Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 97-309 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, September 5, 1997. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: AUGUST 1997 Employment and unemployment were little changed in August, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The jobless rate was 4.9 percent in August; it had been 4.8 percent in July and has shown little movement over the past several months. Nonfarm payroll employment edged up by 49,000 in August to 122.5 million. This gain would have been closer to the recent growth trend if not for the effects of strike activity during the survey reference period. Workers on strike for the entire reference period are not counted as employed in the survey of establishments because they are not being paid by their employers. In contrast, in the household survey, striking workers and others with unpaid absences are counted as employed. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, 6.7 million, and the unemployment rate, 4.9 percent, were essentially unchanged in August. From April through August, the unemployment rate remained in a narrow range of 4.8 to 5.0 percent. The rates for the major worker groups--adult men (4.1 percent), adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (16.4 percent), whites (4.2 percent), blacks (9.3 percent), and Hispanics (7.2 percent)--showed little or no change from July. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) The number of persons unemployed for less than 5 weeks increased in August, reversing July’s decline, while the number who were jobless for 15 to 26 weeks decreased. Both the mean and median duration of unemployment, which had risen in July, declined to 15.9 and 7.8 weeks, respectively. (See table A-5.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was essentially unchanged from July at a seasonally adjusted level of 129.8 million. The proportion of the population that was employed (the employment-to-population ratio) remained at 63.8 percent, about the same as it has been since March. (See table A-1.) About 7.6 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in August. They accounted for 5.8 percent of all employed persons. Both the number of multiple jobholders and their percentage of the total employed were about the same as a year earlier. (See table A-9.) The civilian labor force, 136.5 million, was about unchanged in August, and the labor force participation rate remained at 67.1 percent. There has been little change in either measure since March. (See table A-1.) - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|July- Category | 19971/ | 19971/ |Aug. |_________________|__________________________|change | I | II | June | July | Aug. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 135,934| 136,157| 136,200| 136,290| 136,480| 190 Employment..........| 128,728| 129,462| 129,364| 129,708| 129,804| 96 Unemployment........| 7,206| 6,695| 6,836| 6,583| 6,677| 94 Not in labor force....| 66,462| 66,678| 66,800| 66,876| 66,884| 8 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 5.3| 4.9| 5.0| 4.8| 4.9| 0.1 Adult men...........| 4.5| 4.1| 4.2| 4.0| 4.1| .1 Adult women.........| 4.7| 4.4| 4.4| 4.2| 4.4| .2 Teenagers...........| 17.0| 15.9| 16.8| 16.4| 16.4| .0 White...............| 4.5| 4.1| 4.2| 4.2| 4.2| .0 Black...............| 10.9| 10.2| 10.4| 9.4| 9.3| -.1 Hispanic origin.....| 8.3| 7.7| 7.6| 7.9| 7.2| -.7 ________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 121,138| 121,854| 122,056|p122,421|p122,470| p49 Goods-producing 2/..| 24,635| 24,694| 24,714| p24,696| p24,751| p55 Construction......| 5,585| 5,616| 5,622| p5,622| p5,632| p10 Manufacturing.....| 18,476| 18,504| 18,518| p18,501| p18,548| p47 Service-producing 2/| 96,504| 97,159| 97,342| p97,725| p97,719| p-6 Retail trade......| 21,928| 22,045| 22,079| p22,150| p22,181| p31 Services..........| 35,086| 35,436| 35,522| p35,677| p35,709| p32 Government........| 19,540| 19,594| 19,639| p19,727| p19,799| p72 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.7| 34.5| 34.6| p34.5| p34.7| p0.2 Manufacturing.......| 41.9| 42.0| 41.8| p41.8| p41.9| p.1 Overtime..........| 4.8| 4.8| 4.6| p4.7| p4.8| p.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.10| $12.19| $12.23| p$12.24| p$12.29| p$0.05 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 419.36| 420.85| 423.16| p422.28| p426.46| p4.18 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population controls used in the survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in August--that is, they wanted and were available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify--was 311,000 in August, down from 415,000 a year earlier. (See table A-9.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment was little changed in August. Employment growth was held down by a strike of 185,000 workers in the transportation industry. (See table B-1.) Employment in transportation declined by 153,000. The direct impact of the strike was partially offset by hiring elsewhere within the industry to help meet the demand for parcel delivery. Employment fell by 164,000 in transportation by air, the industry in which the strike occurred. Trucking employment increased by 12,000, compared with an average gain of 6,000 over the prior 3 months. Employment in services rose by only 32,000 in August, following a much stronger increase in July. The average employment gain of 94,000 over these 2 months was close to the average monthly growth in 1996 and the first half of 1997. The increase in health services (21,000) was in line with recent growth in that industry, although there was an especially strong gain in hospitals (11,000). Employment growth also continued in computer services (10,000), social services (15,000), and engineering and management services (17,000). In contrast, help supply services experienced a decline of 16,000 jobs in August, the fourth decline in the last 5 months. Amusement and recreation services and educational services both lost jobs, following strong summer hiring. Retail trade added 31,000 jobs in August, following larger increases in June and July. Employment expanded by 15,000 in general merchandise stores and by 11,000 in miscellaneous retail establishments. The number of jobs in eating and drinking places edged down in August, following gains totaling 60,000 over the prior 2 months. Wholesale trade showed moderate growth in August (8,000), following an exceptionally large increase in July. Within wholesale trade, durable goods distribution continued its strong growth pattern, with an increase of 14,000 jobs. Employment growth continued in finance (10,000) in August. Job gains in the industry have totaled 98,000 over the past year. Insurance continued its recent upward trend, adding 14,000 jobs since March. In contrast, real estate employment was about unchanged in August after gaining 10,000 jobs in July. Employment in local government education rose by 49,000 in August, after seasonal adjustment. This was the third consecutive large employment increase. Changing seasonal patterns in hiring by local school systems continue to make precise seasonal adjustment of these data difficult. An increase in federal government employment reflected the hiring of postal workers to handle a greater volume of parcel delivery resulting from the strike. Excluding the Postal Service, federal government employment continued its monthly declines in August and was down by 36,000 so far this year. - 4 - Within the goods-producing sector, construction employment increased by 10,000 in August, the first gain since May. Employment rose in heavy construction as well as in special trades. Manufacturing employment rose by 47,000 in August. The increase includes the return of 10,000 auto and steel workers who had been on strike. In several industries, the job gains in August offset losses that occurred in July; these include fabricated metals (4,000), autos (16,000), and rubber and miscellaneous plastics (6,000). Three industries continued their strong growth trend: industrial machinery (12,000), electronic components (6,000), and aircraft (4,000). The number of jobs in both textiles and apparel continued to decline. Employment in food products also fell slightly and was down by 18,000 since April. