Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 97-396 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EST), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, November 7, 1997. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: OCTOBER 1997 Nonfarm payroll employment rose, and the unemployment rate declined to 4.7 percent in October, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of payroll jobs increased by 284,000; although gains occurred in many industries, there was a particularly large increase in manufacturing. Unemployment (Household Survey Data) Both the number of unemployed persons and the unemployment rate fell in October. The number of persons who were unemployed, at 6.5 million, was 285,000 below September’s level, and the unemployment rate declined by 0.2 percentage point to 4.7 percent. From April through September, the rate had ranged from 4.8 to 5.0 percent. In October, the unemployment rate for adult women declined from 4.4 to 4.0 percent. The rates for adult men (4.1 percent), teenagers (15.3 percent), whites (4.1 percent), blacks (9.5 percent), and Hispanics (8.0 percent) showed little or no movement over the month. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was about unchanged in October at 129.9 million. At 63.7 percent, the proportion of the population with jobs (the employment- population ratio) has shown little movement since March. Over the past year, total employment has increased by 2.0 million (after adjusting for the effect of the revised population controls introduced into the survey in January). (See table A-1.) About 8.1 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in October. These multiple jobholders comprised 6.2 percent of the total employed. (See table A-9.) Both the civilian labor force, 136.4 million (seasonally adjusted), and the labor force participation rate, 66.9 percent, were about unchanged from September. Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.3 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in October. These were people who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months, but were not counted as unemployed because they did not search for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Sept.- Category | 19971/ | 19971/ |Oct. |_________________|__________________________|change | II | III | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 136,157| 136,413| 136,480| 136,467| 136,361| -106 Employment..........| 129,462| 129,742| 129,804| 129,715| 129,894| 179 Unemployment........| 6,695| 6,671| 6,677| 6,752| 6,467| -285 Not in labor force....| 66,678| 66,954| 66,884| 67,102| 67,407| 305 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.9| 4.9| 4.9| 4.9| 4.7| -0.2 Adult men...........| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| 4.1| .0 Adult women.........| 4.4| 4.3| 4.4| 4.4| 4.0| -.4 Teenagers...........| 15.9| 16.5| 16.4| 16.7| 15.3| -1.4 White...............| 4.1| 4.2| 4.2| 4.3| 4.1| -.2 Black...............| 10.2| 9.4| 9.3| 9.6| 9.5| -.1 Hispanic origin.....| 7.7| 7.6| 7.2| 7.6| 8.0| .4 ________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 121,854|p122,564| 122,492|p122,761|p123,045| p284 Goods-producing 2/..| 24,694| p24,745| 24,765| p24,756| p24,827| p71 Construction......| 5,616| p5,633| 5,637| p5,637| p5,657| p20 Manufacturing.....| 18,504| p18,537| 18,555| p18,543| p18,597| p54 Service-producing 2/| 97,159| p97,820| 97,727| p98,005| p98,218| p213 Retail trade......| 22,045| p22,185| 22,189| p22,208| p22,245| p37 Services..........| 35,436| p35,738| 35,702| p35,828| p35,928| p100 Government........| 19,594| p19,755| 19,804| p19,743| p19,745| p2 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.5| p34.5| 34.6| p34.5| p34.5| p.0 Manufacturing.......| 42.0| p41.8| 41.8| p41.8| p42.0| p0.2 Overtime..........| 4.8| p4.7| 4.7| p4.7| p4.8| p.1 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.19| p$12.30| $12.31| p$12.35| p$12.41| p$0.06 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 420.85| p424.36| 425.93| p426.08| p428.15| p2.07 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population controls used in the survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify--was 302,000 in October, little changed from a year earlier. (See table A-9.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 284,000 in October to 123.0 million, after seasonal adjustment. Since December 1996, payroll employment has increased by about 239,000 a month, on average. Job gains were widespread in October and were especially large in manufacturing. (See table B-1.) Manufacturing employment increased by 54,000 in October. Since the recent trough in September 1996, factory employment has risen by 170,000. In October, half of the increase occurred in just two industries, industrial machinery and transportation equipment. An addition of 13,000 employees in industrial machinery was the second large gain in 3 months. The 16,000 increase in transportation equipment reversed the prior month’s decline. Growth continued in the electronic components industry, which has added 36,000 jobs so far this year. Employment gains also occurred over the month in food products (6,000), fabricated metals (4,000), furniture and fixtures (3,000), printing and publishing (3,000), and instruments (3,000). Construction added 20,000 jobs in October, its largest increase since May. Thus far in 1997, construction employment has increased by only 136,000, compared with 235,000 during the same period in 1996. Within the service-producing sector, employment in the services industry rose by 100,000 in October, in line with the monthly average for the past year. Strong growth continued in computer services and engineering and management services. Together, these two relatively small industries have accounted for 1 in 9 payroll jobs added in the past year. Employment in health services also continued to grow in October, with a particularly large gain in offices and clinics of medical doctors (12,000). Employment in the transportation industry increased by 21,000 in October, with the largest gain occurring in air transportation (9,000). Communications added 10,000 jobs, primarily in telephone communications, where employment has grown by 35,000 over the past 12 months. Employment in finance rose by 18,000 in October, with gains in all the component industries except savings institutions. Security and commodity brokerages added 5,000 jobs over the month. The strong growth trend in this industry has accelerated in recent months, as 19,000 jobs have been added since June. Wholesale trade employment rose by 22,000 in October. Retail trade gained 37,000 jobs, about in line with the pace of growth for the year. Retail employment growth so far in 1997 has lagged behind that for 1996. Government employment was virtually unchanged over the month, the result of offsetting movements within state and local governments and a continuation of the long-term downward trend in federal employment. Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged in October at 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek increased by 0.2 hour to 42.0 hours, and factory overtime edged up by 0.1 hour to 4.8 hours. (See table B-2.) - 4 - The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.2 percent to 140.9 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index rose by 0.8 percent to 109.0. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls were up 6 cents in October to $12.41, seasonally adjusted. This follows increases totaling 11 cents in the prior 2 months. Average weekly earnings rose by 0.5 percent over the month to $428.15. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have risen by 4.2 percent and average weekly earnings by 4.5 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for November 1997 is scheduled to be released on Friday, December 5, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Changes in Establishment-based and Household Data Series | | Following usual practice, the 6-month updates to seasonal | |adjustment factors for the establishment survey data will be | |introduced with next month’s release of November data. These | |factors will be used for the September 1997 through April 1998 | |estimates and will be published in the December 1997 issue of | |Employment and Earnings. As a service to users, these factors | |will be available on November 28, 1 week prior to the release of | |November estimates, on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/ceshome.htm)| |or by calling (202) 606-6521. | | Effective with the release of data for December 1997 in January | |1998, improvements will be introduced into the composite estimation | |procedures used in the household survey. These changes will simplify | |processing of the monthly labor force data at BLS and will allow | |users of the survey microdata to replicate more easily the official | |estimates released by BLS. In addition, there will be a slight | |decrease in the variance of some major estimates, particularly | |employment levels and the over-the-month change in those levels. | |The new procedures are expected to produce somewhat lower estimates | |of the civilian labor force and employment. | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 201,273 203,570 203,767 201,273 203,000 203,166 203,364 203,570 203,767 Civilian labor force.......................... 135,015 136,375 136,665 134,636 136,200 136,290 136,480 136,467 136,361 Participation rate...................... 67.1 67.0 67.1 66.9 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.0 66.9 Employed.................................... 128,439 129,972 130,671 127,617 129,364 129,708 129,804 129,715 129,894 Employment-population ratio............. 63.8 63.8 64.1 63.4 63.7 63.8 63.8 63.7 63.7 Agriculture............................... 3,515 3,569 3,372 3,450 3,391 3,482 3,383 3,450 3,303 Nonagricultural industries................ 124,924 126,403 127,299 124,167 125,973 126,226 126,421 126,265 126,591 Unemployed.................................. 6,577 6,403 5,995 7,019 6,836 6,583 6,677 6,752 6,467 Unemployment rate....................... 4.9 4.7 4.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.7 Not in labor force............................ 66,258 67,195 67,102 66,637 66,800 66,876 66,884 67,102 67,407 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,556 97,946 98,050 96,556 97,649 97,733 97,838 97,946 98,050 Civilian labor force.......................... 72,436 73,068 73,345 72,363 73,242 73,230 73,315 73,190 73,333 Participation rate...................... 75.0 74.6 74.8 74.9 75.0 74.9 74.9 74.7 74.8 Employed.................................... 69,099 69,890 70,215 68,647 69,567 69,749 69,791 69,639 69,790 Employment-population ratio............. 71.6 71.4 71.6 71.1 71.2 71.4 71.3 71.1 71.2 Unemployed.................................. 3,337 3,178 3,130 3,716 3,674 3,481 3,524 3,551 3,543 Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.3 4.3 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,840 90,068 90,140 88,840 89,829 89,888 89,982 90,068 90,140 Civilian labor force.......................... 68,495 69,204 69,361 68,273 69,167 69,203 69,301 69,171 69,202 Participation rate...................... 77.1 76.8 76.9 76.8 77.0 77.0 77.0 76.8 76.8 Employed.................................... 65,854 66,648 66,855 65,299 66,266 66,414 66,491 66,325 66,331 Employment-population ratio............. 74.1 74.0 74.2 73.5 73.8 73.9 73.9 73.6 73.6 Agriculture............................... 2,478 2,474 2,363 2,400 2,417 2,411 2,300 2,407 2,288 Nonagricultural industries................ 63,376 64,174 64,491 62,899 63,849 64,003 64,191 63,918 64,043 Unemployed.................................. 2,641 2,556 2,506 2,974 2,901 2,789 2,810 2,846 2,871 Unemployment rate....................... 3.9 3.7 3.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,717 105,623 105,718 104,717 105,351 105,433 105,527 105,623 105,718 Civilian labor force.......................... 62,579 63,307 63,321 62,273 62,958 63,060 63,165 63,277 63,027 Participation rate...................... 59.8 59.9 59.9 59.5 59.8 59.8 59.9 59.9 59.6 Employed.................................... 59,340 60,082 60,456 58,970 59,796 59,958 60,013 60,076 60,104 Employment-population ratio............. 56.7 56.9 57.2 56.3 56.8 56.9 56.9 56.9 56.9 Unemployed.................................. 3,240 3,225 2,865 3,303 3,162 3,102 3,152 3,201 2,923 Unemployment rate....................... 5.2 5.1 4.5 5.3 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 4.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,290 98,082 98,144 97,290 97,834 97,919 98,000 98,082 98,144 Civilian labor force.......................... 58,902 59,705 59,777 58,432 59,207 59,186 59,408 59,483 59,320 Participation rate...................... 60.5 60.9 60.9 60.1 60.5 60.4 60.6 60.6 60.4 Employed.................................... 56,179 57,038 57,397 55,681 56,585 56,685 56,819 56,882 56,926 Employment-population ratio............. 57.7 58.2 58.5 57.2 57.8 57.9 58.0 58.0 58.0 Agriculture............................... 823 886 834 800 740 841 836 841 812 Nonagricultural industries................ 55,356 56,153 56,562 54,881 55,845 55,844 55,983 56,041 56,114 Unemployed.................................. 2,723 2,666 2,380 2,751 2,621 2,501 2,589 2,601 2,395 Unemployment rate....................... 4.6 4.5 4.0 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 15,143 15,420 15,483 15,143 15,336 15,359 15,382 15,420 15,483 Civilian labor force.......................... 7,618 7,466 7,528 7,931 7,826 7,901 7,771 7,813 7,839 Participation rate...................... 50.3 48.4 48.6 52.4 51.0 51.4 50.5 50.7 50.6 Employed.................................... 6,406 6,285 6,419 6,637 6,512 6,608 6,493 6,508 6,637 Employment-population ratio............. 42.3 40.8 41.5 43.8 42.5 43.0 42.2 42.2 42.9 Agriculture............................... 214 209 174 250 234 229 246 202 203 Nonagricultural industries................ 6,192 6,076 6,245 6,387 6,279 6,379 6,247 6,306 6,434 Unemployed.................................. 1,212 1,181 1,108 1,294 1,314 1,293 1,278 1,305 1,201 Unemployment rate....................... 15.9 15.8 14.7 16.3 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.7 15.3 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,788 170,290 170,427 168,788 169,897 170,010 170,148 170,290 170,427 Civilian labor force.......................... 113,830 114,614 114,963 113,625 114,691 114,627 114,649 114,694 114,718 Participation rate........................ 67.4 67.3 67.5 67.3 67.5 67.4 67.4 67.4 67.3 Employed.................................... 109,162 110,018 110,653 108,527 109,821 109,853 109,782 109,770 109,985 Employment-population ratio............... 64.7 64.6 64.9 64.3 64.6 64.6 64.5 64.5 64.5 Unemployed.................................. 