Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until	                 USDL-24-0796
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, May 3, 2024

Technical information: 
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	     (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                        THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- APRIL 2024


Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, and the unemployment rate
changed little at 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains
occurred in health care, in social assistance, and in transportation and warehousing.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey measures
labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The establishment
survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For more information 
about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys, see the Technical 
Note.

Household Survey Data

Both the unemployment rate, at 3.9 percent, and the number of unemployed people, at 6.5
million, changed little in April. The unemployment rate has remained in a narrow range of 3.7
percent to 3.9 percent since August 2023. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rate for adult men (3.6 percent) increased in
April. The rate for Blacks (5.6 percent) decreased, offsetting an increase in the prior month.
The jobless rates for adult women (3.5 percent), teenagers (11.7 percent), Whites (3.5 percent),
Asians (2.8 percent), and Hispanics (4.8 percent) showed little change over the month. (See
tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.3 million, was
essentially unchanged in April. The long-term unemployed accounted for 19.6 percent of all
unemployed people. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate held at 62.7 percent in April, and the employment-population
ratio was little changed at 60.2 percent. These measures have shown little change over the
year. (See table A-1.)

The number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.5 million, changed little
in April. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part
time because their hours had been reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See
table A-8.)

In April, the number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.6 million,
was little changed. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they were not
actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were unavailable to take
a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people marginally attached
to the labor force, at 1.6 million, was little changed in April. These individuals wanted and
were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months but had not
looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a 
subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them, also
changed little over the month at 362,000. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 175,000 in April, lower than the average monthly
gain of 242,000 over the prior 12 months. In April, job gains occurred in health care, in
social assistance, and in transportation and warehousing. (See table B-1.)

Health care added 56,000 jobs in April, in line with the average monthly gain of 63,000 over
the prior 12 months. In April, employment continued to increase in ambulatory health care
services (+33,000), hospitals (+14,000), and nursing and residential care facilities (+9,000). 

Employment in social assistance increased by 31,000 in April, led by a gain in individual and
family services (+23,000). Social assistance had added an average of 21,000 jobs per month 
over the prior 12 months.

In April, transportation and warehousing added 22,000 jobs, with gains in couriers and 
messengers (+8,000) and warehousing and storage (+8,000). Over the prior 12 months, employment
in transportation and warehousing had shown little net change.

Employment in retail trade continued to trend up in April (+20,000). Over the prior 12 months,
the industry had added an average of 7,000 jobs per month. In April, employment increased in
general merchandise retailers (+10,000), building material and garden equipment and supplies
dealers (+7,000), and health and personal care retailers (+5,000). Electronics and appliance
retailers lost 3,000 jobs. 

Construction employment changed little in April (+9,000), following an increase of 40,000 in
March. Over the prior 12 months, construction had added an average of 22,000 jobs per month. 

Employment in government changed little in April (+8,000). Over the prior 12 months, government
had added an average of 55,000 jobs per month. In April, local government employment was 
unchanged, following an increase of 51,000 in March. 

Employment was little changed over the month in other major industries, including mining,
quarrying, and oil and gas extraction; manufacturing; wholesale trade; information; financial
activities; professional and business services; leisure and hospitality; and other services.

In April, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by
7 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $34.75. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have 
increased by 3.9 percent. In April, average hourly earnings of private-sector production and
nonsupervisory employees edged up by 6 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $29.83. (See tables B-3 and
B-8.) 

In April, the average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1
hour to 34.3 hours. In manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 40.0 hours, and
overtime was also unchanged at 2.9 hours. The average workweek for production and 
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 hour to 33.7 hours.
(See tables B-2 and B-7.) 