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 hour in August to 34.7 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and factory overtime both edged up by 0.1 hour, to 41.9 and 4.8 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.4 percent to 140.8 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.5 percent to 108.2. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls were up 5 cents in August to $12.29, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings rose by 1.0 percent to $426.46, reflecting the increase in both average weekly hours and average hourly earnings. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have risen by 3.6 percent and average weekly earnings by 4.2 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for September 1997 is scheduled to be released on Friday, October 3, at 8:30 A.M. (EDT). ----------------------------------------------------------------- | Changes in Household Data Series | | | | Effective with the release of data for December 1997 in | |January 1998, improvements will be introduced into the composite | |estimation procedures used in the Current Population Survey. | |These changes will simplify processing of the monthly labor | |force data at BLS and will allow users of the survey microdata | |to replicate the official estimates released by BLS. In | |addition, there will be a slight decrease in the variance of | |some major estimates, particularly employment levels and the | |over-the-month change in those levels. The new procedures will | |produce somewhat lower estimates of the civilian labor force and | |employment. Data will be revised back to January 1997 to | |facilitate over-the-year comparisons between 1997 and 1998. | ----------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 200,847 203,166 203,364 200,847 202,674 202,832 203,000 203,166 203,364 Civilian labor force.......................... 135,011 138,331 137,460 133,898 136,098 136,173 136,200 136,290 136,480 Participation rate...................... 67.2 68.1 67.6 66.7 67.2 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.1 Employed.................................... 128,143 131,350 130,865 126,988 129,384 129,639 129,364 129,708 129,804 Employment-population ratio............. 63.8 64.7 64.4 63.2 63.8 63.9 63.7 63.8 63.8 Agriculture............................... 3,706 3,849 3,661 3,418 3,497 3,430 3,391 3,482 3,383 Nonagricultural industries................ 124,437 127,501 127,205 123,570 125,887 126,209 125,973 126,226 126,421 Unemployed.................................. 6,868 6,981 6,594 6,910 6,714 6,534 6,836 6,583 6,677 Unemployment rate....................... 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 Not in labor force............................ 65,836 64,835 65,904 66,949 66,577 66,659 66,800 66,876 66,884 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,335 97,733 97,838 96,335 97,474 97,559 97,649 97,733 97,838 Civilian labor force.......................... 72,888 74,674 74,149 71,961 73,232 73,200 73,242 73,230 73,315 Participation rate...................... 75.7 76.4 75.8 74.7 75.1 75.0 75.0 74.9 74.9 Employed.................................... 69,533 71,157 70,890 68,368 69,627 69,929 69,567 69,749 69,791 Employment-population ratio............. 72.2 72.8 72.5 71.0 71.4 71.7 71.2 71.4 71.3 Unemployed.................................. 3,355 3,517 3,259 3,593 3,604 3,271 3,674 3,481 3,524 Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,650 89,888 89,982 88,650 89,680 89,766 89,829 89,888 89,982 Civilian labor force.......................... 68,390 69,614 69,571 68,044 69,147 69,059 69,167 69,203 69,301 Participation rate...................... 77.1 77.4 77.3 76.8 77.1 76.9 77.0 77.0 77.0 Employed.................................... 65,725 66,962 67,000 65,165 66,243 66,418 66,266 66,414 66,491 Employment-population ratio............. 74.1 74.5 74.5 73.5 73.9 74.0 73.8 73.9 73.9 Agriculture............................... 2,477 2,575 2,424 2,347 2,428 2,421 2,417 2,411 2,300 Nonagricultural industries................ 63,248 64,387 64,576 62,818 63,815 63,997 63,849 64,003 64,191 Unemployed.................................. 2,665 2,653 2,571 2,879 2,904 2,640 2,901 2,789 2,810 Unemployment rate....................... 3.9 3.8 3.7 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,512 105,433 105,527 104,512 105,200 105,274 105,351 105,433 105,527 Civilian labor force.......................... 62,123 63,656 63,311 61,937 62,866 62,973 62,958 63,060 63,165 Participation rate...................... 59.4 60.4 60.0 59.3 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.9 Employed.................................... 58,610 60,193 59,976 58,620 59,756 59,710 59,796 59,958 60,013 Employment-population ratio............. 56.1 57.1 56.8 56.1 56.8 56.7 56.8 56.9 56.9 Unemployed.................................. 3,514 3,463 3,335 3,317 3,109 3,263 3,162 3,102 3,152 Unemployment rate....................... 5.7 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,146 97,919 98,000 97,146 97,685 97,767 97,834 97,919 98,000 Civilian labor force.......................... 57,992 58,952 59,123 58,230 58,974 59,130 59,207 59,186 59,408 Participation rate...................... 59.7 60.2 60.3 59.9 60.4 60.5 60.5 60.4 60.6 Employed.................................... 55,026 56,243 56,311 55,498 56,392 56,481 56,585 56,685 56,819 Employment-population ratio............. 56.6 57.4 57.5 57.1 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.9 58.0 Agriculture............................... 880 902 888 826 779 743 740 841 836 Nonagricultural industries................ 54,146 55,342 55,423 54,672 55,613 55,738 55,845 55,844 55,983 Unemployed.................................. 2,966 2,708 2,811 2,732 2,581 2,650 2,621 2,501 2,589 Unemployment rate....................... 5.1 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 15,051 15,359 15,382 15,051 15,309 15,300 15,336 15,359 15,382 Civilian labor force.......................... 8,629 9,764 8,765 7,624 7,977 7,984 7,826 7,901 7,771 Participation rate...................... 57.3 63.6 57.0 50.7 52.1 52.2 51.0 51.4 50.5 Employed.................................... 7,392 8,145 7,554 6,325 6,748 6,740 6,512 6,608 6,493 Employment-population ratio............. 49.1 53.0 49.1 42.0 44.1 44.1 42.5 43.0 42.2 Agriculture............................... 349 371 348 245 290 266 234 229 246 Nonagricultural industries................ 7,043 7,773 7,205 6,080 6,458 6,474 6,279 6,379 6,247 Unemployed.................................. 