Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 00-126 Household data: (202) 691-6378 Transmission of material in this release is Establishment data: 691-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, May 5, 2000. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: APRIL 2000 Employment rose in April, and the unemployment rate edged down to 3.9 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 340,000; this includes 73,000 temporary workers added to assist with the decennial census. Average hourly earnings rose by 6 cents in April and by 3.8 percent over the year. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The unemployment rate, which has been below 4.2 percent since October, edged down to 3.9 percent in April. This is the first time the rate has been below 4.0 percent since January 1970. The jobless rate for Hispanics decreased to 5.4 percent in April. The unemployment rates for the other major worker groups--adult men (3.2 percent), adult women (3.5 percent), teenagers (12.7 percent), whites (3.5 percent), and blacks (7.2 percent)-- were about unchanged over the month. The number of unemployed persons was 5.5 million. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) The civilian labor force increased by 363,000 over the month to 141.2 million. The labor force participation rate was 67.5 percent, little changed from March. (See table A-1.) Total employment rose by 547,000 in April to 135.7 million. The employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population age 16 and older with jobs--increased to 64.9 percent, a record high. About 7.7 million workers (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in April, about the same as a year earlier. These multiple jobholders represented 5.7 percent of total employment. (See table A-10.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.2 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in April. These people wanted and were available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed, however, because they had not actively searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers was 330,000, up from 245,000 a year earlier. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them. (See table A-10.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| Mar.- Category | 1999 | 2000 1/| 2000 | Apr. |_________________|_________________ ________|change | IV | I | Feb. | Mar. | Apr. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 139,880| 140,981| 141,165| 140,867| 141,230| 363 Employment..........| 134,153| 135,247| 135,362| 135,159| 135,706| 547 Unemployment........| 5,727| 5,733| 5,804| 5,708| 5,524| -184 Not in labor force....| 68,780| 67,933| 67,742| 68,187| 67,986| -201 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 3.9| -0.2 Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.3| 3.4| 3.3| 3.2| -.1 Adult women.........| 3.6| 3.6| 3.5| 3.6| 3.5| -.1 Teenagers...........| 13.8| 13.4| 14.1| 13.3| 12.7| -.6 White...............| 3.5| 3.5| 3.6| 3.6| 3.5| -.1 Black...............| 8.1| 7.8| 7.8| 7.3| 7.2| -.1 Hispanic origin.....| 6.1| 5.9| 5.7| 6.3| 5.4| -.9 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 129,606|p130,463| 130,319|p130,777|p131,117| p340 Goods-producing 2/..| 25,246| p25,421| 25,382| p25,471| p25,431| p-40 Construction......| 6,359| p6,521| 6,484| p6,574| p6,519| p-55 Manufacturing.....| 18,359| p18,368| 18,366| p18,361| p18,372| p11 Service-producing 2/| 104,360|p105,042| 104,937|p105,306|p105,686| p380 Retail trade......| 22,922| p23,025| 23,016| p23,041| p23,160| p119 Services..........| 39,548| p39,869| 39,822| p39,980| p40,101| p121 Government........| 20,274| p20,429| 20,382| p20,540| p20,647| p107 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.5| p34.5| 34.5| p34.5| p34.6| p0.1 Manufacturing.......| 41.7| p41.7| 41.8| p41.7| p42.1| p.4 Overtime..........| 4.6| p4.7| 4.8| p4.6| p4.9| p.3 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 149.1| p150.4| 150.1| p150.7| p151.5| p0.8 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $13.41| p$13.54| $13.54| p$13.58| p$13.64| p$0.06 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 462.65| p467.46| 467.13| p468.51| p471.94| p3.43 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 2000, household data reflect revised popula- tion controls used in the Current Population Survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 340,000 in April to 131.1 million. This follows an increase of 458,000 (as revised) in March. Job gains in both months reflect, in part, the hiring of temporary workers for Census 2000--117,000 in March and 73,000 in April. Among private-sector industries, large job gains occurred in services and retail trade in April, while construction employment declined. (See table B-1.) Employment in the services industry grew by 121,000 in April, in line with its average monthly gain for the prior 12 months. Business services added 55,000 jobs in April, following a similarly strong gain in March. Within business services, help supply services added 46,000 jobs over the month, bringing its total gain since January to 94,000. Employment in computer services grew by 8,000; while still adding jobs at a rapid pace, the industry has experienced smaller employment gains since August 1999. Motion pictures rebounded from losses in the prior 2 months by adding 9,000 jobs. Employment also rose over the month in amusement and recreation services and in hotels. Engineering and management services employment showed little change in April. Retail trade added 119,000 jobs in April. The largest employment gains were in eating and drinking places (80,000) and food stores (20,000). Eating and drinking places had shown virtually no change in employment during the first quarter of the year; employment in food stores has had almost no growth for several years. Building materials and garden supplies stores lost 8,000 jobs in April, following an above-average gain in March. Employment in wholesale trade was little changed in April. Transportation added 27,000 jobs over the month, with the largest increases in trucking and warehousing, local and interurban transit, and transportation services. The gain of 10,000 jobs in trucking follows relatively weak growth in the first quarter. Finance, insurance, and real estate employment was up by 7,000 in April. In finance, security brokerages added 8,000 jobs, while employment declines continued in mortgage brokerages. Since May 1999, mortgage brokerages have lost 33,000 jobs. In April, employment in both insurance and real estate was about unchanged. Government added 107,000 jobs in April, largely due to the hiring of an additional 73,000 temporary workers by the federal government for Census 2000. Employment in local education increased by 33,000 in April, after seasonal adjustment, following little growth in the first quarter. - 4 - In the goods-producing sector, construction employment declined by 55,000 in April, seasonally adjusted, following a substantial rise in March. Because the March survey reference period was relatively late in the month, some of the spring hiring that usually occurs between March and April was captured in March this year instead of April. Taking March and April together, construction employment rose by an average of 18,000 a month. Manufacturing employment was up by 11,000 in April, following a somewhat larger loss in March (after adjustment for the return of 15,000 workers from strike). In April, the largest employment increase was in electrical equipment (8,000), which has added 21,000 jobs thus far in 2000. Fabricated metals and food products each added 5,000 jobs in April. Aircraft manufacturing employment continued on its downward trend with the loss of 4,000 jobs. Mining added 4,000 jobs, as employment in oil and gas extraction continued to rise. Since its most recent low point in August 1999, oil and gas employment has grown by 20,000. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour in April to 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek increased by 0.4 hour to 42.1 hours. Manufacturing overtime rose by 0.3 hour to 4.9 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.5 percent to 151.5 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was up by 1.1 percent to 107.2. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 6 cents in April to $13.64, seasonally adjusted. Over the month, average weekly earnings increased by 0.7 percent to $471.94. Over the year, average hourly earnings rose by 3.8 percent and average weekly earnings grew by 4.4 percent. (See table B-3.) ______________________________ The Employment Situation for May 2000 is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 2, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). ------------------------------------------------------------------- | Revisions in the Establishment Survey Data | | | | With the release of May data in June, BLS will introduce | |revisions in the establishment-based series on nonfarm payroll | |employment, hours, and earnings to reflect the annual benchmark | |adjustments for March 1999 and updated seasonal adjustment factors.| |Unadjusted data since April 1998 and seasonally adjusted data since| |January 1995 are subject to revision. Seasonal adjustment factors | |for March through October 2000 will be available on the Internet | |on May 26, one week prior to the release of the May estimates | |(http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm). | | | | Concurrent with the release of the March 1999 benchmark revi- | |sions, BLS also will begin implementation of a new probability- | |based sample design for the establishment survey. Only wholesale | |trade will incorporate the new sample design with this release. | |Further information on these revisions is available by calling | |(202) 691-6555. | ------------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent, ranging from zero to 0.7 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $16.00 per issue or $40.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-877-8339. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 207,236 209,053 209,216 207,236 208,832 208,782 208,907 209,053 209,216 Civilian labor force............................ 138,240 140,501 140,403 139,086 140,108 140,910 141,165 140,867 141,230 Participation rate........................ 66.7 67.2 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.5 67.6 67.4 67.5 Employed...................................... 132,552 134,494 135,215 133,054 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 Employment-population ratio............... 64.0 64.3 64.6 64.2 64.4 64.8 64.8 64.7 64.9 Agriculture................................. 3,320 3,079 3,330 3,341 3,279 3,371 3,408 3,359 3,355 Nonagricultural industries.................. 129,232 131,415 131,885 129,713 131,141 131,850 131,954 131,801 132,351 Unemployed.................................... 5,688 6,007 5,188 6,032 5,688 5,689 5,804 5,708 5,524 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 Not in labor force.............................. 68,996 68,552 68,813 68,150 68,724 67,872 67,742 68,187 67,986 Persons who currently want a job.............. 4,797 4,461 4,422 4,740 4,467 4,252 4,374 4,594 4,352 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,465 100,405 100,487 99,465 100,264 100,266 100,330 100,405 100,487 Civilian labor force............................ 73,837 74,790 74,747 74,270 74,930 75,304 75,594 75,198 75,189 Participation rate........................ 74.2 74.5 74.4 74.7 74.7 75.1 75.3 74.9 74.8 Employed...................................... 70,877 71,613 71,979 71,208 71,927 72,358 72,473 72,313 72,307 Employment-population ratio............... 71.3 71.3 71.6 71.6 71.7 72.2 72.2 72.0 72.0 Unemployed.................................... 2,959 3,177 2,768 3,062 3,003 2,946 3,121 2,885 2,882 Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.2 3.7 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 91,302 92,145 92,303 91,302 92,052 92,057 92,092 92,145 92,303 Civilian labor force............................ 69,848 70,689 70,616 69,992 70,529 70,917 71,120 70,822 70,761 Participation rate........................ 76.5 76.7 76.5 76.7 76.6 77.0 77.2 76.9 76.7 Employed...................................... 67,463 68,057 68,389 67,562 68,197 68,585 68,691 68,480 68,481 Employment-population ratio............... 73.9 73.9 74.1 74.0 74.1 74.5 74.6 74.3 74.2 Agriculture................................. 2,339 2,073 2,252 2,305 2,227 2,303 2,309 2,232 2,213 Nonagricultural industries.................. 65,124 65,984 66,136 65,257 65,970 66,282 66,382 66,249 66,269 Unemployed.................................... 2,385 2,632 2,227 2,430 2,332 2,332 2,429 2,342 2,280 Unemployment rate......................... 3.4 3.7 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 107,771 108,649 108,729 107,771 108,569 108,516 108,577 108,649 108,729 Civilian labor force............................ 64,403 65,711 65,656 64,816 65,178 65,606 65,572 65,668 66,041 Participation rate........................ 59.8 60.5 60.4 60.1 60.0 60.5 60.4 60.4 60.7 Employed...................................... 61,675 62,881 63,236 61,846 62,493 62,863 62,889 62,846 63,399 Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 57.9 58.2 57.4 57.6 57.9 57.9 57.8 58.3 Unemployed.................................... 2,729 2,830 2,420 2,970 2,685 2,743 2,683 2,823 2,642 Unemployment rate......................... 4.2 4.3 3.7 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 99,923 100,713 100,809 99,923 100,666 100,579 100,666 100,713 100,809 Civilian labor force............................ 60,604 61,892 61,790 60,765 61,154 61,576 61,575 61,671 61,920 Participation rate........................ 60.7 61.5 61.3 60.8 60.7 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.4 Employed...................................... 58,354 59,593 59,785 58,336 58,958 59,280 59,398 59,422 59,757 Employment-population ratio............... 58.4 59.2 59.3 58.4 58.6 58.9 59.0 59.0 59.3 Agriculture................................. 777 831 867 803 791 826 871 894 899 Nonagricultural industries.................. 57,577 58,762 58,917 57,533 58,167 58,454 58,526 58,528 58,858 Unemployed.................................... 2,250 2,298 2,005 2,429 2,196 2,297 2,178 2,249 2,163 Unemployment rate......................... 3.7 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population............. 16,011 16,196 16,104 16,011 16,114 16,147 16,149 16,196 16,104 Civilian labor force............................ 7,787 7,921 7,998 8,329 8,425 8,416 8,470 8,374 8,549 Participation rate........................ 48.6 48.9 49.7 52.0 52.3 52.1 52.4 51.7 53.1 Employed...................................... 6,735 6,844 7,042 7,156 7,265 7,356 7,273 7,257 7,467 Employment-population ratio............... 42.1 42.3 43.7 44.7 45.1 45.6 45.0 44.8 46.4 Agriculture................................. 204 175 210 233 261 242 228 233 243 Nonagricultural industries.................. 6,531 6,669 6,832 6,923 7,004 7,114 7,046 7,024 7,224 Unemployed.................................... 1,052 1,077 956 1,173 1,160 1,060 1,197 1,117 1,082 Unemployment rate......................... 13.5 13.6 12.0 14.1 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 172,730 173,983 174,092 172,730 173,821 173,812 173,886 173,983 174,092 Civilian labor force............................ 115,633 117,451 117,281 116,344 117,008 117,716 117,821 117,832 117,988 Participation rate.......................... 66.9 67.5 67.4 67.4 67.3 67.7 67.8 67.7 67.8 Employed...................................... 111,439 113,006 113,458 111,886 112,951 113,704 113,634 113,630 113,915 Employment-population ratio................. 64.5 65.0 65.2 64.8 65.0 65.4 65.3 65.3 65.4 Unemployed.................................... 4,194 4,446 3,823 4,458 4,057 4,011 4,187 4,202 4,073 Unemployment rate........................... 3.6 3.8 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 59,548 60,123 59,958 59,651 59,889 60,179 60,387 60,282 60,048 Participation rate.......................... 77.1 77.2 76.9 77.2 77.0 77.3 77.6 77.4 77.0 Employed...................................... 