TEXT Table 1. Employment status of the civilian population 16 to 24 years of age by sex and race, April-July 1994 Table 2. Employment status of the civilian population 16 to 24 years of age by sex and race, July 1990-94 Table 3. Employed civilians 16 to 24 years of age by industry, class of worker, and race, July 1993-94 Technical information: (202) 606-6378 USDL 94-406 606-6373 Media contact: 606-5902 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Friday, August 19, 1994 YOUTH LABOR MARKET--SUMMER 1994 The number of 16- to 24-year-olds with jobs increased by 2.9 million from April to July of 1994, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number who were unemployed (those looking for work) also rose--by 374,000--between the spring and summer, as is usual during this time of the year. (See table 1.) (Because the focus of this analysis is on seasonal movements in the number of young workers, the data used for this release are not seasonally adjusted.) Labor Force The 16- to 24-year-old labor force expands sharply each summer, as large numbers of students enter the labor market to take or search for summer jobs, and many high school and college graduates seek permanent ones. Combining the increases in employment and unemployment, the youth labor force increased by 3.3 million this summer. This seasonal buildup included 1.9 million young men and 1.4 million young women. The total number of 16- to 24-year-olds in the labor force was about 24.1 million in July. The group's labor force participation rate--the proportion of the youth population working or looking for work--was 74.1 percent. The proportions varied considerably by sex and race: July participation rates were 78.8 percent for young men, versus 69.4 percent for young women; and 77.2 percent for white youth, versus 63.7 percent for black youth in July. (See table 1.) Employment The number of employed youth increased by 2.9 million between April and July to 21.1 million. About 6 in 7 worked in the private sector this summer, with the retail trade (7.3 million) and services (5.3 million) the largest employers. There were also sizable numbers of youth employed in the manufacturing and the construction industries. Government--Federal, state, and local--employed a total of 1.7 million young people in July, partly through the Federally-funded summer jobs program. About half of the young people with government jobs were employed in local governments. About 7 percent of white youth and 14 percent of black youth worked for governments. (See table 3.) Unemployment About 3.1 million 16- to 24-year-olds were unemployed this July. The unemployment rate was 12.7 percent. Jobless rates were 13.1 percent for young men, 12.3 percent for young women, 10.6 percent for white youth, and 24.9 percent for black youth. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with 1993 and earlier | | years' data because of the introduction of a major redesign of the Current | | Population Survey and the introduction of the 1990 census-based population | | controls, adjusted for the estimated undercount. This will, in particular,| | affect any calculation of year-to-year changes. It also could be relevant | | with respect to comparative changes within a year, which is why no | | comparative statements were attempted involving April-July changes in 1994 | | versus earlier years. For additional information, see "Revisions in the | | Current Population Survey Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 | | issue of Employment and Earnings. | | | | This release provides data on the influx of youth into the labor market| | between the spring and summer (table 1). The April-July period is used as | | the most representative time frame to measure the full summertime | | transition from school to work. July is preferable for analytical | | purposes, since it is traditionally the peak month of youth employment. | | | | Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired | | individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606- | | 5897; TDD message referral: 1-800-326-2577. | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 1. Employment status of the civilian population 16 to 24 years of age by sex and race, April-July 1994 (Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | April-July changes Employment status, sex, and race | April | May | June | July | _________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | Number | Percent | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | TOTAL | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 32,495 | 32,561 | 32,570 | 32,579 | 84 | 0.3 Civilian labor force...........................