4,668 4,596 4,309 5,098 4,870 4,774 4,867 4,924 4,734 Unemployment rate......................... 4.1 4.0 3.7 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.1 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 58,687 59,052 59,214 58,539 59,088 59,096 59,129 59,035 59,070 Participation rate........................ 77.6 77.2 77.4 77.4 77.5 77.4 77.4 77.2 77.2 Employed.................................... 56,738 57,186 57,374 56,294 56,981 57,030 57,018 56,901 56,919 Employment-population ratio............... 75.0 74.8 75.0 74.4 74.7 74.7 74.6 74.4 74.4 Unemployed.................................. 1,949 1,867 1,840 2,245 2,107 2,066 2,111 2,134 2,152 Unemployment rate......................... 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,734 49,214 49,356 48,380 48,924 48,756 48,927 48,997 48,961 Participation rate........................ 60.0 60.3 60.4 59.6 60.1 59.8 60.0 60.0 60.0 Employed.................................... 46,847 47,354 47,701 46,439 47,128 47,055 47,123 47,165 47,275 Employment-population ratio............... 57.7 58.0 58.4 57.2 57.9 57.7 57.8 57.8 57.9 Unemployed.................................. 1,886 1,861 1,655 1,941 1,795 1,701 1,805 1,831 1,686 Unemployment rate......................... 3.9 3.8 3.4 4.0 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 6,409 6,347 6,393 6,706 6,679 6,775 6,593 6,663 6,687 Participation rate........................ 53.6 51.9 52.3 56.1 54.9 55.6 54.0 54.5 54.7 Employed.................................... 5,576 5,479 5,579 5,794 5,711 5,768 5,641 5,704 5,791 Employment-population ratio............... 46.7 44.8 45.6 48.5 46.9 47.3 46.2 46.7 47.3 Unemployed.................................. 833 868 814 912 968 1,007 951 959 896 Unemployment rate......................... 13.0 13.7 12.7 13.6 14.5 14.9 14.4 14.4 13.4 Men..................................... 14.9 13.7 14.2 15.4 16.3 15.4 15.5 14.6 14.6 Women................................... 10.9 13.7 11.0 11.6 12.6 14.3 13.2 14.1 12.0 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,728 24,081 24,117 23,728 23,978 24,006 24,043 24,081 24,117 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,370 15,706 15,624 15,276 15,398 15,510 15,804 15,746 15,514 Participation rate........................ 64.8 65.2 64.8 64.4 64.2 64.6 65.7 65.4 64.3 Employed.................................... 13,796 14,220 14,208 13,647 13,793 14,055 14,341 14,236 14,045 Employment-population ratio............... 58.1 59.1 58.9 57.5 57.5 58.5 59.6 59.1 58.2 Unemployed.................................. 1,574 1,487 1,416 1,629 1,605 1,455 1,463 1,510 1,469 Unemployment rate......................... 10.2 9.5 9.1 10.7 10.4 9.4 9.3 9.6 9.5 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,888 7,026 7,004 6,838 6,926 6,957 7,072 7,006 6,940 Participation rate........................ 72.9 73.1 72.9 72.4 72.4 72.6 73.7 72.9 72.2 Employed.................................... 6,294 6,484 6,469 6,199 6,296 6,386 6,541 6,459 6,361 Employment-population ratio............... 66.6 67.4 67.3 65.6 65.8 66.6 68.1 67.2 66.2 Unemployed.................................. 594 542 535 639 630 572 532 548 579 Unemployment rate......................... 8.6 7.7 7.6 9.3 9.1 8.2 7.5 7.8 8.3 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,578 7,810 7,742 7,487 7,615 7,689 7,803 7,818 7,647 Participation rate........................ 63.8 64.8 64.1 63.0 63.5 64.0 64.8 64.8 63.3 Employed.................................... 6,905 7,132 7,105 6,822 6,921 7,053 7,146 7,161 7,020 Employment-population ratio............... 58.1 59.2 58.8 57.4 57.7 58.7 59.4 59.4 58.1 Unemployed.................................. 673 678 637 665 694 636 658 657 627 Unemployment rate......................... 8.9 8.7 8.2 8.9 9.1 8.3 8.4 8.4 8.2 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 904 870 878 951 857 864 928 921 927 Participation rate........................ 37.6 36.1 36.1 39.6 35.4 35.7 38.5 38.3 38.1 Employed.................................... 597 603 634 626 577 616 655 616 664 Employment-population ratio............... 24.9 25.0 26.0 26.1 23.8 25.5 27.2 25.6 27.3 Unemployed.................................. 306 267 244 325 281 247 273 305 263 Unemployment rate......................... 33.9 30.7 27.8 34.2 32.7 28.6 29.4 33.1 28.4 Men..................................... 35.1 33.0 25.1 36.5 41.1 32.9 33.1 38.7 27.8 Women................................... 32.7 28.7 30.3 31.9 24.5 25.1 26.2 28.4 29.0 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,398 20,464 20,519 19,398 20,293 20,351 20,407 20,464 20,519 Civilian labor force.......................... 13,109 13,864 14,002 12,989 13,807 13,866 13,910 13,827 13,911 Participation rate........................ 67.6 67.8 68.2 67.0 68.0 68.1 68.2 67.6 67.8 Employed.................................... 12,097 12,882 12,953 11,928 12,756 12,768 12,911 12,780 12,799 Employment-population ratio............... 62.4 62.9 63.1 61.5 62.9 62.7 63.3 62.5 62.4 Unemployed.................................. 1,012 982 1,049 1,061 1,051 1,098 999 1,047 1,112 Unemployment rate......................... 7.7 7.1 7.5 8.2 7.6 7.9 7.2 7.6 8.0 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 128,439 129,972 130,671 127,617 129,364 129,708 129,804 129,715 129,894 Married men, spouse present................... 42,964 42,825 43,159 42,617 42,448 42,589 42,697 42,527 42,817 Married women, spouse present................. 32,800 33,007 33,318 32,537 32,519 32,866 32,933 32,843 33,021 Women who maintain families................... 7,412 7,899 7,866 7,392 7,847 7,901 7,941 7,891 7,866 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 37,212 37,833 38,080 36,917 37,493 37,558 37,775 37,869 37,803 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 38,004 38,523 38,630 37,951 38,142 38,193 38,322 38,600 38,591 Service occupations........................... 17,208 17,595 17,657 17,295 17,412 17,523 17,774 17,809 17,710 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,779 13,988 14,110 13,587 14,364 14,282 13,972 13,822 13,984 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,552 18,345 18,696 18,235 18,597 18,515 18,473 18,226 18,382 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,684 3,688 3,499 3,565 3,499 3,554 3,407 3,499 3,384 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 1,849 1,940 1,805 1,813 1,929 1,913 1,841 1,898 1,787 Self-employed workers....................... 1,597 1,586 1,506 1,560 1,404 1,492 1,487 1,527 1,463 Unpaid family workers....................... 69 43 61 71 40 53 51 40 60 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 115,749 117,380 118,260 115,018 116,653 117,104 117,323 117,286 117,623 Government................................ 18,270 17,979 18,137 18,132 18,099 18,338 18,254 18,033 18,029 Private industries........................ 97,478 99,401 100,123 96,886 98,554 98,766 99,069 99,253 99,594 Private households...................... 1,017 869 893 992 870 910 946 864 865 Other industries........................ 96,462 98,532 99,230 95,894 97,684 97,856 98,122 98,389 98,729 Self-employed workers....................... 9,035 8,935 8,948 8,967 9,126 8,887 8,923 8,926 8,904 Unpaid family workers....................... 140 87 90 137 128 131 129 81 89 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 3,973 3,638 3,602 4,286 4,025 4,017 3,992 3,916 3,898 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,053 1,986 1,983 2,258 2,375 2,211 2,122 2,159 2,196 Could only find part-time work............ 1,602 1,405 1,343 1,683 1,347 1,522 1,519 1,476 1,399 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,636 18,097 19,001 17,754 18,322 18,015 18,093 17,690 18,131 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 3,803 3,475 3,439 4,118 3,782 3,872 3,854 3,728 3,726 Slack work or business conditions......... 