance carriers.......................................6311    January 1999
Property and casualty insurance...............................6331    July 1998
Insurance agencies and brokerages.............................6412    January 2003
Operators and lessors of nonresidential buildings.............6512    January 1996
Real estate agents and managers...............................6531    January 1996
Prepackaged software..........................................7372    January 1998
Data processing services......................................7374    January 2002
Home health care services.....................................8082    January 1997
Legal services................................................8111    January 1997
Engineering design, analysis, and consulting services.........8711    January 1997
Architectural design, analysis, and consulting services.......8712    January 1997
Premiums for property and casualty insurance..................9331    July 1998
                                                         
                                                              NAICS            
New industrial building construction..........................236211  January 2008
New warehouse building construction...........................236221  July 2005
New school construction.......................................236222  July 2006
New office construction.......................................236223  January 2007
Concrete contractors, nonresidential building work............23811X  July 2008
Roofing contractors, nonresidential building work.............23816X  July 2008
Electrical contractors, nonresidential building work..........23821X  July 2008
Plumbing / HVAC contractors, nonresidential building work.....23822X  July 2008
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods...........................423     July 2005
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods........................424     July 2005
Wholesale trade agents and brokers............................425120  July 2005
Furniture and home furnishings stores.........................442     January 2004
Electronics and appliance stores..............................443     January 2004
Building  material and garden equipment and supplies dealers..444     January 2004
Clothing and clothing accessories stores......................448     January 2004
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores.................451     January 2004
General merchandise stores....................................452     January 2004
Miscellaneous store retailers.................................453     January 2004
Internet service providers....................................518111  July 2005
Internet publishing and web search portals....................519130  January 2010
Commercial banking............................................522110  January 2005
Savings institutions..........................................522120  January 2005
Direct health and medical insurance carriers..................524114  July 2004
Construction, mining, and forestry machinery and equipment 
rental and leasing............................................532412  January 2005
Management consulting services................................541610  January 2007
Security guards and patrol services...........................561612  July 2005
Computer training.............................................611420  July 2007
Blood and organ banks.........................................621991  January 2007
Amusement and theme parks.....................................713110  July 2006
Golf courses and country clubs................................713910  July 2006
Fitness and recreational sports centers.......................713940  July 2005
Commercial machinery repair and maintenance...................811310  July 2007
                                     
                                  Weights

     Weights for most traditional commodity groupings of the PPI, as well
as weights for commodity-based aggregate indexes calculated using traditional 
commodity groupings, such as stage-of-processing indexes, currently reflect
2002 values of shipments as reported in the Census of Manufactures and 
other sources. From January 2002 through December 2006, PPI weights were 
derived from 1997 shipment values.  Industry indexes now are calculated 
with 2002 weights and net output ratios.  This periodic update of the value
weights used to calculate the PPI is done to more accurately reflect changes
in production and marketing patterns in the economy.  Net output values of
shipments are used as weights for industry indexes.  Net output values refer
to the value of shipments from establishments within the industry to buyers
outside the industry.  However, weights for commodity price indexes are based
on gross shipment values, including values of shipments between establishments
within the same industry.  As a result, broad commodity grouping indexes, such
as the PPI for All Commodities (which is comprised of major commodity 
groupings 01 through 15), are affected by the multiple counting of price 
change at successive stages of processing, which can lead to exaggerated or
misleading signals about inflation.  Stage-of-processing indexes partially
correct for this defect, but industry indexes consistently correct for this
at all levels of aggregation.  Therefore, industry and stage-of-processing
indexes are more appropriate than broad commodity groupings for economic
analysis of general price trends.
     
                        Price Index Reference Base
                                     
     Effective with publication of January 1988 data, many important PPI
series (including stage-of-processing groupings and most commodity groups
and individual items) were placed on a new reference base, 1982 = 100.
From 1971 through 1987, the standard reference base for most PPI series was
1967 = 100.  Except for rounding differences, the shift to the new
reference base did not alter any previously published percent changes for
affected PPI series.  (See "Calculating Index Changes," below.)  The 1982
reference base is not used for commodity indexes with a base later than
December 1981 or for industry net output indexes and their products.