| 20,812 | 21,345 | 23,559 | 24,132 | 3,320 | 16.0 Participation rate.......................| 64.0 | 65.6 | 72.3 | 74.1 | 10.1 | 15.8 Employed.....................................| 18,122 | 18,566 | 20,342 | 21,068 | 2,946 | 16.3 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 55.8 | 57.0 | 62.5 | 64.7 | 8.9 | 15.9 Unemployed...................................| 2,690 | 2,779 | 3,216 | 3,064 | 374 | 13.9 Looking for full-time work.................| 1,806 | 1,949 | 2,417 | 2,339 | 533 | 29.5 Looking for part-time work.................| 884 | 830 | 800 | 725 | -159 | -18.0 Unemployment rate..........................| 12.9 | 13.0 | 13.7 | 12.7 | -.2 | -1.6 Not in labor force.............................| 11,684 | 11,216 | 9,012 | 8,447 | -3,237 | -27.7 | | | | | | | | | | | | Men | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 16,238 | 16,275 | 16,272 | 16,292 | 54 | .3 Civilian labor force...........................| 10,913 | 11,263 | 12,387 | 12,836 | 1,923 | 17.6 Participation rate.......................| 67.2 | 69.2 | 76.1 | 78.8 | 11.6 | 17.3 Employed.....................................| 9,395 | 9,705 | 10,690 | 11,159 | 1,764 | 18.8 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 57.9 | 59.6 | 65.7 | 68.5 | 10.6 | 18.3 Unemployed...................................| 1,518 | 1,558 | 1,697 | 1,676 | 158 | 10.4 Looking for full-time work.................| 1,081 | 1,128 | 1,308 | 1,320 | 239 | 22.1 Looking for part-time work.................| 438 | 429 | 390 | 356 | -82 | -18.7 Unemployment rate..........................| 13.9 | 13.8 | 13.7 | 13.1 | -.8 | -5.8 Not in labor force.............................| 5,324 | 5,012 | 3,885 | 3,456 | -1,868 | -35.1 | | | | | | | | | | | | Women | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 16,258 | 16,286 | 16,298 | 16,287 | 29 | .2 Civilian labor force...........................| 9,898 | 10,082 | 11,172 | 11,297 | 1,399 | 14.1 Participation rate.......................| 60.9 | 61.9 | 68.5 | 69.4 | 8.5 | 14.0 Employed.....................................| 8,727 | 8,861 | 9,653 | 9,909 | 1,182 | 13.5 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 53.7 | 54.4 | 59.2 | 60.8 | 7.1 | 13.2 Unemployed...................................| 1,172 | 1,222 | 1,519 | 1,388 | 216 | 18.4 Looking for full-time work.................| 725 | 821 | 1,109 | 1,019 | 294 | 40.6 Looking for part-time work.................| 447 | 401 | 410 | 368 | -79 | -17.7 Unemployment rate..........................| 11.8 | 12.1 | 13.6 | 12.3 | .5 | 4.2 Not in labor force.............................| 6,359 | 6,203 | 5,127 | 4,990 | -1,369 | -21.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | White | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 26,007 | 25,987 | 25,980 | 25,963 | -44 | -.2 Civilian labor force...........................| 17,524 | 17,899 | 19,646 | 20,048 | 2,524 | 14.4 Participation rate.......................| 67.4 | 68.9 | 75.6 | 77.2 | 9.8 | 14.5 Employed.....................................| 15,542 | 15,937 | 17,445 | 17,928 | 2,386 | 15.4 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 59.8 | 61.3 | 67.1 | 69.1 | 9.3 | 15.6 Unemployed...................................| 1,982 | 1,962 | 2,201 | 2,120 | 138 | 7.0 Looking for full-time work.................| 1,304 | 1,329 | 1,628 | 1,596 | 292 | 22.4 Looking for part-time work.................| 679 | 633 | 573 | 524 | -155 | -22.8 Unemployment rate..........................| 11.3 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 10.6 | -.7 | -6.2 Not in labor force.............................