Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6378 USDL 98-347 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 606-5902 Wednesday, August 19, 1998 WORKER DISPLACEMENT, 1995-97 A total of 3.6 million workers were displaced between January 1995 and December 1997 from jobs they had held for at least 3 years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of displaced workers declined from 4.2 million in the previous survey that covered the period from January 1993 to December 1995. Both surveys covered periods of strong employment growth and falling unemployment. Since 1984, the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor has sponsored biennial surveys that collect information on workers who were displaced from their jobs. These surveys have been conducted as supplements to the Current Population Survey, a monthly survey of households that is the main source of information on the nation's labor force. Displaced workers are defined as persons aged 20 years and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. The following analysis focuses primarily on the 3.6 million persons who had been with their employers for 3 or more years at the time they were displaced (also referred to as long-tenured). An additional 4.4 million persons had worked for their employers for less than 3 years at the time of displacement. Adding the short- and long-tenured groups, the count of displaced workers totaled 8.0 million. Results from the February 1998 survey included the following highlights: --About three-fourths of the long-tenured and total displaced were reemployed at the time of the survey, slightly higher than the proportion reemployed in the February 1996 survey. --Nearly half of the long-tenured displaced cited plant or company closings as the reason for their job loss. --Forty-four percent of long-tenured displaced workers had received written advance notification that their jobs would be terminated. Receipt of an advance notice, however, had little impact on the likelihood of being reemployed when surveyed in February 1998. --Although the share of displaced workers who had been in manufacturing has declined markedly since the early 1980s, this proportion is still much higher than manufacturing's share of total employment. --More than one-half of workers who were displaced from full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in such jobs had earnings that were the same or higher than those on the lost job. One-fourth of such workers experienced earnings losses of 20 percent or more, however. - 2 - Characteristics of the reemployed Seventy-six percent of the 3.6 million long-tenured displaced workers were reemployed when surveyed in February 1998, slightly higher than in the previous survey--74 percent. (See table 1.) The proportion unemployed at the time of the most recent survey, 10 percent, was less than the proportion found in the prior survey. In the February 1998 survey, displaced workers in the central-age group (ages 25 to 54) were most likely to be reemployed at the time of the survey, as 82 percent had found new jobs. Reemployment rates for older workers--ages 55 to 64 and 65 years and older--were 60 and 35 percent, respectively. Large shares of these older displaced workers were not in the labor force at the time of the survey. Although men continued to comprise a majority of displaced workers, women have accounted for an increasing share of displacement since the early 1980s. This rise reflects both the influx of women into the labor force over the period and the increase in the share of displacement occurring in service-producing industries, in which a majority of employees are women. Among the displaced, men were more likely than women to have found a new job at the time of the survey in February 1998. Reemployment rates for men and women were 79 and 73 percent, respectively. Men displaced from their jobs also were more likely than women to be unemployed; 12 percent of men were actively seeking a job, compared with 8 percent of women. The proportion of displaced women who were not in the labor force (20 percent) was over twice that of men (9 percent). In February 1998, 76 percent of white displaced workers were reemployed, compared with 73 percent of blacks and 72 percent of Hispanics. Reemployment rates for each group were higher than those posted in the prior survey. Reason for job loss and receipt of advance notice Of the 3.6 million long-tenured workers who were displaced between January 1995 and December 1997, 47 percent lost their jobs because their plant or company closed down or moved, 21 percent cited insufficient work as the reason for their job loss, and 32 percent reported that their position or shift was abolished. (See table 2.) These proportions were little different from those reported in the previous survey. As was the case for the prior survey, more than 4 in 10 of the displaced received written advance notice that their jobs would be terminated. (See table 3.) Workers who were displaced because of plant closings or moves were most likely to receive written advance notice. Of this