Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 99-240 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is Establishment data: 606-6555 embargoed until 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, September 3, 1999. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: AUGUST 1999 Payroll employment rose modestly in August, and the unemployment rate was essentially unchanged at 4.2 percent, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Nonfarm payroll employment increased by 124,000, following a much larger gain in July. August job growth was slightly below average in the service-producing sector, and manufacturing and construction both lost jobs. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 5.9 million, and the unemployment rate, 4.2 percent, were essentially unchanged in August. The rate has been 4.2 or 4.3 percent each month since March. Over the month, the jobless rates for adult women (3.7 percent) and blacks (7.8 percent) declined, while the rates for adult men (3.6 percent), teenagers (13.5 percent), whites (3.7 percent), and Hispanics (6.5 percent) showed little or no change. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) The civilian labor force, 139.3 million, and the labor force participation rate, 66.9 percent, were about unchanged from July. Total employment was virtually unchanged at 133.4 million, and the employment- population ratio remained at 64.1 percent. (See table A-1.) About 7.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in August. These multiple jobholders represented 5.4 percent of the total employed, compared to 5.6 percent a year earlier. (See table A-10.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in August. These were people who wanted and were available to work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for work specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them--was 265,000 in August, essentially unchanged from a year earlier. (See table A-10.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________| July- Category | 1999 | 1999 | Aug. |_________________|________ _________________|change | I | II | June | July | Aug. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 139,144| 139,173| 139,408| 139,254| 139,264| 10 Employment..........| 133,191| 133,242| 133,432| 133,307| 133,411| 104 Unemployment........| 5,953| 5,931| 5,975| 5,947| 5,853| -94 Not in labor force....| 67,732| 68,259| 68,225| 68,574| 68,774| 200 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.3| 4.3| 4.3| 4.3| 4.2| -0.1 Adult men...........| 3.4| 3.5| 3.6| 3.5| 3.6| .1 Adult women.........| 3.8| 3.9| 3.9| 4.0| 3.7| -.3 Teenagers...........| 14.6| 13.4| 13.5| 12.7| 13.5| .8 White...............| 3.7| 3.8| 3.8| 3.7| 3.7| .0 Black...............| 8.0| 7.5| 7.3| 8.8| 7.8| -1.0 Hispanic origin.....| 6.4| 6.8| 6.8| 6.2| 6.5| .3 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 127,640| 128,246| 128,443|p128,781|p128,905| p124 Goods-producing 1/..| 25,310| 25,222| 25,180| p25,248| p25,153| p-95 Construction......| 6,213| 6,258| 6,258| p6,272| p6,243| p-29 Manufacturing.....| 18,542| 18,433| 18,396| p18,447| p18,384| p-63 Service-producing 1/| 102,331| 103,024| 103,263|p103,533|p103,752| p219 Retail trade......| 22,605| 22,756| 22,796| p22,895| p22,892| p-3 Services..........| 38,442| 38,810| 38,952| p39,030| p39,162| p132 Government........| 20,044| 20,094| 20,105| p20,156| p20,203| p47 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 2/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.6| 34.4| 34.5| p34.5| p34.6| p0.1 Manufacturing.......| 41.6| 41.7| 41.7| p41.9| p41.7| p-.2 Overtime..........| 4.5| 4.5| 4.7| p4.7| p4.6| p-.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Indexes of aggregate weekly hours (1982=100) 2/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 147.0| 147.3| 147.8| p148.3| p148.5| p0.2 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 2/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $13.07| $13.19| $13.24| p$13.28| p$13.30| p$0.02 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 451.79| 454.06| 456.78| p458.16| p460.18| p2.02 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 2/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Total nonfarm employment rose by 124,000 in August to 128.9 million, after seasonal adjustment. This follows a much sharper increase (338,000) in July. The average growth for these 2 months (231,000) was about in line with the monthly average (210,000) during the first half of 1999. In August, employment growth in the service-producing sector was partly offset by widespread losses in the goods-producing sector. (See table B-1.) Employment in manufacturing decreased by 63,000 in August, following an increase of 51,000 in July, after seasonal adjustment. The August loss would have been 7,000 larger if not for the return of workers to the shipbuilding industry following the settlement of a strike that began several months earlier. The net manufacturing job loss over the two months totaled 19,000, or 9,500 per month, after adjusting for the return of the striking workers. Over the first half of the year, manufacturing lost an average of 36,000 jobs per month. Electrical equipment had a net employment increase of 8,000 over the past 2 months, compared with losses totaling 12,000 during the first half of the year. Motor vehicles added 14,000 workers over July and August, substantially more than the 4,000 increase over the prior 6 months combined. Primary metals had a net 2-month job gain of 2,000, compared with losses totaling 12,000 during the first half of the year. In contrast, several industries continued on their trend of declining employment. The largest job losses over the past 2 months were in apparel (-16,000), industrial machinery (-11,000), aircraft (-7,000), and food (-7,000). The construction industry lost 29,000 jobs in August. This loss nearly offset the total increase of the prior 2 months. Over the month, the largest decline was in special trades (-15,000). General building contractors lost 8,000 jobs, with residential construction accounting for most of the decrease. Mining lost 3,000 jobs in August, following an increase of the same magnitude in July. Oil and gas extraction, which had accounted for most of the job losses in mining between February 1998 and June 1999, has added a small number of jobs over the past 2 months. In the service-producing sector, the services industry gained 132,000 jobs in August, slightly above the average growth for the prior 12 months (121,000), but well above the increase in July (78,000). Business services accounted for about one-third of the increase. Within business services, employment in computer services grew by 15,000, its average for the first 7 months of this year; help supply services, in contrast, grew by less than its average. Employment in health services grew by 19,000 in August. Within health services, doctors' offices continued to grow, adding 5,000 jobs, and hospitals had its largest monthly employment increase so far this year (6,000). Over the month, employment was up sharply in both social services (34,000) and amusement and recreation services (17,000), after seasonal adjustment. In August, employment in transportation and public utilities grew by 12,000, less than the average for the first 7 months of this year. August's job gain was equally divided between transportation and communications. Employment in finance, insurance, and real estate also grew less in August (11,000) than its average for the first 7 months of the year. Most - 4 - of the growth in August was in finance (8,000), with half of this increase in securities brokerages. Mortgage bankers and brokerages lost 2,000 jobs for the third consecutive month, following 4 years of growth. Employment in retail trade changed little in August, following a substantial rise in July. Eating and drinking places lost 38,000 jobs in August, following an increase of 74,000 in the prior month. Several retail trade industries added jobs in August, including food stores (11,000) and automotive dealers (8,000). Employment in wholesale trade increased by 20,000 in August, with the majority of the growth in durable goods distribution (15,000). Government employment rose by 47,000 in August, after seasonal adjustment, with growth concentrated in local education (25,000) and state education (13,000). Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls edged up 0.1 hour in August to 34.6 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek declined by 0.2 hour to 41.7 hours, reversing July's increase; factory overtime was down 0.1 hour to 4.6 hours. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 0.1 percent to 148.5 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index fell by 0.7 percent in August to 106.4. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 2 cents in August to $13.30, seasonally adjusted. This follows gains of 6 cents and 4 cents in June and July, respectively. Over the month, average weekly earnings rose by 0.4 percent to $460.18, seasonally adjusted. Over the year, both average hourly and weekly earnings rose by 3.5 percent. (See table B-3.) ______________________________ The Employment Situation for September 1999 is scheduled to be released on Friday, October 8, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1999, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.3 percent, ranging from zero to 0.7 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $16.00 per issue or $40.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 205,479 207,828 208,038 205,479 207,236 207,427 207,632 207,828 208,038 Civilian labor force............................ 138,379 141,119 140,090 137,481 139,091 139,019 139,408 139,254 139,264 Participation rate........................ 67.3 67.9 67.3 66.9 67.1 67.0 67.1 67.0 66.9 Employed...................................... 132,206 134,800 134,264 131,264 133,069 133,224 133,432 133,307 133,411 Employment-population ratio............... 64.3 64.9 64.5 63.9 64.2 64.2 64.3 64.1 64.1 Agriculture................................. 3,818 3,718 3,525 3,492 3,384 3,295 3,354 3,292 3,219 Nonagricultural industries.................. 128,388 131,083 130,739 127,772 129,685 129,929 130,078 130,015 130,192 Unemployed.................................... 6,173 6,319 5,826 6,217 6,022 5,795 5,975 5,947 5,853 Unemployment rate......................... 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 Not in labor force.............................. 67,100 66,709 67,948 67,998 68,145 68,408 68,225 68,574 68,774 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 98,892 99,761 99,863 98,892 99,465 99,563 99,668 99,761 99,863 Civilian labor force............................ 74,540 75,940 75,190 73,754 74,234 74,316 74,420 74,500 74,400 Participation rate........................ 75.4 76.1 75.3 74.6 74.6 74.6 74.7 74.7 74.5 Employed...................................... 71,537 72,803 72,348 70,503 71,225 71,198 71,321 71,444 71,332 Employment-population ratio............... 72.3 73.0 72.4 71.3 71.6 71.5 71.6 71.6 71.4 Unemployed.................................... 3,003 3,137 2,842 3,251 3,010 3,118 3,099 3,056 3,067 Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 90,889 91,561 91,692 90,889 91,302 91,368 91,487 91,561 91,692 Civilian labor force............................ 69,823 70,612 70,509 69,518 69,991 69,932 70,127 70,164 70,179 Participation rate........................ 76.8 77.1 76.9 76.5 76.7 76.5 76.7 76.6 76.5 Employed...................................... 67,464 68,212 68,210 66,940 67,608 67,399 67,633 67,687 67,682 Employment-population ratio............... 74.2 74.5 74.4 73.7 74.0 73.8 73.9 73.9 73.8 Agriculture................................. 2,556 2,468 2,377 2,420 2,353 2,212 2,248 2,271 2,242 Nonagricultural industries.................. 64,908 65,743 65,833 64,520 65,255 65,186 65,385 65,416 65,440 Unemployed.................................... 2,359 2,400 2,299 2,578 2,383 2,534 2,494 2,477 2,496 Unemployment rate......................... 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 106,587 108,067 108,175 106,587 107,771 107,864 107,964 108,067 108,175 Civilian labor force............................ 63,839 65,179 64,900 63,727 64,857 64,704 64,988 64,754 64,864 Participation rate........................ 59.9 60.3 60.0 59.8 60.2 60.0 60.2 59.9 60.0 Employed...................................... 60,669 61,997 61,917 60,761 61,845 62,026 62,112 61,863 62,079 Employment-population ratio............... 56.9 57.4 57.2 57.0 57.4 57.5 57.5 57.2 57.4 Unemployed.................................... 3,170 3,182 2,984 2,966 3,012 2,677 2,876 2,891 2,786 Unemployment rate......................... 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 98,901 100,203 100,285 98,901 99,923 100,008 100,131 100,203 100,285 Civilian labor force............................ 59,426 60,409 60,568 59,708 60,788 60,729 61,092 60,791 60,908 Participation rate........................ 60.1 60.3 60.4 60.4 60.8 60.7 61.0 60.7 60.7 Employed...................................... 56,786 57,837 58,093 57,295 58,320 58,520 58,719 58,373 58,654 Employment-population ratio............... 57.4 57.7 57.9 57.9 58.4 58.5 58.6 58.3 58.5 Agriculture................................. 883 894 840 806 801 831 869 797 764 Nonagricultural industries.................. 55,903 56,943 57,253 56,489 57,519 57,689 57,849 57,576 57,890 Unemployed.................................... 2,639 2,573 2,475 2,413 2,468 2,209 2,373 2,418 2,254 Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population............. 15,689 16,065 16,061 15,689 16,011 16,051 16,014 16,065 16,061 Civilian labor force............................ 9,130 10,098 9,014 8,255 8,312 8,358 8,189 8,300 8,177 Participation rate........................ 58.2 62.9 56.1 52.6 51.9 52.1 51.1 51.7 50.9 Employed...................................... 7,955 8,752 7,962 7,029 7,141 7,306 7,081 7,247 7,075 Employment-population ratio............... 50.7 54.5 49.6 44.8 44.6 45.5 44.2 45.1 44.0 Agriculture................................. 379 355 309 266 230 252 237 225 212 Nonagricultural industries.................. 7,577 8,397 7,653 6,763 6,911 7,054 6,843 7,023 6,862 Unemployed.................................... 1,175 1,347 1,051 1,226 1,171 1,052 1,108 1,053 1,102 Unemployment rate......................... 12.9 13.3 11.7 14.9 14.1 12.6 13.5 12.7 13.5 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 171,655 173,133 173,275 171,655 172,730 172,859 172,999 173,133 173,275 Civilian labor force............................ 115,959 117,853 117,093 115,385 116,370 116,254 116,578 116,393 116,602 Participation rate.......................... 67.6 68.1 67.6 67.2 67.4 67.3 67.4 67.2 67.3 Employed...................................... 111,511 113,425 112,846 110,848 111,917 111,985 112,092 112,117 112,277 Employment-population ratio................. 65.0 65.5 65.1 64.6 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.8 64.8 Unemployed.................................... 4,448 4,429 4,246 4,537 4,454 4,269 4,486 4,276 4,325 Unemployment rate........................... 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 59,515 60,178 60,063 59,384 59,664 59,500 59,711 59,837 59,968 Participation rate.......................... 77.3 77.7 77.5 77.1 77.2 77.0 77.2 77.3 77.4 Employed...................................... 57,787 58,442 58,303 57,450 57,874 57,615 57,784 57,978 58,013 Employment-population ratio................. 75.0 75.5 75.2 74.6 74.9 74.5 74.7 74.9 74.8 Unemployed.................................... 1,728 1,736 1,760 1,934 1,790 1,884 1,927 1,859 1,955 Unemployment rate........................... 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.3 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 48,763 49,203 49,410 49,025 49,672 49,669 49,933 49,542 49,701 Participation rate.......................... 59.4 59.3 59.5 59.7 60.0 60.0 60.2 59.7 59.9 Employed...................................... 46,861 47,447 47,653 47,321 47,862 48,067 48,215 47,878 48,134 Employment-population ratio................. 