TEXT Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics Table 2. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry Table 3. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry Technical information: USDL 95-40 Charlie Muhl (202) 606-6285 For release: Immediate Media contact: 606-5902 Wednesday, February 8, 1995 UNION MEMBERS IN 1994 About 16.7 million wage and salary employees, 15.5 percent of total employment, were union members in 1994, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. There were 9.6 million members in private industry, where they accounted for 10.9 percent of employment, and 7.1 million in government (federal, state, and local), where they constituted 38.7 percent of employment. Data in this release are from the 1994 Current Population Survey (CPS) and are not directly comparable with those for prior years because a number of changes were introduced into the CPS beginning with data for January 1994. (See technical note.) Membership by industry and occupation Among private industry groups, manufacturing had the largest number of union members --3.5 million, including 2.2 million members employed in the manufacture of durable goods. (See tables 1 and 2.) Manufacturing membership was followed by transportation and public utilities (1.8 million), services (1.7 million), wholesale and retail trade (1.4 million), and construction (900,000). The remaining private industry groups each had fewer than 160,000 union members. Of the major groups with membership proportions above the private industry average of 10.9 percent, transportation and public utilities had the highest proportion of union members at 28 percent, followed by construction (19 percent), manufacturing (18 percent), and mining (16 percent). The remaining private industry groups had unionization rates ranging from 2 to 7 percent. Despite their relatively low unionization rates, trade and services combined employed about 3 out of every 10 union members in private industry. Among the major occupational groups, the highest proportion of union membership, nearly 1 in 4 employees, was found in both the operators, fabricators, and laborers group (including machine and vehicle operators, assemblers, cleaners, and helpers) and the precision production, craft, and repair workers group (including mechanics, electricians, and similar skilled trades workers). In contrast, union membership proportions were about 1 in 16 in the farming, forestry, and fishing occupations and 1 in 10 in the technical, sales, and administrative support workers group. The managerial and professional specialty group and the operators, fabricators, and laborers group each had the highest number of members (4.1 million). Membership by demographic characteristics Union membership was proportionally higher among men (18 percent) than women (13 percent) and higher among blacks (21 percent) than either whites (15 percent) or Hispanics (14 percent). Within these major groups, black men had the highest union membership proportion (23 percent), while white women and Hispanic women each had the lowest (12 percent). Workers aged 35 to 64 had a unionization rate just above 20 percent, higher than the rates for younger or older workers. Among age groups, the largest number of union members, 5.4 million, were 35 to 44 years old. Seventeen percent of full-time workers were union members, compared with 8 percent of part-time workers. Union representation In addition to the 16.7 million wage and salary employees who were union members in 1994, 2.1 million workers were represented at their workplace by a union, though not union members themselves. The total number of employees who were not union members, but were represented by a union, was split about evenly between private industry and government. Earnings Union members who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual earnings of $592 per week in 1994, compared with a median of $432 for such workers not in unions. (See tables 3 and 4.) These averages reflect a variety of influences, including coverage by a collective bargaining agreement and variations in the distribution of union and nonunion members by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990, pp. 26-38.) Technical Note The union membership and earnings estimates presented in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPS provides estimates of the number of wage and salary employees who are union members and those who are represented by a union at their work place, regardless of whether they are union members. Union members include employees belonging to traditional labor unions or to employee associations similar to labor unions. The membership estimates exclude workers who are self-employed, retired, or unemployed. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with those for prior years because a number of changes were introduced into the CPS with data from January 1994. These changes included the introduction of population controls based on the 1990 census counts (adjusted for the population undercount) and the redesign of the survey questionnaire and collection methodology. For a detailed description of the changes incorporated into the CPS, see the article, "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994," in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings. Reliability Because the CPS estimates of union membership are based on a scientifically selected probability sample, rather than a census of the entire population, they may differ from the results obtained from a census. The sample used was one of many possible samples, each of which could have produced different estimates. The variation in the sample estimates across all possible samples that could have been drawn is measured by the standard error. The standard error is used to calculate a "confidence interval" around a sample estimate. The 90-percent confidence interval is the interval centered at the sample estimate that includes all values within 1.6 times the estimate's standard error. If several different samples were selected to estimate the population value (e.g., union membership), the 90-percent confidence interval would include the true population value approximately 90 percent of the time. For example, the estimate of 16,748,000 employed union members in 1994 has an estimated standard error of 126,098. Hence, we are 90-percent confident that the interval between 16,546,240 and 16,949,760 (or 16,748,000 + 1.6 x 126,098) includes the true population value for union membership. The data are also subject to nonsampling error. For example, information on job-related characteristics of the worker, such as industry, occupation, union membership, and earnings, are sometimes reported by a household member other than the worker. Consequently, such data may reflect reporting error by the respondent. Moreover, in some cases, reported earnings may be "take home" pay rather than gross earnings, or may be rounded up or down from actual earnings. For a general discussion of the quality of employment data from the CPS, see the Explanatory Note section of any issue of Employment and Earnings, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. For a discussion of the quality of earnings data from the CPS, see Earl F. Mellor, Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, BLS Bulletin 2113, January 1982. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Wage and salary employees. Employees in both the private and public sectors who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. For the purposes of the earnings series, excludes self- employed persons whose businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in the numbers for the white and black populations. Additional statistics and other information Historical data on union membership in the United States are available from the Division of Developments in Labor/Management Relations, telephone (202) 606-6285 or fax (202) 606-6647. BLS also issues a quarterly news release on wage and compensation cost changes under private industry settlements, a semiannual news release on wage and compensation cost changes in state and local government settlements, and annual press releases on bargaining activity and major work stoppages. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606- 5897, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. ------------------------------------- | The nonmachine readable version of | | this release did not include 1993 | | data on union members. | -------------------------------------- Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1993 | 1994 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Members of | Represented | | Members of | Represented | | unions1/ | by unions2/ | | unions1/ | by unions2/ Characteristic | Total | | | Total | | _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ | em- | | | | | em- | | | | |ployed | |Percent| |Percent|ployed | |Percent| |Percent | | Total | of | Total | of | | Total | of | Total | of | | | em- | | em- | | | em- | | em- | | |ployed | |ployed | | |ployed | |ployed | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SEX AND AGE | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over...................|105,067| 16,598| 15.8 | 18,646| 17.7 |107,989| 16,748| 15.5 | 18,850| 17.5 16 to 24 years............................| 17,193| 1,010| 5.9 | 1,165| 6.8 | 18,207| 1,126| 6.2 | 1,302| 7.1 25 years and over.........................| 87,874| 15,588| 17.7 | 17,481| 19.9 | 89,782| 15,622| 17.4 | 17,548| 19.5 25 to 34 years...........................| 29,479| 3,838| 13.0 | 4,384| 14.9 | 29,617| 3,772| 12.7 | 4,309| 14.5 35 to 44 years...........................| 28,144| 5,301| 18.8 | 5,932| 21.1 | 29,160| 5,408| 18.5 | 6,072| 20.8 45 to 54 years...........................| 18,885| 4,364| 23.1 | 4,856| 25.7 | 19,675| 4,418| 22.5 | 4,887| 24.8 55 to 64 years...........................| 9,064| 1,887| 20.8 | 2,080| 23.0 | 8,924| 1,810| 20.3 | 2,033| 22.8 65 years and over........................| 2,303| 199| 8.6 | 229| 10.0 | 2,406| 214| 8.9 | 246| 10.2 | | | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over....................| 54,776| 10,083| 18.4 | 11,039| 20.2 | 56,570| 10,106| 17.9 | 11,110| 19.6 16 to 24 years...........................| 8,869| 620| 7.0 | 699| 7.9 | 9,468| 709| 7.5 | 809| 8.5 25 years and over........................| 45,906| 9,463| 20.6 | 10,340| 22.5 | 47,102| 9,398| 20.0 | 10,301| 21.9 25 to 34 years..........................| 15,960| 2,407| 15.1 | 2,674| 16.8 | 16,052| 2,350| 14.6 | 2,601| 16.2 35 to 44 years..........................| 14,548| 3,149| 21.6 | 3,422| 23.5 | 15,181| 3,219| 21.2 | 3,526| 23.2 45 to 54 years..........................| 9,571| 2,596| 27.1 | 2,828| 29.5 | 10,068| 2,618| 26.0 | 2,839| 28.2 55 to 64 years..........................| 4,685| 1,203| 25.7 | 1,291| 27.6 | 4,602| 1,091| 23.7 | 1,197| 26.0 65 years and over.......................| 1,142| 108| 9.4 | 125| 11.0 | 1,200| 119| 9.9 | 137| 11.4 | | | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over..................| 50,292| 6,515| 13.0 | 7,607| 15.1 | 51,419| 6,642| 12.9 | 7,740| 15.1 16 to 24 years...........................| 8,324| 390| 4.7 | 466| 5.6 | 8,739| 417| 4.8 | 493| 5.6 25 years and over........................| 41,968| 6,125| 14.6 | 7,141| 17.0 | 42,680| 6,225| 14.6 | 7,247| 17.0 25 to 34 years..........................| 13,518| 1,430| 10.6 | 1,710| 12.7 | 13,565| 1,422| 10.5 | 1,707| 12.6 35 to 44 years..........................| 13,595| 2,152| 15.8 | 2,510| 18.5 | 13,979| 2,189| 15.7 | 2,546| 18.2 45 to 54 years..........................| 9,314| 1,767| 19.0 | 2,028| 21.8 | 9,607| 1,800| 18.7 | 2,048| 21.3 55 to 64 years..........................| 4,379| 684| 15.6 | 789| 18.0 | 4,323| 719| 16.6 | 836| 19.3 65 years and over.......................| 1,161| 91| 7.8 | 104| 9.0 | 1,207| 95| 7.9 | 109| 9.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX | | | | | | | | | | White, 16 years and over..................| 89,643| 13,612| 15.2 | 15,262| 17.0 | 91,290| 13,520| 14.8 | 15,213| 16.7 Men.....................................| 47,186| 8,495| 18.0 | 9,277| 19.7 | 48,351| 8,330| 17.2 | 9,141| 18.9 Women...................................| 42,458| 5,117| 12.1 | 5,985| 14.1 | 42,939| 5,189| 12.1 | 6,072| 14.1 | | | | | | | | | | Black, 16 years and over..................| 11,612| 2,435| 21.0 | 2,772| 23.9 | 12,229| 2,513| 20.6 | 2,844| 23.3 Men.....................................| 5,588| 1,298| 23.2 | 1,444| 25.8 | 5,834| 1,357| 23.3 | 1,513| 25.9 Women...................................| 6,024| 1,137| 18.9 | 1,328| 22.0 | 6,395| 1,156| 18.1 | 1,331| 20.8 | | | | | | | | | | Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........