group, 55 percent received such notice. In contrast, 41 percent of workers who were displaced because their position or shift was abolished and only 25 percent of those who lost jobs because of insufficient work were notified in advance. For each of the three groups, however, receipt of written advance notice had little effect on the likelihood of being reemployed at the time of the survey. - 3 - Industry and occupation Since the early 1980s, the industrial composition of job displacement has shifted. Specifically, displacements from manufacturing account for a much smaller share of the total, while displacements from nonmanufacturing industries, such as services, trade, and finance, insurance, and real estate, account for a larger share. In the early 1980s, nearly 1 in 2 job displacements were from manufacturing; by the 1995-97 period, this proportion had fallen to roughly 1 in 4. The shift in the industrial composition of displacement reflects, in part, the shift in employment to the nonmanufacturing sector. However, the proportion of displacements occurring in nonmanufacturing industries has grown more than nonmanufacturing's share of total employment. For example, since the early 1980s, the share of displacements occurring in services doubled from 10 to 20 percent, while the share of employment in services rose from 16 to 22 percent. Workers displaced from construction and services industries were most likely to be reemployed in February 1998, as about 8 in 10 workers in these industries had found new jobs. (See table 4.) Slightly more than 7 in 10 workers displaced from manufacturing were reemployed, roughly the same proportion as in the previous survey. Reemployment rates for workers displaced from durable goods industries (77 percent) were much higher than those for their counterparts in nondurable goods industries (65 percent). With the decline in manufacturing job loss, there was a shift in the occupational distribution of displaced workers in the February 1998 survey. Specifically, between the February 1996 and February 1998 surveys, the proportion of job loss made up of precision production, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers declined. In contrast, the share of job loss comprised of managerial and professional specialty occupations was about unchanged between the two survey periods, while that for technical, sales, and administrative support jobs rose. (See table 5.) Geographic divisions All parts of the United States had fewer workers displaced between January 1995 and December 1997 than they had in the prior survey period. The Mountain and West North Central divisions had the smallest proportions of displaced workers who were unemployed in February 1998, 5 and 7 percent, respectively. Similarly, workers displaced in these divisions were the most likely to have found new jobs, as over 8 in 10 were reemployed at the time of the survey. (See table 6.) Earnings Of the 2.4 million reemployed displaced workers who had lost full-time wage and salary jobs, 2.0 million were again working in full-time wage and salary jobs in February 1998. Of these reemployed workers who reported earnings on their lost jobs, over one-half were earning as much or more than they did prior to displacement, 7 percentage points higher than the proportion in the prior survey. In the most recent survey, one-fourth suffered earnings losses of 20 percent or more, down from nearly one-third in the previous survey. (See table 7.) Total displaced workers (with no tenure restriction) The total number of workers displaced between January 1995 and December 1997 (regardless of how long they had held their jobs) was 8.0 million, down from 9.4 million in the prior survey period. (See table 8.) - 4 - Of the total number of workers who lost jobs over the most recent survey period, 76 percent had found new jobs, and 12 percent were unemployed in February 1998. In the prior survey, 72 percent of the total displaced were reemployed and 15 percent were unemployed. In the February 1998 survey, the total group of displaced workers was more likely than the long-tenured to be young (ages 20 to 24 years) and to have lost jobs in construction, retail trade, or services. In terms of reasons for displacement, the total group of job losers was more likely to report insufficient work as the reason for displacement. Technical Note The data presented in this report were collected through a supplement to the February 1998 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 50,000 households that provides the basic data on employment and unemployment for the nation. The purpose of this supplement was to obtain information on the number and characteristics of persons who had been displaced (as defined below) from their jobs over the prior 3 calendar years. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 606-7828; TDD phone: (202) 606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Non-sampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of the February 1994 and subsequent issues of Employment and Earnings. Concepts The first question asked of survey respondents was, “During the last 3 calendar years, that is, January 1995 through December 1997, did (you/name) lose a job or leave one because: (your/his/her) plant or company closed or moved, (your/his/her) position or shift was abolished, there was insufficient work, or another similar reason?” If the answer to that question was “yes,” then the respondent was asked to identify which reason, among the following, best described the reason for the job loss: Plant or company closed down or moved Plant or company operating but lost or left job because of: Insufficient work Position or shift abolished Seasonal job completed Self-operated business failed Some other reason Respondents who provided one of the first three reasons--plant or company closed or moved, insufficient work, or position or shift abolished--were then asked questions about the lost job, including how many years it had been held; the year the job was lost; its earnings, industry, and occupation; and whether health insurance had been provided. Other questions were asked to determine what transpired before and after the job loss, such as: Was the respondent notified of the upcoming dismissal? How long did he/she go without work? Did he/she receive unemployment benefits? And, if so, were the benefits used up? Did the person move to another location after the job loss to take or look for another job? Information also was collected about current health insurance coverage (other than Medi- care and Medicaid) and current earnings for those employed in February 1998. Table 1. Displaced workers(1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in February 1998 Percent distribution by employment status Age, sex, race, and Hispanic Total origin (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force TOTAL Total, 20 years and over....... 3,578 100.0 75.9 10.0 14.1 20 to 24 years..................... 108 100.0 61.2 11.8 27.0 25 to 54 years..................... 2,835 100.0 81.5 9.9 8.5 55 to 64 years..................... 471 100.0 59.6 9.9 30.4 65 years and over.................. 163 100.0 34.7 10.6 54.8 Men Total, 20 years and over....... 1,898 100.0 78.8 12.0 9.3 20 to 24 years..................... 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years..................... 1,488 100.0 84.3 11.3 4.4 55 to 64 years..................... 280 100.0 61.9 12.6 25.4 65 years and over.................. 81 100.0 42.0 16.8 41.3 Women Total, 20 years and over....... 1,680 100.0 72.6 7.8 19.5 20 to 24 years..................... 59 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years..................... 1,347 100.0 78.4 8.5 13.1 55 to 64 years..................... 191 100.0 56.2 6.0 37.8 65 years and over.................. 82 100.0 27.4 4.3 68.2 White Total, 20 years and over....... 3,063 100.0 76.0 9.4 14.6 Men................................ 1,653 100.0 78.7 11.9 9.4 Women.............................. 1,410 100.0 72.7 6.6 20.7 Black Total, 20 years and over....... 366 100.0 73.1 16.3 10.6 Men................................ 160 100.0 76.6 16.7 6.7 Women.............................. 206 100.0 70.4 16.0 13.6 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over....... 354 100.0 71.6 15.4 13.0 Men................................ 188 100.0 78.4 16.6 5.0 Women.............................. 166 100.0 63.7 14.1 22.1 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 2. Displaced workers(1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss, February 1998 Percent distribution by reason for job loss Total Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (thousands) Plant or Position or Total company Insufficient shift closed down work abolished or moved TOTAL Total, 20 years and over................ 3,578 100.0 47.2 21.2 31.6 20 to 24 years.............................. 108 100.0 43.1 38.7 18.2 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,835 100.0 47.1 20.9 32.0 55 to 64 years.............................. 471 100.0 46.0 17.7 36.4 65 years and over........................... 163 100.0 54.0 25.7 20.3 Men Total, 20 years and over................ 1,898 100.0 44.0 26.0 30.0 20 to 24 years.............................. 49 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,488 100.0 45.3 25.5 29.2 55 to 64 years.............................. 280 100.0 42.8 16.4 40.8 65 years and over........................... 81 100.0 40.3 40.6 19.1 Women Total, 20 years and over................ 1,680 100.0 50.7 15.8 33.5 20 to 24 years.............................. 59 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,347 100.0 49.2 15.7 35.1 55 to 64 years.............................. 191 100.0 50.7 19.5 29.8 65 years and over........................... 82 100.0 67.7 10.9 21.5 White Total, 20 years and over................ 3,063 100.0 46.0 21.3 32.7 Men......................................... 1,653 100.0 42.6 26.2 31.2 Women....................................... 1,410 100.0 50.0 15.5 34.6 Black Total, 20 years and over................ 366 100.0 53.1 17.7 29.2 Men......................................... 160 100.0 55.0 19.6 25.4 Women....................................... 