57.1 57.2 57.4 57.6 57.8 58.0 58.2 57.7 58.0 Unemployed.................................... 1,902 1,756 1,757 1,704 1,811 1,602 1,718 1,665 1,567 Unemployment rate........................... 3.9 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force............................ 7,681 8,472 7,620 6,976 7,034 7,085 6,934 7,013 6,932 Participation rate.......................... 61.5 66.5 59.8 55.8 55.5 55.8 54.6 55.1 54.4 Employed...................................... 6,863 7,536 6,890 6,077 6,181 6,302 6,093 6,261 6,129 Employment-population ratio................. 54.9 59.2 54.1 48.6 48.8 49.7 48.0 49.2 48.1 Unemployed.................................... 818 937 730 899 853 783 840 753 803 Unemployment rate........................... 10.7 11.1 9.6 12.9 12.1 11.0 12.1 10.7 11.6 Men....................................... 11.4 11.2 9.7 14.2 12.6 11.9 11.8 10.9 12.2 Women..................................... 9.9 10.9 9.4 11.5 11.6 10.1 12.5 10.6 10.9 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 24,418 24,867 24,904 24,418 24,765 24,798 24,833 24,867 24,904 Civilian labor force............................ 16,129 16,747 16,474 15,937 16,286 16,303 16,300 16,384 16,279 Participation rate.......................... 66.1 67.3 66.2 65.3 65.8 65.7 65.6 65.9 65.4 Employed...................................... 14,663 15,146 15,156 14,517 15,029 15,079 15,103 14,949 15,005 Employment-population ratio................. 60.1 60.9 60.9 59.5 60.7 60.8 60.8 60.1 60.3 Unemployed.................................... 1,466 1,601 1,318 1,420 1,257 1,224 1,197 1,434 1,274 Unemployment rate........................... 9.1 9.6 8.0 8.9 7.7 7.5 7.3 8.8 7.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 7,055 7,194 7,183 7,021 7,118 7,206 7,152 7,132 7,151 Participation rate.......................... 72.4 72.5 72.2 72.1 72.0 72.8 72.1 71.8 71.9 Employed...................................... 6,548 6,647 6,760 6,487 6,681 6,727 6,712 6,601 6,706 Employment-population ratio................. 67.2 67.0 68.0 66.6 67.6 68.0 67.7 66.5 67.4 Unemployed.................................... 507 547 424 534 437 479 440 531 445 Unemployment rate........................... 7.2 7.6 5.9 7.6 6.1 6.6 6.1 7.4 6.2 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force............................ 7,912 8,315 8,239 7,903 8,241 8,177 8,214 8,318 8,229 Participation rate.......................... 64.7 66.8 66.1 64.7 66.4 65.8 66.0 66.8 66.0 Employed...................................... 7,267 7,610 7,627 7,302 7,681 7,653 7,671 7,663 7,658 Employment-population ratio................. 59.5 61.1 61.1 59.7 61.9 61.6 61.7 61.5 61.4 Unemployed.................................... 645 705 613 601 560 524 544 654 571 Unemployment rate........................... 8.2 8.5 7.4 7.6 6.8 6.4 6.6 7.9 6.9 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force............................ 1,161 1,238 1,052 1,013 927 920 934 934 899 Participation rate.......................... 47.3 49.8 42.3 41.3 37.5 37.1 37.7 37.6 36.2 Employed...................................... 848 889 770 728 667 699 721 685 642 Employment-population ratio................. 34.6 35.8 31.0 29.7 26.9 28.2 29.0 27.6 25.8 Unemployed.................................... 313 349 282 285 260 222 214 249 257 Unemployment rate........................... 27.0 28.2 26.8 28.1 28.1 24.1 22.9 26.7 28.6 Men....................................... 28.8 32.2 27.8 29.7 33.0 26.2 26.7 30.8 29.4 Women..................................... 25.3 24.0 25.9 26.8 23.5 22.0 19.6 22.9 27.9 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population.............. 21,159 21,684 21,752 21,159 21,483 21,548 21,618 21,684 21,752 Civilian labor force............................ 14,420 14,738 14,843 14,316 14,543 14,535 14,643 14,592 14,734 Participation rate.......................... 68.2 68.0 68.2 67.7 67.7 67.5 67.7 67.3 67.7 Employed...................................... 13,349 13,767 13,872 13,257 13,541 13,558 13,654 13,685 13,776 Employment-population ratio................. 63.1 63.5 63.8 62.7 63.0 62.9 63.2 63.1 63.3 Unemployed.................................... 1,071 970 971 1,059 1,002 977 989 907 959 Unemployment rate........................... 7.4 6.6 6.5 7.4 6.9 6.7 6.8 6.2 6.5 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Educational attainment Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 Less than a high school diploma Civilian noninstitutional population...... 29,204 28,015 28,568 29,204 27,991 28,298 28,515 28,015 28,568 Civilian labor force.................... 12,402 11,766 12,299 12,496 11,753 11,743 12,047 12,069 12,412 Percent of population............... 42.5 42.0 43.1 42.8 42.0 41.5 42.2 43.1 43.4 Employed.............................. 11,602 10,997 11,507 11,612 10,972 10,959 11,238 11,244 11,530 Employment-population ratio......... 39.7 39.3 40.3 39.8 39.2 38.7 39.4 40.1 40.4 Unemployed............................ 800 769 793 884 781 784 810 825 883 Unemployment rate................... 6.5 6.5 6.4 7.1 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.8 7.1 High school graduates, no college(2) Civilian noninstitutional population...... 57,729 57,162 57,195 57,729 57,945 57,931 57,963 57,162 57,195 Civilian labor force.................... 37,305 36,555 36,797 37,367 37,577 37,416 37,403 36,941 36,845 Percent of population............... 64.6 63.9 64.3 64.7 64.8 64.6 64.5 64.6 64.4 Employed.............................. 35,898 35,237 35,550 35,883 36,253 36,058 35,961 35,629 35,550 Employment-population ratio......... 62.2 61.6 62.2 62.2 62.6 62.2 62.0 62.3 62.2 Unemployed............................ 1,407 1,318 1,247 1,484 1,324 1,359 1,442 1,313 1,294 Unemployment rate................... 3.8 3.6 3.4 4.0 3.5 3.6 3.9 3.6 3.5 Less than a bachelor's degree(3) Civilian noninstitutional population...... 41,842 43,610 43,130 41,842 43,059 42,742 42,780 43,610 43,130 Civilian labor force.................... 31,106 32,289 31,751 31,117 32,160 31,930 31,937 32,102 31,803 Percent of population............... 74.3 74.0 73.6 74.4 74.7 74.7 74.7 73.6 73.7 Employed.............................. 30,227 31,284 30,765 30,231 31,202 31,043 31,130 31,097 30,795 Employment-population ratio......... 72.2 71.7 71.3 72.3 72.5 72.6 72.8 71.3 71.4 Unemployed............................ 879 1,005 986 886 958 886 806 1,005 1,008 Unemployment rate................... 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.5 3.1 3.2 College graduates Civilian noninstitutional population...... 43,431 45,042 45,086 43,431 44,289 44,442 44,464 45,042 45,086 Civilian labor force.................... 34,504 35,837 35,915 34,739 35,493 35,771 35,856 35,981 36,142 Percent of population............... 79.4 79.6 79.7 80.0 80.1 80.5 80.6 79.9 80.2 Employed.............................. 33,757 35,105 35,223 34,129 34,742 35,107 35,128 35,317 35,579 Employment-population ratio......... 77.7 77.9 78.1 78.6 78.4 79.0 79.0 78.4 78.9 Unemployed............................ 747 733 692 610 752 664 727 664 563 Unemployment rate................... 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.6 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation, therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. 2 Includes high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes the categories, some college, no degree; and associate degree. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over................. 132,206 134,800 134,264 131,264 133,069 133,224 133,432 133,307 133,411 Married men, spouse present..................... 42,875 43,310 43,398 42,874 43,190 42,882 43,291 43,353 43,398 Married women, spouse present................... 32,238 32,869 33,023 32,670 33,285 33,487 33,802 33,302 33,458 Women who maintain families..................... 7,900 8,156 8,332 7,928 8,050 8,039 7,991 8,289 8,357 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty........... 38,558 40,536 40,504 38,942 40,504 40,500 40,946 40,901 40,893 Technical, sales, and administrative support.... 39,045 38,959 38,998 38,843 38,866 39,103 38,729 38,573 38,842 Service occupations............................. 