1,237 1,620 1,212 1,299 1,229 1,244 1,314 1,293 1,278 Unemployment rate....................... 14.3 16.6 13.8 17.0 15.4 15.6 16.8 16.4 16.4 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,489 170,010 170,148 168,489 169,675 169,782 169,897 170,010 170,148 Civilian labor force.......................... 113,713 116,265 115,365 112,904 114,618 114,630 114,691 114,627 114,649 Participation rate........................ 67.5 68.4 67.8 67.0 67.6 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.4 Employed.................................... 108,801 111,323 110,654 107,853 109,831 110,052 109,821 109,853 109,782 Employment-population ratio............... 64.6 65.5 65.0 64.0 64.7 64.8 64.6 64.6 64.5 Unemployed.................................. 4,912 4,942 4,711 5,051 4,786 4,578 4,870 4,774 4,867 Unemployment rate......................... 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.5 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 58,553 59,465 59,307 58,347 59,196 59,008 59,088 59,096 59,129 Participation rate........................ 77.5 77.9 77.6 77.3 77.7 77.4 77.5 77.4 77.4 Employed.................................... 56,568 57,543 57,418 56,143 57,057 57,112 56,981 57,030 57,018 Employment-population ratio............... 74.9 75.4 75.2 74.4 74.9 74.9 74.7 74.7 74.6 Unemployed.................................. 1,985 1,922 1,889 2,204 2,139 1,895 2,107 2,066 2,111 Unemployment rate......................... 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 47,960 48,575 48,677 48,162 48,662 48,874 48,924 48,756 48,927 Participation rate........................ 59.1 59.6 59.7 59.4 59.8 60.0 60.1 59.8 60.0 Employed.................................... 45,847 46,726 46,699 46,232 46,902 47,047 47,128 47,055 47,123 Employment-population ratio............... 56.5 57.3 57.3 57.0 57.6 57.8 57.9 57.7 57.8 Unemployed.................................. 2,113 1,849 1,978 1,930 1,759 1,827 1,795 1,701 1,805 Unemployment rate......................... 4.4 3.8 4.1 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 7,200 8,226 7,382 6,395 6,760 6,748 6,679 6,775 6,593 Participation rate........................ 60.6 67.5 60.5 53.8 55.7 55.5 54.9 55.6 54.0 Employed.................................... 6,387 7,055 6,538 5,478 5,872 5,893 5,711 5,768 5,641 Employment-population ratio............... 53.7 57.9 53.6 46.1 48.4 48.5 46.9 47.3 46.2 Unemployed.................................. 813 1,171 843 917 888 855 968 1,007 951 Unemployment rate......................... 11.3 14.2 11.4 14.3 13.1 12.7 14.5 14.9 14.4 Men..................................... 12.1 14.5 12.1 15.7 14.3 12.7 16.3 15.4 15.5 Women................................... 10.5 14.0 10.7 12.9 11.9 12.7 12.6 14.3 13.2 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,650 24,006 24,043 23,650 23,923 23,950 23,978 24,006 24,043 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,470 15,877 15,953 15,297 15,365 15,434 15,398 15,510 15,804 Participation rate........................ 65.4 66.1 66.4 64.7 64.2 64.4 64.2 64.6 65.7 Employed.................................... 13,792 14,218 14,409 13,699 13,863 13,837 13,793 14,055 14,341 Employment-population ratio............... 58.3 59.2 59.9 57.9 57.9 57.8 57.5 58.5 59.6 Unemployed.................................. 1,677 1,659 1,544 1,598 1,503 1,597 1,605 1,455 1,463 Unemployment rate......................... 10.8 10.4 9.7 10.4 9.8 10.3 10.4 9.4 9.3 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,888 6,992 7,077 6,874 6,805 6,831 6,926 6,957 7,072 Participation rate........................ 73.2 73.0 73.7 73.0 71.4 71.5 72.4 72.6 73.7 Employed.................................... 6,320 6,411 6,554 6,301 6,234 6,255 6,296 6,386 6,541 Employment-population ratio............... 67.1 66.9 68.3 66.9 65.4 65.5 65.8 66.6 68.1 Unemployed.................................. 568 580 523 573 571 575 630 572 532 Unemployment rate......................... 8.2 8.3 7.4 8.3 8.4 8.4 9.1 8.2 7.5 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,478 7,688 7,793 7,477 7,641 7,693 7,615 7,689 7,803 Participation rate........................ 63.1 64.0 64.8 63.1 63.8 64.1 63.5 64.0 64.8 Employed.................................... 6,749 6,989 7,081 6,802 6,997 6,974 6,921 7,053 7,146 Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 58.2 58.8 57.4 58.4 58.1 57.7 58.7 59.4 Unemployed.................................. 728 699 712 675 644 719 694 636 658 Unemployment rate......................... 9.7 9.1 9.1 9.0 8.4 9.4 9.1 8.3 8.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 1,104 1,197 1,083 946 920 910 857 864 928 Participation rate........................ 46.2 49.5 44.9 39.6 38.1 37.9 35.4 35.7 38.5 Employed.................................... 723 817 774 596 632 608 577 616 655 Employment-population ratio............... 30.3 33.8 32.1 25.0 26.2 25.3 23.8 25.5 27.2 Unemployed.................................. 381 379 309 350 287 302 281 247 273 Unemployment rate......................... 34.5 31.7 28.5 37.0 31.2 33.2 32.7 28.6 29.4 Men..................................... 36.4 35.4 32.7 38.2 37.3 32.6 41.1 32.9 33.1 Women................................... 32.4 28.1 24.4 35.8 25.3 33.8 24.5 25.1 26.2 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,292 20,351 20,407 19,292 20,180 20,236 20,293 20,351 20,407 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,989 14,057 14,028 12,864 13,572 13,746 13,807 13,866 13,910 Participation rate........................ 67.3 69.1 68.7 66.7 67.3 67.9 68.0 68.1 68.2 Employed.................................... 11,844 12,909 13,014 11,736 12,470 12,730 12,756 12,768 12,911 Employment-population ratio............... 61.4 63.4 63.8 60.8 61.8 62.9 62.9 62.7 63.3 Unemployed.................................. 1,145 1,149 1,014 1,128 1,102 1,016 1,051 1,098 999 Unemployment rate......................... 8.8 8.2 7.2 8.8 8.1 7.4 7.6 7.9 7.2 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 128,143 131,350 130,865 126,988 129,384 129,639 129,364 129,708 129,804 Married men, spouse present................... 42,622 42,589 42,740 42,588 42,329 42,273 42,448 42,589 42,697 Married women, spouse present................. 32,209 32,406 32,472 32,665 32,473 32,445 32,519 32,866 32,933 Women who maintain families................... 7,276 7,767 7,854 7,338 7,838 7,858 7,847 7,901 7,941 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,265 37,209 37,407 36,605 37,599 37,318 37,493 37,558 37,775 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,971 38,651 38,475 37,818 38,150 38,362 38,142 38,193 38,322 Service occupations........................... 17,571 18,066 18,041 17,343 17,267 17,390 17,412 17,523 17,774 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 14,029 14,539 14,349 13,660 14,301 14,380 14,364 14,282 13,972 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,344 18,773 18,754 18,031 18,415 18,647 18,597 18,515 18,473 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,962 4,111 3,839 3,515 3,605 3,680 3,499 3,554 3,407 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 1,991 2,156 2,001 1,814 1,989 1,941 1,929 1,913 1,841 Self-employed workers....................... 1,635 1,628 1,597 1,525 1,424 1,444 1,404 1,492 1,487 Unpaid family workers....................... 79 64 63 64 70 50 40 53 51 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 115,358 118,362 118,116 114,539 116,608 116,969 116,653 117,104 117,323 Government................................ 17,737 17,825 17,706 18,265 18,036 17,807 18,099 18,338 18,254 Private industries........................ 97,620 100,537 100,409 96,274 98,572 99,162 98,554 98,766 99,069 Private households...................... 