1,949 1,881 1,885 2,147 2,220 2,102 2,037 2,040 2,095 Could only find part-time work............ 1,575 1,365 1,312 1,647 1,298 1,509 1,485 1,435 1,364 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,995 17,506 18,392 17,123 17,663 17,418 17,519 17,180 17,549 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,019 6,752 6,467 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.7 Men, 20 years and over....................... 2,974 2,846 2,871 4.4 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,751 2,601 2,395 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 4.0 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,294 1,305 1,201 16.3 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.7 15.3 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,307 1,161 1,137 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 Married women, spouse present................ 1,190 1,064 948 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 2.8 Women who maintain families.................. 686 662 659 8.5 8.0 7.4 8.1 7.7 7.7 Full-time workers............................ 5,664 5,353 5,188 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.6 Part-time workers............................ 1,368 1,340 1,281 5.6 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.2 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 827 776 689 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,791 1,575 1,551 4.5 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 3.9 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 794 694 799 5.5 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.8 5.4 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,521 1,583 1,393 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.7 8.0 7.0 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 267 240 285 7.0 8.1 6.0 7.4 6.4 7.8 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,456 5,280 4,974 5.3 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 4.8 Goods-producing industries................. 1,645 1,479 1,406 5.8 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.2 4.9 Mining................................... 34 19 41 5.8 2.3 3.8 5.3 2.9 6.0 Construction............................. 628 581 597 9.6 8.5 8.7 9.3 8.6 8.7 Manufacturing............................ 983 879 767 4.7 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.7 Durable goods.......................... 548 400 365 4.4 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.0 Nondurable goods....................... 435 479 403 5.1 5.0 5.5 4.9 5.5 4.7 Service-producing industries............... 3,811 3,801 3,568 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.9 5.0 4.7 Transportation and public utilities...... 314 293 238 4.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 3.9 3.2 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,640 1,663 1,638 6.2 6.5 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 212 239 223 2.9 2.5 3.2 3.0 3.0 2.9 Services................................. 1,645 1,606 1,469 5.0 4.8 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.3 Government workers........................... 542 485 438 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.4 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 201 185 194 10.0 10.6 7.5 9.5 8.9 9.8 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,291 2,525 2,362 2,556 2,538 2,352 2,598 2,470 2,639 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 2,174 1,896 1,802 2,265 2,211 2,071 2,134 2,142 1,883 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,112 1,982 1,830 2,294 2,063 2,157 2,012 2,127 1,983 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 982 933 831 1,062 1,045 1,082 931 1,035 890 27 weeks and over........................... 1,130 1,049 999 1,232 1,018 1,074 1,082 1,092 1,093 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.7 16.0 16.6 16.7 15.1 16.6 15.9 16.0 16.6 Median duration, in weeks...................... 8.1 8.3 7.5 8.3 7.7 8.5 7.8 8.4 7.6 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 34.8 39.4 39.4 35.9 37.3 35.7 38.5 36.7 40.6 5 to 14 weeks................................ 33.1 29.6 30.1 31.8 32.5 31.5 31.6 31.8 28.9 15 weeks and over............................ 32.1 31.0 30.5 32.2 30.3 32.8 29.8 31.6 30.5 15 to 26 weeks............................. 14.9 14.6 13.9 14.9 15.3 16.5 13.8 15.4 13.7 27 weeks and over.......................... 17.2 16.4 16.7 17.3 14.9 16.3 16.0 16.2 16.8 NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 2,757 2,616 2,525 3,171 3,145 2,903 3,064 3,017 2,906 On temporary layoff................................... 649 595 668 957 925 877 865 878 987 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,108 2,021 1,857 2,214 2,220 2,026 2,199 2,140 1,920 Permanent job losers................................ 1,476 1,384 1,252 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 632 637 606 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 848 980 769 797 829 822 915 868 723 Reentrants.............................................. 2,468 2,307 2,225 2,489 2,359 2,244 2,144 2,259 2,245 New entrants............................................ 504 501 475 577 481 553 544 561 553 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 41.9 40.9 42.1 45.1 46.2 44.5 46.0 45.0 45.2 On temporary layoff.................................. 9.9 9.3 11.1 13.6 13.6 13.4 13.0 13.1 15.4 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 32.1 31.6 31.0 31.5 32.6 31.1 33.0 31.9 29.9 Job leavers............................................ 12.9 15.3 12.8 11.3 12.2 12.6 13.7 12.9 11.2 Reentrants............................................. 37.5 36.0 37.1 35.4 34.6 34.4 32.2 33.7 34.9 New entrants........................................... 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.2 7.1 8.5 8.2 8.4 8.6 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 Job leavers............................................ .6 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .6 .5 Reentrants............................................. 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6 New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.5 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.0 1.9 1.8 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 4.9 4.7 4.4 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.7 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.1 4.9 4.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 5.9 5.6 5.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 8.8 8.3 7.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Oct. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,019 6,752 6,467 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.7 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,480 2,410 2,364 11.7 11.5 10.9 11.3 11.3 11.1 16 to 19 years................................ 1,294 1,305 1,201 16.3 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.7 15.3 16 to 17 years.............................. 599 640 563 18.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 19.5 17.3 18 to 19 years.............................. 706 666 649 15.3 16.3 15.8 15.6 14.6 14.1 20 to 24 years................................ 1,186 1,105 1,162 8.9 8.4 7.7 8.3 8.1 8.6 25 years and over............................... 4,538 4,342 4,089 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.6 25 to 54 years................................ 