| 8,483 | 8,088 | 6,334 | 5,915 | -2,568 | -30.3 | | | | | | | | | | | | Black | | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 4,800 | 4,802 | 4,808 | 4,826 | 26 | .5 Civilian labor force...........................| 2,499 | 2,575 | 2,922 | 3,073 | 574 | 23.0 Participation rate.......................| 52.1 | 53.6 | 60.8 | 63.7 | 11.6 | 22.3 Employed.....................................| 1,900 | 1,869 | 2,082 | 2,309 | 409 | 21.5 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 39.6 | 38.9 | 43.3 | 47.8 | 8.2 | 20.7 Unemployed...................................| 599 | 706 | 839 | 764 | 165 | 27.5 Looking for full-time work.................| 426 | 538 | 657 | 634 | 208 | 48.8 Looking for part-time work.................| 174 | 168 | 182 | 130 | -44 | -25.3 Unemployment rate..........................| 24.0 | 27.4 | 28.7 | 24.9 | .9 | 3.8 Not in labor force.............................| 2,301 | 2,227 | 1,886 | 1,753 | -548 | -23.8 | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey noninstitutional population. Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with Employment and Earnings. data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional Table 2. Employment status of the civilian population 16 to 24 years of age by sex and race, July 1990-94 (Numbers in thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.) __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | Employment status, sex, and race | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | TOTAL | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 31,577 | 31,172 | 30,880 | 30,814 | 32,579 Civilian labor force...........................| 23,748 | 22,975 | 23,076 | 22,987 | 24,132 Participation rate.......................| 75.2 | 73.7 | 74.7 | 74.6 | 74.1 Employed.....................................| 21,176 | 19,822 | 19,745 | 19,947 | 21,068 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 67.1 | 63.6 | 63.9 | 64.7 | 64.7 Unemployed...................................| 2,572 | 3,152 | 3,331 | 3,039 | 3,064 Looking for full-time work.................| 1,811 | 2,302 | 2,360 | 2,252 | 2,339 Looking for part-time work.................| 761 | 850 | 971 | 788 | 725 Unemployment rate..........................| 10.8 | 13.7 | 14.4 | 13.2 | 12.7 Not in labor force.............................| 7,828 | 8,198 | 7,803 | 7,828 | 8,447 | | | | | | | | | | Men | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 15,603 | 15,443 | 15,302 | 15,298 | 16,292 Civilian labor force...........................| 12,602 | 12,294 | 12,205 | 12,148 | 12,836 Participation rate.......................| 80.8 | 79.6 | 79.8 | 79.4 | 78.8 Employed.....................................| 11,260 | 10,580 | 10,433 | 10,491 | 11,159 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 72.2 | 68.5 | 68.2 | 68.6 | 68.5 Unemployed...................................| 1,342 | 1,714 | 1,772 | 1,657 | 1,676 Looking for full-time work.................| 988 | 1,316 | 1,291 | 1,263 | 1,320 Looking for part-time work.................| 355 | 399 | 480 | 394 | 356 Unemployment rate..........................| 10.7 | 13.9 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 13.1 Not in labor force.............................| 3,001 | 3,149 | 3,097 | 3,150 | 3,456 | | | | | | | | | | Women | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 15,974 | 15,729 | 15,577 | 15,516 | 16,287 Civilian labor force...........................| 11,146 | 10,680 | 10,871 | 10,839 | 11,297 Participation rate.......................| 69.8 | 67.9 | 69.8 | 69.9 | 69.4 Employed.....................................| 9,916 | 9,243 | 9,312 | 9,456 | 9,909 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 62.1 | 58.8 | 59.8 | 60.9 | 60.8 Unemployed...................................| 1,230 | 1,438 | 1,559 | 1,383 | 1,388 Looking for full-time work.................| 824 | 986 | 1,068 | 989 | 1,019 Looking for part-time work.................| 406 | 451 | 491 | 394 | 368 Unemployment rate..........................| 11.0 | 13.5 | 14.3 | 12.8 | 12.3 Not in labor force.............................| 4,828 | 5,049 | 4,706 | 4,677 | 4,990 | | | | | | | | | | White | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 25,737 | 25,339 | 24,991 | 24,866 | 25,963 Civilian labor force...........................