1,030 960 1,005 973 922 967 870 910 946 Other industries........................ 96,590 99,578 99,404 95,301 97,650 98,195 97,684 97,856 98,122 Self-employed workers....................... 8,956 9,002 8,959 8,896 9,159 9,106 9,126 8,887 8,923 Unpaid family workers....................... 124 137 130 122 130 148 128 131 129 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,407 4,279 4,036 4,339 4,402 4,019 4,025 4,017 3,992 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,388 2,211 2,078 2,437 2,491 2,300 2,375 2,211 2,122 Could only find part-time work............ 1,615 1,726 1,518 1,596 1,629 1,391 1,347 1,522 1,519 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 15,459 15,727 15,398 18,184 18,176 18,336 18,322 18,015 18,093 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,218 4,123 3,877 4,182 4,235 3,806 3,782 3,872 3,854 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,242 2,115 1,972 2,310 2,374 2,159 2,220 2,102 2,037 Could only find part-time work............ 1,586 1,683 1,479 1,588 1,603 1,347 1,298 1,509 1,485 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 14,866 15,102 14,839 17,555 17,661 17,780 17,663 17,418 17,519 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 6,910 6,583 6,677 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 Men, 20 years and over....................... 2,879 2,789 2,810 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,732 2,501 2,589 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,299 1,293 1,278 17.0 15.4 15.6 16.8 16.4 16.4 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,277 1,149 1,131 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 Married women, spouse present................ 1,148 1,058 1,009 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 Women who maintain families.................. 686 634 701 8.5 7.5 7.6 8.0 7.4 8.1 Full-time workers............................ 5,479 5,309 5,311 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.7 Part-time workers............................ 1,453 1,300 1,363 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 820 748 767 2.2 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,726 1,627 1,662 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.3 4.1 4.2 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 764 734 690 5.3 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.7 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,561 1,490 1,535 8.0 7.3 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.7 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 241 227 271 6.4 6.6 6.2 8.1 6.0 7.4 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,460 5,077 5,227 5.4 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 Goods-producing industries................. 1,611 1,547 1,552 5.7 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4 Mining................................... 26 25 36 4.5 2.0 3.0 2.3 3.8 5.3 Construction............................. 595 600 635 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.5 8.7 9.3 Manufacturing............................ 990 922 881 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 Durable goods.......................... 489 431 443 4.0 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 Nondurable goods....................... 501 491 438 5.8 5.8 5.3 5.0 5.5 4.9 Service-producing industries............... 3,849 3,531 3,675 5.2 4.9 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.9 Transportation and public utilities...... 298 249 288 4.1 2.8 3.6 2.9 3.4 3.9 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,667 1,591 1,635 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.0 6.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 184 251 238 2.5 3.4 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.0 Services................................. 1,700 1,440 1,514 5.2 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.5 Government workers........................... 517 529 497 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.6 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 149 156 192 7.6 9.6 7.1 10.6 7.5 9.5 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,364 2,643 2,409 2,534 2,354 2,523 2,538 2,352 2,598 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,402 2,284 2,322 2,199 2,156 2,022 2,211 2,071 2,134 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,102 2,053 1,863 2,273 2,092 2,071 2,063 2,157 2,012 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 835 925 780 1,003 1,058 1,078 1,045 1,082 931 27 weeks and over........................... 1,268 1,128 1,084 1,270 1,034 993 1,018 1,074 1,082 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 17.3 15.8 16.0 17.2 15.2 15.1 15.1 16.6 15.9 Median duration, in weeks...................... 8.6 7.7 8.0 8.5 8.3 7.7 7.7 8.5 7.8 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 34.4 37.9 36.5 36.2 35.7 38.1 37.3 35.7 38.5 5 to 14 weeks................................ 35.0 32.7 35.2 31.4 32.7 30.6 32.5 31.5 31.6 15 weeks and over............................ 30.6 29.4 28.3 32.4 31.7 31.3 30.3 32.8 29.8 15 to 26 weeks............................. 12.2 13.3 11.8 14.3 16.0 16.3 15.3 16.5 13.8 27 weeks and over.......................... 18.5 16.2 16.4 18.1 15.7 15.0 14.9 16.3 16.0 NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 2,932 2,895 2,859 3,095 2,979 2,902 3,145 2,903 3,064 On temporary layoff................................... 777 873 716 931 976 871 925 877 865 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,155 2,022 2,143 2,164 2,003 2,031 2,220 2,026 2,199 Permanent job losers................................ 1,459 1,381 1,438 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 696 642 705 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 808 836 958 775 754 801 829 822 915 Reentrants.............................................. 2,556 2,417 2,217 2,467 2,420 2,306 2,359 2,244 2,144 New entrants............................................ 573 833 561 552 577 574 481 553 544 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 42.7 41.5 43.4 44.9 44.3 44.1 46.2 44.5 46.0 On temporary layoff.................................. 11.3 12.5 10.9 13.5 14.5 13.2 13.6 13.4 13.0 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 31.4 29.0 32.5 31.4 29.8 30.9 32.6 31.1 33.0 Job leavers............................................ 11.8 12.0 14.5 11.2 11.2 12.2 12.2 12.6 13.7 Reentrants............................................. 37.2 34.6 33.6 35.8 36.0 35.0 34.6 34.4 32.2 New entrants........................................... 8.3 11.9 8.5 8.0 8.6 8.7 7.1 8.5 8.2 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 Job leavers............................................ .6 .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 Reentrants............................................. 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 New entrants........................................... .4 .6 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.4 5.3 5.0 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.1 5.9 5.7 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.3 9.0 8.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Aug. July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 6,910 6,583 6,677 5.2 4.9 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,438 2,328 2,390 11.7 11.4 10.9 11.5 10.9 11.3 16 to 19 years................................ 