57,758 58,131 58,327 57,834 58,221 58,487 58,631 58,541 58,386 Employment-population ratio................. 74.8 74.6 74.8 74.9 74.8 75.2 75.3 75.1 74.9 Unemployed.................................... 1,790 1,993 1,631 1,817 1,668 1,693 1,756 1,742 1,662 Unemployment rate........................... 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 49,486 50,622 50,532 49,674 50,011 50,404 50,335 50,448 50,726 Participation rate.......................... 59.8 60.7 60.6 60.0 60.1 60.5 60.4 60.5 60.8 Employed...................................... 47,862 48,966 49,101 47,885 48,486 48,857 48,792 48,820 49,150 Employment-population ratio................. 57.8 58.7 58.9 57.8 58.2 58.7 58.6 58.6 58.9 Unemployed.................................... 1,624 1,656 1,431 1,789 1,525 1,547 1,544 1,628 1,576 Unemployment rate........................... 3.3 3.3 2.8 3.6 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force............................ 6,599 6,706 6,791 7,019 7,108 7,132 7,099 7,102 7,214 Participation rate.......................... 52.1 52.7 53.4 55.4 55.8 56.0 55.8 55.8 56.7 Employed...................................... 5,819 5,909 6,030 6,167 6,244 6,360 6,211 6,270 6,379 Employment-population ratio................. 45.9 46.5 47.4 48.7 49.0 50.0 48.8 49.3 50.2 Unemployed.................................... 780 797 761 852 864 772 888 832 835 Unemployment rate........................... 11.8 11.9 11.2 12.1 12.2 10.8 12.5 11.7 11.6 Men....................................... 12.2 12.1 12.6 12.6 13.3 12.4 14.4 11.3 13.0 Women..................................... 11.4 11.7 9.7 11.6 10.9 9.1 10.4 12.1 10.0 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,765 25,105 25,135 24,765 25,051 25,047 25,076 25,105 25,135 Civilian labor force............................ 16,159 16,466 16,504 16,288 16,513 16,622 16,785 16,572 16,636 Participation rate.......................... 65.2 65.6 65.7 65.8 65.9 66.4 66.9 66.0 66.2 Employed...................................... 14,979 15,231 15,412 15,011 15,204 15,254 15,471 15,356 15,444 Employment-population ratio................. 60.5 60.7 61.3 60.6 60.7 60.9 61.7 61.2 61.4 Unemployed.................................... 1,180 1,236 1,092 1,277 1,309 1,368 1,314 1,216 1,191 Unemployment rate........................... 7.3 7.5 6.6 7.8 7.9 8.2 7.8 7.3 7.2 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 7,092 7,252 7,324 7,118 7,273 7,386 7,441 7,300 7,351 Participation rate.......................... 71.7 72.2 72.8 72.0 72.6 73.7 74.2 72.6 73.0 Employed...................................... 6,661 6,762 6,858 6,670 6,766 6,839 6,910 6,830 6,864 Employment-population ratio................. 67.4 67.3 68.1 67.5 67.5 68.2 68.9 68.0 68.2 Unemployed.................................... 431 490 467 448 507 547 532 469 487 Unemployment rate........................... 6.1 6.8 6.4 6.3 7.0 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 8,222 8,333 8,293 8,223 8,260 8,315 8,344 8,314 8,291 Participation rate.......................... 66.3 66.2 65.8 66.3 65.8 66.3 66.4 66.1 65.8 Employed...................................... 7,681 7,815 7,830 7,657 7,706 7,715 7,805 7,808 7,807 Employment-population ratio................. 61.9 62.1 62.2 61.7 61.4 61.5 62.1 62.1 62.0 Unemployed.................................... 541 518 463 566 554 600 539 506 484 Unemployment rate........................... 6.6 6.2 5.6 6.9 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.1 5.8 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force............................ 845 881 886 947 980 921 999 958 993 Participation rate.......................... 34.1 35.6 35.8 38.3 39.5 37.2 40.4 38.7 40.2 Employed...................................... 637 653 724 684 732 701 756 718 773 Employment-population ratio................. 25.7 26.4 29.3 27.6 29.5 28.3 30.6 29.0 31.3 Unemployed.................................... 208 228 162 263 248 220 243 240 220 Unemployment rate........................... 24.6 25.9 18.3 27.8 25.3 23.9 24.3 25.1 22.2 Men....................................... 30.2 22.6 18.4 32.0 27.5 24.0 22.3 21.3 22.0 Women..................................... 19.7 29.3 18.2 23.8 23.0 23.8 26.6 28.9 22.4 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,483 22,166 22,231 21,483 22,008 22,047 22,108 22,166 22,231 Civilian labor force............................ 14,434 15,304 15,268 14,535 14,984 15,251 15,249 15,313 15,355 Participation rate.......................... 67.2 69.0 68.7 67.7 68.1 69.2 69.0 69.1 69.1 Employed...................................... 13,474 14,283 14,466 13,541 14,095 14,395 14,382 14,355 14,524 Employment-population ratio................. 62.7 64.4 65.1 63.0 64.0 65.3 65.1 64.8 65.3 Unemployed.................................... 960 1,021 802 994 889 856 868 958 831 Unemployment rate........................... 6.7 6.7 5.3 6.8 5.9 5.6 5.7 6.3 5.4 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population...... 27,991 27,523 28,069 27,991 28,144 27,995 27,376 27,523 28,069 Civilian labor force.................... 11,971 11,801 12,007 11,896 11,956 11,895 11,971 11,726 11,945 Percent of population............... 42.8 42.9 42.8 42.5 42.5 42.5 43.7 42.6 42.6 Employed.............................. 11,170 10,896 11,286 11,092 11,243 11,106 11,257 10,918 11,218 Employment-population ratio......... 39.9 39.6 40.2 39.6 39.9 39.7 41.1 39.7 40.0 Unemployed............................ 802 905 721 804 713 789 714 808 727 Unemployment rate................... 6.7 7.7 6.0 6.8 6.0 6.6 6.0 6.9 6.1 High school graduates, no college(2) Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,945 58,033 58,015 57,945 57,590 57,768 57,471 58,033 58,015 Civilian labor force.................... 37,551 37,742 37,699 37,508 37,362 37,617 37,603 37,671 37,666 Percent of population............... 64.8 65.0 65.0 64.7 64.9 65.1 65.4 64.9 64.9 Employed.............................. 36,253 36,364 36,474 36,173 36,071 36,305 36,294 36,401 36,401 Employment-population ratio......... 62.6 62.7 62.9 62.4 62.6 62.8 63.2 62.7 62.7 Unemployed............................ 1,297 1,377 1,226 1,335 1,291 1,311 1,309 1,270 1,265 Unemployment rate................... 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,059 44,225 43,896 43,059 44,069 43,689 44,486 44,225 43,896 Civilian labor force.................... 31,889 32,898 32,522 32,051 32,404 32,397 32,544 32,967 32,684 Percent of population............... 74.1 74.4 74.1 74.4 73.5 74.2 73.2 74.5 74.5 Employed.............................. 30,953 31,929 31,684 31,111 31,586 31,564 31,595 32,090 31,843 Employment-population ratio......... 71.9 72.2 72.2 72.3 71.7 72.2 71.0 72.6 72.5 Unemployed............................ 936 969 838 940 818 833 949 878 841 Unemployment rate................... 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.9 2.7 2.6 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population...... 44,289 44,838 44,864 44,289 44,821 45,058 45,247 44,838 44,864 Civilian labor force.................... 35,418 36,017 36,074 35,467 35,824 36,205 36,265 36,060 36,099 Percent of population............... 80.0 80.3 80.4 80.1 79.9 80.4 80.1 80.4 80.5 Employed.............................. 34,776 35,446 35,581 34,745 35,186 35,540 35,678 35,481 35,545 Employment-population ratio......... 78.5 79.1 79.3 78.5 78.5 78.9 78.9 79.1 79.2 Unemployed............................ 642 572 493 722 638 665 587 579 553 Unemployment rate................... 1.8 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.5 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,552 134,494 135,215 133,054 134,420 135,221 135,362 135,159 135,706 Married men, spouse present..................... 43,104 43,081 43,186 43,210 43,283 43,951 43,535 43,297 43,272 Married women, spouse present................... 33,351 33,915 33,944 33,284 33,762 34,166 33,882 33,780 33,877 Women who maintain families..................... 8,163 8,187 8,382 8,081 8,375 8,362 8,220 8,082 8,307 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty........... 40,526 40,717 40,745 40,458 40,800 40,924 40,806 40,595 40,665 Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 38,711 39,549 39,561 38,816 39,311 39,614 39,703 39,510 39,680 Service occupations............................. 