Technical Contact: USDL: 05-2382 (202) 691-6199 ocltinfo@bls.gov Media Contact: FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. (EST) (202) 691-5902 WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 28, 2005 Internet address: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/home.htm (This news release was reissued on Wednesday, May 26, 2010, to remove table asterisks that have incorrectly indicated statistically significant differences between some estimates. News release text references to statistical significance have also been removed. Pay relative estimates have not changed. For more information, see http://www.bls.gov/ncs.) OCCUPATIONAL PAY RELATIVES, 2004 The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Department of Labor has produced occupational "pay relatives" to facilitate comparisons of occupational pay between metropolitan areas and the United States as a whole. BLS periodically has issued occupational pay relatives using data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS) and its predecessor surveys, and now plans to publish them annually. Using data for 2004 from the NCS, pay relatives have been prepared for each of 9 major occupational groups within 78 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), as well as averaged across all occupations for each area. The pay relative in 2004 for workers in construction and extraction occupations in the San Francisco MSA was 127, meaning the pay in San Francisco in that occupational group averaged 27 percent more than the national average pay for workers in that occupational group (table 1). The pay relative averaged across all occupations for workers in the San Francisco MSA was 117, meaning that pay on average was 17 percent more in that area than for the nation as a whole. By contrast, the pay relative for workers in construction and extraction occupations in the Brownsville, TX MSA, was 70, meaning pay for workers in those occupations averaged 30 percent less than the national average. Pay averaged across all occupations in the Brownsville MSA was 19 percent below the national average. The pay relatives averaged for workers in all occupations in San Francisco and Brownsville were, respectively, the highest and lowest among the 78 areas. In addition to these examples of area-to-national comparisons, area-to-area comparisons can be derived using these pay relatives. The National Compensation Survey (NCS), introduced in 1997, collects earnings and other data on employee compensation covering over 820 detailed occupations in 152 metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Average occupational earnings from the NCS are published annually for more than 80 metropolitan areas and for the United States as a whole. What is a pay relative? A pay relative is a calculation of pay--wages, salaries, commissions, and production bonuses--for a given metropolitan area relative to the nation as a whole. The calculation controls for differences among areas in occupational composition, establishment and occupational characteristics, and the fact that data are collected for areas at different times during the year. Metropolitan areas differ greatly in the types of occupations that are available to the local workforce. For example, the proportion of San Francisco's workers who are employed as computer programmers is approximately 48 percent greater than the national average.(i) Similarly, the composition of establishment and occupational characteristics--such as whether an establishment is for profit or not-for-profit or whether an occupation is union or nonunion--varies by area. In addition to these factors, the NCS collects compensation data for metropolitan areas at different times during the year. Payroll reference dates differ between areas which makes direct comparisons between areas difficult. The pay relative approach controls for these differences to isolate the geographic effect on wage determination. To illustrate the importance of controlling for these effects, consider the following example. The average pay for professional workers in San Francisco is $38.66 and the average pay for professional workers in the entire US is $29.40.(ii) A simple pay comparison can be calculated from the ratio of the two average pay levels, multiplied by 100 to express the comparison as a percentage. The pay comparison in the example is calculated as: ($38.66/$29.40) X 100 = 131 However, this comparison does not control for the interarea difference in occupational composition. Some of the 31 percent pay premium in San Francisco relative to the nation as a whole is due to the higher concentration of highly compensated professional workers--such as computer programmers--in San Francisco. A more accurate estimate of the geographic effect on wage determination in San Francisco can be obtained by taking into account this and other differences. Controlling for the differences in occupation composition, establishment and occupational characteristics, and the payroll reference date in San Francisco relative to the nation as the whole, the pay relative for professional occupations in San Francisco is equal to 118. Using multivariate regression analysis A statistical technique called multivariate regression analysis controls for interarea differences. It controls for the following ten characteristics: - Occupational type - Industry type - Work level - Full-time / part-time status - Time / incentive status - Union / nonunion status - Ownership type - Profit / non-profit status - Establishment employment - Payroll reference date Even accounting for these characteristics, there is still wage variation across the areas. The variation is due to differences in wage determinants that were not included in the model. Examples of these determinants include price levels, environmental amenities such as a pleasant climate, and cultural amenities. For more detailed information on the pay relative methodology, see Maury B. Gittleman, "Pay Relatives for Metropolitan Areas in the U.S.," Monthly Labor Review, March 2005, pp. 46-53. Results Table 1 presents July 2004 pay relatives averaged across all occupations covered by the NCS survey and nine occupational groups in 78 metropolitan areas. This table represents the first presentation of NCS wage data using the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC). For more detailed information on SOC, see the BLS website: http://www.bls.gov/soc/home.htm. The occupational groups are: (1) management, business, and financial occupations (2) professional and related occupations (3) service occupations (4) sales and related occupations (5) office and administrative support occupations (6) construction and extraction occupations (7) installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (8) production occupations (9) transportation and material movement occupations Comparisons between areas The pay relatives presented in Table 1 are area-to-national comparisons. However, it is easy to derive area-to-area comparisons from them. To do so, divide the pay relative for the occupational group and area in question by the pay relative for the same occupational group in the area to which the first is being compared. Then multiply the result by 100 so that the comparison is expressed as a percentage. For example, the pay relative for professional occupations in San Francisco is 118 and the pay relative for professional occupations in Los Angeles is 111. The San Francisco-to-Los Angeles pay relative for professional occupations is calculated as: (118/111) X 100 = 106 In the example, there is approximately a 6 percent pay premium for professional occupations in San Francisco relative to the same occupational group in Los Angeles. Differences between the 2004 pay relatives and historical pay relatives Historical pay relative data are available for 2002(iii), 1998(iv), and 1992-1996.