4,053 3,830 3,632 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.7 55 years and over............................. 507 518 465 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 2.8 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,716 3,551 3,543 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.8 16 to 24 years................................ 1,370 1,356 1,368 12.3 12.1 11.4 12.0 12.1 12.2 16 to 19 years.............................. 742 705 672 18.1 19.0 17.2 17.8 17.5 16.3 16 to 17 years............................ 336 317 310 19.6 19.9 18.6 17.5 18.9 18.0 18 to 19 years............................ 409 387 362 17.1 18.2 16.2 18.1 16.5 14.9 20 to 24 years.............................. 628 651 696 8.9 8.2 8.1 8.7 9.1 9.8 25 years and over............................. 2,350 2,177 2,162 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.5 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,079 1,922 1,882 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 55 years and over........................... 268 273 271 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.9 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,303 3,201 2,923 5.3 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 4.6 16 to 24 years................................ 1,110 1,053 996 11.0 10.8 10.4 10.5 10.3 9.9 16 to 19 years.............................. 552 600 529 14.4 14.4 15.5 15.0 15.8 14.3 16 to 17 years............................ 263 323 252 16.2 14.4 16.4 17.8 20.1 16.5 18 to 19 years............................ 297 279 287 13.4 14.3 15.4 13.1 12.6 13.2 20 to 24 years.............................. 558 453 467 8.9 8.6 7.3 7.8 7.1 7.3 25 years and over............................. 2,188 2,165 1,926 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 3.6 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,974 1,908 1,750 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 3.8 55 years and over........................... 239 245 194 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 2.6 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,258 67,102 24,120 24,705 42,138 42,397 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,080 4,485 1,976 1,738 3,104 2,747 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,447 1,284 687 561 760 723 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 374 302 238 181 137 121 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,073 982 449 380 624 602 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 8,369 8,139 4,376 4,357 3,993 3,781 Percent of total employed................................... 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.2 6.7 6.3 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,532 4,584 2,603 2,649 1,929 1,935 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,878 1,721 564 514 1,314 1,207 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 277 260 193 208 84 51 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,640 1,558 984 972 656 586 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total......................... 121,157 122,248 123,204 124,074 120,248 122,056 122,440 122,492 122,761 123,045 Total private.................... 101,384 103,747 103,709 104,043 100,759 102,417 102,721 102,688 103,018 103,300 Goods-producing......................... 24,816 25,236 25,175 25,165 24,479 24,714 24,713 24,765 24,756 24,827 Mining................................ 576 584 581 580 570 574 574 573 576 573 Metal mining........................ 54.1 55.0 54.1 53.4 54 54 54 54 54 53 Coal mining......................... 94.7 91.6 91.0 90.5 95 92 91 91 91 91 Oil and gas extraction.............. 317.7 325.0 324.3 326.1 315 320 321 321 323 322 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 109.4 112.1 111.5 110.3 106 108 108 107 108 107 Construction.......................... 5,717 5,980 5,933 5,921 5,467 5,622 5,625 5,637 5,637 5,657 General building contractors........ 1,297.7 1,369.0 1,350.3 1,350.1 1,265 1,302 1,308 1,306 1,304 1,316 Heavy construction, except building. 847.3 837.0 844.5 841.3 771 766 761 764 764 758 Special trade contractors........... 3,571.7 3,774.2 3,738.2 3,729.8 3,431 3,554 3,556 3,567 3,569 3,583 Manufacturing......................... 18,523 18,672 18,661 18,664 18,442 18,518 18,514 18,555 18,543 18,597 Production workers................ 12,811 12,912 12,925 12,924 12,731 12,791 12,792 12,815 12,811 12,868 Durable goods........................ 10,806 10,974 10,976 11,006 10,780 10,891 10,910 10,957 10,944 10,990 Production workers................ 7,402 7,527 7,541 7,565 7,379 7,466 7,482 7,525 7,512 7,556 Lumber and wood products............ 794.0 814.8 810.9 808.1 785 797 796 798 798 798 Furniture and fixtures.............. 504.7 507.0 509.0 513.9 503 508 510 506 508 511 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 551.1 552.4 551.2 549.3 542 538 541 541 541 542 Primary metal industries............ 708.0 711.4 712.6 711.8 707 709 708 711 712 713 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 236.6 235.7 236.3 235.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,458.9 1,476.2 1,479.7 1,483.3 1,455 1,470 1,468 1,475 1,477 1,481 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,106.5 2,158.3 2,159.0 2,167.4 2,115 2,152 2,155 2,165 2,164 2,177 Computer and office equipment..... 364.0 385.4 382.5 384.6 364 379 381 385 384 385 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,652.1 1,660.3 1,663.9 1,670.9 1,650 1,651 1,658 1,661 1,663 1,669 Electronic components and accessories.................... 607.9 636.9 638.7 644.7 609 628 632 637 640 645 Transportation equipment............ 1,784.4 1,846.4 1,844.0 1,850.8 1,783 1,824 1,826 1,855 1,839 1,855 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 958.9 983.6 977.3 978.6 959 967 965 985 972 978 Aircraft and parts................ 470.7 511.6 514.9 519.4 470 505 510 514 515 518 Instruments and related products.... 854.6 859.1 858.2 860.7 855 856 859 858 858 861 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 391.2 388.2 387.6 389.7 385 386 389 387 384 383 Nondurable goods..................... 7,717 7,698 7,685 7,658 7,662 7,627 7,604 7,598 7,599 7,607 Production workers................ 5,409 5,385 5,384 5,359 5,352 5,325 5,310 5,290 5,299 5,312 Food and kindred products........... 1,724.6 1,758.3 1,754.0 1,726.1 1,684 1,692 1,684 1,679 1,683 1,689 Tobacco products.................... 44.1 40.7 42.4 43.7 42 41 41 40 40 41 Textile mill products............... 620.8 607.7 607.1 604.7 620 607 608 604 605 606 Apparel and other textile products.. 857.2 812.2 811.0 810.0 849 816 810 810 803 802 Paper and allied products........... 678.5 679.7 677.3 674.4 679 675 675 675 675 674 Printing and publishing............. 1,537.3 1,546.4 1,543.0 1,549.6 1,539 1,550 1,549 1,547 1,548 1,551 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,028.6 1,029.6 1,025.8 1,024.5 1,029 1,027 1,023 1,024 1,025 1,025 Petroleum and coal products......... 142.9 141.4 140.4 139.2 141 138 138 138 138 137 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 987.9 991.9 994.6 995.7 985 989 986 991 993 993 Leather and leather products........ 94.7 90.5 89.8 90.3 94 92 90 90 89 89 Service-producing....................... 96,341 97,012 98,029 98,909 95,769 97,342 97,727 97,727 98,005 98,218 Transportation and public utilities... 6,338 6,274 6,504 6,532 6,293 6,434 6,443 6,289 6,459 6,488 Transportation...................... 