206 100.0 51.6 16.2 32.2 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over................ 354 100.0 57.8 26.0 16.2 Men......................................... 188 100.0 46.5 40.7 12.8 Women....................................... 166 100.0 70.6 9.4 20.0 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 3. Displaced workers(1) by whether they received written advance notice, reason for job loss, and employment status in February 1998 Percent distribution by employment status Total Characteristic (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force TOTAL Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 3,578 100.0 75.9 10.0 14.1 Received written advance notice.......................... 1,586 100.0 75.6 9.9 14.5 Did not receive written advance notice................... 1,940 100.0 76.4 9.9 13.7 Plant or company closed down or moved Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 1,687 100.0 74.9 10.6 14.5 Received written advance notice.......................... 927 100.0 76.5 10.5 13.0 Did not receive written advance notice................... 725 100.0 73.6 10.4 16.0 Insufficient work Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 759 100.0 76.1 11.3 12.6 Received written advance notice.......................... 190 100.0 66.4 11.9 21.7 Did not receive written advance notice................... 563 100.0 79.4 10.8 9.7 Position or shift abolished Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 1,132 100.0 77.2 8.4 14.4 Received written advance notice.......................... 469 100.0 77.6 8.0 14.4 Did not receive written advance notice................... 652 100.0 76.9 8.5 14.6 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes a small number who did not report information on advance notice. Table 4. Displaced workers(1) by industry and class of worker of lost job and employment status in February 1998 Percent distribution by employment status Total Industry and class of worker of lost job (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Total, 20 years and over(2)......................... 3,578 100.0 75.9 10.0 14.1 Agricultural wage and salary workers..................... 45 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Nonagricultural wage and salary workers.................. 3,490 100.0 75.7 10.0 14.3 Private wage and salary workers........................ 3,218 100.0 75.5 10.3 14.2 Mining............................................... 20 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Construction......................................... 176 100.0 83.7 14.1 2.2 Manufacturing........................................ 972 100.0 71.3 12.8 15.9 Durable goods...................................... 520 100.0 76.7 11.4 11.9 Lumber and wood products......................... 22 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Furniture and fixtures........................... 35 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Stone, clay, and glass products.................. 15 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Primary metal industries......................... 21 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Fabricated metal products........................ 66 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Machinery, except electrical..................... 121 100.0 67.3 16.3 16.4 Electrical machinery............................. 73 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Transportation equipment......................... 95 100.0 64.4 20.6 15.0 Automobiles.................................... 37 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other transportation equipment................. 58 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Professional and photographic equipment.......... 46 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other durable goods industries................... 27 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Nondurable goods................................... 452 100.0 65.0 14.5 20.4 Food and kindred products........................ 86 100.0 60.7 19.6 19.7 Textile mill products............................ 44 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Apparel and other finished textile products...... 109 100.0 43.2 17.9 39.0 Paper and allied products........................ 32 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Printing and publishing.......................... 81 100.0 79.7 10.7 9.6 Chemical and allied products..................... 44 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products....... 39 100.0 59.8 28.5 11.7 Other nondurable goods industries................ 18 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Transportation and public utilities.................. 277 100.0 74.6 8.0 17.4 Transportation..................................... 157 100.0 74.6 11.3 14.1 Communications and other public utilities.......... 120 100.0 74.6 3.7 21.7 Wholesale and retail trade........................... 777 100.0 75.0 7.8 17.2 Wholesale trade.................................... 163 100.0 74.7 13.1 12.2 Retail trade....................................... 