(v) There are several differences between the 2004 pay relatives and the historical pay relatives, including different industry and occupation classification systems, varying methodology, and different survey designs. These differences limit comparability. The 2004 pay relatives use the 2002 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to define industry type. Occupation type and the occupational groups presented in Table 1 are defined using the Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC). The 2002 and 1992-1996 pay relatives defined industry type using the Standard Industry Classification (SIC) system. Occupation type and occupational groups for the 2002, 1998, and 1992-1996 pay relatives were defined using the Occupational Classification System (OCS). The 2004 and 2002 pay relatives used a similar multivariate regression technique methodology to calculate pay relatives. The 1998 and 1992-1996 pay relatives were calculated using a weighted cell means methodology. The methodology controlled for fewer characteristics: - Occupational type - Work level - Payroll reference date The 2004, 2002, and 1998 pay relatives were derived from the National Compensation Survey (NCS). The 1992-1996 pay relatives were derived from the Occupational Compensation Survey (OCS). The NCS and OCS have significantly different sample designs. For example, the OCS collected wage data for sampled establishments with 50 or more employees. The NCS collects data for all sampled establishments. Additionally, the OCS collected wage data for a fixed list of jobs. The NCS collects wage data for randomly selected jobs. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Footnotes (i) The proportion of computer programmers in San Francisco relative to the nation as a whole was calculated using total employment estimates found in the November 2004 Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates publication, http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcma.htm. (ii) Average pay for professional workers in San Francisco and for the United States are based on wage estimates published in the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA National Compensation Survey, April 2004 and the National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, July 2004, http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/compub.htm. (iii) For more information, see Maury B. Gittleman, "Pay Relatives for Metropolitan Areas in the U.S.," Monthly Labor Review, March 2005, pp. 46-53. (iv) For more information, see Parastou Karen Shahpoori, "Pay Relatives for Major Metropolitan Areas," Compensation and Working Conditions, Spring 2003. (v) For more information, see the Occupational Compensation Survey Publications List (1992-1996), http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocspubs.htm. Technical Note The pay relatives in this release, as with estimates from any sample survey, are subject to sampling and non-sampling errors. Sampling errors are differences that occur between the pay relatives estimated from the sample and the true pay relatives derived from the population. Pay relatives are also subject to a variety of non-sampling errors that can influence the estimates. The NCS may be unable to obtain information for some establishments; there may be difficulties with survey definitions; respondents may be unable to provide correct information, or mistakes in recording or coding the data may occur. Non-sampling errors of these kinds were not specifically measured. However, they are expected to be minimal due to the extensive training of the field economists who gathered the survey data, computer edits of the data, and detailed data review. For more details, see Maury B. Gittleman, "Pay Relatives for Metropolitan Areas in the NCS" Monthly Labor Review, March 2005, pp. 46-53, and Parastou Karen Shahpoori, "Pay Relatives for Major Metropolitan Areas," Compensation and Working Conditions Online, April 28, 2003. Table 1. Pay relatives for major occupational groups in metropolitan areas, National Compensation Survey, July 2004 (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area(1) All business, occupations and financial United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 91 89 Anchorage, AK......................... 111 110 Atlanta, GA........................... 103 101 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC.................. 95 94 Austin-San Marcos, TX................. 97 95 Birmingham, AL........................ 94 104 Bloomington, IN....................... 93 102 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT........................... 112 110 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX.................................... 81 78 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY............. 102 92 Charleston-North Charleston, SC....... 96 105 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC... 98 97 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI........ 106 103 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN......... 101 95 Cleveland-Akron, OH................... 101 101 Columbus, OH.......................... 97 90 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 88 95 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 99 103 Dayton-Springfield, OH................ 99 93 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO............ 102 101 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI........... 106 102 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 94 92 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 97 88 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI..... 104 101 Great Falls, MT....................... 87 85 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC.................................... 99 95 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC... 96 93 Hartford, CT.......................... 113 107 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC.......... 99 88 Honolulu, HI.......................... 104 104 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX........ 97 107 Huntsville, AL........................ 97 98 Indianapolis, IN...................... 98 94 Iowa City, IA......................... 100 99 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area(1) Professional Service and related United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 87 89 Anchorage, AK......................... 109 119 Atlanta, GA........................... 99 102 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC.................. 97 89 Austin-San Marcos, TX................. 