18,081 18,450 18,341 17,770 17,868 18,111 18,020 18,035 18,034 Precision production, craft, and repair......... 14,360 14,578 14,355 14,158 14,518 14,432 14,084 14,405 14,241 Operators, fabricators, and laborers............ 18,138 18,287 18,231 17,968 17,656 17,813 18,190 17,985 18,058 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................. 4,023 3,991 3,836 3,590 3,539 3,441 3,504 3,423 3,422 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers....................... 2,315 2,201 2,088 2,111 1,908 1,919 1,911 1,938 1,900 Self-employed workers......................... 1,466 1,460 1,379 1,342 1,439 1,348 1,369 1,300 1,262 Unpaid family workers......................... 37 56 58 31 31 33 37 47 48 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers....................... 119,366 122,062 121,595 118,840 120,785 121,168 121,005 121,157 121,163 Government.................................. 17,782 18,591 18,646 18,332 18,709 18,672 19,110 19,068 19,243 Private industries.......................... 101,584 103,471 102,949 100,508 102,076 102,496 101,895 102,089 101,920 Private households........................ 914 1,007 923 871 941 910 1,001 943 871 Other industries.......................... 100,670 102,464 102,026 99,637 101,135 101,586 100,894 101,146 101,049 Self-employed workers......................... 8,938 8,943 9,057 8,955 8,813 8,687 8,857 8,837 9,066 Unpaid family workers......................... 84 78 87 88 63 60 87 74 91 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons................ 3,508 3,537 3,238 3,503 3,408 3,422 3,418 3,299 3,248 Slack work or business conditions........... 1,908 2,031 1,759 2,019 1,920 1,946 2,092 1,983 1,871 Could only find part-time work.............. 1,201 1,185 1,068 1,188 1,124 1,137 1,014 1,044 1,057 Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 15,851 16,617 16,455 18,653 18,882 18,632 18,666 19,122 19,359 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons................ 3,350 3,368 3,102 3,339 3,224 3,247 3,232 3,130 3,105 Slack work or business conditions........... 1,813 1,905 1,677 1,926 1,831 1,838 1,944 1,846 1,791 Could only find part-time work.............. 1,164 1,159 1,046 1,155 1,092 1,111 1,010 1,028 1,041 Part time for noneconomic reasons............. 15,229 16,049 15,870 18,031 18,320 18,098 18,016 18,618 18,781 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over......................... 6,217 5,947 5,853 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 Men, 20 years and over......................... 2,578 2,477 2,496 3.7 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.6 Women, 20 years and over....................... 2,413 2,418 2,254 4.0 4.1 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years..................... 1,226 1,053 1,102 14.9 14.1 12.6 13.5 12.7 13.5 Married men, spouse present.................... 1,029 1,001 1,022 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.3 Married women, spouse present.................. 1,053 990 921 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.7 Women who maintain families.................... 580 571 567 6.8 7.2 6.0 6.6 6.4 6.4 Full-time workers.............................. 4,919 4,732 4,756 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 Part-time workers.............................. 1,298 1,216 1,118 5.3 4.9 5.1 5.4 4.9 4.5 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty.......... 735 808 733 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support... 1,512 1,594 1,448 3.7 3.9 3.3 3.6 4.0 3.6 Precision production, craft, and repair........ 667 568 682 4.5 3.8 4.1 4.9 3.8 4.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........... 1,277 1,216 1,187 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.3 6.2 Farming, forestry, and fishing................. 225 236 228 5.9 7.3 8.0 7.5 6.4 6.2 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 4,963 4,710 4,536 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.3 Goods-producing industries................... 1,374 1,240 1,383 4.8 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.4 5.0 Mining..................................... 22 40 25 3.6 9.3 5.9 4.7 6.4 4.0 Construction............................... 523 491 586 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.5 6.7 7.9 Manufacturing.............................. 829 709 773 3.9 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.9 Durable goods............................ 455 474 447 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.7 Nondurable goods......................... 374 235 326 4.5 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.0 4.2 Service-producing industries................. 3,589 3,470 3,153 4.7 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.0 Transportation and public utilities........ 259 278 245 3.5 2.8 3.3 2.8 3.6 3.1 Wholesale and retail trade................. 1,502 1,396 1,282 5.6 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 4.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate........ 213 191 196 2.7 3.2 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.4 Services................................... 1,615 1,605 1,430 4.7 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.0 Government workers............................. 408 439 405 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.1 Agricultural wage and salary workers........... 169 189 206 7.4 9.7 10.7 9.6 8.9 9.8 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks................................ 2,509 2,910 2,498 2,652 2,788 2,467 2,529 2,680 2,621 5 to 14 weeks.................................... 2,150 1,934 1,976 1,956 1,867 1,816 1,736 1,766 1,810 15 weeks and over................................ 1,514 1,475 1,352 1,644 1,446 1,523 1,668 1,505 1,449 15 to 26 weeks................................ 679 714 633 810 773 794 824 787 745 27 weeks and over............................. 835 761 719 834 673 729 844 718 704 Average (mean) duration, in weeks................ 13.7 13.1 13.1 13.7 13.1 13.4 14.5 13.6 13.2 Median duration, in weeks........................ 7.0 5.4 6.7 6.8 6.1 6.7 6.2 5.7 6.5 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks.............................. 40.6 46.1 42.9 42.4 45.7 42.5 42.6 45.0 44.6 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 34.8 30.6 33.9 31.3 30.6 31.3 29.3 29.7 30.8 15 weeks and over.............................. 24.5 23.3 23.2 26.3 23.7 26.2 28.1 25.3 24.6 15 to 26 weeks............................... 11.0 11.3 10.9 13.0 12.7 13.7 13.9 13.2 12.7 27 weeks and over............................ 13.5 12.0 12.3 13.3 11.0 12.6 14.2 12.1 12.0 NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Reason Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... 2,715 2,729 2,559 2,834 2,700 2,663 2,683 2,740 2,662 On temporary layoff............................. 782 862 784 937 838 821 892 850 929 Not on temporary layoff......................... 1,932 1,867 1,775 1,897 1,862 1,842 1,791 1,890 1,734 Permanent job losers.......................... 1,342 1,267 1,250 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs.......... 590 600 525 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers....................................... 795 817 866 734 841 789 864 755 797 Reentrants........................................ 2,157 2,101 1,925 2,124 2,044 2,040 2,057 2,011 1,896 New entrants...................................... 506 672 477 507 469 415 349 402 483 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed.................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... 44.0 43.2 43.9 45.7 44.6 45.1 45.1 46.4 45.6 On temporary layoff............................ 12.7 13.6 13.5 15.1 13.9 13.9 15.0 14.4 15.9 Not on temporary layoff........................ 31.3 29.5 30.5 30.6 30.8 31.2 30.1 32.0 29.7 Job leavers...................................... 12.9 12.9 14.9 11.8 13.9 13.4 14.5 12.8 13.6 Reentrants....................................... 34.9 33.2 33.0 34.3 33.8 34.5 34.6 34.0 32.5 New entrants..................................... 8.2 10.6 8.2 8.2 7.7 7.0 5.9 6.8 8.3 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs........................................... 