1,299 1,293 1,278 17.0 15.4 15.6 16.8 16.4 16.4 16 to 17 years.............................. 604 555 544 18.9 18.5 18.4 17.3 17.5 17.7 18 to 19 years.............................. 692 748 732 15.7 13.3 13.7 16.3 15.8 15.6 20 to 24 years................................ 1,139 1,036 1,112 8.6 9.0 8.2 8.4 7.7 8.3 25 years and over............................... 4,511 4,224 4,318 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 25 to 54 years................................ 3,988 3,777 3,786 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 55 years and over............................. 505 489 500 3.2 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,593 3,481 3,524 5.0 4.9 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.8 16 to 24 years................................ 1,303 1,272 1,340 12.0 11.8 10.3 12.1 11.4 12.0 16 to 19 years.............................. 714 692 714 18.2 17.2 15.2 19.0 17.2 17.8 16 to 17 years............................ 342 299 282 21.5 20.5 17.8 19.9 18.6 17.5 18 to 19 years............................ 370 386 429 16.1 15.2 13.5 18.2 16.2 18.1 20 to 24 years.............................. 589 580 626 8.4 8.7 7.5 8.2 8.1 8.7 25 years and over............................. 2,336 2,176 2,218 3.8 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,030 1,920 1,917 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 55 years and over........................... 292 272 279 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,317 3,102 3,152 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 16 to 24 years................................ 1,135 1,057 1,050 11.5 10.9 11.6 10.8 10.4 10.5 16 to 19 years.............................. 585 601 564 15.8 13.6 16.0 14.4 15.5 15.0 16 to 17 years............................ 262 256 262 16.3 16.5 19.0 14.4 16.4 17.8 18 to 19 years............................ 322 361 303 15.2 11.3 13.8 14.3 15.4 13.1 20 to 24 years.............................. 550 456 486 8.9 9.3 8.9 8.6 7.3 7.8 25 years and over............................. 2,175 2,048 2,100 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,958 1,856 1,869 4.3 3.9 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 55 years and over........................... 213 218 221 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 65,836 65,904 23,447 23,688 42,389 42,216 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,666 5,030 2,118 1,899 3,547 3,132 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,436 1,298 687 575 749 723 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 415 311 256 175 159 136 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,021 987 432 400 590 586 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,525 7,583 4,089 4,123 3,436 3,460 Percent of total employed................................... 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,252 4,313 2,528 2,584 1,724 1,730 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,514 1,437 513 447 1,001 990 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 245 258 192 161 53 97 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,477 1,528 848 909 630 618 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total......................... 119,733 123,111 122,213 122,231 119,983 121,671 121,834 122,056 122,421 122,470 Total private.................... 101,453 103,409 103,590 103,731 100,433 102,092 102,269 102,417 102,694 102,671 Goods-producing......................... 24,928 25,018 24,986 25,220 24,468 24,667 24,702 24,714 24,696 24,751 Mining................................ 584 580 584 582 574 573 576 574 573 571 Metal mining........................ 55.5 55.5 55.0 54.9 54 54 54 54 54 54 Coal mining......................... 96.0 92.8 92.0 91.2 96 93 93 92 91 91 Oil and gas extraction.............. 322.0 320.2 324.3 323.5 318 319 321 320 320 319 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 110.9 111.9 112.2 112.1 106 107 108 108 108 107 Construction.......................... 5,767 5,829 5,944 5,974 5,433 5,599 5,628 5,622 5,622 5,632 General building contractors........ 1,321.9 1,338.7 1,365.2 1,369.3 1,261 1,297 1,300 1,302 1,307 1,307 Heavy construction, except building. 848.0 819.0 827.2 835.7 774 767 777 766 760 763 Special trade contractors........... 3,597.3 3,671.2 3,751.8 3,769.1 3,398 3,535 3,551 3,554 3,555 3,562 Manufacturing......................... 18,577 18,609 18,458 18,664 18,461 18,495 18,498 18,518 18,501 18,548 Production workers................ 12,847 12,866 12,709 12,911 12,749 12,774 12,790 12,791 12,781 12,811 Durable goods........................ 10,803 10,954 10,852 10,966 10,788 10,856 10,864 10,891 10,901 10,951 Production workers................ 7,391 7,525 7,413 7,524 7,389 7,440 7,454 7,466 7,475 7,521 Lumber and wood products............ 798.7 807.8 807.7 814.8 783 799 800 797 797 798 Furniture and fixtures.............. 503.1 510.3 500.1 506.0 502 506 508 508 509 505 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 552.5 550.1 549.7 552.2 540 541 540 538 541 540 Primary metal industries............ 711.9 711.5 702.7 717.1 712 710 708 709 708 717 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 242.0 236.6 235.3 240.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,452.2 1,478.1 1,452.9 1,470.4 1,451 1,468 1,468 1,470 1,466 1,470 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,106.7 2,163.5 2,148.9 2,157.7 2,114 2,142 2,146 2,152 2,153 2,165 Computer and office equipment..... 364.2 381.2 383.8 385.3 364 375 378 379 381 385 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,652.8 1,654.7 1,651.5 1,663.7 1,654 1,643 1,644 1,651 1,659 1,665 Electronic components and accessories.................... 612.4 629.4 634.0 638.9 612 618 622 628 633 639 Transportation equipment............ 1,781.9 1,831.6 1,800.4 1,839.7 1,791 1,804 1,809 1,824 1,822 1,849 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 965.8 974.5 942.1 976.3 968 957 960 967 962 978 Aircraft and parts................ 457.1 503.7 507.9 511.2 459 495 498 505 510 514 Instruments and related products.... 855.8 858.5 856.2 856.1 855 855 854 856 857 855 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 387.5 388.1 381.7 388.0 386 388 387 386 389 387 Nondurable goods..................... 7,774 7,655 7,606 7,698 7,673 7,639 7,634 7,627 7,600 7,597 Production workers................ 5,456 5,341 5,296 5,387 5,360 5,334 5,336 5,325 5,306 5,290 Food and kindred products........... 1,765.8 1,689.4 1,715.1 1,761.2 1,685 1,699 1,693 1,692 1,683 1,681 Tobacco products.................... 40.2 37.7 37.6 39.2 40 41 41 41 41 39 Textile mill products............... 624.8 611.7 602.7 607.4 621 609 609 607 607 604 Apparel and other textile products.. 859.0 823.3 793.5 808.2 857 822 818 816 810 806 Paper and allied products........... 682.8 680.6 677.5 679.7 678 677 677 675 674 675 Printing and publishing............. 1,535.7 1,549.7 1,547.7 1,547.0 1,537 1,541 1,546 1,550 1,549 1,548 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,037.7 1,032.9 1,027.8 1,030.5 1,032 1,029 1,030 1,027 1,023 1,025 Petroleum and coal products......... 145.2 140.9 141.3 141.5 142 140 139 138 138 138 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 987.3 996.7 976.3 992.3 986 988 988 989 985 991 Leather and leather products........ 95.6 92.3 86.7 90.6 95 93 93 92 90 90 Service-producing....................... 94,805 98,093 97,227 97,011 95,515 97,004 97,132 97,342 97,725 97,719 Transportation and public utilities... 6,283 6,465 6,433 6,278 6,299 6,421 6,431 6,434 6,453 6,293 Transportation...................... 