95 102 Birmingham, AL........................ 97 97 Bloomington, IN....................... 87 93 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT........................... 109 114 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX.................................... 95 81 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY............. 97 108 Charleston-North Charleston, SC....... 98 86 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC... 91 94 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI........ 103 105 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN......... 98 104 Cleveland-Akron, OH................... 101 99 Columbus, OH.......................... 96 96 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 93 84 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 100 95 Dayton-Springfield, OH................ 96 94 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO............ 99 101 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI........... 107 101 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 99 92 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 95 97 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI..... 100 101 Great Falls, MT....................... 83 92 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC.................................... 98 97 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC... 94 93 Hartford, CT.......................... 109 124 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC.......... 93 98 Honolulu, HI.......................... 106 107 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX........ 102 88 Huntsville, AL........................ 99 95 Indianapolis, IN...................... 98 96 Iowa City, IA......................... 98 104 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area(1) Sales and administra- related tive support United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 88 90 Anchorage, AK......................... 101 107 Atlanta, GA........................... 107 105 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC.................. 88 93 Austin-San Marcos, TX................. 100 102 Birmingham, AL........................ 92 92 Bloomington, IN....................... 96 88 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT........................... 106 117 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX.................................... 80 81 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY............. 100 102 Charleston-North Charleston, SC....... 93 99 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC... 102 101 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI........ 108 108 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN......... 104 100 Cleveland-Akron, OH................... 97 99 Columbus, OH.......................... 100 99 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 90 86 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 101 100 Dayton-Springfield, OH................ 102 96 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO............ 97 101 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI........... 98 108 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 95 92 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 96 99 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI..... 106 100 Great Falls, MT....................... 82 81 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC.................................... 88 100 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC... 91 99 Hartford, CT.......................... 114 111 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC.......... 90 100 Honolulu, HI.......................... 105 102 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX........ 98 97 Huntsville, AL........................ 96 97 Indianapolis, IN...................... 82 104 Iowa City, IA......................... 91 103 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area(1) and maintenance, extraction and repair United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 89 90 Anchorage, AK......................... 130 108 Atlanta, GA........................... 103 108 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC.................. 88 98 Austin-San Marcos, TX................. 93 103 Birmingham, AL........................ 76 100 Bloomington, IN....................... 98 92 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT........................... 117 111 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX.................................... 70 80 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY............. 101 101 Charleston-North Charleston, SC....... 81 89 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC... 89 98 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI........ 123 105 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN......... 102 98 Cleveland-Akron, OH................... 96 105 Columbus, OH.......................... 112 98 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 80 84 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 96 98 Dayton-Springfield, OH................ 99 99 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO............ 96 106 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI........... 110 104 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 99 87 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 99 100 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI..... 106 101 Great Falls, MT....................... 122 100 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC.................................... 93 102 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC... 90 88 Hartford, CT.......................... 138 111 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC.......... 81 97 Honolulu, HI.......................... 102 107 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX........ 94 95 Huntsville, AL........................ 89 95 Indianapolis, IN...................... 95 99 Iowa City, IA......................... 104 92 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area(1) Production ion and material moving United States......................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX.......................... 110 97 Anchorage, AK......................... 122 114 Atlanta, GA........................... 100 103 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC.................. 99 96 Austin-San Marcos, TX................. 90 87 Birmingham, AL........................ 93 94 Bloomington, IN....................... 98 101 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT........................... 109 119 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX.................................... 73 77 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY............. 105 101 Charleston-North Charleston, SC....... 93 102 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC... 104 103 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI........ 103 109 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN......... 108 100 Cleveland-Akron, OH................... 106 105 Columbus, OH.......................... 92 98 Corpus Christi, TX.................... 90 85 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX................. 94 99 Dayton-Springfield, OH................ 112 104 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO............ 104 104 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI........... 115 109 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.................... 