     For further information on the underlying concepts and methodology of
the Producer Price Index, see chapter 14, "Producer Prices," in BLS
Handbook of Methods (April  1997), Bulletin 2490.  This document can be
downloaded from the BLS Web site at (www.bls.gov/opub/hom/homch14_itc.htm).
Reprints are available on request.

                         Calculating Index Changes
                                     
     Each PPI measures price changes from a reference period that equals
100.0.  An increase of 5.5 percent from the reference period in the
Finished Goods Price Index, for example, is shown as 105.5.  This change
also can be expressed in dollars, as follows:  prices received by domestic
producers of a sample of finished goods have risen from $100 in 1982 to
$105.50.  Likewise, a current index of 90.0 would indicate that prices
received by producers of finished goods are 10 percent lower than they were
in 1982.

     Movements of price indexes from one month to another are usually
expressed as percent changes, rather than as changes in index points.
Index point changes are affected by the level of the index in relation to
its base period, whereas percent changes are not.  The following example
shows the computation of index point and percent changes.
     
          Index point change
     Finished Goods Price Index        107.5
     Less previous index               104.0
     Equals index point change           3.5

          Index percent change
     Index point change 3.5
     Divided by the previous index     104.0
     Equals                              0.034
     Result multiplied by 100            0.034 x 100
     Equals percent change               3.4


                  Seasonally Adjusted and Unadjusted Data

     Because price data are used for different purposes by different
groups, BLS publishes seasonally adjusted and unadjusted changes each
month.  Seasonally adjusted data are preferred for analyzing general price
trends in the economy because these data eliminate the effect of changes
that normally occur at about the same time, and in about the same
magnitude, every year-such as price movements resulting from normal weather
patterns, regular production and marketing cycles, model changeovers,
seasonal discounts, and holidays.  For these reasons, seasonally adjusted
data more clearly reveal underlying cyclical trends.  Unadjusted data are
of primary interest to users who need information that can be related to
actual dollar values of transactions.  Individuals requiring this
information include marketing specialists, purchasing agents, budget and
cost analysts, contract specialists, and commodity traders.  It is the
unadjusted data that are generally cited when escalating long-term
contracts such as purchasing agreements or real estate leases.  For more
information, see Escalation and Producer Price Indexes: A Guide for
Contracting Parties, BLS Report 807, September 1991, on the Web at
(www.bls.gov/ppi/ppiescalation.htm).  Reprints are available on request.

     In 1998, the PPI implemented the X-12-ARIMA Seasonal Adjustment
Method; prior to that year, the PPI employed the X-11 method.  Each year,
the seasonal status of most commodity indexes is reevaluated to reflect
more recent price behavior.  Industry net output indexes are not seasonally
adjusted.  For time series that exhibit seasonal pricing patterns, new
seasonal factors are estimated and applied to the unadjusted data for the
previous 5 years.  These updated seasonally adjusted indexes replace the
most recent 5 years of seasonal data.

     Seasonal factors may be applied to series using either a direct or an
aggregative method.  Generally, commodity indexes are seasonally adjusted
using direct seasonal adjustment, which produces a more complete
elimination of seasonal movements than does the aggregative method.
However, the direct seasonal adjustment process may not yield figures that
possess additive consistency.  Thus, a seasonally adjusted index for a
broad category that is directly adjusted may not be logically consistent
with all seasonally adjusted indexes for its components.  Seasonal
movements for stage-of-processing indexes are derived indirectly through an
aggregative method that combines movements of a wide variety of subproduct
class (six-digit) series.

     Seasonally adjusted indexes can become problematic when previously
stable and predictable price patterns abruptly change.  If the new pattern
persists, the seasonal adjustment method will eventually reflect it
adequately; if the pattern keeps shifting, however, seasonally adjusted
data will become chronically troublesome.  This problem occurs relatively
infrequently for farm and food-related products, but has more often
affected manufactured products such as automobiles and steel.