4,043 4,213 4,176 4,026 4,075 4,179 4,187 4,193 4,210 4,057 Railroad transportation........... 232.2 229.9 230.6 228.3 230 225 226 230 229 226 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 384.0 458.3 398.0 394.8 448 460 458 457 463 460 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,677.6 1,698.9 1,708.3 1,728.1 1,656 1,676 1,687 1,686 1,693 1,705 Water transportation.............. 181.9 184.0 188.5 189.2 174 177 176 178 178 181 Transportation by air............. 1,132.5 1,190.4 1,197.4 1,030.5 1,134 1,192 1,192 1,192 1,196 1,032 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.7 14.5 14.6 14.6 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 420.2 437.1 438.6 440.6 419 435 434 436 437 439 Communications and public utilities. 2,240 2,252 2,257 2,252 2,224 2,242 2,244 2,241 2,243 2,236 Communications.................... 1,352.5 1,375.6 1,380.0 1,379.5 1,344 1,369 1,372 1,372 1,374 1,371 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 887.8 876.6 877.3 872.4 880 873 872 869 869 865 Wholesale trade....................... 6,531 6,680 6,706 6,707 6,497 6,622 6,630 6,634 6,664 6,672 Durable goods....................... 3,831 3,943 3,962 3,967 3,816 3,900 3,909 3,917 3,938 3,952 Nondurable goods.................... 2,700 2,737 2,744 2,740 2,681 2,722 2,721 2,717 2,726 2,720 Retail trade.......................... 21,870 22,286 22,282 22,358 21,692 22,029 22,026 22,079 22,150 22,181 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 917.4 973.1 964.4 952.0 896 931 932 928 930 930 General merchandise stores.......... 2,698.7 2,739.7 2,752.9 2,781.0 2,737 2,799 2,787 2,798 2,805 2,820 Department stores................. 2,369.8 2,400.2 2,416.4 2,439.8 2,401 2,446 2,452 2,450 2,461 2,471 Food stores......................... 3,461.4 3,510.5 3,524.5 3,517.6 3,445 3,480 3,482 3,487 3,502 3,501 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,310.8 2,338.7 2,347.1 2,352.3 2,284 2,319 2,316 2,315 2,316 2,325 New and used car dealers.......... 1,043.3 1,058.8 1,060.1 1,062.4 1,038 1,055 1,054 1,056 1,055 1,058 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,099.2 1,088.2 1,087.1 1,096.4 1,101 1,105 1,099 1,097 1,095 1,098 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 985.5 1,024.4 1,031.6 1,036.4 994 1,026 1,032 1,034 1,041 1,045 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,713.0 7,832.1 7,798.3 7,826.8 7,510 7,571 7,572 7,595 7,632 7,622 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,683.7 2,779.2 2,775.8 2,795.9 2,725 2,798 2,806 2,825 2,829 2,840 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,999 7,099 7,145 7,150 6,917 7,019 7,029 7,034 7,054 7,065 Finance............................. 3,336 3,413 3,427 3,436 3,313 3,381 3,389 3,394 3,401 3,411 Depository institutions........... 2,039.0 2,056.8 2,062.0 2,062.8 2,022 2,041 2,043 2,044 2,045 2,046 Commercial banks................ 1,478.8 1,497.4 1,501.6 1,502.4 1,466 1,486 1,488 1,487 1,488 1,490 Savings institutions............ 263.5 254.8 254.2 253.4 262 253 253 254 253 252 Nondepository institutions........ 523.8 546.0 546.9 549.4 523 539 542 543 545 548 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 235.1 246.2 244.9 246.7 234 243 244 243 243 245 Security and commodity brokers.... 561.7 588.7 597.3 601.8 557 583 586 586 592 596 Holding and other investment offices........................ 211.5 221.2 220.9 221.9 211 218 218 221 219 221 Insurance........................... 2,225 2,232 2,241 2,238 2,217 2,221 2,222 2,226 2,229 2,231 Insurance carriers................ 1,516.0 1,510.1 1,517.3 1,516.6 1,510 1,502 1,503 1,506 1,509 1,511 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 708.8 722.3 723.8 721.8 707 719 719 720 720 720 Real estate......................... 1,438 1,454 1,477 1,476 1,387 1,417 1,418 1,414 1,424 1,423 Services2............................. 34,842 35,861 36,038 36,018 34,560 35,334 35,451 35,522 35,677 35,709 Agricultural services............... 689.3 745.8 749.7 740.5 631 664 669 668 675 677 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,861.4 1,848.6 1,895.0 1,894.1 1,718 1,756 1,752 1,744 1,749 1,748 Personal services................... 1,145.2 1,157.2 1,143.6 1,145.6 1,187 1,193 1,189 1,182 1,184 1,188 Business services................... 7,424.2 7,655.9 7,698.2 7,768.2 7,330 7,594 7,618 7,645 7,674 7,667 Services to buildings............. 906.9 911.2 905.0 902.0 898 902 903 903 900 893 Personnel supply services......... 2,774.3 2,742.0 2,770.4 2,822.2 2,699 2,752 2,744 2,748 2,763 2,744 Help supply services............ 2,463.4 2,401.6 2,429.9 2,478.4 2,392 2,419 2,409 2,407 2,420 2,404 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,218.0 1,334.0 1,342.3 1,356.3 1,218 1,306 1,322 1,337 1,346 1,356 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,101.4 1,140.2 1,147.0 1,147.2 1,094 1,132 1,136 1,131 1,138 1,139 Miscellaneous repair services....... 379.3 388.7 391.6 391.4 376 382 384 386 387 388 Motion pictures..................... 535.6 541.7 546.8 556.1 526 528 532 537 538 546 Amusement and recreation services... 1,722.2 1,805.4 1,857.0 1,819.9 1,474 1,503 1,542 1,561 1,574 1,556 Health services..................... 9,514.6 9,695.1 9,723.3 9,737.0 9,493 9,644 9,673 9,673 9,694 9,715 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,695.6 1,744.4 1,750.7 1,751.1 1,687 1,728 1,740 1,740 1,744 1,742 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,744.4 1,762.4 1,768.7 1,772.1 1,737 1,760 1,764 1,761 1,763 1,765 Hospitals......................... 3,818.4 3,876.5 3,889.4 3,892.4 3,813 3,857 3,864 3,869 3,876 3,887 Home health care services......... 665.7 684.7 685.2 684.4 667 684 682 682 685 685 Legal services...................... 939.9 967.8 972.3 967.3 933 951 952 953 957 960 Educational services................ 1,744.9 1,889.7 1,818.1 1,782.7 2,031 2,062 2,062 2,074 2,085 2,074 Social services..................... 2,375.9 2,467.6 2,470.5 2,466.3 2,415 2,458 2,466 2,474 2,492 2,507 Child day care services........... 521.9 574.4 534.0 544.6 572 581 587 590 592 597 Residential care.................. 683.5 704.6 708.3 711.4 677 694 695 698 701 705 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 91.7 95.0 96.3 94.7 85 87 88 88 88 88 Membership organizations............ 2,228.0 2,237.4 2,276.5 2,244.8 2,191 2,199 2,201 2,202 2,210 2,207 Engineering and management services. 2,872.8 3,008.1 3,034.5 3,044.8 2,860 2,965 2,971 2,988 3,015 3,032 Engineering and architectural services....................... 855.0 884.7 891.5 896.6 841 869 869 877 878 882 Management and public relations... 883.6 958.0 970.4 978.2 879 936 941 950 962 973 Services, nec....................... 48.3 48.8 49.5 49.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 18,280 19,702 18,623 18,500 19,550 19,579 19,565 19,639 19,727 19,799 Federal............................. 2,758 2,720 2,713 2,706 2,743 2,708 2,703 2,694 2,689 2,691 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,910.6 1,870.1 1,867.5 1,855.5 1,889 1,856 1,851 1,843 1,839 1,834 State............................... 4,386 4,498 4,431 4,424 4,637 4,635 4,636 4,640 4,672 4,677 Education......................... 1,652.5 1,772.1 1,678.4 1,673.3 1,937 1,938 1,943 1,950 1,971 1,959 Other State government............ 2,733.3 2,725.6 2,752.9 2,751.0 2,700 2,697 2,693 2,690 2,701 2,718 Local............................... 11,136 12,484 11,479 11,370 12,170 12,236 12,226 12,305 12,366 12,431 Education......................... 