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for February was revised down by 34,000, from
+270,000 to +236,000, and the change for March was revised up by 12,000, from +303,000 to
+315,000. With these revisions, employment in February and March combined is 22,000 lower than
previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from 
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from the 
recalculation of seasonal factors.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for May is scheduled to be released on Friday, June 7, 2024,
at 8:30 a.m. (ET).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Change from: Mar. 2024- Apr. 2024
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	266,443	267,711	267,884	268,066	182
Civilian labor force	166,678	167,426	167,895	167,982	87
Participation rate	62.6	62.5	62.7	62.7	0.0
Employed	160,962	160,968	161,466	161,491	25
Employment-population ratio	60.4	60.1	60.3	60.2	-0.1
Unemployed	5,715	6,458	6,429	6,492	63
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.9	3.8	3.9	0.1
Not in labor force	99,766	100,285	99,989	100,083	94
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.4	3.9	3.8	3.9	0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.3	3.5	3.3	3.6	0.3
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.1	3.5	3.6	3.5	-0.1
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	9.3	12.5	12.6	11.7	-0.9
White	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.5	0.1
Black or African American	4.8	5.6	6.4	5.6	-0.8
Asian	2.8	3.4	2.5	2.8	0.3
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.4	5.0	4.5	4.8	0.3
Total, 25 years and over	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.2	0.1
Less than a high school diploma	5.4	6.1	4.9	6.0	1.1
High school graduates, no college	3.9	4.2	4.1	4.0	-0.1
Some college or associate degree	2.9	3.1	3.4	3.3	-0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.2	0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,676	3,216	3,042	3,241	199
Job leavers	786	711	823	785	-38
Reentrants	1,778	1,946	1,920	1,929	9
New entrants	519	611	678	574	-104
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	1,867	2,326	2,189	2,262	73
5 to 14 weeks	1,920	1,933	1,979	1,987	8
15 to 26 weeks	748	974	982	869	-113
27 weeks and over	1,089	1,203	1,246	1,250	4
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	3,896	4,376	4,308	4,469	161
Slack work or business conditions	2,764	2,863	2,972	3,058	86
Could only find part-time work	836	1,104	999	1,134	135
Part time for noneconomic reasons	21,753	22,309	22,902	22,253	-649
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,503	1,558	1,595	1,565	-30
Discouraged workers	366	425	337	362	25
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	278	236	315	175
Total private	231	181	243	167
Goods-producing	33	15	39	14
Mining and logging	4	0	3	-3
Construction	20	24	40	9
Manufacturing	9	-9	-4	8
Durable goods(1)	10	-3	2	1
Motor vehicles and parts	9.0	-3.1	3.8	-2.1
Nondurable goods	-1	-6	-6	7
Private service-providing	198	166	204	153
Wholesale trade	-1.0	-3.6	10.4	10.1
Retail trade	6.4	23.4	15.1	20.1
Transportation and warehousing	7.2	31.3	5.9	21.8
Utilities	1.9	3.0	-0.9	0.0
Information	-1	-3	4	-8
Financial activities	29	-7	5	6
Professional and business services(1)	30	6	10	-4
Temporary help services	-18.3	-16.2	-2.7	-16.4
Private education and health services(1)	79	80	88	95
Health care and social assistance	66.5	88.9	86.9	87.0
Leisure and hospitality	42	26	53	5
Other services	4	10	13	7
Government	47	55	72	8
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	237	261	269	242
Total private	183	197	207	197
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.9	49.9	49.9