     Since January 1988, the PPI has used Intervention Analysis Seasonal
Adjustment methods to enhance the calculation of seasonal factors.  With
this technique, outlier values that may distort the seasonal pattern are
removed from the data prior to applying the standard seasonal factor
estimation procedure.  For example, a possible economic cause for large
price movements for petroleum-based products might have been the Persian
Gulf War.  In this case, intervention techniques allowed for better
estimates of seasonally adjusted data.  On the whole, very few series have
required intervention.  Out of over 800 seasonally adjusted series, only
23 were subject to intervention in 2009.

     For more information relating to seasonal adjustment methods, see (1)
"Appendix A: Seasonal Adjustment Methodology at BLS," in the BLS Handbook
of Methods (April 1997), Bulletin 2490 and (2) "Summary of Changes to the
PPI's Seasonal Adjustment Methodology" in the January 1995 issue of
Producer Price Indexes.

                 Producer Price Index Data on the Internet

     In 1995, the BLS began posting PPI series, news releases, and
technical information to both a World Wide Web (WWW) site and a file
transfer protocol (FTP) site.  During the years following the introduction
of PPI Internet services, use of these sites eclipsed more traditional
methods of data dissemination, such as subscriptions to the PPI Detailed
Report.  There were more than 2.1 million instances of PPI series being
downloaded from the Internet during the 12 months ended December 31, 2008.

                 Retrieving PPI data from the PPI Web site
                                     
     PPI data can be obtained from the WWW address (www.bls.gov/ppi).
Clicking on the "PPI Databases" link reveals the following methods of data 
retrieval:
     
     Top picks is a form-based application for both industry Data and 
Commodity Data that allows the user to quickly obtain PPI time series data 
by selecting the most commonly requested time series, including the All 
Commodities Index and the stage-of-processing indexes (for example, Finished 
Goods).  Within each list, any one-or all-of the time series shown can be 
selected.  A user can modify the date range and output options after executing 
the query, using the reformat button above the data output table.

     One-Screen Data Search and Multi-Screen Data Search are form-based query 
applications for both Industry Data and Commodity Data designed for users 
unfamiliar with the PPI coding structure.  These applications guide a user 
through the PPI classification system by listing index titles and does not 
require knowledge of commodity or industry codes.  Data retrieved are based on 
a query formulated by selecting data characteristics from lists provided.  Two 
options are available to create customized tables, depending on a user's browser 
capability.  The one-screen option is a JavaScript application that uses a 
single screen to guide a user through the available time series data.  The 
second option is a multiple-screen, non-Java-based application.  Both methods 
allow a user to browse the PPI coding structure and select multiple series codes.  
Users can modify the date range and output options after executing the query 
using the reformat button above the data output table.

     Series Report is a form-based application that uses formatted PPI time
series identifiers (commodity or industry codes) as input in extracting
data according to a specified set of date ranges and output options.  This
application provides the most efficient path for users who are familiar
with the format of PPI time series identifiers.  Up to 300 indexes can be
extracted at a time.

     There are five alphabetic prefixes used to create unique PPI time
series identifiers:  WP, WD, PC, PD, and ND.  Each provides the user access
to a different PPI database.  Adding either a "u" (not seasonally adjusted)
or an "s" (seasonally adjusted) to the end of these prefixes further
specifies the type of data needed.

     For commodity and stage-of-processing indexes, series identifiers
combine a "wpu" prefix (not seasonally adjusted) or a "wps" prefix
(seasonally adjusted) with a commodity code.
  
Commodity code            Provides data for:
wps141101                 Passenger cars, seasonally adjusted
wpu141101                 Passenger cars, not seasonally adjusted
wpusop3000                Finished goods, not seasonally adjusted
     
     For discontinued commodity indexes, series identifiers combine a "wdu"
prefix (not seasonally adjusted) or a "wds" prefix (seasonally adjusted)
with a commodity code.
     
Commodity code            Provides data for:
wds019                    Other farm products, seasonally adjusted
wdu0635                   Preparations, ethical (prescription), not seasonally
                          adjusted
wdusi138011               Stainless steel mill products, not seasonally adjusted
     
     Current price indexes grouped by industry according to NAICS have series 
identifiers that begin with the prefix "pcu." After the prefix, there are 12 
digits (the 6-digit industry code is listed twice) followed by up to 7 
alphanumeric characters identifying product detail.  Dashes are used as 
placeholders for higher-level industry group codes.