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 Job leavers...................................... .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 .6 .6 .5 .6 Reentrants....................................... 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 New entrants..................................... .4 .5 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force................................ 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force................... 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.9 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)...................... 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers.... 4.7 4.7 4.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers........................................ 5.3 5.2 4.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............................. 7.8 7.7 7.2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 1999 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,217 5,947 5,853 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,366 2,128 2,126 10.8 10.0 9.4 9.9 9.6 9.6 16 to 19 years................................ 1,226 1,053 1,102 14.9 14.1 12.6 13.5 12.7 13.5 16 to 17 years.............................. 565 493 517 17.1 16.9 15.9 16.1 14.6 15.8 18 to 19 years.............................. 669 563 592 13.5 12.3 10.6 11.8 11.4 12.1 20 to 24 years................................ 1,140 1,075 1,023 8.4 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.3 25 years and over............................... 3,865 3,792 3,745 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 25 to 54 years................................ 3,419 3,242 3,272 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 55 years and over............................. 449 544 472 2.6 2.9 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.6 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,251 3,056 3,067 4.4 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 16 to 24 years................................ 1,286 1,180 1,126 11.3 10.5 10.2 10.7 10.2 9.8 16 to 19 years.............................. 673 579 571 15.9 14.8 13.3 14.1 13.4 13.5 16 to 17 years............................ 320 271 270 18.9 19.2 17.7 16.5 15.4 15.8 18 to 19 years............................ 360 303 308 14.2 12.2 10.6 12.8 11.8 12.3 20 to 24 years.............................. 613 601 555 8.5 8.0 8.3 8.7 8.3 7.6 25 years and over............................. 1,983 1,866 1,963 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,739 1,559 1,680 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.2 55 years and over........................... 247 316 286 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 3.2 2.9 Women, 16 years and over........................ 2,966 2,891 2,786 4.7 4.6 4.1 4.4 4.5 4.3 16 to 24 years................................ 1,080 948 1,000 10.4 9.5 8.6 9.0 8.9 9.4 16 to 19 years.............................. 553 473 531 13.8 13.4 11.8 12.9 11.9 13.4 16 to 17 years............................ 245 222 248 15.3 14.5 13.8 15.7 13.8 15.8 18 to 19 years............................ 309 260 284 12.8 12.5 10.6 10.7 11.0 11.9 20 to 24 years.............................. 527 475 469 8.2 7.1 6.7 6.7 7.1 7.0 25 years and over............................. 1,882 1,926 1,782 3.5 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.3 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,680 1,683 1,593 3.7 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.4 55 years and over........................... 202 228 185 2.7 3.3 2.6 3.5 2.9 2.3 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-10. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 1998 1999 1998 1999 1998 1999 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force...................................... 67,100 67,948 24,352 24,674 42,748 43,275 Persons who currently want a job................................ 5,180 4,742 1,992 1,863 3,188 2,879 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............... 1,251 1,134 580 525 671 609 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................... 280 265 168 153 112 112 Reasons other than discouragement(3).................... 971 869 412 372 559 497 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4)...................................... 7,462 7,298 4,015 3,909 3,447 3,389 Percent of total employed..................................... 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.4 5.7 5.5 Primary job full time, secondary job part time................ 4,344 3,992 2,541 2,350 1,803 1,641 Primary and secondary jobs both part time..................... 1,408 1,514 469 499 939 1,014 Primary and secondary jobs both full time..................... 271 332 184 260 87 72 Hours vary on primary or secondary job........................ 1,384 1,418 796 777 588 641 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1999, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p Total......................... 125,966 129,593 128,768 128,721 126,170 128,134 128,162 128,443 128,781 128,905 Total private.................... 107,290 109,415 109,675 109,724 106,301 108,035 108,085 108,338 108,625 108,702 Goods-producing......................... 25,812 25,530 25,569 25,634 25,344 25,288 25,199 25,180 25,248 25,153 Mining................................ 597 533 538 536 585 538 531 526 529 526 Metal mining........................ 50.9 49.3 49.0 47.4 50 49 49 48 48 46 Coal mining......................... 90.9 84.8 84.4 84.2 90 86 86 84 85 84 Oil and gas extraction.............. 342.1 286.3 290.5 291.7 336 294 287 285 286 287 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 113.3 112.9 113.7 113.0 109 109 109 109 110 109 Construction.......................... 6,363 6,499 6,622 6,617 6,005 6,277 6,239 6,258 6,272 6,243 General building contractors........ 1,447.6 1,475.8 1,506.5 1,497.1 1,381 1,428 1,427 1,430 1,434 1,426 Heavy construction, except building. 921.8 917.1 928.1 931.2 842 874 854 857 857 851 Special trade contractors........... 3,993.2 4,106.1 4,187.5 4,189.1 3,782 3,975 3,958 3,971 3,981 3,966 Manufacturing......................... 18,852 18,498 18,409 18,481 18,754 18,473 18,429 18,396 18,447 18,384 Production workers................ 12,959 12,702 12,620 12,704 12,891 12,696 12,662 12,623 12,694 12,639 Durable goods........................ 11,188 11,030 10,965 10,987 11,177 10,993 10,971 10,960 11,013 10,975 Production workers................ 7,625 7,547 7,483 7,509 7,634 7,519 7,504 7,487 7,549 7,518 Lumber and wood products............ 826.7 833.6 838.4 840.7 813 824 824 824 826 827 Furniture and fixtures.............. 531.3 541.0 540.2 541.0 532 536 537 538 546 542 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 575.4 579.3 577.4 578.7 564 570 569 568 570 567 Primary metal industries............ 711.4 690.5 684.9 688.2 713 691 689 687 692 689 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 231.4 221.5 222.2 223.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,500.2 1,492.2 1,476.5 1,482.7 1,502 1,489 1,487 1,485 1,493 1,484 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,194.8 2,140.1 2,123.9 2,108.6 2,203 2,132 2,129 2,128 2,130 2,117 Computer and office equipment..... 378.6 364.7 362.2 359.7 378 361 362 364 361 359 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,696.1 1,663.2 1,662.8 1,662.8 1,698 1,658 1,658 1,657 1,667 1,665 Electronic components and accessories.................... 654.9 640.2 639.9 641.8 655 635 635 637 639 642 Transportation equipment............ 1,891.7 1,860.1 1,835.2 1,858.8 1,894 1,864 1,853 1,849 1,863 1,861 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 995.9 1,007.2 987.8 1,011.2 997 996 996 998 1,015 1,012 Aircraft and parts................ 523.7 489.9 486.9 482.0 526 503 498 491 488 484 Instruments and related products.... 867.3 840.7 841.1 836.6 866 842 839 837 840 835 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 393.0 389.1 384.9 389.0 392 387 386 387 386 388 Nondurable goods..................... 