4,115 4,018 4,257 4,285 4,072 4,193 4,202 4,049 4,220 4,241 Railroad transportation........... 232.0 227.3 227.9 229.6 230 230 229 225 226 227 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 463.9 397.9 475.5 481.9 445 457 461 464 461 462 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,673.2 1,726.1 1,730.2 1,733.1 1,648 1,686 1,692 1,703 1,708 1,712 Water transportation.............. 173.3 186.6 180.2 179.9 173 178 176 179 176 181 Transportation by air............. 1,135.6 1,024.2 1,189.9 1,204.1 1,140 1,192 1,193 1,025 1,196 1,205 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.3 14.6 14.2 14.2 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 423.1 440.9 439.3 442.0 422 436 437 439 439 440 Communications and public utilities. 2,223 2,256 2,247 2,247 2,221 2,241 2,241 2,240 2,239 2,247 Communications.................... 1,345.9 1,384.3 1,381.0 1,385.0 1,343 1,372 1,372 1,376 1,375 1,385 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 876.7 871.8 865.6 861.8 878 869 869 864 864 862 Wholesale trade....................... 6,556 6,710 6,701 6,731 6,538 6,634 6,664 6,675 6,688 6,710 Durable goods....................... 3,833 3,972 3,959 3,980 3,837 3,917 3,938 3,957 3,965 3,981 Nondurable goods.................... 2,723 2,738 2,742 2,751 2,701 2,717 2,726 2,718 2,723 2,729 Retail trade.......................... 21,829 22,366 22,283 22,336 21,791 22,079 22,159 22,189 22,208 22,245 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 906.9 950.6 932.6 927.7 905 928 930 929 926 922 General merchandise stores.......... 2,807.0 2,782.7 2,789.4 2,882.5 2,756 2,798 2,803 2,822 2,819 2,822 Department stores................. 2,465.3 2,438.6 2,446.5 2,535.2 2,416 2,450 2,458 2,470 2,470 2,477 Food stores......................... 3,463.6 3,522.2 3,502.4 3,519.8 3,458 3,487 3,502 3,505 3,502 3,521 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,300.8 2,352.1 2,345.6 2,344.0 2,295 2,315 2,318 2,325 2,330 2,338 New and used car dealers.......... 1,046.5 1,061.9 1,062.2 1,064.2 1,043 1,056 1,055 1,057 1,057 1,061 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,101.5 1,100.5 1,083.8 1,098.1 1,107 1,097 1,096 1,102 1,102 1,102 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 1,004.1 1,035.5 1,040.6 1,055.0 1,003 1,034 1,042 1,044 1,051 1,051 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,479.3 7,822.8 7,758.7 7,619.0 7,516 7,595 7,639 7,618 7,624 7,624 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,765.4 2,799.8 2,829.5 2,889.4 2,751 2,825 2,829 2,844 2,854 2,865 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,922 7,152 7,089 7,090 6,941 7,034 7,058 7,068 7,079 7,102 Finance............................. 3,316 3,439 3,420 3,428 3,330 3,394 3,405 3,414 3,424 3,442 Depository institutions........... 2,021.0 2,064.7 2,044.9 2,045.9 2,028 2,044 2,048 2,048 2,046 2,053 Commercial banks................ 1,466.5 1,504.0 1,488.8 1,489.4 1,472 1,487 1,490 1,491 1,490 1,493 Savings institutions............ 257.5 253.5 250.1 249.7 259 254 253 252 251 251 Nondepository institutions........ 524.6 550.5 552.9 553.2 528 543 545 549 554 558 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 234.5 246.3 247.4 247.1 236 243 243 245 248 250 Security and commodity brokers.... 559.6 600.4 599.2 603.9 562 586 592 595 600 605 Holding and other investment offices........................ 210.8 223.0 223.2 224.7 212 221 220 222 224 226 Insurance........................... 2,215 2,239 2,230 2,233 2,219 2,226 2,230 2,232 2,232 2,233 Insurance carriers................ 1,504.9 1,515.6 1,508.7 1,511.7 1,508 1,506 1,509 1,510 1,510 1,512 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 710.0 723.5 720.9 720.9 711 720 721 722 722 721 Real estate......................... 1,391 1,474 1,439 1,429 1,392 1,414 1,423 1,422 1,423 1,427 Services2............................. 34,923 36,009 35,957 36,189 34,717 35,522 35,684 35,702 35,828 35,928 Agricultural services............... 658.5 738.6 717.9 712.3 635 668 673 675 681 685 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,726.7 1,892.3 1,801.1 1,759.1 1,726 1,744 1,747 1,747 1,750 1,763 Personal services................... 1,164.2 1,143.4 1,156.8 1,163.1 1,193 1,182 1,182 1,185 1,189 1,190 Business services................... 7,537.2 7,757.6 7,829.5 7,923.7 7,379 7,645 7,682 7,657 7,711 7,735 Services to buildings............. 900.1 903.3 906.3 905.2 899 903 901 894 904 902 Personnel supply services......... 2,853.3 2,809.6 2,862.4 2,917.9 2,711 2,748 2,767 2,732 2,741 2,752 Help supply services............ 2,534.4 2,469.0 2,519.8 2,570.2 2,398 2,407 2,425 2,395 2,407 2,407 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,232.5 1,359.5 1,368.4 1,386.8 1,236 1,337 1,347 1,360 1,373 1,388 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,104.4 1,146.9 1,147.0 1,152.2 1,104 1,131 1,137 1,139 1,144 1,151 Miscellaneous repair services....... 378.1 391.8 390.1 390.0 376 386 387 388 389 388 Motion pictures..................... 517.7 560.0 542.5 542.8 529 537 539 550 552 551 Amusement and recreation services... 1,427.3 1,827.2 1,641.7 1,517.4 1,478 1,561 1,576 1,563 1,572 1,559 Health services..................... 9,529.8 9,734.4 9,719.9 9,757.9 9,532 9,673 9,697 9,712 9,731 9,757 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,694.4 1,753.4 1,752.5 1,763.5 1,695 1,740 1,745 1,745 1,752 1,764 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,743.7 1,771.8 1,764.1 1,765.4 1,742 1,761 1,762 1,765 1,763 1,765 Hospitals......................... 3,826.1 3,889.3 3,885.2 3,896.5 3,829 3,869 3,877 3,884 3,891 3,900 Home health care services......... 671.5 683.8 687.2 692.8 670 682 685 685 686 686 Legal services...................... 931.5 964.6 954.3 959.5 936 953 957 957 962 963 Educational services................ 2,168.4 1,800.4 2,049.5 2,243.6 2,035 2,074 2,089 2,094 2,095 2,106 Social services..................... 2,428.1 2,455.9 2,488.2 2,516.8 2,422 2,474 2,494 2,497 2,508 2,511 Child day care services........... 592.3 547.3 595.0 610.2 576 590 594 600 593 594 Residential care.................. 676.2 709.2 704.1 708.4 679 698 702 703 708 711 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 86.5 94.6 89.9 90.3 86 88 88 88 88 89 Membership organizations............ 2,179.0 2,244.3 2,186.5 2,198.1 2,189 2,202 2,209 2,206 2,204 2,208 Engineering and management services. 2,870.7 3,040.3 3,026.0 3,044.8 2,882 2,988 3,010 3,027 3,036 3,055 Engineering and architectural services....................... 850.5 895.5 888.5 893.0 848 877 878 881 883 891 Management and public relations... 892.8 973.0 967.0 976.2 892 950 959 968 965 973 Services, nec....................... 46.8 49.2 48.7 49.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 19,773 18,501 19,495 20,031 19,489 19,639 19,719 19,804 19,743 19,745 Federal............................. 2,716 2,705 2,689 2,669 2,732 2,694 2,689 2,690 2,690 2,687 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,866.8 1,851.7 1,839.3 1,818.6 1,879 1,843 1,839 1,830 1,833 1,832 State............................... 4,733 4,411 4,613 4,785 4,618 4,640 4,671 4,664 4,676 4,666 Education......................... 2,050.5 1,674.6 1,906.4 2,087.6 1,922 1,950 1,972 1,961 1,974 1,955 Other State government............ 2,682.8 2,736.0 2,706.8 2,697.5 2,696 2,690 2,699 2,703 2,702 2,711 Local............................... 12,324 11,385 12,193 12,577 12,139 12,305 12,359 12,450 12,377 12,392 Education......................... 7,052.0 5,763.1 6,794.0 7,223.9 6,797 6,902 6,954 7,030 6,971 6,961 Other local government............ 