614 100.0 75.1 6.4 18.5 Finance, insurance, and real estate.................. 288 100.0 75.0 13.1 11.8 Services............................................. 708 100.0 80.0 8.3 11.7 Professional services.............................. 403 100.0 81.6 6.0 12.4 Other service industries........................... 305 100.0 77.8 11.3 10.8 Government workers..................................... 272 100.0 78.7 6.2 15.1 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of worker. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Table 5. Displaced workers(1) by occupation of lost job and employment status in February 1998 Occupation of lost job Total Total Employed Unemployed Not in the (thousands) labor force Total, 20 years and over(2).................. 3,578 100.0 75.9 10.0 14.1 Managerial and professional specialty............. 947 100.0 80.1 9.2 10.6 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 554 100.0 78.0 11.3 10.7 Professional specialty.......................... 393 100.0 83.1 6.4 10.5 Technical, sales, and administrative support...... 1,259 100.0 76.6 7.3 16.1 Technicians and related support................. 138 100.0 87.1 5.2 7.7 Sales occupations............................... 527 100.0 72.7 10.8 16.5 Administrative support, including clerical...... 594 100.0 77.5 4.7 17.8 Service occupations............................... 285 100.0 69.8 10.2 20.0 Precision production, craft, and repair........... 391 100.0 88.3 5.3 6.5 Mechanics and repairers......................... 132 100.0 86.5 5.6 7.9 Construction trades............................. 103 100.0 87.4 4.5 8.1 Other precision production, craft, and repair... 155 100.0 90.3 5.5 4.2 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.............. 606 100.0 60.9 20.3 18.8 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 343 100.0 55.9 21.0 23.0 Transportation and material moving occupations.. 137 100.0 68.6 19.6 11.8 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers....................................... 125 100.0 65.9 19.0 15.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................... 58 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report occupation. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Table 6. Displaced workers(1) by selected characteristics and area of residence in February 1998 (Numbers in thousands) Total New Middle East West South East West Characteristic (thousand- England Atlant- North North Atlant- South South Mountain Pacific s) ic Central Central ic Central Central Workers who lost jobs Total, 20 years and over....... 3,578 197 565 602 239 625 181 306 224 639 Men................................ 1,898 106 302 294 115 344 94 169 131 342 Women.............................. 1,680 91 263 307 124 281 87 137 93 297 Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved..................... 1,687 95 238 298 119 296 93 182 110 257 Insufficient work.................. 759 41 138 99 22 129 42 50 43 194 Position or shift abolished........ 1,132 61 189 204 99 201 46 74 71 188 Industry of lost job(2) Mining............................. 20 - 5 2 - 6 3 2 - 2 Construction....................... 181 10 24 28 17 36 12 5 15 33 Manufacturing...................... 991 65 151 179 51 177 67 94 48 159 Durable goods.................... 538 46 58 111 26 94 35 34 29 105 Nondurable goods................. 452 19 93 68 25 83 32 60 19 54 Transportation and public utilities 283 12 51 44 20 64 12 16 20 42 Wholesale and retail trade......... 783 42 130 159 63 134 28 64 37 125 Finance, insurance, and real estate 297 12 43 52 27 45 10 34 21 52 Services........................... 816 51 132 105 50 114 44 67 70 181 Professional services............ 491 25 84 49 24 70 29 42 42 126 Other service industries......... 324 25 48 56 26 45 15 26 29 55 Public administration.............. 122 3 14 26 3 27 2 10 6 31 Employment status in February 1998 Employed........................... 2,715 138 375 472 202 503 132 219 187 487 Unemployed......................... 358 28 82 46 16 48 27 27 10 74 Percent less than 5 weeks........ 23.3 (3) 26.5 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Percent 27 weeks or more......... 24.1 (3) 32.7 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Not in the labor force............. 504 31 108 84 22 74 21 59 27 78 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report industry. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England Division; New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose the West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific Division. Dash represents zero. Table 7. Displaced workers(1) who lost full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in February 1998 by industry of lost job and characteristics of new job (In thousands) Reemployed in February 1998 Wage and salary workers Full time Self- Industry of lost job employed Total Earnings relative to those of lost job and Part unpaid time family Total(- 20 Below, Equal or 20 workers 2) percent but above, percent or more within 20 but or more below percent within 20 above percent Total who lost full-time wage and salary jobs(3).................................. 