7,664 7,468 7,444 7,494 7,577 7,480 7,458 7,436 7,434 7,409 Production workers................ 5,334 5,155 5,137 5,195 5,257 5,177 5,158 5,136 5,145 5,121 Food and kindred products........... 1,745.3 1,678.5 1,705.6 1,742.4 1,675 1,689 1,688 1,680 1,682 1,673 Tobacco products.................... 40.4 35.7 35.5 36.0 40 38 38 39 39 36 Textile mill products............... 594.7 564.1 556.5 556.9 594 567 563 560 559 557 Apparel and other textile products.. 759.3 692.6 672.6 674.2 755 698 691 686 680 670 Paper and allied products........... 675.0 663.5 660.8 660.8 673 662 661 659 659 659 Printing and publishing............. 1,565.9 1,554.4 1,553.8 1,552.0 1,566 1,555 1,551 1,552 1,553 1,552 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,049.5 1,039.6 1,036.7 1,037.7 1,044 1,038 1,036 1,033 1,031 1,032 Petroleum and coal products......... 143.0 139.8 141.1 140.5 140 139 138 137 138 137 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 1,009.8 1,024.3 1,011.6 1,021.3 1,009 1,019 1,018 1,016 1,021 1,021 Leather and leather products........ 81.5 75.1 69.5 71.7 81 75 74 74 72 72 Service-producing....................... 100,154 104,063 103,199 103,087 100,826 102,846 102,963 103,263 103,533 103,752 Transportation and public utilities... 6,610 6,816 6,782 6,795 6,625 6,750 6,758 6,781 6,797 6,809 Transportation...................... 4,278 4,445 4,409 4,419 4,305 4,397 4,402 4,423 4,439 4,445 Railroad transportation........... 232.9 234.1 231.7 231.9 232 234 233 233 230 231 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 409.6 482.0 421.0 416.5 475 483 480 483 484 482 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,786.6 1,827.3 1,840.9 1,850.6 1,755 1,800 1,802 1,810 1,817 1,818 Water transportation.............. 192.0 187.9 192.9 194.1 184 180 180 181 183 186 Transportation by air............. 1,186.2 1,230.4 1,238.4 1,239.3 1,190 1,220 1,226 1,234 1,241 1,243 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.1 13.3 13.4 13.3 14 14 13 13 13 13 Transportation services........... 456.7 470.0 471.1 473.4 455 466 468 469 471 472 Communications and public utilities. 2,332 2,371 2,373 2,376 2,320 2,353 2,356 2,358 2,358 2,364 Communications.................... 1,473.0 1,519.2 1,523.4 1,530.1 1,467 1,508 1,513 1,513 1,518 1,524 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 858.8 851.6 849.2 846.2 853 845 843 845 840 840 Wholesale trade....................... 6,877 7,036 7,061 7,062 6,846 6,965 6,977 6,993 7,011 7,031 Durable goods....................... 4,070 4,165 4,183 4,184 4,055 4,113 4,124 4,139 4,154 4,169 Nondurable goods.................... 2,807 2,871 2,878 2,878 2,791 2,852 2,853 2,854 2,857 2,862 Retail trade.......................... 22,507 22,992 23,035 23,045 22,353 22,724 22,748 22,796 22,895 22,892 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 970.5 1,032.7 1,023.6 1,010.9 950 982 979 982 986 990 General merchandise stores.......... 2,684.7 2,718.6 2,722.7 2,737.0 2,733 2,799 2,784 2,782 2,781 2,791 Department stores................. 2,386.3 2,424.8 2,426.1 2,439.1 2,429 2,499 2,486 2,482 2,478 2,484 Food stores......................... 3,497.8 3,497.4 3,500.3 3,501.2 3,483 3,492 3,487 3,479 3,475 3,486 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,372.2 2,425.5 2,439.9 2,444.2 2,345 2,399 2,400 2,403 2,408 2,416 New and used car dealers.......... 1,052.1 1,084.3 1,090.0 1,093.8 1,048 1,074 1,077 1,080 1,085 1,090 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,152.0 1,167.0 1,180.0 1,184.7 1,149 1,163 1,172 1,178 1,187 1,182 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,020.9 1,078.6 1,079.4 1,086.2 1,031 1,081 1,084 1,091 1,089 1,097 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,969.6 8,148.0 8,161.5 8,142.1 7,779 7,863 7,880 7,911 7,985 7,947 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,839.2 2,924.5 2,927.3 2,938.6 2,883 2,945 2,962 2,970 2,984 2,983 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 7,526 7,707 7,745 7,738 7,445 7,611 7,621 7,636 7,644 7,655 Finance............................. 3,635 3,728 3,743 3,740 3,616 3,697 3,706 3,709 3,713 3,721 Depository institutions........... 2,054.9 2,057.4 2,059.4 2,054.9 2,043 2,050 2,047 2,045 2,042 2,043 Commercial banks................ 1,476.2 1,472.6 1,473.4 1,469.5 1,467 1,467 1,465 1,463 1,461 1,461 Savings institutions............ 259.2 257.9 258.2 257.0 258 257 256 256 256 256 Nondepository institutions........ 670.9 723.4 724.3 724.0 669 716 720 721 721 722 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 339.2 375.2 372.5 370.7 337 370 374 372 370 368 Security and commodity brokers.... 658.1 678.9 689.5 691.5 653 668 672 676 682 686 Holding and other investment offices........................ 250.7 267.8 269.4 269.9 251 263 267 267 268 270 Insurance........................... 2,364 2,411 2,417 2,415 2,355 2,395 2,399 2,402 2,404 2,406 Insurance carriers................ 1,613.6 1,643.5 1,644.9 1,641.1 1,607 1,631 1,635 1,638 1,634 1,634 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 749.9 767.0 772.2 773.5 748 764 764 764 770 772 Real estate......................... 1,527 1,568 1,585 1,583 1,474 1,519 1,516 1,525 1,527 1,528 Services (2).......................... 37,958 39,334 39,483 39,450 37,688 38,697 38,782 38,952 39,030 39,162 Agricultural services............... 775.1 841.3 838.6 825.0 709 755 751 757 757 755 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,920.2 1,898.3 1,953.8 1,948.7 1,784 1,791 1,786 1,797 1,808 1,810 Personal services................... 1,154.7 1,172.6 1,163.5 1,162.8 1,197 1,204 1,189 1,200 1,206 1,205 Business services................... 8,751.1 9,137.5 9,182.1 9,292.9 8,649 9,010 9,047 9,088 9,139 9,185 Services to buildings............. 960.5 994.6 997.7 1,004.3 952 978 979 984 990 996 Personnel supply services......... 3,333.9 3,403.2 3,418.7 3,507.2 3,249 3,350 3,366 3,387 3,416 3,419 Help supply services............ 2,971.0 3,017.3 3,030.1 3,117.8 2,887 2,975 2,986 3,000 3,021 3,030 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,626.9 1,781.5 1,796.0 1,808.6 1,626 1,749 1,765 1,781 1,793 1,808 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,157.0 1,192.3 1,193.4 1,193.2 1,150 1,178 1,182 1,184 1,185 1,186 Miscellaneous repair services....... 385.7 398.6 399.5 401.1 382 396 398 395 394 397 Motion pictures..................... 586.6 613.2 607.2 611.5 575 587 604 611 597 599 Amusement and recreation services... 1,862.2 1,949.3 2,006.4 1,981.1 1,608 1,668 1,675 1,695 1,694 1,711 Health services..................... 9,874.8 9,989.3 10008.0 10010.8 9,859 9,951 9,954 9,964 9,976 9,995 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,817.6 1,868.7 1,877.2 1,882.1 1,811 1,856 1,860 1,864 1,870 1,875 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,765.4 1,756.9 1,759.1 1,760.0 1,760 1,753 1,755 1,755 1,753 1,755 Hospitals......................... 3,944.4 3,976.6 3,984.5 3,981.2 3,937 3,966 3,966 3,969 3,968 3,974 Home health care services......... 658.8 655.3 653.9 655.1 661 656 653 653 655 658 Legal services...................... 983.3 1,016.4 1,018.0 1,010.4 977 998 999 1,002 1,000 1,004 Educational services................ 1,868.1 2,069.6 1,986.3 1,949.8 2,176 2,254 2,265 2,272 2,274 2,271 Social services..................... 2,620.9 2,776.5 2,782.4 2,758.4 2,660 2,755 2,760 2,778 2,765 2,799 Child day care services........... 560.7 619.3 578.7 576.1 610 628 629 633 631 627 Residential care.................. 753.3 782.9 786.8 788.3 749 772 775 777 780 784 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 99.4 101.2 102.6 101.2 93 94 93 94 94 94 Membership organizations............ 2,405.0 2,447.7 2,476.8 2,447.0 2,365 2,392 2,394 2,409 2,404 2,406 Engineering and management services. 3,224.3 3,435.1 3,468.8 3,462.5 3,214 3,370 3,391 3,411 3,441 3,451 Engineering and architectural services....................... 926.3 955.4 963.7 963.4 912 939 940 942 949 949 Management and public relations... 