Total private women employees	48.3	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.4	81.4	81.4	81.4
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.3	34.3	34.4	34.3
Average hourly earnings	$33.44	$34.56	$34.68	$34.75
Average weekly earnings	$1,146.99	$1,185.41	$1,192.99	$1,191.93
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	114.4	115.9	116.4	116.3
Over-the-month percent change	-0.1	0.4	0.4	-0.1
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	182.9	191.5	193.1	193.1
Over-the-month percent change	0.3	0.6	0.8	0.0
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	60.4	54.0	59.6	60.4
Manufacturing (72 industries)	43.1	47.2	38.2	54.2
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	266,443	267,884	268,066	266,443	267,991	267,540	267,711	267,884	268,066
Civilian labor force	166,221	167,960	167,484	166,678	167,451	167,276	167,426	167,895	167,982
Participation rate	62.4	62.7	62.5	62.6	62.5	62.5	62.5	62.7	62.7
Employed	161,075	161,356	161,590	160,962	161,183	161,152	160,968	161,466	161,491
Employment-population ratio	60.5	60.2	60.3	60.4	60.1	60.2	60.1	60.3	60.2
Unemployed	5,146	6,604	5,894	5,715	6,268	6,124	6,458	6,429	6,492
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.9
Not in labor force	100,222	99,924	100,582	99,766	100,540	100,265	100,285	99,989	100,083
Persons who currently want a job	5,145	5,110	5,502	5,286	5,671	5,793	5,672	5,443	5,637
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	130,234	130,605	130,694	130,234	130,985	130,436	130,520	130,605	130,694
Civilian labor force	88,437	88,892	88,472	88,621	89,250	88,507	88,391	88,812	88,708
Participation rate	67.9	68.1	67.7	68.0	68.1	67.9	67.7	68.0	67.9
Employed	85,534	85,253	85,187	85,521	85,794	85,034	84,993	85,490	85,208
Employment-population ratio	65.7	65.3	65.2	65.7	65.5	65.2	65.1	65.5	65.2
Unemployed	2,903	3,639	3,285	3,100	3,456	3,473	3,398	3,323	3,500
Unemployment rate	3.3	4.1	3.7	3.5	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.9
Not in labor force	41,797	41,713	42,222	41,613	41,735	41,929	42,129	41,793	41,986
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	121,488	121,685	121,763	121,488	122,187	121,539	121,611	121,685	121,763
Civilian labor force	85,396	85,656	85,347	85,393	86,007	85,364	85,180	85,398	85,382
Participation rate	70.3	70.4	70.1	70.3	70.4	70.2	70.0	70.2	70.1
Employed	82,743	82,457	82,424	82,596	82,958	82,304	82,178	82,543	82,318
Employment-population ratio	68.1	67.8	67.7	68.0	67.9	67.7	67.6	67.8	67.6
Unemployed	2,653	3,199	2,923	2,797	3,050	3,060	3,002	2,855	3,064
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.7	3.4	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.6
Not in labor force	36,092	36,029	36,416	36,095	36,180	36,175	36,431	36,287	36,381
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	136,209	137,279	137,372	136,209	137,006	137,104	137,191	137,279	137,372
Civilian labor force	77,784	79,068	79,011	78,057	78,201	78,768	79,035	79,083	79,274
Participation rate	57.1	57.6	57.5	57.3	57.1	57.5	57.6	57.6	57.7
Employed	75,541	76,103	76,403	75,441	75,389	76,118	75,975	75,976	76,283
Employment-population ratio	55.5	55.4	55.6	55.4	55.0	55.5	55.4	55.3	55.5
Unemployed	2,243	2,965	2,609	2,615	2,811	2,650	3,060	3,106	2,991
Unemployment rate	2.9	3.7	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	58,425	58,211	58,361	58,152	58,805	58,336	58,156	58,197	58,098
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,761	128,659	128,742	127,761	128,513	128,503	128,581	128,659	128,742
Civilian labor force	74,818	75,945	75,901	74,920	75,047	75,529	75,835	75,792	75,989
Participation rate	58.6	59.0	59.0	58.6	58.4	58.8	59.0	58.9	59.0