5,272.2 5,622.2 5,398.7 5,353.5 5,342 5,403 5,405 5,420 5,406 5,431 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 34.5 35.0 34.7 34.6 34.4 34.6 34.4 34.6 34.5 34.5 Goods-producing......................... 41.5 41.5 41.9 41.6 41.1 41.1 41.2 41.1 41.2 41.3 Mining................................ 45.9 45.6 45.5 45.3 45.4 45.4 45.4 45.5 44.9 44.9 Construction.......................... 39.9 39.7 40.0 39.6 38.9 38.7 39.0 38.6 39.0 38.7 Manufacturing......................... 41.9 42.0 42.4 42.2 41.7 41.8 41.8 41.8 41.8 42.0 Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.8 Durable goods........................ 42.7 42.7 43.2 43.0 42.4 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.6 42.8 Overtime hours.................... 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.3 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 Lumber and wood products............ 41.4 41.3 41.6 41.4 40.8 41.0 41.1 40.8 40.9 41.0 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.3 40.5 41.1 40.6 39.6 39.9 40.0 40.0 40.3 39.8 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.0 43.8 44.3 43.9 43.3 42.9 43.1 43.0 43.2 43.1 Primary metal industries............ 44.4 44.7 45.3 45.1 44.4 44.7 44.4 45.0 44.9 45.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.4 44.8 45.1 45.1 44.6 44.5 44.3 45.2 44.9 45.5 Fabricated metal products........... 42.7 42.5 43.0 42.8 42.3 42.4 42.4 42.3 42.3 42.4 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 42.9 43.1 43.8 43.4 43.0 43.3 43.4 43.4 43.6 43.5 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 41.7 41.7 42.2 42.2 41.5 42.0 42.0 41.7 41.7 42.2 Transportation equipment............ 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.0 44.2 43.7 44.3 43.7 44.4 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 45.0 44.7 44.8 45.1 44.8 44.8 44.0 44.7 43.9 45.1 Instruments and related products.... 41.7 42.1 42.1 42.0 41.8 41.8 41.7 42.3 42.0 42.1 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.2 40.3 40.8 40.9 39.8 40.1 40.4 40.2 40.3 40.3 Nondurable goods..................... 40.9 40.9 41.4 41.2 40.6 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.8 40.9 Overtime hours.................... 4.4 4.6 4.9 4.6 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.4 Food and kindred products........... 41.7 41.7 42.2 41.9 41.1 40.9 41.1 41.0 41.0 41.3 Tobacco products.................... 41.2 37.8 39.1 39.0 39.8 37.6 36.1 37.5 37.7 38.0 Textile mill products............... 41.1 41.6 42.0 41.5 40.9 41.2 41.3 41.2 41.5 41.4 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 37.4 37.6 37.6 37.3 37.4 36.9 37.1 37.3 37.2 Paper and allied products........... 43.6 43.4 44.0 43.8 43.4 43.4 43.5 43.4 43.5 43.8 Printing and publishing............. 38.4 38.6 39.2 38.8 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.7 38.6 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.2 43.0 43.5 43.6 43.1 43.1 43.0 43.3 43.3 43.8 Petroleum and coal products......... 43.6 43.0 43.2 43.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 41.6 41.7 41.9 41.8 41.5 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.4 41.8 Leather and leather products........ 39.0 38.4 39.0 37.9 38.6 38.1 38.4 38.0 38.5 37.6 Service-producing....................... 32.6 33.3 32.8 32.7 32.6 32.9 32.7 32.9 32.7 32.7 Transportation and public utilities... 39.7 40.5 39.6 39.4 39.6 39.6 39.0 40.1 39.1 39.3 Wholesale trade....................... 38.3 38.5 38.4 38.5 38.2 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 28.7 29.7 29.0 28.8 28.8 28.9 28.8 29.1 28.8 28.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 35.7 36.1 35.8 35.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.4 32.9 32.5 32.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... $11.95 $12.21 $12.39 $12.43 $412.28 $427.35 $429.93 $430.08 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.91 12.31 12.35 12.41 409.70 425.93 426.08 428.15 Goods-producing......................... 13.62 13.96 14.07 14.10 565.23 579.34 589.53 586.56 Mining................................ 15.54 15.94 16.23 16.18 713.29 726.86 738.47 732.95 Construction.......................... 15.75 16.09 16.27 16.30 628.43 638.77 650.80 645.48 Manufacturing......................... 12.83 13.15 13.24 13.29 537.58 552.30 561.38 560.84 Durable goods........................ 13.42 13.71 13.81 13.89 573.03 585.42 596.59 597.27 Lumber and wood products............ 10.56 10.80 10.87 10.86 437.18 446.04 452.19 449.60 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.28 10.59 10.71 10.69 414.28 428.90 440.18 434.01 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.91 13.21 13.28 13.31 568.04 578.60 588.30 584.31 Primary metal industries............ 15.09 15.17 15.26 15.33 670.00 678.10 691.28 691.38 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 17.94 17.97 18.28 18.34 796.54 805.06 824.43 827.13 Fabricated metal products........... 12.55 12.79 12.86 12.88 535.89 543.58 552.98 551.26 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.70 14.02 14.15 14.18 587.73 604.26 619.77 615.41 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.33 12.75 12.87 12.91 514.16 531.68 543.11 544.80 Transportation equipment............ 17.25 17.47 17.62 17.93 762.45 773.92 782.33 797.89 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 17.73 17.86 18.07 18.50 797.85 798.34 809.54 834.35 Instruments and related products.... 13.27 13.52 13.67 13.68 553.36 569.19 575.51 574.56 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.47 10.57 10.65 10.63 420.89 425.97 434.52 434.77 Nondurable goods..................... 12.00 12.33 12.40 12.41 490.80 504.30 513.36 511.29 Food and kindred products........... 11.16 11.51 11.51 11.47 465.37 479.97 485.72 480.59 Tobacco products.................... 17.73 19.78 18.12 17.74 730.48 747.68 708.49 691.86 Textile mill products............... 9.73 10.01 10.09 10.08 399.90 416.42 423.78 418.32 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.03 8.23 8.34 8.36 301.93 307.80 313.58 314.34 Paper and allied products........... 14.74 15.13 15.19 15.21 642.66 656.64 668.36 666.20 Printing and publishing............. 12.81 13.07 13.21 13.19 491.90 504.50 517.83 511.77 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.28 16.57 16.62 16.67 703.30 712.51 722.97 726.81 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.35 19.99 20.28 20.30 843.66 859.57 876.10 872.90 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.28 11.57 11.64 11.65 469.25 482.47 487.72 486.97 Leather and leather products........ 8.71 8.87 9.07 9.09 339.69 340.61 353.73 344.51 Service-producing....................... 11.37 11.62 11.82 11.86 370.66 386.95 387.70 387.82 Transportation and public utilities... $14.49 $15.00 $15.05 $15.03 $575.25 $607.50 $595.98 $592.18 Wholesale trade....................... 12.94 13.47 13.52 13.54 495.60 518.60 519.17 521.29 Retail trade.......................... 8.12 8.29 8.44 8.45 233.04 246.21 244.76 243.36 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.87 13.35 13.44 13.53 459.46 481.94 481.15 484.37 Services.............................. 11.93 12.12 12.37 12.42 386.53 398.75 402.03 403.65 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. change Industry 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p from: Sept. 1997- Oct. 1997 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.91 $12.23 $12.24 $12.31 $12.35 $12.41 0.5 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.42 7.54 7.53 7.56 7.56 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.57 13.86 13.86 13.94 13.98 14.07 .6 Mining...................... 