Industry-product code,
current NAICS series       Provides data for:
pcu325---325---            Chemical manufacturing, not seasonally
                           adjusted
pcu336110336110            Automobile and light duty motor vehicle
                           manufacturing
pcu621111621111411         Offices of physicians, one- and two-physician practices and
                           single-specialty group practices, general/family practice
pcu325412325412A           Pharmaceutical preparation manufacturing, pharmaceuticals 
                           acting on the respiratory system                    
  
     Discontinued industry-product codes based on SIC combine a "pdu"
prefix and "#" between the fourth and fifth characters of the product code.
Series identifiers for the discontinued dataset use underscores as
placeholders to complete a reference to an SIC industry group code of fewer
than four digits.  (All PPI industry-based indexes organized by SIC were
discontinued with the introduction of NAICS.)
  
Industry-product code,
discontinued SIC series    Provides data for:
pdu28__#                   Chemicals and allied products, not seasonally adjusted
pdu331_#                   Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling and
                           finishing mills, not seasonally adjusted
pdu3711#111                Passenger cars
  
     Price indexes for discontinued series grouped by industry according to
NAICS have series identifiers that begin with the prefix "ndu." After the
prefix, there are 12 numeric digits (the 6-digit industry code is listed
twice), and up to 7 additional alphanumeric characters that identify
product detail.  Dashes are used as placeholders for higher-level industry
group codes.
  
Industry-product code,
discontinued NAICS series  Provides data for:
ndu212231212231            Lead ore and zinc ore mining
ndu2122312122312           Lead and zinc concentrates
ndu212231212231214         Lead concentrates

     Text Files (FTP) and the FTP server are best suited for users requiring
access to either a large volume of time series data or other PPI-related
documentation (such as seasonal factor and relative importance tables).
The FTP site can be accessed at ftp://ftp.bls.gov or directly from the
links on the "PPI Databases" page or the PPI homepage.  Data and
documentation available for download include the following:

                                      Directory:
Industry Data                         /pub/time.series/pc
Industry Data - Discontinued           
		NAICS basis	      /pub/time.series/nd
		SIC basis             /pub/time.series/pd
Commodity Data                        /pub/time.series/wp
Commodity Data, Discontinued        
                Series                /pub/time.series/wd
Special requests                      /pub/special.requests/ppi
Latest news release                   /pub/news.release/ppi.txt

     The FTP site maintains files to help with searches and downloads.
These files are centrally located in the /pub/doc directory.  Within this
directory, the overview.txt file contains an overview relating to all BLS
data available through the FTP site.  For current commodity-based PPI data,
the program help file is wp.txt; for discontinued commodity series, wd.txt;
for current industry-based PPI data based on NAICS, pc.txt; for industry-
based SIC time series that have been discontinued, pd.txt; and for industry-
based NAICS series that have been discontinued, nd.txt.
      
     Users who prefer downloading PPI datasets as individual ZIP files
should go to the directory labeled /pub/time.series/compressed/tape.format/
on the FTP site.  This directory includes six PPI-specific ZIP files, one
for each of the PPI databases-WP, WD, PC, ND, and PD-and a ZIP file for the
annual 5-year revision to historical seasonal PPIs.
                                     
                         Other Sources of PPI Data

     PPI data can also be accessed via the BLS homepage (www.bls.gov).
Clicking on the "Get Detailed Statistics" link at the top of the homepage
calls up a chart listing all available BLS programs.  

                          Additional information

     The PPI homepage (www.bls.gov/ppi) contains additional information
regarding PPI data and methodology.  The top section of the homepage
provides PPI news releases, both current and archived, as well as general
PPI information.  The "Tables Created by BLS" section found beneath the
statistics section provides relative importance and seasonal factor tables.
The remaining sections offer special notices and publications pertaining to
PPI methodology and applications.
     
     For questions or comments regarding PPI data classification,
methodology, or data availability on the Internet, call or e-mail the
Section of Index Analysis and Public Information at (202) 691-7705 or ppi-
info@bls.gov.