1,050.8 1,162.6 1,176.5 1,180.8 1,046 1,133 1,143 1,153 1,163 1,175 Services, nec....................... 52.5 57.4 58.3 56.5 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 18,676 20,178 19,093 18,997 19,869 20,099 20,077 20,105 20,156 20,203 Federal............................. 2,695 2,682 2,669 2,665 2,688 2,688 2,666 2,664 2,657 2,659 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,834.1 1,815.1 1,800.9 1,793.5 1,818 1,809 1,788 1,789 1,777 1,778 State............................... 4,379 4,533 4,458 4,443 4,633 4,688 4,677 4,675 4,683 4,701 Education......................... 1,641.9 1,758.8 1,666.1 1,667.6 1,931 1,955 1,941 1,934 1,948 1,961 Other State government............ 2,737.1 2,774.6 2,792.3 2,775.4 2,702 2,733 2,736 2,741 2,735 2,740 Local............................... 11,602 12,963 11,966 11,889 12,548 12,723 12,734 12,766 12,816 12,843 Education......................... 5,940.0 7,266.1 6,111.3 6,111.6 7,109 7,206 7,225 7,239 7,268 7,293 Other local government............ 5,662.1 5,696.6 5,854.3 5,777.8 5,439 5,517 5,509 5,527 5,548 5,550 1 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p Total private.................... 35.2 34.6 34.7 35.1 34.6 34.4 34.4 34.5 34.5 34.6 Goods-producing......................... 41.4 41.3 40.9 41.3 41.1 40.9 41.0 41.2 41.2 41.1 Mining................................ 44.0 44.2 44.6 44.5 43.7 43.8 44.1 44.0 45.0 44.2 Construction.......................... 40.2 39.8 39.9 40.0 39.2 38.6 38.9 39.4 38.9 39.0 Manufacturing......................... 41.7 41.8 41.2 41.7 41.7 41.6 41.7 41.7 41.9 41.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 Durable goods........................ 42.2 42.4 41.6 42.2 42.3 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.5 42.3 Overtime hours.................... 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.3 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.7 Lumber and wood products............ 41.6 41.6 41.2 41.5 41.2 41.2 41.2 41.1 41.2 41.1 Furniture and fixtures.............. 41.0 40.3 40.2 40.7 40.6 40.4 40.4 40.4 40.6 40.3 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.2 43.9 43.7 44.3 43.6 43.1 43.4 43.4 43.5 43.7 Primary metal industries............ 43.8 44.4 43.6 44.1 44.1 44.0 44.3 44.3 44.5 44.4 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.2 45.2 44.6 44.7 44.4 44.5 44.8 45.2 45.1 44.9 Fabricated metal products........... 42.2 42.3 41.5 42.3 42.3 41.8 42.1 42.1 42.3 42.4 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.6 42.1 41.7 42.1 42.9 41.9 42.1 42.0 42.4 42.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.5 41.5 40.8 41.2 41.5 41.1 41.5 41.5 41.6 41.3 Transportation equipment............ 42.8 44.1 42.1 43.5 43.0 44.0 43.5 44.2 44.3 43.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 42.5 45.4 42.5 44.3 43.0 45.1 44.4 45.4 45.7 44.8 Instruments and related products.... 41.2 41.5 41.0 41.2 41.3 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.7 41.4 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.0 39.9 39.2 40.1 40.0 39.6 40.2 40.0 40.0 40.2 Nondurable goods..................... 41.0 41.0 40.6 41.0 40.9 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.0 40.9 Overtime hours.................... 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.6 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.4 Food and kindred products........... 42.0 41.6 41.8 41.9 41.7 41.9 41.8 41.8 42.0 41.6 Tobacco products.................... 39.3 40.1 40.3 38.5 39.2 38.6 39.9 39.1 41.0 38.4 Textile mill products............... 41.2 41.0 40.6 41.1 41.0 41.0 41.0 40.6 41.3 40.9 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 38.1 36.9 37.4 37.4 37.5 37.8 37.7 37.4 37.2 Paper and allied products........... 43.1 43.5 43.0 43.4 43.3 43.6 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.7 Printing and publishing............. 38.6 37.9 38.0 38.4 38.5 38.1 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.0 43.0 42.6 43.1 43.2 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.0 43.3 Petroleum and coal products......... 44.0 43.0 43.6 42.6 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.5 41.9 41.0 41.4 41.7 41.5 41.9 41.8 41.7 41.6 Leather and leather products........ 38.4 38.4 36.7 38.2 37.9 38.1 38.4 37.9 37.1 37.8 Service-producing....................... 33.5 32.9 33.1 33.5 32.9 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.9 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 39.9 39.0 39.0 39.7 39.4 39.0 38.8 38.9 38.8 39.2 Wholesale trade....................... 38.7 38.4 38.4 38.8 38.4 38.4 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.5 Retail trade.......................... 29.9 29.4 29.8 30.0 29.0 29.0 29.1 29.1 29.1 29.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.9 35.9 36.1 36.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 33.2 32.6 32.8 33.2 32.7 32.5 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.7 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999p 1999p Total private.................... $12.76 $13.14 $13.16 $13.21 $449.15 $454.64 $456.65 $463.67 Seasonally adjusted............. 12.85 13.24 13.28 13.30 444.61 456.78 458.16 460.18 Goods-producing......................... 14.41 14.83 14.91 14.92 596.57 612.48 609.82 616.20 Mining................................ 16.88 16.93 17.14 17.08 742.72 748.31 764.44 760.06 Construction.......................... 16.77 17.08 17.23 17.27 674.15 679.78 687.48 690.80 Manufacturing......................... 13.45 13.91 13.92 13.93 560.87 581.44 573.50 580.88 Durable goods........................ 13.92 14.40 14.38 14.44 587.42 610.56 598.21 609.37 Lumber and wood products............ 11.18 11.45 11.51 11.55 465.09 476.32 474.21 479.33 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.96 11.16 11.25 11.28 449.36 449.75 452.25 459.10 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 13.63 13.94 14.01 13.91 602.45 611.97 612.24 616.21 Primary metal industries............ 15.45 15.91 16.04 15.97 676.71 706.40 699.34 704.28 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.46 19.05 19.19 18.97 815.93 861.06 855.87 847.96 Fabricated metal products........... 13.04 13.46 13.46 13.52 550.29 569.36 558.59 571.90 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 14.46 14.99 15.06 15.14 616.00 631.08 628.00 637.39 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 13.10 13.40 13.49 13.42 543.65 556.10 550.39 552.90 Transportation equipment............ 17.29 18.20 17.94 18.09 740.01 802.62 755.27 786.92 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.52 18.68 18.23 18.39 744.60 848.07 774.78 814.68 Instruments and related products.... 13.79 14.13 14.26 14.34 568.15 586.40 584.66 590.81 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.85 11.30 11.30 11.29 434.00 450.87 442.96 452.73 Nondurable goods..................... 12.75 13.15 13.22 13.18 522.75 539.15 536.73 540.38 Food and kindred products........... 11.76 12.16 12.15 12.09 493.92 505.86 507.87 506.57 Tobacco products.................... 18.96 20.79 21.22 20.51 745.13 833.68 855.17 789.64 Textile mill products............... 10.37 10.76 10.71 10.72 427.24 441.16 434.83 440.59 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.54 8.89 8.83 8.87 321.10 338.71 325.83 331.74 Paper and allied products........... 15.54 15.98 16.07 16.01 669.77 695.13 691.01 694.83 Printing and publishing............. 13.47 13.73 13.80 13.81 519.94 520.37 524.40 530.30 Chemicals and allied products....... 17.14 17.35 17.48 17.46 737.02 746.05 744.65 752.53 Petroleum and coal products......... 20.80 21.14 21.37 21.29 915.20 909.02 931.73 906.95 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.84 12.25 12.36 12.30 491.36 513.28 506.76 509.22 Leather and leather products........ 9.28 9.57 9.56 9.67 356.35 367.49 350.85 369.39 Service-producing....................... 12.22 12.60 12.61 12.67 409.37 414.54 417.39 424.45 Transportation and public utilities... $15.30 $15.56 $15.73 $15.66 $610.47 $606.84 $613.47 $621.70 Wholesale trade....................... 14.18 14.44 14.54 14.64 548.77 554.50 558.34 568.03 Retail trade.......................... 8.72 9.02 9.02 9.03 260.73 265.19 268.80 270.90 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 14.12 14.50 14.53 14.66 521.03 520.55 524.53 539.49 Services.............................. 