17,779 18,636 18,734 17,904 17,706 18,155 18,344 18,711 18,885 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,533 14,491 14,530 14,508 14,940 14,610 14,681 14,520 14,501 Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 17,550 17,965 18,212 17,775 18,299 18,385 18,279 18,334 18,453 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 3,454 3,135 3,432 3,508 3,367 3,574 3,630 3,562 3,477 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers....................... 1,925 1,841 2,048 1,930 2,018 2,024 2,025 2,043 2,054 Self-employed workers......................... 1,367 1,202 1,247 1,399 1,211 1,320 1,344 1,292 1,272 Unpaid family workers......................... 28 36 36 33 36 38 51 42 43 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers....................... 120,331 122,709 122,992 120,925 122,426 122,823 123,166 123,169 123,623 Government.................................. 18,952 19,677 19,434 18,778 18,959 19,013 19,394 19,598 19,280 Private industries.......................... 101,379 103,032 103,558 102,147 103,467 103,810 103,772 103,571 104,343 Private households........................ 899 1,002 982 935 948 952 1,016 998 1,019 Other industries.......................... 100,479 102,030 102,576 101,212 102,519 102,858 102,756 102,573 103,324 Self-employed workers......................... 8,839 8,600 8,794 8,801 8,662 8,802 8,793 8,704 8,750 Unpaid family workers......................... 62 106 99 65 98 92 74 107 103 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons................ 3,316 3,306 3,043 3,403 3,320 3,219 3,139 3,124 3,124 Slack work or business conditions........... 1,926 1,955 1,827 1,937 1,951 1,893 1,807 1,820 1,844 Could only find part-time work.............. 1,082 1,029 986 1,117 1,025 1,012 1,023 953 1,016 Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,788 19,540 19,509 18,752 18,618 18,889 19,031 18,770 18,474 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons................ 3,130 3,169 2,933 3,225 3,157 3,066 2,985 3,003 3,021 Slack work or business conditions........... 1,835 1,888 1,768 1,845 1,843 1,801 1,705 1,766 1,782 Could only find part-time work.............. 1,051 1,008 957 1,087 1,018 986 1,005 922 989 Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 19,181 19,002 18,948 18,159 18,061 18,347 18,406 18,184 17,943 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over......................... 6,032 5,708 5,524 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,430 2,342 2,280 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.2 Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,429 2,249 2,163 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,173 1,117 1,082 14.1 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7 Married men, spouse present.................... 1,004 865 776 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.8 Married women, spouse present.................. 981 955 897 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 Women who maintain families.................... 614 591 559 7.1 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.8 6.3 Full-time workers.............................. 4,807 4,489 4,427 4.2 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 Part-time workers.............................. 1,221 1,243 1,093 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.6 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty.......... 787 732 685 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.7 Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,542 1,435 1,373 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.3 Precision production, craft, and repair........ 575 570 525 3.8 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 3.5 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,228 1,245 1,313 6.5 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.6 Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 270 193 262 7.1 5.8 4.7 5.7 5.1 7.0 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,688 4,695 4,375 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.0 Goods-producing industries................... 1,278 1,328 1,232 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.3 Mining..................................... 50 13 17 8.4 4.1 2.6 4.0 2.5 2.8 Construction............................... 520 505 383 7.3 6.6 6.4 7.5 6.9 5.2 Manufacturing.............................. 708 810 832 3.4 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.9 4.0 Durable goods............................ 401 381 499 3.2 3.6 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.9 Nondurable goods......................... 307 429 333 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.8 5.2 4.1 Service-producing industries................. 3,410 3,366 3,144 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 Transportation and public utilities........ 220 244 224 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,455 1,485 1,369 5.4 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.4 4.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 261 195 211 3.2 2.1 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.6 Services................................... 1,474 1,443 1,340 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.7 4.0 3.7 Government workers............................. 455 337 327 2.4 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.7 1.7 Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 203 121 189 9.5 7.1 5.0 6.5 5.6 8.4 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,378 2,527 2,139 2,741 2,620 2,447 2,603 2,824 2,455 5 to 14 weeks.................................... 1,671 2,003 1,666 1,868 1,694 1,754 1,864 1,719 1,868 15 weeks and over................................ 1,638 1,478 1,383 1,474 1,388 1,372 1,277 1,295 1,250 15 to 26 weeks................................ 928 815 778 794 693 667 673 657 670 27 weeks and over............................. 711 663 605 680 695 705 604 637 580 Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 14.0 13.2 13.1 13.2 12.8 13.2 12.5 12.8 12.4 Median duration, in weeks........................ 7.4 7.0 7.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 6.1 6.0 6.0 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks.............................. 41.8 42.1 41.2 45.1 45.9 43.9 45.3 48.4 44.1 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 29.4 33.3 32.1 30.7 29.7 31.5 32.5 29.4 33.5 15 weeks and over.............................. 28.8 24.6 26.7 24.2 24.3 24.6 22.2 22.2 22.4 15 to 26 weeks............................... 16.3 13.6 15.0 13.1 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.3 12.0 27 weeks and over............................ 12.5 11.0 11.7 11.2 12.2 12.7 10.5 10.9 10.4 NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... 2,633 2,769 2,248 2,695 2,401 2,477 2,616 2,541 2,306 On temporary layoff............................. 835 983 692 843 795 739 838 781 703 Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,797 1,787 1,556 1,852 1,606 1,739 1,778 1,759 1,602 Permanent job losers.......................... 1,263 1,224 1,081 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 534 562 475 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers....................................... 754 837 778 810 825 776 759 824 833 Reentrants........................................ 1,874 2,019 1,802 2,039 2,036 2,043 1,975 1,979 1,961 New entrants...................................... 427 382 361 473 453 393 387 434 408 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... 46.3 46.1 43.3 44.8 42.0 43.5 45.6 44.0 41.9 On temporary layoff............................ 14.7 16.4 13.3 14.0 13.9 13.0 14.6 13.5 12.8 Not on temporary layoff........................ 31.6 29.7 30.0 30.8 28.1 30.6 31.0 30.5 29.1 Job leavers...................................... 13.3 13.9 15.0 13.5 14.4 13.6 13.2 14.3 15.1 Reentrants....................................... 33.0 33.6 34.7 33.9 35.6 35.9 34.4 34.3 35.6 New entrants..................................... 