Employed	72,824	73,304	73,579	72,597	72,587	73,144	73,182	73,061	73,334
Employment-population ratio	57.0	57.0	57.2	56.8	56.5	56.9	56.9	56.8	57.0
Unemployed	1,994	2,642	2,322	2,324	2,460	2,385	2,653	2,731	2,655
Unemployment rate	2.7	3.5	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.5
Not in labor force	52,943	52,714	52,841	52,841	53,466	52,974	52,746	52,867	52,753
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,194	17,540	17,561	17,194	17,291	17,498	17,519	17,540	17,561
Civilian labor force	6,007	6,359	6,236	6,365	6,396	6,383	6,411	6,704	6,611
Participation rate	34.9	36.3	35.5	37.0	37.0	36.5	36.6	38.2	37.6
Employed	5,508	5,595	5,587	5,770	5,638	5,704	5,608	5,862	5,839
Employment-population ratio	32.0	31.9	31.8	33.6	32.6	32.6	32.0	33.4	33.2
Unemployed	499	764	649	595	758	679	803	842	772
Unemployment rate	8.3	12.0	10.4	9.3	11.9	10.6	12.5	12.6	11.7
Not in labor force	11,187	11,181	11,326	10,830	10,895	11,115	11,108	10,835	10,950
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	204,261	204,752	204,831	204,261	205,022	204,608	204,677	204,752	204,831
Civilian labor force	126,873	127,640	127,369	127,241	127,226	126,962	127,040	127,596	127,708
Participation rate	62.1	62.3	62.2	62.3	62.1	62.1	62.1	62.3	62.3
Employed	123,300	123,175	123,298	123,263	122,802	122,663	122,685	123,286	123,229
Employment-population ratio	60.4	60.2	60.2	60.3	59.9	60.0	59.9	60.2	60.2
Unemployed	3,574	4,465	4,071	3,978	4,424	4,299	4,356	4,310	4,479
Unemployment rate	2.8	3.5	3.2	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.5
Not in labor force	77,388	77,112	77,463	77,021	77,796	77,646	77,637	77,156	77,123
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	66,340	66,098	65,960	66,361	66,405	65,869	65,685	65,963	65,982
Participation rate	70.2	70.0	69.8	70.2	70.0	69.8	69.6	69.8	69.8
Employed	64,496	63,906	63,887	64,399	64,208	63,674	63,658	64,029	63,801
Employment-population ratio	68.2	67.7	67.6	68.1	67.7	67.5	67.4	67.8	67.5
Unemployed	1,844	2,193	2,073	1,962	2,197	2,195	2,027	1,933	2,181
Unemployment rate	2.8	3.3	3.1	3.0	3.3	3.3	3.1	2.9	3.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,825	56,614	56,561	55,904	55,844	56,219	56,454	56,489	56,622
Participation rate	57.4	58.0	57.9	57.5	57.2	57.6	57.9	57.9	58.0
Employed	54,463	54,849	54,995	54,331	54,175	54,615	54,646	54,677	54,843
Employment-population ratio	56.0	56.2	56.3	55.9	55.5	56.0	56.0	56.0	56.2
Unemployed	1,361	1,765	1,565	1,573	1,669	1,604	1,808	1,811	1,779
Unemployment rate	2.4	3.1	2.8	2.8	3.0	2.9	3.2	3.2	3.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,709	4,928	4,848	4,976	4,976	4,874	4,902	5,145	5,103
Participation rate	37.7	38.8	38.2	39.8	39.7	38.4	38.6	40.5	40.2
Employed	4,340	4,420	4,416	4,533	4,418	4,374	4,381	4,580	4,584
Employment-population ratio	34.7	34.8	34.8	36.2	35.3	34.5	34.5	36.1	36.1
Unemployed	369	508	433	443	558	500	520	565	519
Unemployment rate	7.8	10.3	8.9	8.9	11.2	10.3	10.6	11.0	10.2
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,583	34,883	34,918	34,583	34,853	34,813	34,849	34,883	34,918
Civilian labor force	21,756	22,124	22,021	21,763	22,094	22,051	22,190	22,170	22,051
Participation rate	62.9	63.4	63.1	62.9	63.4	63.3	63.7	63.6	63.2
Employed	20,809	20,689	20,892	20,713	20,952	20,887	20,950	20,746	20,812
Employment-population ratio	60.2	59.3	59.8	59.9	60.1	60.0	60.1	59.5	59.6
Unemployed	947	1,435	1,128	1,050	1,143	1,164	1,240	1,424	1,239
Unemployment rate	4.4	6.5	5.1	4.8	5.2	5.3	5.6	6.4	5.6
Not in labor force	12,827	12,759	12,897	12,820	12,759	12,762	12,659	12,713	12,867
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,986	10,303	10,187	9,978	10,294	10,266	10,344	10,317	10,194