| 8,575| 1,291| 15.1 | 1,427| 16.6 | 10,017| 1,420| 14.2 | 1,592| 15.9 Men.....................................| 5,085| 826| 16.3 | 891| 17.5 | 6,002| 933| 15.6 | 1,021| 17.0 Women...................................| 3,490| 465| 13.3 | 536| 15.4 | 4,015| 487| 12.1 | 570| 14.2 | | | | | | | | | | 3/ | | | | | | | | | | FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS | | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers.........................| 85,211| 15,171| 17.8 | 16,999| 19.9 | 87,379| 15,093| 17.3 | 16,933| 19.4 Part-time workers.........................| 19,856| 1,427| 7.2 | 1,647| 8.3 | 20,431| 1,623| 7.9 | 1,879| 9.2 | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3/ The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. In 1994, these data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings. Table 2. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1993 | 1994 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Members of | Represented | | Members of | Represented | | unions1/ | by unions2/ | | unions1/ | by unions2/ Occupation and industry | Total | | | Total | | _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ | em- | | | | | em- | | | | |ployed | |Percent| |Percent|ployed | |Percent| |Percent | | Total | of | Total | of | | Total | of | Total | of | | | em- | | em- | | | em- | | em- | | |ployed | |ployed | | |ployed | |ployed | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty.......| 27,168| 4,051| 14.9 | 4,897| 18.0 | 28,568| 4,100| 14.4 | 4,937| 17.3 Executive, administrative, and managerial.| 12,453| 775| 6.2 | 1,021| 8.2 | 13,123| 826| 6.3 | 1,072| 8.2 Professional specialty....................| 14,715| 3,276| 22.3 | 3,877| 26.3 | 15,446| 3,273| 21.2 | 3,865| 25.0 | | | | | | | | | | Technical, sales, and administrative support| 33,429| 3,478| 10.4 | 4,054| 12.1 | 33,509| 3,466| 10.3 | 4,041| 12.1 Technicians and related support...........| 3,951| 451| 11.4 | 526| 13.3 | 3,766| 429| 11.4 | 506| 13.4 Sales occupations.........................| 11,442| 536| 4.7 | 621| 5.4 | 11,981| 583| 4.9 | 660| 5.5 Administrative support, including clerical| 18,036| 2,491| 13.8 | 2,907| 16.1 | 17,762| 2,454| 13.8 | 2,875| 16.2 | | | | | | | | | | Service occupations.........................| 15,371| 2,127| 13.8 | 2,355| 15.3 | 15,597| 2,226| 14.3 | 2,443| 15.7 Protective service........................| 2,178| 873| 40.1 | 937| 43.0 | 2,234| 927| 41.5 | 986| 44.1 Service, except protective service........| 13,193| 1,254| 9.5 | 1,418| 10.7 | 13,364| 1,299| 9.7 | 1,458| 10.9 | | | | | | | | | | Precision production, craft, and repair.....| 11,024| 2,825| 25.6 | 2,997| 27.2 | 11,354| 2,718| 23.9 | 2,911| 25.6 | | | | | | | | | | Operators, fabricators, and laborers........| 16,316| 4,027| 24.7 | 4,243| 26.0 | 17,142| 4,135| 24.1 | 4,395| 25.6 Machine operators, assemblers, and | | | | | | | | | | inspectors................................| 7,265| 1,819| 25.0 | 1,909| 26.3 | 7,510| 1,829| 24.4 | 1,948| 25.9 Transportation and material moving | | | | | | | | | | occupations...............................| 4,552| 1,220| 26.8 | 1,291| 28.4 | 4,740| 1,232| 26.0 | 1,306| 27.5 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and| | | | | | | | | | laborers..................................| 4,498| 988| 22.0 | 1,043| 23.2 | 4,892| 1,074| 21.9 | 1,141| 23.3 | | | | | | | | | | Farming, forestry, and fishing..............| 1,759| 90| 5.1 | 100| 5.7 | 1,820| 104| 5.7 | 122| 6.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | | | Agricultural wage and salary workers........| 1,472| 24| 1.6 | 31| 2.1 | 1,487| 34| 2.3 | 42| 2.8 Private nonagricultural wage and salary | | | | | | | | | | workers...................................| 84,978| 9,557| 11.2 | 10,453| 12.3 | 88,163| 9,620| 10.9 | 10,612| 12.0 Mining....................................| 643| 103| 16.0 | 113| 17.6 | 652| 102| 15.7 | 111| 17.1 Construction..............................| 4,638| 929| 20.0 | 973| 21.0 | 4,866| 916| 18.8 | 966| 19.9 | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing.............................| 18,710| 3,592| 19.2 | 3,806| 20.3 | 19,267| 3,514| 18.2 | 3,787| 19.7 Durable goods...........................| 10,790| 2,228| 20.7 | 2,362| 21.9 | 11,285| 2,153| 19.1 | 2,327| 20.6 Nondurable goods........................