7.5 6.4 6.9 7.9 7.9 6.9 6.7 7.5 7.4 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 Job leavers...................................... .5 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 Reentrants....................................... 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 New entrants..................................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force................................ 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force................... 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.6 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.1 4.3 3.7 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 4.3 4.5 3.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................ 5.0 5.1 4.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............................. 7.4 7.4 6.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Apr. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,032 5,708 5,524 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 4.1 3.9 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,211 2,199 2,115 10.0 9.8 9.3 10.0 9.7 9.3 16 to 19 years................................ 1,173 1,117 1,082 14.1 13.8 12.6 14.1 13.3 12.7 16 to 17 years.............................. 557 510 481 16.6 16.5 14.0 15.9 15.3 14.6 18 to 19 years.............................. 612 607 597 12.4 12.1 11.4 12.8 12.1 11.4 20 to 24 years................................ 1,038 1,082 1,033 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.2 25 years and over............................... 3,822 3,531 3,411 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 25 to 54 years................................ 3,286 3,044 2,964 3.3 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 55 years and over............................. 507 498 427 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.7 2.4 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,062 2,885 2,882 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8 3.8 16 to 24 years................................ 1,195 1,106 1,153 10.5 10.6 9.7 10.3 9.2 9.6 16 to 19 years.............................. 632 543 603 14.8 15.2 14.0 15.5 12.4 13.6 16 to 17 years............................ 316 269 270 18.3 17.7 14.3 17.3 15.1 15.8 18 to 19 years............................ 321 274 337 12.6 13.5 13.7 13.9 10.5 12.4 20 to 24 years.............................. 563 563 550 7.9 7.8 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.3 25 years and over............................. 1,871 1,781 1,735 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,597 1,500 1,462 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 55 years and over........................... 265 278 268 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.7 Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,970 2,823 2,642 4.6 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.0 16 to 24 years................................ 1,016 1,093 962 9.5 8.9 8.9 9.6 10.2 8.9 16 to 19 years.............................. 541 574 479 13.4 12.2 11.1 12.6 14.4 11.6 16 to 17 years............................ 241 241 211 14.8 15.1 13.7 14.3 15.4 13.3 18 to 19 years............................ 291 334 260 12.1 10.5 8.9 11.6 13.7 10.4 20 to 24 years.............................. 475 520 483 7.1 7.0 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.2 25 years and over............................. 1,951 1,751 1,676 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.0 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,689 1,544 1,502 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.2 55 years and over........................... 242 219 159 3.1 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.0 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. Apr. 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force...................................... 68,996 68,813 25,628 25,740 43,368 43,073 Persons who currently want a job................................ 4,797 4,422 2,052 1,907 2,745 2,515 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,257 1,215 625 597 632 618 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 245 330 156 198 88 132 Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 1,012 885 468 399 544 486 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,648 7,737 4,012 4,060 3,635 3,677 Percent of total employed..................................... 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.8 Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,269 4,256 2,442 2,453 1,827 1,803 Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,615 1,596 496 509 1,119 1,087 Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 282 348 214 228 67 120 Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,446 1,501 841 859 605 642 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p Total1........................ 127,990 128,778 129,807 130,940 128,134 129,898 130,292 130,319 130,777 131,117 Total private.................... 107,522 108,090 108,863 109,914 108,035 109,583 109,927 109,937 110,237 110,470 Goods-producing......................... 25,043 24,768 24,956 25,208 25,288 25,283 25,410 25,382 25,471 25,431 Mining................................ 532 521 526 533 538 529 530 532 536 540 Metal mining........................ 48.7 47.5 47.4 47.2 49 48 49 48 48 48 Coal mining......................... 85.9 79.7 79.2 79.4 86 82 81 80 79 79 Oil and gas extraction.............. 289.1 293.7 296.2 299.1 294 291 292 296 301 305 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 108.4 100.4 103.0 107.7 109 108 108 108 108 108 Construction.......................... 6,104 5,976 6,141 6,369 6,277 6,393 6,504 6,484 6,574 6,519 General building contractors........ 1,393.0 1,400.2 1,421.2 1,448.0 1,428 1,454 1,474 1,480 1,492 1,482 Heavy construction, except building. 845.8 753.1 798.7 869.6 874 878 900 881 903 889 Special trade contractors........... 3,865.0 3,822.5 3,920.8 4,051.7 3,975 4,061 4,130 4,123 4,179 4,148 Manufacturing......................... 18,407 18,271 18,289 18,306 18,473 18,361 18,376 18,366 18,361 18,372 Production workers................ 12,650 12,549 12,558 12,570 12,696 12,613 12,627 12,617 12,602 12,612 Durable goods........................ 10,982 10,930 10,955 10,972 10,993 10,960 10,973 10,973 10,977 10,987 Production workers................ 7,518 7,481 7,496 7,512 7,519 7,485 7,505 7,507 7,501 7,509 Lumber and wood products............ 814.1 816.6 814.5 816.6 824 828 827 830 827 826 Furniture and fixtures.............. 536.3 544.9 545.3 545.9 536 543 543 545 545 546 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 568.7 555.8 564.0 573.8 570 574 577 574 577 575 Primary metal industries............ 690.4 687.2 688.6 686.7 691 687 686 687 689 688 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 221.7 220.5 221.5 220.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Fabricated metal products........... 1,486.5 1,492.8 1,495.9 1,499.9 1,489 1,489 1,491 1,493 1,496 1,501 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,136.8 2,119.0 2,115.2 2,113.3 2,132 2,120 2,115 2,118 2,111 2,112 Computer and office equipment..... 359.3 353.2 350.3 347.2 361 359 357 356 352 350 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,654.6 1,675.5 1,676.4 1,680.5 1,658 1,664 1,671 1,679 1,677 1,685 Electronic components and accessories.................... 633.9 650.8 652.2 654.9 635 645 647 652 652 656 Transportation equipment............ 1,865.1 1,824.0 1,837.1 1,834.8 1,864 1,831 1,841 1,828 1,835 1,832 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 997.8 1,009.0 1,008.7 1,011.9 996 1,001 1,010 1,014 1,009 1,010 Aircraft and parts................ 502.1 447.0 459.4 455.0 503 464 463 447 460 456 Instruments and related products.... 842.1 828.0 829.9 831.3 842 833 830 829 831 832 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 387.6 386.3 387.7 389.0 387 391 392 390 389 390 Nondurable goods..................... 7,425 7,341 7,334 7,334 7,480 7,401 7,403 7,393 7,384 7,385 Production workers................ 5,132 5,068 5,062 5,058 5,177 5,128 5,122 5,110 5,101 5,103 Food and kindred products........... 