Participation rate	67.6	69.5	68.6	67.6	69.2	69.4	69.8	69.6	68.7
Employed	9,540	9,624	9,670	9,519	9,821	9,717	9,709	9,677	9,661
Employment-population ratio	64.6	64.9	65.2	64.5	66.0	65.7	65.5	65.3	65.1
Unemployed	447	679	517	458	473	548	636	640	533
Unemployment rate	4.5	6.6	5.1	4.6	4.6	5.3	6.1	6.2	5.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	11,082	11,014	11,012	11,051	11,014	10,967	11,050	10,999	10,991
Participation rate	64.1	63.1	63.0	63.9	63.2	62.9	63.4	63.0	62.9
Employed	10,658	10,416	10,538	10,557	10,486	10,445	10,568	10,387	10,442
Employment-population ratio	61.6	59.7	60.3	61.1	60.2	59.9	60.6	59.5	59.8
Unemployed	423	598	474	495	528	521	482	612	548
Unemployment rate	3.8	5.4	4.3	4.5	4.8	4.8	4.4	5.6	5.0
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	688	807	822	734	786	819	796	854	867
Participation rate	27.2	31.0	31.5	29.0	30.7	31.6	30.7	32.8	33.2
Employed	611	649	684	636	644	724	673	682	709
Employment-population ratio	24.2	24.9	26.2	25.2	25.2	27.9	25.9	26.2	27.2
Unemployed	77	159	138	97	142	95	122	171	158
Unemployment rate	11.2	19.6	16.8	13.2	18.0	11.6	15.4	20.1	18.2
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,557	17,781	17,816	17,557	17,896	17,930	17,784	17,781	17,816
Civilian labor force	11,319	11,442	11,485	11,374	11,436	11,559	11,472	11,403	11,536
Participation rate	64.5	64.3	64.5	64.8	63.9	64.5	64.5	64.1	64.7
Employed	11,017	11,157	11,182	11,053	11,084	11,223	11,081	11,113	11,214
Employment-population ratio	62.7	62.7	62.8	63.0	61.9	62.6	62.3	62.5	62.9
Unemployed	302	285	302	321	353	336	390	290	322
Unemployment rate	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.8	3.1	2.9	3.4	2.5	2.8
Not in labor force	6,238	6,339	6,331	6,183	6,459	6,372	6,312	6,379	6,280
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	47,288	48,565	48,667	47,288	48,068	48,364	48,467	48,565	48,667
Civilian labor force	31,506	32,459	32,757	31,587	32,081	32,318	32,499	32,442	32,777
Participation rate	66.6	66.8	67.3	66.8	66.7	66.8	67.1	66.8	67.3
Employed	30,234	30,948	31,296	30,183	30,480	30,700	30,883	30,994	31,187
Employment-population ratio	63.9	63.7	64.3	63.8	63.4	63.5	63.7	63.8	64.1
Unemployed	1,273	1,510	1,462	1,403	1,602	1,618	1,616	1,448	1,589
Unemployment rate	4.0	4.7	4.5	4.4	5.0	5.0	5.0	4.5	4.8
Not in labor force	15,782	16,106	15,910	15,702	15,986	16,046	15,967	16,123	15,890
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	16,970	17,512	17,548	16,963	17,261	17,372	17,415	17,455	17,532
Participation rate	79.0	79.8	79.8	78.9	79.1	79.5	79.5	79.5	79.7
Employed	16,316	16,781	16,821	16,267	16,438	16,519	16,720	16,800	16,765
Employment-population ratio	75.9	76.4	76.5	75.7	75.3	75.6	76.3	76.5	76.2
Unemployed	654	732	727	695	824	852	695	654	766
Unemployment rate	3.9	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.8	4.9	4.0	3.7	4.4
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	13,071	13,473	13,655	13,102	13,346	13,336	13,535	13,483	13,638
Participation rate	61.0	61.1	61.8	61.1	61.3	60.7	61.5	61.1	61.7
Employed	12,583	12,847	13,078	12,568	12,746	12,759	12,860	12,870	13,016
Employment-population ratio	58.7	58.3	59.2	58.6	58.5	58.1	58.4	58.4	58.9
Unemployed	489	627	577	534	601	577	675	612	623
Unemployment rate	3.7	4.7	4.2	4.1	4.5	4.3	5.0	4.5	4.6
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,465	1,473	1,554	1,522	1,474	1,610	1,549	1,504	1,607
Participation rate	33.6	32.3	34.0	34.9	33.2	35.5	34.0	33.0	35.1
Employed	1,335	1,321	1,397	1,348	1,296	1,422	1,304	1,323	1,406
Employment-population ratio	30.6	29.0	30.5	30.9	29.2	31.3	28.6	29.0	30.7
Unemployed	130	152	157	174	177	188	246	181	200
Unemployment rate	8.9	10.3	10.1	11.4	12.0	11.7	15.9	12.0	12.5