5,603.3 6,926.0 5,773.5 5,745.0 6,837 6,858 6,850 6,902 6,959 7,008 Other local government............ 5,532.6 5,558.0 5,705.4 5,624.8 5,333 5,378 5,376 5,403 5,407 5,423 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 34.8 34.9 34.8 35.0 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.6 34.5 34.7 Goods-producing......................... 41.4 41.4 41.0 41.5 41.1 41.4 41.4 41.1 41.2 41.2 Mining................................ 45.3 45.8 45.1 45.0 45.2 45.3 46.0 45.4 45.3 44.9 Construction.......................... 39.9 39.5 40.1 39.7 38.8 38.9 39.4 38.7 39.0 38.6 Manufacturing......................... 41.8 42.0 41.3 42.0 41.7 42.1 42.0 41.8 41.8 41.9 Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.7 4.5 5.0 4.5 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.8 Durable goods........................ 42.5 42.8 41.9 42.8 42.5 43.0 42.8 42.6 42.6 42.7 Overtime hours.................... 5.0 5.0 4.7 5.3 4.8 5.3 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.1 Lumber and wood products............ 41.4 41.5 40.8 41.4 40.9 41.2 41.0 41.0 41.1 40.9 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.1 39.9 39.4 40.8 39.6 40.1 40.4 39.9 39.9 40.3 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.0 43.6 43.3 43.8 43.2 43.0 43.4 42.9 43.1 43.0 Primary metal industries............ 44.1 44.8 43.9 44.8 44.3 45.1 44.8 44.7 44.4 45.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.0 44.6 44.4 44.9 44.3 45.2 44.7 44.5 44.4 45.3 Fabricated metal products........... 42.6 42.6 41.7 42.5 42.4 42.9 42.6 42.4 42.5 42.3 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.7 43.4 42.8 43.2 43.0 43.9 43.6 43.3 43.4 43.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.6 42.0 41.3 41.9 41.6 42.3 42.0 42.0 42.1 41.9 Transportation equipment............ 44.3 44.6 42.3 44.3 44.4 44.8 44.5 44.2 43.6 44.3 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.5 45.3 42.0 44.9 45.6 45.3 45.2 44.8 43.8 44.9 Instruments and related products.... 41.6 41.9 41.1 42.0 41.8 41.9 41.9 41.8 41.6 42.2 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 39.8 40.1 39.5 40.2 39.7 40.5 40.3 40.1 40.4 40.1 Nondurable goods..................... 40.9 40.7 40.4 41.0 40.6 40.9 40.8 40.6 40.7 40.7 Overtime hours.................... 4.4 4.1 4.3 4.7 4.1 4.4 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.3 Food and kindred products........... 41.5 40.8 41.2 41.7 40.8 41.1 41.4 40.9 41.2 41.0 Tobacco products.................... 40.0 39.2 35.0 38.2 39.7 39.0 38.4 37.6 35.8 37.9 Textile mill products............... 41.3 41.7 40.6 41.7 40.9 41.7 41.4 41.2 41.3 41.3 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.7 37.8 36.6 37.5 37.4 37.5 37.1 37.4 36.9 37.2 Paper and allied products........... 43.4 43.4 43.3 43.4 43.4 43.9 43.8 43.4 43.5 43.4 Printing and publishing............. 38.6 38.0 38.1 38.6 38.3 38.5 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.3 Chemicals and allied products....... 42.9 43.1 42.7 43.1 43.2 43.1 43.3 43.1 43.0 43.4 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.9 42.9 42.8 42.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.6 41.7 41.0 41.7 41.6 42.0 41.6 41.5 41.7 41.7 Leather and leather products........ 38.9 38.8 37.7 38.7 38.6 38.5 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.3 Service-producing....................... 33.0 33.1 33.1 33.3 32.7 32.7 32.7 32.9 32.7 32.9 Transportation and public utilities... 40.0 39.8 39.5 40.4 39.7 39.3 39.5 39.6 39.1 40.0 Wholesale trade....................... 38.4 38.7 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 29.5 29.4 29.6 29.8 28.8 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 29.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.7 36.6 35.9 36.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.7 32.8 32.8 32.9 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... $11.76 $12.17 $12.15 $12.19 $409.25 $424.73 $422.82 $426.65 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.86 12.23 12.24 12.29 409.17 423.16 422.28 426.46 Goods-producing......................... 13.54 13.86 13.93 13.97 560.56 573.80 571.13 579.76 Mining................................ 15.51 16.11 16.02 15.97 702.60 737.84 722.50 718.65 Construction.......................... 15.57 15.88 15.99 16.09 621.24 627.26 641.20 638.77 Manufacturing......................... 12.79 13.10 13.12 13.17 534.62 550.20 541.86 553.14 Durable goods........................ 13.39 13.66 13.63 13.73 569.08 584.65 571.10 587.64 Lumber and wood products............ 10.54 10.77 10.83 10.84 436.36 446.96 441.86 448.78 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.19 10.51 10.53 10.82 408.62 419.35 414.88 441.46 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.92 13.13 13.21 13.20 568.48 572.47 571.99 578.16 Primary metal industries............ 15.02 15.16 15.30 15.26 662.38 679.17 671.67 683.65 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.83 17.99 18.08 18.01 784.52 802.35 802.75 808.65 Fabricated metal products........... 12.54 12.77 12.68 12.80 534.20 544.00 528.76 544.00 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.63 13.95 14.01 14.02 582.00 605.43 599.63 605.66 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.28 12.59 12.70 12.71 510.85 528.78 524.51 532.55 Transportation equipment............ 17.28 17.45 17.26 17.51 765.50 778.27 730.10 775.69 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.80 17.92 17.60 17.97 809.90 811.78 739.20 806.85 Instruments and related products.... 13.18 13.55 13.55 13.53 548.29 567.75 556.91 568.26 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.37 10.50 10.52 10.59 412.73 421.05 415.54 425.72 Nondurable goods..................... 11.95 12.27 12.38 12.35 488.76 499.39 500.15 506.35 Food and kindred products........... 11.16 11.45 11.53 11.51 463.14 467.16 475.04 479.97 Tobacco products.................... 20.27 21.10 21.08 20.54 810.80 827.12 737.80 784.63 Textile mill products............... 9.72 9.97 10.02 10.03 401.44 415.75 406.81 418.25 Apparel and other textile products.. 7.94 8.25 8.21 8.24 299.34 311.85 300.49 309.00 Paper and allied products........... 14.69 14.99 15.18 15.17 637.55 650.57 657.29 658.38 Printing and publishing............. 12.70 12.90 13.02 13.09 490.22 490.20 496.06 505.27 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.22 16.54 16.60 16.56 695.84 712.87 708.82 713.74 Petroleum and coal products......... 18.98 19.94 20.03 19.75 833.22 855.43 857.28 845.30 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.23 11.53 11.58 11.60 467.17 480.80 474.78 483.72 Leather and leather products........ 8.62 8.91 8.74 8.88 335.32 345.71 329.50 343.66 Service-producing....................... 11.15 11.60 11.56 11.59 367.95 383.96 382.64 385.95 Transportation and public utilities... $14.48 $14.78 $14.95 $14.94 $579.20 $588.24 $590.53 $603.58 Wholesale trade....................... 12.85 13.36 13.36 13.45 493.44 517.03 513.02 517.83 Retail trade.......................... 7.95 8.27 8.26 8.28 234.53 243.14 244.50 246.74 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.71 13.23 13.14 13.24 453.75 484.22 471.73 476.64 Services.............................. 11.63 12.15 12.07 12.11 380.30 398.52 395.90 398.42 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. change Industry 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p from: July 1997- Aug. 1997 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.86 $12.14 $12.19 $12.23 $12.24 $12.29 0.4 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.44 7.49 7.52 7.54 7.53 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.54 13.80 13.85 13.86 13.86 13.95 .6 Mining...................... 