| 20,152 | 19,482 | 19,400 | 19,249 | 20,048 Participation rate.......................| 78.3 | 76.9 | 77.6 | 77.4 | 77.2 Employed.....................................| 18,370 | 17,131 | 17,081 | 17,144 | 17,928 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 71.4 | 67.6 | 68.3 | 68.9 | 69.1 Unemployed...................................| 1,782 | 2,350 | 2,319 | 2,105 | 2,120 Looking for full-time work.................| 1,238 | 1,705 | 1,612 | 1,560 | 1,596 Looking for part-time work.................| 544 | 646 | 707 | 545 | 524 Unemployment rate..........................| 8.8 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 10.9 | 10.6 Not in labor force.............................| 5,585 | 5,857 | 5,591 | 5,616 | 5,915 | | | | | | | | | | Black | | | | | Civilian noninstitutional population.............| 4,584 | 4,568 | 4,568 | 4,585 | 4,826 Civilian labor force...........................| 2,840 | 2,743 | 2,888 | 2,907 | 3,073 Participation rate.......................| 62.0 | 60.0 | 63.2 | 63.4 | 63.7 Employed.....................................| 2,149 | 2,034 | 2,010 | 2,120 | 2,309 Employment-population ratio 1/...........| 46.9 | 44.5 | 44.0 | 46.2 | 47.8 Unemployed...................................| 691 | 708 | 878 | 787 | 764 Looking for full-time work.................| 513 | 538 | 670 | 611 | 634 Looking for part-time work.................| 178 | 171 | 208 | 176 | 130 Unemployment rate..........................| 24.3 | 25.8 | 30.4 | 27.1 | 24.9 Not in labor force.............................| 1,744 | 1,825 | 1,679 | 1,678 | 1,753 | | | | | __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian information, see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey noninstitutional population. Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with Employment and Earnings. data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional Table 3. Employed civilians 16 to 24 years of age by industry, class of worker, and race, July 1993-94 (In thousands. Data are not seasonally adjusted.) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | Total | White | Black Industry and class of worker | | | _________________________ _________________________ _________________________ | | | | | | | 1993 | 1994 | 1993 | 1994 | 1993 | 1994 | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Total employed..............................| 19,947 | 21,068 | 17,144 | 17,928 | 2,120 | 2,309 | | | | | | Agriculture.....................................| 695 | 732 | 654 | 685 | 24 | 42 Nonagricultural industries......................| 19,253 | 20,336 | 16,490 | 17,244 | 2,096 | 2,267 Private wage and salary workers...............| 17,247 | 18,147 | 14,893 | 15,528 | 1,788 | 1,890 Mining......................................| 52 | 55 | 45 | 44 | 5 | 8 Construction................................| 914 | 1,035 | 834 | 940 | 48 | 58 Manufacturing...............................| 2,104 | 2,240 | 1,877 | 1,926 | 182 | 208 Transportation and public utilities.........| 569 | 664 | 462 | 575 | 72 | 64 Wholesale trade.............................| 552 | 626 | 506 | 548 | 32 | 53 Retail trade................................| 6,968 | 7,278 | 5,927 | 6,222 | 780 | 783 Finance, insurance, and real estate.........| 931 | 938 | 804 | 799 | 104 | 100 Services....................................| 5,157 | 5,311 | 4,474 | 4,474 | 565 | 616 Government....................................| 1,637 | 1,673 | 1,271 | 1,262 | 289 | 328 Federal.....................................| 229 | 255 | 147 | 164 | 70 | 63 State.......................................| 483 | 547 | 393 | 425 | 68 | 96 Local.......................................| 925 | 872 | 731 | 673 | 151 | 168 Self-employed and unpaid family workers.......| 370 | 516 | 327 | 454 | 20 | 49 | | | | | | ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Data for 1994 are not directly comparable with see "Revisions in the Current Population Survey data for 1993 and earlier years. For additional information, Effective January 1994" in the February 1994 issue of Employment and Earnings.