2,413 265 1,984 417 334 501 426 164 Mining...................................... 16 - 11 4 2 2 - 5 Construction................................ 126 8 109 23 17 36 11 9 Manufacturing............................... 691 88 564 140 72 132 106 39 Durable goods(4).......................... 403 47 340 71 55 85 65 15 Primary metal industries................ 15 2 10 4 2 2 2 3 Fabricated metal products............... 55 6 49 15 9 6 8 - Machinery, except electrical............ 77 10 62 16 10 17 12 5 Electrical machinery.................... 59 4 55 5 14 15 6 - Transportation equipment................ 72 13 59 8 9 18 13 - Automobiles........................... 25 2 22 6 4 7 4 - Other transportation equipment........ 47 11 37 2 5 11 9 - Nondurable goods.......................... 289 41 224 69 17 47 41 24 Transportation and public utilities......... 183 15 161 58 30 23 24 8 Wholesale and retail trade.................. 508 58 406 84 65 102 103 44 Finance, insurance, and real estate......... 202 23 171 33 43 52 27 8 Services.................................... 541 61 431 59 81 112 127 49 Professional services..................... 328 54 253 38 39 60 90 22 Other service industries.................. 213 8 178 21 42 52 38 28 Public administration....................... 85 7 76 4 13 26 20 2 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes about 306,000 persons who did not report earnings on lost job. 3 Includes a small number who did not report industry. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 8. Total displaced workers(1) by selected characteristics and employment status in February 1998 Percent distribution by employment status Total Characteristic (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Workers who lost jobs Total, 20 years and over................. 7,952 100.0 76.2 11.7 12.1 20 to 24 years............................... 958 100.0 72.2 15.0 12.8 25 to 54 years............................... 6,020 100.0 80.1 11.3 8.6 55 to 64 years............................... 747 100.0 61.7 12.1 26.2 65 years and over............................ 227 100.0 37.6 7.8 54.6 Men...................................... 4,370 100.0 79.6 12.8 7.7 20 to 24 years............................... 570 100.0 75.7 16.0 8.2 25 to 54 years............................... 3,254 100.0 83.8 11.8 4.4 55 to 64 years............................... 428 100.0 62.3 16.0 21.7 65 years and over............................ 118 100.0 43.6 12.1 44.3 Women.................................... 3,582 100.0 72.1 10.4 17.5 20 to 24 years............................... 387 100.0 67.1 13.4 19.5 25 to 54 years............................... 2,766 100.0 75.7 10.7 13.7 55 to 64 years............................... 319 100.0 60.9 6.9 32.2 65 years and over............................ 110 100.0 31.1 3.2 65.6 White........................................ 6,678 100.0 77.1 10.4 12.4 Black........................................ 927 100.0 69.0 21.4 9.7 Hispanic origin.............................. 987 100.0 71.0 18.5 10.6 Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved........ 3,301 100.0 76.7 10.3 13.0 Insufficient work............................ 2,529 100.0 74.8 15.0 10.2 Position or shift abolished.................. 2,123 100.0 77.0 10.1 13.0 Occupation and industry of lost job(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 1,708 100.0 82.6 8.7 8.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 2,650 100.0 75.5 9.8 14.7 Service occupations.......................... 853 100.0 69.2 16.5 14.3 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 924 100.0 81.8 10.7 7.5 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,510 100.0 71.1 15.1 13.8 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 138 100.0 72.3 18.8 8.9 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 114 100.0 75.9 15.9 8.2 Nonagricultural wage and salary workers...... 7,634 100.0 76.4 11.5 12.1 Private wage and salary workers............ 7,189 100.0 76.3 11.7 12.0 Mining................................... 39 (3) (3) (3) (3) Construction............................. 636 100.0 79.5 15.3 5.2 Manufacturing............................ 1,782 100.0 74.6 11.3 14.2 Durable goods.......................... 992 100.0 78.6 10.8 10.6 Nondurable goods....................... 791 100.0 69.5 11.8 18.7 Transportation and public utilities...... 524 100.0 81.0 7.7 11.3 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,882 100.0 74.8 10.4 14.8 Wholesale trade........................ 347 100.0 79.8 10.1 10.1 Retail trade........................... 1,535 100.0 73.6 10.5 15.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 511 100.0 77.9 11.3 10.8 Services................................. 1,815 100.0 77.0 12.9 10.1 Government workers......................... 444 100.0 77.1 8.5 14.4 1 Data refer to all persons (regardless of years of tenure on lost job) who had lost or left a job between January 1995 and December 1997 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report occupation or industry. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.