1,649.0 1,647.8 1,643.1 1,643.6 1,689 1,686 1,689 1,680 1,679 1,684 Tobacco products.................... 36.4 39.0 34.8 35.5 38 38 38 38 35 38 Textile mill products............... 566.8 547.4 547.3 546.9 567 551 549 550 549 548 Apparel and other textile products.. 696.1 651.7 653.9 654.5 698 662 657 657 657 655 Paper and allied products........... 658.6 651.3 649.5 648.6 662 655 654 653 652 651 Printing and publishing............. 1,552.7 1,546.9 1,547.7 1,549.1 1,555 1,547 1,550 1,551 1,551 1,552 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,034.2 1,031.2 1,031.4 1,031.8 1,038 1,030 1,034 1,034 1,033 1,034 Petroleum and coal products......... 137.9 131.8 132.6 134.0 139 135 136 136 136 135 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,018.5 1,024.1 1,023.2 1,021.0 1,019 1,026 1,025 1,024 1,022 1,019 Leather and leather products........ 75.1 69.9 70.0 69.1 75 71 71 70 70 69 Service-producing1...................... 102,947 104,010 104,851 105,732 102,846 104,615 104,882 104,937 105,306 105,686 Transportation and public utilities... 6,719 6,835 6,866 6,905 6,750 6,897 6,902 6,898 6,914 6,937 Transportation...................... 4,371 4,445 4,469 4,511 4,397 4,501 4,507 4,499 4,512 4,539 Railroad transportation........... 234.1 222.8 220.6 222.7 234 227 226 226 222 223 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 493.6 501.1 503.7 510.5 483 487 491 490 489 495 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,775.6 1,801.0 1,811.7 1,831.8 1,800 1,845 1,849 1,841 1,848 1,858 Water transportation.............. 177.5 176.1 178.1 183.7 180 182 181 185 185 187 Transportation by air............. 1,211.4 1,260.4 1,267.9 1,270.6 1,220 1,273 1,277 1,271 1,280 1,283 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 13.4 12.8 12.8 12.9 14 13 13 13 13 13 Transportation services........... 465.6 470.3 473.9 478.6 466 474 470 473 475 480 Communications and public utilities. 2,348 2,390 2,397 2,394 2,353 2,396 2,395 2,399 2,402 2,398 Communications.................... 1,505.9 1,555.8 1,562.6 1,560.4 1,508 1,553 1,552 1,561 1,565 1,562 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 841.8 834.4 834.0 833.1 845 843 843 838 837 836 Wholesale trade....................... 6,948 7,064 7,101 7,126 6,965 7,088 7,108 7,121 7,142 7,145 Durable goods....................... 4,111 4,197 4,213 4,225 4,113 4,204 4,211 4,218 4,228 4,232 Nondurable goods.................... 2,837 2,867 2,888 2,901 2,852 2,884 2,897 2,903 2,914 2,913 Retail trade.......................... 22,476 22,466 22,599 22,892 22,724 22,973 23,018 23,016 23,041 23,160 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 992.8 960.7 996.2 1,037.8 982 1,007 1,012 1,017 1,030 1,022 General merchandise stores.......... 2,702.0 2,674.1 2,668.7 2,679.2 2,799 2,793 2,798 2,775 2,766 2,766 Department stores................. 2,409.9 2,380.5 2,376.0 2,381.7 2,499 2,479 2,477 2,470 2,461 2,463 Food stores......................... 3,447.2 3,450.8 3,432.4 3,454.6 3,492 3,482 3,481 3,484 3,478 3,498 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,388.9 2,412.4 2,432.2 2,447.4 2,399 2,432 2,445 2,442 2,454 2,455 New and used car dealers.......... 1,072.5 1,097.9 1,104.5 1,108.1 1,074 1,097 1,100 1,103 1,108 1,109 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,135.0 1,154.3 1,158.6 1,170.6 1,163 1,177 1,178 1,193 1,195 1,204 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,069.3 1,103.0 1,105.3 1,107.0 1,081 1,102 1,102 1,107 1,115 1,119 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,852.6 7,720.4 7,850.0 8,028.2 7,863 7,986 7,987 7,980 7,981 8,061 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,887.9 2,990.3 2,955.5 2,967.1 2,945 2,994 3,015 3,018 3,022 3,035 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,583 7,633 7,640 7,664 7,611 7,685 7,685 7,698 7,689 7,696 Finance............................. 3,688 3,719 3,717 3,721 3,697 3,727 3,726 3,732 3,726 3,732 Depository institutions........... 2,043.4 2,031.7 2,030.0 2,029.6 2,050 2,040 2,040 2,038 2,034 2,036 Commercial banks................ 1,462.3 1,452.4 1,451.4 1,449.3 1,467 1,458 1,458 1,457 1,456 1,455 Savings institutions............ 257.2 248.4 246.9 247.2 257 252 251 250 247 247 Nondepository institutions........ 715.3 705.3 700.6 698.8 716 713 708 708 701 699 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 370.1 348.6 343.4 342.3 370 357 353 352 344 341 Security and commodity brokers.... 665.4 708.0 712.7 719.4 668 702 705 712 717 725 Holding and other investment offices........................ 264.2 274.2 273.8 273.6 263 272 273 274 274 272 Insurance........................... 2,392 2,405 2,406 2,407 2,395 2,416 2,406 2,412 2,410 2,412 Insurance carriers................ 1,629.1 1,630.2 1,629.5 1,629.2 1,631 1,639 1,632 1,636 1,633 1,634 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 762.6 774.8 776.2 777.3 764 777 774 776 777 778 Real estate......................... 1,503 1,509 1,517 1,536 1,519 1,542 1,553 1,554 1,553 1,552 Services3............................. 38,753 39,324 39,701 40,119 38,697 39,657 39,804 39,822 39,980 40,101 Agricultural services............... 760.2 663.5 711.2 807.2 755 765 788 782 799 798 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,744.0 1,712.6 1,745.4 1,788.6 1,791 1,807 1,800 1,805 1,822 1,835 Personal services................... 1,266.8 1,298.5 1,295.3 1,300.0 1,204 1,225 1,231 1,228 1,234 1,235 Business services................... 8,923.1 9,227.2 9,344.4 9,424.6 9,010 9,392 9,416 9,424 9,482 9,537 Services to buildings............. 977.3 989.9 1,000.6 1,001.5 978 1,000 999 1,003 1,008 1,004 Personnel supply services......... 3,289.2 3,357.0 3,445.3 3,519.2 3,350 3,513 3,505 3,523 3,556 3,613 Help supply services............ 2,912.5 2,961.4 3,042.6 3,107.6 2,975 3,108 3,100 3,119 3,148 3,194 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,750.8 1,859.9 1,870.4 1,876.5 1,749 1,842 1,852 1,859 1,868 1,876 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,177.5 1,196.6 1,194.8 1,196.9 1,178 1,198 1,202 1,202 1,196 1,196 Miscellaneous repair services....... 396.0 401.2 403.6 406.3 396 405 403 406 407 407 Motion pictures..................... 584.9 610.8 608.3 612.1 587 609 616 609 608 617 Amusement and recreation services... 1,648.8 1,547.1 1,603.8 1,744.0 1,668 1,725 1,759 1,762 1,763 1,778 Health services..................... 9,937.7 10031.2 10055.7 10063.8 9,951 10,038 10,057 10,059 10,071 10,078 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,852.4 1,892.0 1,902.1 1,907.1 1,856 1,886 1,895 1,898 1,907 1,912 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,748.5 1,755.3 1,758.9 1,757.8 1,753 1,759 1,760 1,762 1,763 1,763 Hospitals......................... 3,959.8 3,983.0 3,986.1 3,982.8 3,966 3,985 3,992 3,989 3,990 3,987 Home health care services......... 655.9 652.4 652.5 653.4 656 659 658 656 653 654 Legal services...................... 992.4 1,008.1 1,008.7 1,005.0 998 1,015 1,017 1,014 1,014 1,010 Educational services................ 2,398.1 2,434.7 2,468.7 2,481.3 2,254 2,304 2,297 2,298 2,321 2,332 Social services..................... 2,771.2 2,872.1 2,899.4 2,913.3 2,755 2,850 2,872 2,876 2,889 2,900 Child day care services........... 646.4 667.7 677.3 677.4 628 650 657 655 660 659 Residential care.................. 772.1 803.9 808.8 814.9 772 801 803 807 810 816 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 92.8 87.3 90.9 96.0 94 95 96 95 96 98 Membership organizations............ 2,380.3 2,398.0 2,409.3 2,408.1 2,392 2,418 2,420 2,420 2,422 2,420 Engineering and management services. 3,386.1 3,537.5 3,565.1 3,573.0 3,370 3,515 3,532 3,544 3,558 3,561 Engineering and architectural services....................... 929.8 962.6 966.9 973.9 939 964 973 976 977 980 Management and public relations... 1,132.5 1,209.7 1,218.9 1,224.0 1,133 1,213 1,220 1,218 1,225 1,226 Services, nec....................... 55.7 59.6 59.2 60.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Government1........................... 20,468 20,688 20,944 21,026 20,099 20,315 20,365 20,382 20,540 20,647 Federal1............................ 