12.75 13.23 13.20 13.28 423.30 431.30 432.96 440.90 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. change Industry 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p from: July 1999- Aug. 1999 Total private: Current dollars.............. $12.85 $13.14 $13.18 $13.24 $13.28 $13.30 0.2 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.78 7.83 7.85 7.89 7.88 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 14.39 14.67 14.75 14.85 14.91 14.89 -.1 Mining...................... 17.00 16.87 17.05 16.96 17.25 17.20 -.3 Construction................ 16.67 16.97 17.08 17.16 17.19 17.16 -.2 Manufacturing............... 13.53 13.79 13.85 13.95 14.02 14.01 -.1 Excluding overtime4....... 12.82 13.09 13.13 13.20 13.27 13.27 .0 Service-producing............. 12.35 12.65 12.68 12.73 12.77 12.80 .2 Transportation and public utilities................ 15.33 15.60 15.65 15.65 15.77 15.69 -.5 Wholesale trade............. 14.17 14.44 14.48 14.56 14.60 14.62 .1 Retail trade................ 8.80 9.03 9.04 9.06 9.10 9.12 .2 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 14.14 14.58 14.60 14.62 14.68 14.68 .0 Services.................... 12.94 13.28 13.33 13.38 13.42 13.47 .4 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was -.1 percent from June 1999 to July 1999, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1998 1999 1999p 1999p 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999p 1999p Total private.................... 149.4 150.0 150.7 152.4 145.5 147.0 147.2 147.8 148.3 148.5 Goods-producing......................... 118.7 117.0 116.1 117.7 115.4 114.2 114.4 114.6 115.1 114.3 Mining................................ 57.0 50.5 51.5 51.5 55.3 50.4 50.1 49.7 51.0 50.1 Construction.......................... 182.0 182.8 187.3 187.6 165.4 169.2 170.0 172.8 170.8 170.2 Manufacturing......................... 109.0 107.1 104.9 106.9 108.5 106.5 106.5 106.3 107.2 106.4 Durable goods........................ 112.4 111.6 108.6 110.7 112.6 110.4 110.5 110.4 111.8 111.0 Lumber and wood products............ 149.7 150.6 149.6 151.6 145.5 147.5 147.3 146.9 147.5 147.3 Furniture and fixtures.............. 136.3 136.7 135.6 137.8 135.3 135.6 135.9 136.2 138.8 136.8 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 120.2 120.8 119.6 121.5 116.0 116.2 117.0 116.8 117.5 117.3 Primary metal industries............ 92.4 90.7 88.2 89.4 93.3 89.9 90.3 89.8 91.1 90.4 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 70.9 69.8 69.1 69.1 71.3 69.1 69.2 69.4 69.6 69.3 Fabricated metal products........... 118.1 117.9 114.1 116.8 118.6 116.2 116.9 116.6 118.2 117.4 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 108.3 104.9 102.7 102.5 110.0 104.1 104.5 104.0 105.2 104.4 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 108.6 106.1 104.7 105.8 109.1 105.6 106.2 105.9 107.9 106.6 Transportation equipment............ 123.6 126.0 118.0 124.5 125.1 125.5 123.4 125.0 127.1 126.1 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 154.1 168.4 154.1 165.5 157.3 164.8 162.4 165.9 171.6 169.1 Instruments and related products.... 75.9 75.7 74.5 74.3 76.3 75.8 75.6 75.2 75.8 74.7 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 103.2 101.3 98.2 101.8 103.2 100.3 101.4 100.9 100.9 101.8 Nondurable goods..................... 104.5 100.9 99.7 101.7 102.8 101.2 101.1 100.5 100.9 100.1 Food and kindred products........... 123.5 117.0 119.9 123.9 116.5 118.9 118.5 117.9 119.2 116.9 Tobacco products.................... 60.6 50.8 50.1 49.8 60.2 55.4 55.3 56.2 58.9 49.4 Textile mill products............... 86.0 81.2 79.3 80.3 85.7 81.6 81.1 79.8 81.3 79.9 Apparel and other textile products.. 67.2 61.6 57.8 58.8 66.5 61.4 61.4 60.4 59.4 58.3 Paper and allied products........... 108.2 106.8 105.0 106.2 108.1 106.7 106.3 106.0 105.8 106.3 Printing and publishing............. 125.6 121.0 121.2 122.5 125.4 121.9 122.3 122.3 122.1 122.3 Chemicals and allied products....... 103.3 102.4 101.3 102.7 103.4 102.4 102.3 101.9 102.1 102.8 Petroleum and coal products......... 79.6 75.2 77.6 76.0 76.6 74.5 73.9 72.9 74.9 73.3 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 146.8 150.4 145.2 148.6 147.7 148.5 149.5 148.6 149.6 149.4 Leather and leather products........ 36.1 32.9 28.7 31.2 35.5 32.8 32.4 32.0 30.2 30.8 Service-producing....................... 163.1 164.8 166.3 168.0 159.0 161.6 161.9 162.7 163.2 163.8 Transportation and public utilities... 133.8 134.8 134.0 136.9 132.6 133.6 133.0 133.7 133.6 135.5 Wholesale trade....................... 130.9 133.1 133.5 134.6 129.2 131.6 131.5 132.0 132.3 132.6 Retail trade.......................... 145.6 146.6 148.8 149.6 140.1 142.6 143.3 143.6 144.4 144.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 141.3 140.5 142.1 144.2 137.2 139.1 138.8 139.4 140.7 140.4 Services.............................. 200.1 202.9 204.8 207.0 195.4 198.9 199.3 200.7 201.0 202.2 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1995.............. 63.8 58.0 54.6 56.5 47.5 54.8 55.6 59.1 57.9 56.9 55.2 57.7 1996.............. 49.6 64.9 59.4 55.1 61.9 60.8 57.0 62.5 57.3 63.5 59.7 61.2 1997.............. 56.2 61.0 61.9 62.8 58.8 56.3 60.7 61.0 59.4 65.4 63.6 62.1 1998.............. 63.8 57.9 58.8 60.5 55.9 57.9 58.0 55.8 54.6 52.9 59.1 58.6 1999.............. 54.4 58.3 52.1 58.8 51.5 57.0 p57.9 p50.1 Over 3-month span: 1995.............. 63.8 62.9 58.0 53.5 53.9 52.7 59.3 61.0 59.4 58.6 57.3 55.3 1996.............. 62.6 62.5 63.3 63.1 63.1 64.3 64.3 62.2 64.6 64.2 66.2 63.2 1997.............. 63.8 63.6 67.7 67.3 62.6 61.7 61.4 66.2 67.3 69.9 70.8 71.2 1998.............. 66.7 66.2 64.5 63.9 61.4 58.7 60.0 58.4 57.6 57.6 59.0 60.4 1999.............. 60.7 55.9 59.6 54.6 56.3 p56.3 p55.5 Over 6-month span: 1995.............. 66.7 59.7 58.6 56.5 59.0 60.0 57.7 61.0 60.5 59.3 61.7 63.2 1996.............. 62.6 65.2 64.5 65.2 64.7 64.6 67.0 65.4 65.9 66.7 66.9 66.7 1997.............. 67.4 68.3 65.6 67.0 65.6 64.9 66.3 68.4 69.7 71.3 71.3 71.9 1998.............. 70.6 66.9 65.9 62.4 62.6 61.1 58.0 59.8 60.0 60.8 60.8 58.0 1999.............. 61.1 58.8 57.3 p59.4 p55.6 Over 12-month span: 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.5 63.5 65.4 1996.............. 64.5 66.7 64.5 65.6 68.5 67.3 67.7 66.4 68.0 69.9 68.7 66.9 1997.............. 69.0 67.3 68.3 69.7 69.5 70.1 70.1 70.4 70.5 69.7 69.8 71.3 1998.............. 70.4 68.3 67.1 64.0 62.1 61.7 61.8 63.8 59.8 59.0 59.3 58.6 1999.............. p59.7 p56.7 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1995.............. 57.2 50.4 47.1 52.9 41.4 45.3 45.0 51.1 48.6 51.1 45.3 48.2 1996.............. 42.4 55.4 46.8 41.0 55.8 51.4 47.1 56.5 48.9 55.0 50.7 54.0 1997.............. 50.0 52.9 53.6 56.1 52.2 53.2 51.1 55.4 53.6 62.2 61.2 55.4 1998.............. 58.6 51.8 50.4 50.4 40.6 46.8 40.3 45.3 42.1 36.3 39.9 45.0 1999.............. 40.3 42.4 39.6 44.6 36.3 45.3 p57.9 p39.2 Over 3-month span: 1995.............. 55.4 51.4 44.2 41.7 43.5 37.4 42.1 43.9 48.2 46.8 44.6 41.4 1996.............. 46.8 46.0 43.5 46.0 48.2 51.1 51.8 49.6 53.2 52.5 55.0 50.7 1997.............. 51.8 51.4 57.6 56.8 54.3 51.8 53.6 55.4 59.7 68.3 65.8 64.4 1998.............. 59.4 57.9 51.8 44.2 41.7 34.9 37.4 37.1 38.1 34.2 35.6 35.3 1999.............. 37.4 31.7 37.1 30.2 33.8 p43.9 p44.6 Over 6-month span: 1995.............. 55.4 45.7 43.2 38.1 41.7 42.8 41.0 42.1 43.5 43.2 44.2 45.0 1996.............. 41.4 46.0 45.7 47.1 46.0 48.6 52.9 50.4 51.8 51.4 52.5 51.8 1997.............. 54.7 54.0 51.4 54.3 52.5 52.2 55.4 61.2 61.5 64.7 66.2 65.1 1998.............. 59.7 49.3 48.2 36.7 36.7 36.7 28.4 31.3 33.5 35.3 32.7 28.1 1999.............. 33.1 29.1 28.1 p36.3 p31.7 Over 12-month span: 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 38.5 39.9 44.6 1996.............. 43.5 47.5 45.3 45.3 50.4 49.6 50.4 48.6 51.1 55.0 54.3 50.7 1997.............. 54.7 52.5 54.0 54.0 55.4 56.8 57.2 57.9 58.3 56.5 55.4 57.2 1998.............. 54.0 49.3 46.0 40.6 35.6 33.8 30.9 32.0 26.6 26.6 25.5 26.3 1999.............. p31.7 p25.9 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.