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,194	8,864	9,117	9,067	9,384	9,271	9,192	8,916	8,990
Participation rate	46.9	46.0	47.5	46.2	47.5	47.1	48.3	46.3	46.8
Employed	8,705	8,349	8,578	8,575	8,819	8,715	8,626	8,483	8,451
Employment-population ratio	44.4	43.4	44.6	43.7	44.6	44.3	45.4	44.1	44.0
Unemployed	489	514	539	492	564	556	565	433	539
Unemployment rate	5.3	5.8	5.9	5.4	6.0	6.0	6.1	4.9	6.0
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,840	36,504	36,273	35,792	35,748	35,927	36,474	36,364	36,208
Participation rate	56.5	57.5	56.8	56.5	57.1	57.0	57.0	57.3	56.7
Employed	34,491	34,889	34,890	34,379	34,247	34,385	34,948	34,866	34,757
Employment-population ratio	54.4	54.9	54.6	54.2	54.7	54.6	54.7	54.9	54.4
Unemployed	1,349	1,615	1,383	1,413	1,501	1,543	1,526	1,498	1,451
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.4	3.8	3.9	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.1	4.0
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,685	36,198	36,251	35,680	35,737	36,205	36,322	36,147	36,225
Participation rate	63.0	63.3	63.0	63.0	62.4	62.6	63.5	63.2	62.9
Employed	34,730	34,934	35,114	34,659	34,623	35,020	35,178	34,918	35,017
Employment-population ratio	61.3	61.1	61.0	61.2	60.4	60.6	61.5	61.1	60.8
Unemployed	955	1,264	1,137	1,020	1,114	1,184	1,144	1,229	1,208
Unemployment rate	2.7	3.5	3.1	2.9	3.1	3.3	3.1	3.4	3.3
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	64,050	64,820	64,406	64,080	64,297	64,195	63,965	64,478	64,449
Participation rate	73.2	72.8	72.8	73.3	72.3	72.7	72.1	72.4	72.8
Employed	62,929	63,469	63,127	62,834	62,933	62,836	62,527	63,095	63,047
Employment-population ratio	71.9	71.2	71.3	71.8	70.8	71.2	70.5	70.8	71.2
Unemployed	1,120	1,351	1,279	1,246	1,364	1,359	1,438	1,383	1,402
Unemployment rate	1.7	2.1	2.0	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.2
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,961	17,631	15,923	15,584	2,038	2,047
Civilian labor force	8,672	8,516	7,497	7,341	1,175	1,175
Participation rate	48.3	48.3	47.1	47.1	57.7	57.4
Employed	8,488	8,254	7,350	7,087	1,138	1,167
Employment-population ratio	47.3	46.8	46.2	45.5	55.8	57.0
Unemployed	184	262	146	254	38	8
Unemployment rate	2.1	3.1	2.0	3.5	3.2	0.7
Not in labor force	9,289	9,115	8,426	8,243	863	872
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,034	5,350	4,129	4,409	906	940
Civilian labor force	4,077	4,290	3,375	3,584	702	706
Participation rate	81.0	80.2	81.7	81.3	77.6	75.1
Employed	3,980	4,140	3,298	3,440	682	700
Employment-population ratio	79.1	77.4	79.9	78.0	75.3	74.4
Unemployed	97	150	77	143	20	6
Unemployment rate	2.4	3.5	2.3	4.0	2.9	0.9
Not in labor force	957	1,060	754	826	203	234
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	2,929	2,761	2,473	2,309	455	453
Civilian labor force	2,059	1,906	1,763	1,622	296	284
Participation rate	70.3	69.0	71.3	70.3	64.9	62.6
Employed	2,016	1,860	1,724	1,577	292	284
Employment-population ratio	68.8	67.4	69.7	68.3	64.2	62.6
Unemployed	43	45	39	45	4	0
Unemployment rate	2.1	2.4	2.2	2.8	1.2	0.0
Not in labor force	870	856	710	686	160	169
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,032	5,704	5,776	5,463	256	241
Civilian labor force	793	716	777	692	15	23
Participation rate	13.1	12.5	13.5	12.7	6.0	9.7
Employed	773	692	760	670	13	22
Employment-population ratio	12.8	12.1	13.2	12.3	5.0	9.2
Unemployed	20	23	17	22	3	1
Unemployment rate	2.5	3.2	2.2	3.2	-	-
Not in labor force	5,239	4,988	4,999	4,771	241	218
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,966	3,816	3,545	3,403	421	413
Civilian labor force	1,743	1,605	1,581	1,443	162	162
Participation rate	43.9	42.0	44.6	42.4	38.5	39.2