2,681 2,688 2,808 2,881 2,688 2,645 2,665 2,702 2,818 2,887 Federal, except Postal Service1... 1,810.0 1,827.3 1,947.8 2,021.8 1,809 1,780 1,799 1,836 1,953 2,022 State............................... 4,809 4,822 4,859 4,869 4,688 4,730 4,727 4,725 4,733 4,739 Education......................... 2,085.5 2,078.9 2,110.0 2,111.7 1,955 1,969 1,967 1,962 1,967 1,969 Other State government............ 2,723.5 2,742.7 2,749.2 2,757.7 2,733 2,761 2,760 2,763 2,766 2,770 Local............................... 12,978 13,178 13,277 13,276 12,723 12,940 12,973 12,955 12,989 13,021 Education......................... 7,555.8 7,695.7 7,762.1 7,743.3 7,206 7,351 7,365 7,347 7,365 7,398 Other local government............ 5,421.9 5,481.8 5,514.9 5,533.0 5,517 5,589 5,608 5,608 5,624 5,623 1 Current employment levels in these series are affected by the hiring of temporary workers for Census 2000. Estimates of these workers are 32,000, 72,000, 189,000, and 262,000 in January, February, March, and April 2000, respectively. Preliminary estimates for these series may be subject to larger than normal revisions. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 3 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p Total private.................... 34.3 34.2 34.2 34.6 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.5 34.6 Goods-producing......................... 40.9 40.8 40.9 41.1 40.9 40.9 41.1 41.3 41.2 41.4 Mining................................ 43.3 44.2 43.9 44.7 43.8 44.2 44.9 44.7 44.7 45.0 Construction.......................... 38.6 38.6 38.8 39.1 38.6 38.9 39.4 39.9 39.6 39.4 Manufacturing......................... 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.6 41.6 41.7 41.8 41.7 42.1 Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.9 Durable goods........................ 42.2 42.1 42.2 42.4 42.1 42.1 42.3 42.4 42.3 42.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 5.1 Lumber and wood products............ 41.2 40.4 40.4 41.0 41.2 40.9 41.1 41.0 40.8 40.9 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.2 39.8 40.0 40.1 40.4 40.0 40.2 40.4 40.3 40.8 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 43.2 42.4 42.5 43.1 43.1 43.3 43.6 43.5 43.3 43.4 Primary metal industries............ 44.1 44.4 44.3 44.4 44.0 44.4 44.5 44.5 44.4 44.8 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.6 45.3 44.9 44.9 44.5 45.5 45.1 45.5 45.0 44.7 Fabricated metal products........... 42.1 42.2 42.1 42.4 41.8 41.9 42.3 42.5 42.4 43.0 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.2 42.4 42.5 42.5 41.9 42.2 42.5 42.4 42.4 42.9 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.1 41.4 41.7 41.8 41.1 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.9 42.3 Transportation equipment............ 44.2 44.0 43.9 44.1 44.0 43.3 43.7 44.1 43.8 44.3 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.6 45.0 45.0 45.5 45.1 44.4 45.1 45.1 44.7 45.5 Instruments and related products.... 41.5 41.3 41.2 41.2 41.6 41.6 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.5 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.9 39.3 39.5 39.5 39.6 39.9 39.4 39.5 39.4 39.8 Nondurable goods..................... 40.7 40.6 40.6 40.8 40.9 40.9 40.9 41.0 40.8 41.3 Overtime hours.................... 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.6 Food and kindred products........... 41.2 40.9 40.9 41.0 41.9 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.5 41.9 Tobacco products.................... 38.4 39.3 38.9 39.6 38.6 43.5 40.4 40.7 39.8 40.4 Textile mill products............... 40.9 41.3 41.4 41.6 41.0 41.2 40.9 41.8 41.5 41.8 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 37.6 37.7 37.8 37.5 37.4 37.6 37.8 37.7 38.1 Paper and allied products........... 43.6 43.0 42.9 43.1 43.6 43.2 43.3 43.5 43.2 43.6 Printing and publishing............. 38.1 38.0 38.1 38.3 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.3 38.1 38.6 Chemicals and allied products....... 42.7 42.6 42.5 42.7 43.0 43.1 43.0 42.8 42.5 42.9 Petroleum and coal products......... 42.7 43.4 43.9 43.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.8 41.3 41.3 41.7 41.5 41.3 41.7 41.5 41.3 42.1 Leather and leather products........ 37.9 37.5 37.8 38.2 38.1 36.8 37.5 38.1 38.0 38.7 Service-producing....................... 32.6 32.6 32.6 33.0 32.8 32.9 32.9 32.8 32.9 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 38.6 38.1 38.0 38.7 39.0 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.3 38.6 Wholesale trade....................... 38.3 38.2 38.2 38.9 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.4 38.5 38.8 Retail trade.......................... 28.7 28.5 28.6 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.0 29.1 29.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.9 36.1 35.9 36.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.4 32.6 32.5 32.9 32.5 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.8 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 2000 2000p 2000p Total private.................... $13.16 $13.58 $13.60 $13.71 $451.39 $464.44 $465.12 $474.37 Seasonally adjusted............. 13.14 13.54 13.58 13.64 452.02 467.13 468.51 471.94 Goods-producing......................... 14.64 15.04 15.12 15.24 598.78 613.63 618.41 626.36 Mining................................ 16.93 17.13 17.17 17.22 733.07 757.15 753.76 769.73 Construction.......................... 16.85 17.37 17.48 17.60 650.41 670.48 678.22 688.16 Manufacturing......................... 13.80 14.19 14.22 14.30 574.08 588.89 590.13 596.31 Durable goods........................ 14.27 14.73 14.76 14.83 602.19 620.13 622.87 628.79 Lumber and wood products............ 11.37 11.62 11.62 11.72 468.44 469.45 469.45 480.52 Furniture and fixtures.............. 11.14 11.50 11.57 11.61 447.83 457.70 462.80 465.56 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.75 14.00 14.06 14.23 594.00 593.60 597.55 613.31 Primary metal industries............ 15.62 16.30 16.36 16.55 688.84 723.72 724.75 734.82 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.59 19.40 19.59 19.86 829.11 878.82 879.59 891.71 Fabricated metal products........... 13.36 13.65 13.67 13.69 562.46 576.03 575.51 580.46 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.85 15.40 15.42 15.44 626.67 652.96 655.35 656.20 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 13.31 13.70 13.68 13.78 547.04 567.18 570.46 576.00 Transportation equipment............ 17.88 18.65 18.77 18.87 790.30 820.60 824.00 832.17 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.31 19.10 19.23 19.38 834.94 859.50 865.35 881.79 Instruments and related products.... 14.07 14.41 14.42 14.47 583.91 595.13 594.10 596.16 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 11.25 11.55 11.57 11.63 448.88 453.92 457.02 459.39 Nondurable goods..................... 13.09 13.37 13.40 13.49 532.76 542.82 544.04 550.39 Food and kindred products........... 12.07 12.24 12.29 12.42 497.28 500.62 502.66 509.22 Tobacco products.................... 19.99 17.40 18.83 19.05 767.62 683.82 732.49 754.38 Textile mill products............... 10.68 10.85 10.86 10.93 436.81 448.11 449.60 454.69 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.83 9.02 9.05 9.04 332.01 339.15 341.19 341.71 Paper and allied products........... 15.83 16.02 16.04 16.19 690.19 688.86 688.12 697.79 Printing and publishing............. 13.73 14.13 14.19 14.21 523.11 536.94 540.64 544.24 Chemicals and allied products....... 17.27 17.78 17.75 17.96 737.43 757.43 754.38 766.89 Petroleum and coal products......... 21.49 22.08 22.27 21.94 917.62 958.27 977.65 952.20 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 12.23 12.51 12.52 12.63 511.21 516.66 517.08 526.67 Leather and leather products........ 9.59 9.86 9.91 10.05 363.46 369.75 374.60 383.91 Service-producing....................... 12.69 13.13 13.13 13.23 413.69 428.04 428.04 436.59 Transportation and public utilities... 15.57 16.02 16.01 16.14 601.00 610.36 608.38 624.62 Wholesale trade....................... 14.48 14.95 14.94 15.13 554.58 571.09 570.71 588.56 Retail trade.......................... 