15.65 15.96 16.05 16.12 16.09 16.10 .1 Construction................ 15.52 15.86 15.91 15.95 15.95 16.03 .5 Manufacturing............... 12.85 13.07 13.11 13.12 13.12 13.22 .8 Excluding overtime4....... 12.19 12.38 12.38 12.42 12.41 12.50 .7 Service-producing............. 11.29 11.58 11.63 11.69 11.70 11.74 .3 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.50 14.76 14.80 14.85 14.95 14.95 .0 Wholesale trade............. 12.91 13.27 13.33 13.42 13.37 13.52 1.1 Retail trade................ 8.01 8.26 8.28 8.30 8.31 8.35 .5 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.84 13.00 13.18 13.29 13.26 13.38 .9 Services.................... 11.83 12.16 12.20 12.26 12.26 12.32 .5 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was -.1 percent from June 1997 to July 1997, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Aug. June July Aug. Aug. Apr. May June July Aug. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 140.2 143.0 142.8 143.9 137.1 139.6 140.0 140.6 140.3 140.8 Goods-producing......................... 115.1 115.4 114.0 116.7 111.4 113.3 113.7 112.7 112.8 113.0 Mining................................ 56.4 57.5 56.9 56.7 55.1 55.8 57.3 56.3 56.1 55.5 Construction.......................... 164.0 163.3 169.4 168.8 148.2 153.2 156.2 152.8 154.0 152.7 Manufacturing......................... 108.4 108.9 105.7 109.4 107.2 108.5 108.3 107.8 107.7 108.2 Durable goods........................ 109.7 112.5 108.3 112.3 109.5 111.7 111.4 111.0 111.0 112.1 Lumber and wood products............ 144.1 146.2 143.5 147.0 139.3 143.3 142.9 142.2 142.3 141.9 Furniture and fixtures.............. 125.1 127.1 122.3 129.0 123.9 126.7 128.0 126.7 127.0 127.6 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 114.9 113.3 112.5 114.7 109.9 109.2 110.2 108.7 110.0 109.7 Primary metal industries............ 92.5 94.4 91.2 95.2 93.2 94.5 93.9 94.0 93.2 96.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 73.5 73.0 72.2 74.6 74.0 73.8 72.6 72.3 72.1 75.2 Fabricated metal products........... 115.4 118.3 113.0 117.2 115.0 118.0 117.1 116.8 116.6 116.7 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 103.2 108.9 106.3 107.7 104.6 109.2 108.5 108.1 108.4 109.1 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 107.9 108.9 106.2 109.4 108.4 109.1 108.2 108.5 109.3 109.8 Transportation equipment............ 123.7 128.7 119.0 128.3 124.9 126.5 126.8 126.2 125.1 129.3 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 166.7 169.2 150.5 168.0 168.1 164.4 165.4 165.6 161.7 168.8 Instruments and related products.... 75.0 75.9 73.4 74.9 75.4 75.1 75.1 75.2 74.7 75.2 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 102.1 103.1 99.0 102.9 101.3 103.3 103.2 102.3 103.4 102.3 Nondurable goods..................... 106.6 103.9 102.2 105.5 104.0 104.2 104.0 103.4 103.1 102.9 Food and kindred products........... 123.6 115.0 118.2 124.1 114.7 117.0 117.3 115.8 115.8 115.0 Tobacco products.................... 61.4 54.2 49.1 57.5 61.0 59.9 58.9 57.8 56.8 56.3 Textile mill products............... 90.7 89.8 86.1 89.3 89.2 89.6 88.8 88.2 88.4 87.9 Apparel and other textile products.. 77.8 74.7 69.3 72.2 76.9 73.9 73.0 73.2 71.9 71.4 Paper and allied products........... 110.1 109.9 109.2 109.9 109.0 110.4 110.4 109.0 109.0 108.8 Printing and publishing............. 124.8 124.0 124.0 125.4 124.0 124.7 125.1 125.2 125.4 124.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 101.1 100.3 98.9 100.6 101.0 99.9 100.5 99.7 99.4 100.6 Petroleum and coal products......... 79.5 76.2 76.3 76.8 77.1 73.6 75.0 74.2 73.7 74.6 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 144.5 146.0 139.7 145.3 144.1 145.9 144.7 144.2 144.1 144.9 Leather and leather products........ 44.1 42.1 37.5 41.1 43.3 42.0 41.7 41.0 40.0 40.0 Service-producing....................... 151.4 155.5 155.7 156.1 148.6 151.3 151.8 153.1 152.6 153.3 Transportation and public utilities... 129.4 132.8 130.7 129.2 128.7 130.1 131.0 131.3 129.8 128.3 Wholesale trade....................... 124.3 127.9 127.1 127.4 123.2 125.7 125.9 126.2 126.2 126.2 Retail trade.......................... 139.7 141.8 143.0 144.1 135.2 137.9 138.0 138.2 138.1 140.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 126.5 131.5 129.8 130.1 125.2 126.7 127.3 130.5 127.7 128.9 Services.............................. 181.2 186.7 187.7 188.2 178.0 181.7 182.3 184.5 184.3 184.9 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 59.7 61.0 49.6 57.6 61.5 56.2 55.5 58.3 62.2 59.6 61.7 59.3 1994.............. 57.6 61.9 67.1 64.5 57.7 63.9 62.5 62.6 61.4 60.3 63.8 62.4 1995.............. 62.4 60.1 54.5 55.6 48.0 53.9 54.1 59.8 57.0 54.9 57.2 57.9 1996.............. 51.7 64.3 60.1 54.9 62.9 60.5 56.5 59.3 54.4 62.6 58.1 61.0 1997.............. 59.3 59.1 59.0 61.1 57.4 50.7 p58.8 p57.7 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 64.7 60.8 60.5 58.6 62.9 63.6 59.6 62.9 64.7 66.9 64.3 63.6 1994.............. 65.3 69.5 70.4 68.7 67.1 67.0 69.1 69.7 65.7 65.6 67.0 66.2 1995.............. 65.4 62.5 58.7 53.2 54.6 52.4 57.9 59.6 59.7 59.0 57.0 56.3 1996.............. 62.6 63.6 62.6 61.2 62.1 63.1 62.6 58.8 62.8 60.4 64.7 65.0 1997.............. 64.6 62.2 64.2 65.6 59.7 p58.7 p58.3 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 62.9 64.6 64.3 64.3 62.2 65.6 66.0 64.9 66.3 66.7 69.4 69.2 1994.............. 71.1 69.8 69.8 70.9 70.1 69.8 69.7 69.4 69.4 67.4 67.7 66.2 1995.............. 66.9 61.4 58.1 56.6 58.1 58.1 56.7 59.8 60.3 59.1 61.5 63.3 1996.............. 62.2 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.6 61.2 65.3 63.6 62.6 64.5 64.2 67.4 1997.............. 67.6 66.6 64.5 p64.0 p63.9 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.1 62.2 63.3 1996.............. 63.5 64.7 62.4 62.9 64.7 64.2 65.0 63.1 63.8 66.7 65.7 65.0 1997.............. p66.7 p65.2 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 52.2 56.8 49.6 44.2 53.2 46.4 49.3 51.8 57.9 52.2 54.0 55.8 1994.............. 55.8 59.0 60.4 58.6 52.9 58.6 59.4 56.1 52.9 55.0 58.6 58.3 1995.............. 54.3 56.1 44.2 51.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 52.2 47.1 50.0 47.5 50.7 1996.............. 45.7 54.3 47.8 39.2 52.2 52.2 44.2 52.9 44.2 50.7 49.6 52.2 1997.............. 54.0 50.4 52.9 52.9 51.4 49.3 p49.3 p50.7 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 61.5 59.0 54.0 46.8 48.6 54.3 51.1 58.3 57.2 59.4 54.7 58.3 1994.............. 61.9 64.7 65.5 59.7 57.6 60.1 62.2 57.9 55.0 55.4 60.1 59.4 1995.............. 59.7 50.4 47.5 40.3 42.4 36.3 38.5 43.9 49.3 46.4 45.3 43.9 1996.............. 47.5 47.8 42.1 38.5 43.2 45.0 48.9 43.2 50.4 46.4 52.5 52.5 1997.............. 53.2 51.4 50.7 52.5 48.6 p47.8 p48.2 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 55.8 58.6 58.6 55.8 51.8 57.2 59.7 57.2 57.6 58.3 62.6 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 62.2 62.6 63.3 59.4 56.5 56.5 58.6 58.6 55.0 58.3 55.0 1995.............. 55.8 48.6 43.9 38.8 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.6 43.9 45.0 44.2 44.6 1996.............. 41.4 41.7 41.0 38.1 39.6 40.6 47.5 46.8 45.3 50.4 48.2 53.2 1997.............. 53.2 53.2 50.4 p47.5 p49.6 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 37.4 38.1 39.9 1996.............. 39.6 42.8 39.2 39.6 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.3 43.5 46.8 46.4 47.1 1997.............. p50.7 p47.1 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.