| 7,920| 1,364| 17.2 | 1,444| 18.2 | 7,983| 1,361| 17.0 | 1,460| 18.3 | | | | | | | | | | Transportation and public utilities.......| 6,313| 1,924| 30.5 | 2,052| 32.5 | 6,512| 1,848| 28.4 | 1,997| 30.7 Transportation..........................| 3,650| 1,048| 28.7 | 1,104| 30.2 | 3,925| 1,090| 27.8 | 1,152| 29.3 Communications and public utilities.....| 2,663| 876| 32.9 | 948| 35.6 | 2,587| 758| 29.3 | 846| 32.7 | | | | | | | | | | Wholesale and retail trade................| 21,655| 1,367| 6.3 | 1,502| 6.9 | 22,319| 1,379| 6.2 | 1,524| 6.8 Wholesale trade.........................| 3,896| 268| 6.9 | 303| 7.8 | 3,991| 260| 6.5 | 289| 7.2 Retail trade............................| 17,759| 1,099| 6.2 | 1,199| 6.8 | 18,328| 1,120| 6.1 | 1,236| 6.7 | | | | | | | | | | Finance, insurance, and real estate.......| 6,783| 131| 1.9 | 177| 2.6 | 6,897| 156| 2.3 | 215| 3.1 Services..................................| 26,235| 1,510| 5.8 | 1,831| 7.0 | 27,649| 1,704| 6.2 | 2,012| 7.3 Government workers..........................| 18,618| 7,018| 37.7 | 8,162| 43.8 | 18,339| 7,094| 38.7 | 8,195| 44.7 | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings. Table 3. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1993 | 1994 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Characteristic | | Members | Repre- | | | Members | Repre- | | Total | of | sented | Non- | Total | of | sented | Non- | |unions1/ | by | union | |unions1/ | by | union | | |unions2/ | | | |unions2/ | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SEX AND AGE | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over...................| $463 | $575 | $569 | $426 | $467 | $592 | $587 | $432 16 to 24 years............................| 283 | 377 | 366 | 277 | 286 | 366 | 364 | 281 25 years and over.........................| 493 | 585 | 581 | 468 | 500 | 603 | 599 | 474 25 to 34 years...........................| 439 | 520 | 514 | 420 | 439 | 532 | 522 | 421 35 to 44 years...........................| 519 | 595 | 593 | 499 | 537 | 623 | 618 | 508 45 to 54 years...........................| 543 | 622 | 620 | 507 | 566 | 639 | 636 | 520 55 to 64 years...........................| 492 | 576 | 573 | 462 | 501 | 588 | 589 | 472 65 years and over........................| 394 | 467 | 462 | 381 | 384 | 549 | 549 | 361 | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over....................| 514 | 608 | 606 | 490 | 522 | 621 | 620 | 495 16 to 24 years...........................| 289 | 393 | 383 | 283 | 294 | 374 | 371 | 288 25 years and over........................| 559 | 617 | 616 | 524 | 576 | 635 | 635 | 544 25 to 34 years..........................| 478 | 555 | 549 | 459 | 479 | 572 | 566 | 460 35 to 44 years..........................| 598 | 623 | 623 | 586 | 617 | 657 | 656 | 603 45 to 54 years..........................| 656 | 670 | 671 | 641 | 671 | 685 | 684 | 661 55 to 64 years..........................| 586 | 610 | 612 | 564 | 603 | 617 | 624 | 591 65 years and over.......................| 453 | 529 | 524 | 434 | 441 | 608 | 604 | 405 | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over..................| 395 | 504 | 500 | 374 | 399 | 522 | 517 | 377 16 to 24 years...........................| 274 | 344 | 340 | 270 | 276 | 350 | 348 | 271 25 years and over........................| 416 | 511 | 508 | 396 | 421 | 535 | 527 | 401 25 to 34 years..........................| 396 | 481 | 474 | 383 | 397 | 483 | 478 | 385 35 to 44 years..........................| 437 | 526 | 524 | 412 | 448 | 570 | 560 | 419 45 to 54 years..........................| 441 | 540 | 537 | 407 | 450 | 573 | 572 | 415 55 to 64 years..........................| 396 | 482 | 480 | 372 | 398 | 506 | 504 | 374 65 years and over.......................| 335 | 400 | 399 | 316 | 336 | 458 | 450 | 323 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX | | | | | | | | White, 16 years and over..................| 478 | 589 | 585 | 444 | 484 | 609 | 604 | 451 Men.....................................| 531 | 619 | 618 | 505 | 547 | 640 | 638 | 513 Women...................................| 403 | 514 | 510 | 382 | 408 | 546 | 538 | 386 | | | | | | | | Black, 16 years and over..................| 370 | 490 | 485 | 330 | 371 | 493 | 487 | 338 Men.....................................