95 94 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO............. 96 100 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI..... 107 107 Great Falls, MT....................... 101 88 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC.................................... 104 104 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC... 103 97 Hartford, CT.......................... 112 110 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC.......... 103 111 Honolulu, HI.......................... 94 106 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX........ 96 93 Huntsville, AL........................ 98 94 Indianapolis, IN...................... 106 104 Iowa City, IA......................... 99 105 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area(1) All business, occupations and financial Johnstown, PA......................... 87 95 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 98 87 Knoxville, TN......................... 95 105 Lincoln, NE........................... 92 93 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................................... 107 108 Louisville, KY-IN..................... 100 103 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL..... 92 89 Memphis, TN-AR-MS..................... 96 94 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL............. 93 98 Milwaukee-Racine, WI.................. 105 100 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI........... 109 103 Mobile, AL............................ 90 90 New Orleans, LA....................... 90 87 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................... 110 111 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 93 94 Ocala, FL............................. 92 98 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 91 86 Orlando, FL........................... 91 91 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 107 107 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ...................... 102 98 Pittsburgh, PA........................ 97 96 Portland-Salem, OR-WA................. 100 97 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA................................. 108 103 Reading, PA........................... 104 108 Reno, NV.............................. 99 93 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA.......... 100 98 Richmond-Petersburg, VA............... 99 95 Rochester, NY......................... 99 101 Rockford, IL.......................... 101 84 Sacramento-Yolo, CA................... 108 106 Salinas, CA........................... 110 108 San Antonio, TX....................... 92 91 San Diego, CA......................... 108 109 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area(1) Professional Service and related Johnstown, PA......................... 84 90 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 93 98 Knoxville, TN......................... 91 89 Lincoln, NE........................... 87 95 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................................... 111 111 Louisville, KY-IN..................... 102 105 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL..... 86 95 Memphis, TN-AR-MS..................... 89 93 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL............. 97 91 Milwaukee-Racine, WI.................. 95 100 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI........... 104 119 Mobile, AL............................ 93 85 New Orleans, LA....................... 93 83 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................... 115 110 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 93 91 Ocala, FL............................. 88 87 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 88 88 Orlando, FL........................... 89 86 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 108 106 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ...................... 101 94 Pittsburgh, PA........................ 96 99 Portland-Salem, OR-WA................. 93 109 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA................................. 110 117 Reading, PA........................... 101 103 Reno, NV.............................. 95 102 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA.......... 99 105 Richmond-Petersburg, VA............... 97 99 Rochester, NY......................... 97 107 Rockford, IL.......................... 102 98 Sacramento-Yolo, CA................... 112 113 Salinas, CA........................... 117 111 San Antonio, TX....................... 93 87 San Diego, CA......................... 117 111 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area(1) Sales and administra- related tive support Johnstown, PA......................... 90 83 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 105 101 Knoxville, TN......................... 92 99 Lincoln, NE........................... 91 90 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................................... 109 107 Louisville, KY-IN..................... 98 100 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL..... 96 92 Memphis, TN-AR-MS..................... 94 92 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL............. 94 93 Milwaukee-Racine, WI.................. 120 102 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI........... 105 105 Mobile, AL............................ 88 92 New Orleans, LA....................... 109 84 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................... 107 114 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 98 96 Ocala, FL............................. 91 97 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 91 89 Orlando, FL........................... 100 92 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 112 108 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ...................... 130 106 Pittsburgh, PA........................ 94 99 Portland-Salem, OR-WA................. 102 102 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA................................. 113 109 Reading, PA........................... 103 102 Reno, NV.............................. 111 91 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA.......... 105 92 Richmond-Petersburg, VA............... 99 98 Rochester, NY......................... 96 95 Rockford, IL.......................... 93 93 Sacramento-Yolo, CA................... 108 106 Salinas, CA........................... 119 110 San Antonio, TX....................... 97 95 San Diego, CA......................... 111 103 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area(1) and maintenance, extraction and repair Johnstown, PA......................... 84 107 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 103 94 Knoxville, TN......................... 86 92 Lincoln, NE........................... 82 96 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................................... 