9.03 9.34 9.36 9.42 259.16 266.19 267.70 273.18 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 14.61 14.92 14.96 15.15 524.50 538.61 537.06 556.01 Services.............................. 13.32 13.80 13.81 13.89 431.57 449.88 448.83 456.98 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. change Industry 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p from: Mar. 2000- Apr. 2000 Total private: Current dollars.............. $13.14 $13.44 $13.49 $13.54 $13.58 $13.64 0.4 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.83 7.87 7.88 7.87 7.84 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 14.67 15.03 15.10 15.17 15.21 15.28 .5 Mining...................... 16.87 17.01 17.01 17.04 17.14 17.21 .4 Construction................ 16.97 17.42 17.44 17.55 17.62 17.72 .6 Manufacturing............... 13.79 14.09 14.15 14.21 14.22 14.30 .6 Excluding overtime4....... 13.09 13.35 13.42 13.45 13.48 13.51 .2 Service-producing............. 12.65 12.95 12.98 13.03 13.07 13.13 .5 Transportation and public utilities................ 15.60 15.94 15.87 15.98 16.04 16.11 .4 Wholesale trade............. 14.44 14.88 14.99 14.94 15.01 15.00 -.1 Retail trade................ 9.03 9.26 9.26 9.31 9.34 9.39 .5 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 14.58 14.75 14.88 14.85 14.94 14.98 .3 Services.................... 13.28 13.60 13.64 13.69 13.73 13.79 .4 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was -.4 percent from February 2000 to March 2000, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Apr. Feb. Mar. Apr. Apr. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 1999 2000 2000p 2000p 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000p 2000p Total private.................... 145.6 146.0 147.2 150.5 147.0 149.4 150.3 150.1 150.7 151.5 Goods-producing......................... 113.1 111.3 112.5 114.6 114.2 114.5 116.2 116.2 116.4 116.8 Mining................................ 49.1 49.4 49.5 51.1 50.4 50.8 51.4 51.3 51.5 52.4 Construction.......................... 164.8 159.1 165.4 174.7 169.2 174.5 181.4 181.1 184.0 180.8 Manufacturing......................... 106.2 105.1 105.2 105.8 106.5 105.7 106.3 106.4 106.0 107.2 Durable goods........................ 110.8 110.0 110.3 111.0 110.4 109.8 110.7 111.0 110.7 112.0 Lumber and wood products............ 145.3 142.4 142.1 145.0 147.5 146.6 147.6 147.2 146.0 146.4 Furniture and fixtures.............. 135.1 135.5 136.4 136.9 135.6 135.8 136.2 137.2 136.8 139.2 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 116.2 110.2 112.3 116.4 116.2 117.0 118.9 117.5 117.3 117.5 Primary metal industries............ 90.1 90.5 90.7 90.6 89.9 90.4 90.6 90.8 90.9 91.4 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 68.9 69.9 69.7 69.5 69.1 70.2 70.0 70.2 69.9 69.4 Fabricated metal products........... 116.9 117.7 118.0 119.1 116.2 116.5 117.8 118.5 118.6 120.7 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 105.4 105.3 105.1 104.9 104.1 103.8 104.6 104.9 104.4 105.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 105.3 106.3 107.4 108.0 105.6 105.0 106.0 106.7 107.8 109.4 Transportation equipment............ 126.5 124.7 124.6 125.2 125.5 122.2 124.4 125.3 123.9 125.0 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 167.5 168.1 167.9 170.5 164.8 164.1 169.4 169.1 166.1 169.8 Instruments and related products.... 75.6 73.5 73.3 73.5 75.8 74.5 73.5 73.1 72.9 74.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 101.2 98.5 99.4 99.7 100.3 101.8 100.5 100.0 99.4 100.4 Nondurable goods..................... 99.9 98.3 98.2 98.6 101.2 100.1 100.2 100.1 99.4 100.6 Food and kindred products........... 113.4 113.0 112.4 112.6 118.9 118.3 118.3 117.2 117.0 118.7 Tobacco products.................... 51.4 54.5 45.1 48.0 55.4 58.2 52.0 54.4 47.3 54.0 Textile mill products............... 81.5 79.4 79.6 80.0 81.6 79.8 78.9 80.8 80.0 80.4 Apparel and other textile products.. 61.4 57.2 57.8 58.0 61.4 57.7 57.7 57.9 58.0 58.5 Paper and allied products........... 105.9 103.7 103.0 103.2 106.7 105.1 104.9 105.4 104.3 105.0 Printing and publishing............. 121.8 120.8 121.6 122.1 121.9 121.4 121.8 122.1 121.8 123.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 101.3 102.2 102.0 102.1 102.4 103.4 103.7 102.8 101.9 102.7 Petroleum and coal products......... 74.2 65.1 65.1 64.5 74.5 72.0 70.0 69.0 66.6 66.7 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 149.6 149.6 149.3 150.4 148.5 149.5 150.9 150.0 149.1 151.6 Leather and leather products........ 32.6 29.2 29.5 29.5 32.8 29.4 30.0 29.9 29.8 29.7 Service-producing....................... 160.2 161.6 162.7 166.6 161.6 165.0 165.6 165.3 166.0 167.0 Transportation and public utilities... 131.3 132.0 132.4 135.7 133.6 134.0 134.5 134.0 134.8 136.3 Wholesale trade....................... 130.9 132.2 133.0 136.0 131.6 134.0 134.7 134.4 135.2 136.1 Retail trade.......................... 139.5 138.4 139.7 143.4 142.6 144.7 145.5 144.6 145.4 145.5 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 137.8 138.6 138.0 141.3 139.1 140.6 140.7 140.0 139.8 140.8 Services.............................. 198.8 202.4 204.0 208.7 198.9 204.8 205.5 205.8 206.6 208.0 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1996.............. 49.6 64.9 59.4 55.1 61.9 60.8 57.0 62.5 57.3 63.5 59.7 61.2 1997.............. 56.2 61.0 61.9 62.8 58.8 56.3 60.7 61.0 59.4 65.4 63.6 62.1 1998.............. 63.8 57.9 58.8 60.5 55.9 57.9 58.0 55.8 54.6 52.9 59.1 58.6 1999.............. 54.4 58.3 52.1 58.8 51.5 57.0 57.6 50.0 55.1 57.2 57.9 57.7 2000.............. 57.7 54.1 p57.2 p55.3 Over 3-month span: 1996.............. 62.6 62.5 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.3 64.3 62.2 64.6 64.2 66.2 63.2 1997.............. 63.8 63.6 67.7 67.3 62.6 61.7 61.4 66.2 67.3 69.9 70.8 71.2 1998.............. 66.7 66.2 64.5 63.9 61.4 58.7 60.0 58.4 57.6 57.6 59.0 60.4 1999.............. 60.7 55.9 59.6 54.6 56.3 56.2 56.2 59.0 57.4 59.6 60.8 60.5 2000.............. 60.5 p61.5 p60.3 Over 6-month span: 1996.............. 62.6 65.2 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.6 67.0 65.4 65.9 66.7 66.9 66.7 1997.............. 67.4 68.3 65.6 67.0 65.6 64.9 66.3 68.4 69.7 71.3 71.3 71.9 1998.............. 70.6 66.9 65.9 62.4 62.6 61.1 58.0 59.8 60.0 60.8 60.8 58.0 1999.............. 61.1 58.8 57.3 59.0 55.2 57.4 56.9 61.5 61.0 59.7 62.9 p64.2 2000.............. p64.3 Over 12-month span: 1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9 1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.7 69.8 71.3 1998.............. 70.4 68.3 67.1 64.0 62.1 61.7 61.8 63.8 59.8 59.0 59.3 58.6 1999.............. 60.1 57.3 57.0 57.6 58.7 59.0 58.8 57.9 p61.9 p62.5 2000.............. Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1996.............. 42.4 55.4 46.8 41.0 55.8 51.4 47.1 56.5 48.9 55.0 50.7 54.0 1997.............. 50.0 52.9 53.6 56.1 52.2 53.2 51.1 55.4 53.6 62.2 61.2 55.4 1998.............. 58.6 51.8 50.4 50.4 40.6 46.8 40.3 45.3 42.1 36.3 39.9 45.0 1999.............. 40.3 42.4 39.6 44.6 36.3 45.3 57.2 38.5 42.8 48.9 50.7 49.3 2000.............. 51.1 49.3 p45.0 p52.5 Over 3-month span: 1996.............. 46.8 46.0 43.5 46.0 48.2 51.1 51.8 49.6 53.2 52.5 55.0 50.7 1997.............. 51.8 51.4 57.6 56.8 54.3 51.8 53.6 55.4 59.7 68.3 65.8 64.4 1998.............. 59.4 57.9 51.8 44.2 41.7 34.9 37.4 37.1 38.1 34.2 35.6 35.3 1999.............. 37.4 31.7 37.1 30.2 33.8 43.9 43.2 44.6 38.5 46.4 50.0 50.4 2000.............. 49.6 p49.6 p48.2 Over 6-month span: 1996.............. 41.4 46.0 45.7 47.1 46.0 48.6 52.9 50.4 51.8 51.4 52.5 51.8 1997.............. 54.7 54.0 51.4 54.3 52.5 52.2 55.4 61.2 61.5 64.7 66.2 65.1 1998.............. 59.7 49.3 48.2 36.7 36.7 36.7 28.4 31.3 33.5 35.3 32.7 28.1 1999.............. 33.1 29.1 28.1 36.0 30.9 34.5 36.3 44.6 45.7 41.4 47.8 p50.7 2000.............. p52.5 Over 12-month span: 1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7 1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.5 55.4 57.2 1998.............. 54.0 49.3 46.0 40.6 35.6 33.8 30.9 32.0 26.6 26.6 25.5 26.3 1999.............. 32.7 25.9 28.4 29.5 29.9 31.7 34.9 32.7 p40.3 p40.6 2000.............. 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.