| 392 | 514 | 510 | 345 | 400 | 524 | 518 | 359 Women...................................| 349 | 454 | 447 | 320 | 346 | 452 | 446 | 323 | | | | | | | | Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........| 335 | 481 | 478 | 311 | 324 | 470 | 468 | 307 Men.....................................| 352 | 511 | 509 | 318 | 343 | 506 | 501 | 316 Women...................................| 314 | 413 | 415 | 297 | 305 | 402 | 413 | 289 | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic- origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1993 | 1994 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Occupation and industry | | Members | Repre- | | | Members | Repre- | | Total | of | sented | Non- | Total | of | sented | Non- | |unions1/ | by | union | |unions1/ | by | union | | |unions2/ | | | |unions2/ | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty.......| $675 | $696 | $688 | $670 | $683 | $729 | $720 | $672 Executive, administrative, and managerial.| 664 | 710 | 710 | 658 | 658 | 690 | 689 | 655 Professional specialty....................| 682 | 693 | 683 | 681 | 705 | 737 | 728 | 694 | | | | | | | | Technical, sales, and administrative support| 419 | 509 | 501 | 408 | 420 | 518 | 511 | 407 Technicians and related support...........| 528 | 620 | 619 | 517 | 534 | 629 | 622 | 521 Sales occupations.........................| 457 | 463 | 466 | 456 | 450 | 483 | 478 | 448 Administrative support, including clerical| 392 | 502 | 492 | 374 | 392 | 511 | 504 | 372 | | | | | | | | Service occupations.........................| 293 | 478 | 467 | 265 | 294 | 483 | 470 | 268 Protective service........................| 511 | 634 | 628 | 404 | 517 | 650 | 643 | 398 Service, except protective service........| 267 | 377 | 369 | 253 | 267 | 369 | 361 | 256 | | | | | | | | Precision production, craft, and repair.....| 501 | 642 | 637 | 453 | 504 | 672 | 663 | 458 | | | | | | | | Operators, fabricators, and laborers........| 365 | 501 | 497 | 321 | 373 | 514 | 510 | 327 Machine operators, assemblers, and | | | | | | | | inspectors................................| 348 | 479 | 476 | 314 | 361 | 492 | 488 | 322 Transportation and material moving | | | | | | | | occupations...............................| 447 | 588 | 581 | 398 | 461 | 600 | 594 | 410 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and| | | | | | | | laborers..................................| 312 | 472 | 465 | 284 | 311 | 478 | 476 | 288 | | | | | | | | Farming, forestry, and fishing..............| 269 | 436 | 413 | 264 | 282 | 416 | 406 | 273 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | Agricultural wage and salary workers........| 277 | (3) | (3) | 277 | 282 | (3) | (3) | 279 Private nonagricultural wage and salary | | | | | | | | workers...................................| 441 | $544 | $538 | 420 | 448 | $562 | $556 | 427 Mining....................................| 645 | 631 | 631 | 657 | 639 | 664 | 656 | 634 Construction..............................| 482 | 692 | 689 | 425 | 477 | 696 | 687 | 425 | | | | | | | | Manufacturing.............................| 466 | 505 | 505 | 448 | 482 | 533 | 533 | 464 Durable goods...........................| 493 | 524 | 523 | 480 | 507 | 555 | 555 | 492 Nondurable goods........................| 419 | 473 | 471 | 407 | 438 | 503 | 501 | 420 | | | | | | | | Transportation and public utilities.......| 570 | 640 | 631 | 516 | 584 | 665 | 657 | 531 Transportation..........................| 512 | 632 | 624 | 472 | 523 | 650 | 645 | 482 Communications and public utilities.....| 631 | 647 | 638 | 625 | 657 | 681 | 671 | 646 | | | | | | | | Wholesale and retail trade................| 356 | 465 | 459 | 347 | 359 | 453 | 439 | 352 Wholesale trade.........................| 474 | 492 | 496 | 471 | 476 | 506 | 500 | 473 Retail trade............................| 320 | 451 | 439 | 314 | 322 | 425 | 414 | 318 | | | | | | | | Finance, insurance, and real estate.......| 490 | 484 | 481 | 490 | 484 | 471 | 467 | 485 Services..................................| 420 | 482 | 478 | 416 | 425 | 485 | 488 | 420 Government workers..........................| 547 | 602 | 596 | 498 | 564 | 623 | 617 | 493 | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3/ Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.