110 109 Louisville, KY-IN..................... 104 91 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL..... 90 101 Memphis, TN-AR-MS..................... 111 103 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL............. 84 93 Milwaukee-Racine, WI.................. 105 111 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI........... 116 108 Mobile, AL............................ 91 90 New Orleans, LA....................... 85 89 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................... 127 100 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 87 92 Ocala, FL............................. 81 94 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 86 93 Orlando, FL........................... 87 104 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 106 107 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ...................... 90 106 Pittsburgh, PA........................ 91 95 Portland-Salem, OR-WA................. 108 105 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA................................. 98 88 Reading, PA........................... 100 98 Reno, NV.............................. 101 114 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA.......... 99 92 Richmond-Petersburg, VA............... 88 97 Rochester, NY......................... 95 89 Rockford, IL.......................... 111 115 Sacramento-Yolo, CA................... 105 112 Salinas, CA........................... 118 109 San Antonio, TX....................... 79 83 San Diego, CA......................... 108 108 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area(1) Production tion and material moving Johnstown, PA......................... 85 80 Kansas City, MO-KS.................... 109 100 Knoxville, TN......................... 93 94 Lincoln, NE........................... 94 95 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA.................................... 97 101 Louisville, KY-IN..................... 92 99 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL..... 89 100 Memphis, TN-AR-MS..................... 94 101 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL............. 89 92 Milwaukee-Racine, WI.................. 117 107 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI........... 111 119 Mobile, AL............................ 91 98 New Orleans, LA....................... 86 94 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................... 102 113 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC................................. 86 93 Ocala, FL............................. 86 104 Oklahoma City, OK..................... 97 93 Orlando, FL........................... 90 92 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD........................... 101 108 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ...................... 102 100 Pittsburgh, PA........................ 94 101 Portland-Salem, OR-WA................. 99 103 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA................................. 100 115 Reading, PA........................... 104 108 Reno, NV.............................. 93 100 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA.......... 104 100 Richmond-Petersburg, VA............... 101 104 Rochester, NY......................... 102 100 Rockford, IL.......................... 107 103 Sacramento-Yolo, CA................... 106 110 Salinas, CA........................... 100 96 San Antonio, TX....................... 100 95 San Diego, CA......................... 100 102 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area(1) All business, occupations and financial San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.... 117 117 Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.......... 105 95 Springfield, MA....................... 94 103 Springfield, MO....................... 89 91 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 98 95 Tallahassee, FL....................... 86 83 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 94 99 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA........ 98 95 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV..... 105 101 York, PA.............................. 98 106 Youngstown-Warren, OH................. 98 89 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area(1) Professional Service and related San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.... 118 121 Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.......... 98 116 Springfield, MA....................... 107 106 Springfield, MO....................... 88 89 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 95 95 Tallahassee, FL....................... 86 84 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 90 92 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA........ 105 98 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV..... 108 105 York, PA.............................. 101 97 Youngstown-Warren, OH................. 94 88 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area(1) Sales and administra- related tive support San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.... 113 120 Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.......... 103 105 Springfield, MA....................... 110 110 Springfield, MO....................... 88 86 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 105 98 Tallahassee, FL....................... 99 88 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 106 93 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA........ 101 96 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV..... 101 110 York, PA.............................. 102 93 Youngstown-Warren, OH................. 101 87 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area(1) and maintenance, extraction and repair San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.... 127 116 Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.......... 115 102 Springfield, MA....................... 107 109 Springfield, MO....................... 83 90 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 112 95 Tallahassee, FL....................... 91 79 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 88 101 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA........ 87 99 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV..... 103 101 York, PA.............................. 91 100 Youngstown-Warren, OH................. 99 96 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area(1) Production tion and material moving San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.... 110 113 Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA.......... 108 105 Springfield, MA....................... 110 65 Springfield, MO....................... 95 94 St. Louis, MO-IL...................... 97 109 Tallahassee, FL....................... 83 108 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL... 93 100 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA........ 93 91 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV..... 102 98 York, PA.............................. 94 101 Youngstown-Warren, OH................. 111 111 1 A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, 1994.