15.67 16.12 16.10 16.07 16.20 16.30 .6 Construction................ 15.58 15.95 15.96 16.03 16.10 16.13 .2 Manufacturing............... 12.87 13.12 13.11 13.20 13.22 13.35 1.0 Excluding overtime4....... 12.21 12.42 12.41 12.50 12.50 12.61 .9 Service-producing............. 11.35 11.69 11.70 11.77 11.81 11.85 .3 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.43 14.85 14.95 15.01 14.99 14.99 .0 Wholesale trade............. 12.93 13.42 13.38 13.54 13.52 13.53 .1 Retail trade................ 8.10 8.30 8.32 8.36 8.42 8.44 .2 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.86 13.29 13.30 13.49 13.46 13.59 1.0 Services.................... 11.91 12.26 12.26 12.33 12.36 12.42 .5 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .0 percent from August 1997 to September 1997, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Oct. Aug. Sept. Oct. Oct. June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 138.8 143.9 142.7 142.7 137.2 140.6 140.2 140.8 140.6 140.9 Goods-producing......................... 114.8 116.7 117.7 116.9 111.4 112.7 112.9 113.0 113.2 113.8 Mining................................ 56.5 57.7 57.4 57.0 55.0 56.3 56.3 56.3 55.7 55.7 Construction.......................... 162.5 169.1 168.9 166.8 149.4 152.8 154.1 152.9 154.4 153.7 Manufacturing......................... 108.3 109.3 110.6 110.1 106.9 107.8 107.8 108.1 108.1 109.0 Durable goods........................ 110.2 112.2 113.5 113.4 109.2 111.0 111.1 112.0 111.7 112.8 Lumber and wood products............ 143.5 146.6 147.1 146.0 139.4 142.2 142.3 141.5 141.9 142.4 Furniture and fixtures.............. 126.3 128.1 130.7 130.5 123.6 126.7 127.3 126.7 128.0 127.3 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 114.7 114.4 115.5 114.3 110.7 108.7 110.0 109.7 109.9 110.2 Primary metal industries............ 92.9 94.3 95.8 95.5 92.9 94.0 93.2 95.2 94.8 95.7 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 72.6 73.1 73.7 73.6 72.9 72.3 72.0 73.4 73.4 73.9 Fabricated metal products........... 116.6 117.7 119.5 119.1 114.9 116.8 116.5 117.2 117.1 117.8 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 103.9 107.6 109.4 108.9 104.6 108.1 108.5 108.9 109.3 110.0 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 108.2 108.5 110.1 110.9 107.5 108.5 109.1 108.9 108.8 110.7 Transportation equipment............ 123.6 128.6 129.4 130.2 123.1 126.2 125.7 129.7 127.1 130.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 163.9 168.2 167.9 169.0 163.7 165.6 163.1 169.1 164.0 169.6 Instruments and related products.... 75.3 75.5 75.7 75.5 75.4 75.2 75.1 75.8 75.4 75.6 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 104.6 103.2 104.5 105.1 101.5 102.3 103.4 102.5 102.0 101.6 Nondurable goods..................... 105.8 105.4 106.5 105.4 103.9 103.4 103.1 102.8 103.2 103.8 Food and kindred products........... 120.8 123.9 125.3 121.8 115.7 115.8 115.6 114.8 115.4 116.7 Tobacco products.................... 71.4 58.0 65.9 67.8 63.1 57.8 57.2 57.6 57.9 60.2 Textile mill products............... 89.9 89.1 89.9 88.3 89.2 88.2 88.5 87.6 88.6 88.4 Apparel and other textile products.. 77.5 72.6 73.0 73.0 76.0 73.2 72.0 71.7 71.6 71.3 Paper and allied products........... 110.2 109.6 111.0 110.1 109.4 109.0 109.0 108.5 109.0 110.0 Printing and publishing............. 124.1 125.3 126.6 126.2 123.6 125.2 125.4 124.5 125.3 125.8 Chemicals and allied products....... 100.5 100.1 101.5 101.7 100.4 99.7 99.3 100.1 100.8 102.4 Petroleum and coal products......... 77.6 76.8 76.3 75.7 75.0 74.2 73.5 74.9 74.2 73.2 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 144.5 145.2 146.6 146.5 143.4 144.2 144.3 144.9 144.4 145.6 Leather and leather products........ 43.9 40.5 40.7 40.0 42.7 41.0 40.7 39.7 39.6 39.3 Service-producing....................... 149.5 156.1 153.9 154.3 148.7 153.1 152.5 153.2 152.9 153.1 Transportation and public utilities... 129.9 129.1 132.6 132.3 128.5 131.3 129.3 128.2 129.8 130.9 Wholesale trade....................... 124.5 127.5 127.1 127.7 123.7 126.2 126.0 126.5 126.3 126.8 Retail trade.......................... 135.5 143.8 139.8 139.3 135.9 138.2 138.2 139.7 138.4 139.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 124.4 130.5 127.8 128.0 123.8 130.5 127.4 129.4 128.5 127.1 Services.............................. 179.7 188.4 185.5 186.9 178.2 184.5 184.4 184.9 184.8 184.6 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 59.7 61.0 49.6 57.6 61.5 56.2 55.5 58.3 62.2 59.6 61.7 59.3 1994.............. 57.6 61.9 67.1 64.5 57.7 63.9 62.5 62.6 61.4 60.3 63.8 62.4 1995.............. 62.4 60.1 54.5 55.6 48.0 53.9 54.1 59.8 57.0 54.9 57.2 57.9 1996.............. 51.7 64.3 60.1 54.9 62.9 60.5 56.5 59.3 54.4 62.6 58.1 61.0 1997.............. 59.3 59.1 59.0 61.1 57.4 50.7 58.8 58.7 p55.5 p62.6 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 64.7 60.8 60.5 58.6 62.9 63.6 59.6 62.9 64.7 66.9 64.3 63.6 1994.............. 65.3 69.5 70.4 68.7 67.1 67.0 69.1 69.7 65.7 65.6 67.0 66.2 1995.............. 65.4 62.5 58.7 53.2 54.6 52.4 57.9 59.6 59.7 59.0 57.0 56.3 1996.............. 62.6 63.6 62.6 61.2 62.1 63.1 62.6 58.8 62.8 60.4 64.7 65.0 1997.............. 64.6 62.2 64.2 65.6 59.7 58.7 59.1 p63.6 p63.6 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 62.9 64.6 64.3 64.3 62.2 65.6 66.0 64.9 66.3 66.7 69.4 69.2 1994.............. 71.1 69.8 69.8 70.9 70.1 69.8 69.7 69.4 69.4 67.4 67.7 66.2 1995.............. 66.9 61.4 58.1 56.6 58.1 58.1 56.7 59.8 60.3 59.1 61.5 63.3 1996.............. 62.2 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.6 61.2 65.3 63.6 62.6 64.5 64.2 67.4 1997.............. 67.6 66.6 64.5 64.6 64.3 p64.5 p66.9 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.1 62.2 63.3 1996.............. 63.5 64.7 62.4 62.9 64.7 64.2 65.0 63.1 63.8 66.7 65.7 65.0 1997.............. 67.3 66.2 p69.8 p69.8 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 52.2 56.8 49.6 44.2 53.2 46.4 49.3 51.8 57.9 52.2 54.0 55.8 1994.............. 55.8 59.0 60.4 58.6 52.9 58.6 59.4 56.1 52.9 55.0 58.6 58.3 1995.............. 54.3 56.1 44.2 51.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 52.2 47.1 50.0 47.5 50.7 1996.............. 45.7 54.3 47.8 39.2 52.2 52.2 44.2 52.9 44.2 50.7 49.6 52.2 1997.............. 54.0 50.4 52.9 52.9 51.4 49.3 51.8 49.6 p54.3 p57.6 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 61.5 59.0 54.0 46.8 48.6 54.3 51.1 58.3 57.2 59.4 54.7 58.3 1994.............. 61.9 64.7 65.5 59.7 57.6 60.1 62.2 57.9 55.0 55.4 60.1 59.4 1995.............. 59.7 50.4 47.5 40.3 42.4 36.3 38.5 43.9 49.3 46.4 45.3 43.9 1996.............. 47.5 47.8 42.1 38.5 43.2 45.0 48.9 43.2 50.4 46.4 52.5 52.5 1997.............. 53.2 51.4 50.7 52.5 48.6 48.9 48.6 p53.2 p54.7 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 55.8 58.6 58.6 55.8 51.8 57.2 59.7 57.2 57.6 58.3 62.6 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 62.2 62.6 63.3 59.4 56.5 56.5 58.6 58.6 55.0 58.3 55.0 1995.............. 55.8 48.6 43.9 38.8 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.6 43.9 45.0 44.2 44.6 1996.............. 41.4 41.7 41.0 38.1 39.6 40.6 47.5 46.8 45.3 50.4 48.2 53.2 1997.............. 53.2 53.2 50.4 49.3 48.6 p51.4 p57.2 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 37.4 38.1 39.9 1996.............. 39.6 42.8 39.2 39.6 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.3 43.5 46.8 46.4 47.1 1997.............. 51.4 47.8 p52.5 p55.4 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.