Employed	1,719	1,561	1,568	1,400	151	161
Employment-population ratio	43.3	40.9	44.2	41.1	35.8	39.1
Unemployed	24	43	13	43	11	0
Unemployment rate	1.4	2.7	0.8	3.0	6.9	0.3
Not in labor force	2,223	2,211	1,964	1,960	259	251
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	239,186	241,318	109,666	110,563	129,521	130,755
Civilian labor force	155,317	156,752	79,845	80,055	75,472	76,697
Participation rate	64.9	65.0	72.8	72.4	58.3	58.7
Employed	150,560	151,386	77,177	77,159	73,383	74,228
Employment-population ratio	62.9	62.7	70.4	69.8	56.7	56.8
Unemployed	4,757	5,366	2,668	2,896	2,088	2,470
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.6	2.8	3.2
Not in labor force	83,869	84,566	29,821	30,508	54,049	54,058
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,818	34,003	233,625	234,062
Civilian labor force	7,551	8,341	158,670	159,143
Participation rate	23.0	24.5	67.9	68.0
Employed	7,078	7,814	153,996	153,776
Employment-population ratio	21.6	23.0	65.9	65.7
Unemployed	473	526	4,674	5,368
Unemployment rate	6.3	6.3	2.9	3.4
Not in labor force	25,267	25,663	74,955	74,919
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,051	3,420	79,363	78,835
Participation rate	39.1	40.6	82.5	82.8
Employed	2,838	3,198	76,798	75,965
Employment-population ratio	36.4	38.0	79.8	79.7
Unemployed	213	222	2,565	2,870
Unemployment rate	7.0	6.5	3.2	3.6
Not in labor force	4,756	5,007	16,886	16,426
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,126	3,407	69,589	70,386
Participation rate	37.6	40.6	72.3	72.9
Employed	2,905	3,172	67,676	68,138
Employment-population ratio	35.0	37.8	70.3	70.5
Unemployed	221	235	1,913	2,247
Unemployment rate	7.1	6.9	2.7	3.2
Not in labor force	5,181	4,985	26,664	26,227
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,374	1,513	9,717	9,922
Participation rate	8.2	8.8	23.6	23.5
Employed	1,336	1,445	9,522	9,672
Employment-population ratio	8.0	8.4	23.2	22.9
Unemployed	38	69	196	250
Unemployment rate	2.8	4.6	2.0	2.5
Not in labor force	15,330	15,670	31,405	32,266
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	46,328	48,089	22,732	23,675	23,596	24,414
Civilian labor force	30,912	31,726	17,595	18,132	13,317	13,594
Participation rate	66.7	66.0	77.4	76.6	56.4	55.7
Employed	29,962	30,482	17,121	17,468	12,841	13,014
Employment-population ratio	64.7	63.4	75.3	73.8	54.4	53.3
Unemployed	950	1,244	474	664	476	580
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.9	2.7	3.7	3.6	4.3
Not in labor force	15,416	16,363	5,137	5,544	10,279	10,819
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	220,115	219,976	107,503	107,019	112,612	112,958
Civilian labor force	135,309	135,758	70,842	70,341	64,467	65,417
Participation rate	61.5	61.7	65.9	65.7	57.2	57.9
Employed	131,113	131,108	68,413	67,720	62,700	63,388
Employment-population ratio	59.6	59.6	63.6	63.3	55.7	56.1
Unemployed	4,196	4,650	2,429	2,621	1,767	2,028
Unemployment rate	3.1	3.4	3.4	3.7	2.7	3.1
Not in labor force	84,806	84,219	36,660	36,678	48,146	47,541
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,231	2,099	2,187	2,295	2,205	2,184	2,201	2,217	2,246
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,472	1,427	1,496	1,538	1,520	1,489	1,524	1,507	1,555
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	713	627	657	713	680	687	649	654	657
Unpaid family workers	46	44	34	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	158,844	159,258	159,403	158,615	158,993	158,735	158,601	158,970	159,161
Wage and salary workers(1)	149,752	149,720	150,119	149,451	149,702	149,741	149,321	149,513	149,831
Government	21,893	21,866	21,883	21,643	21,700	21,490	21,142	21,436	21,616
Private industries	127,860	127,854	128,236	127,774	128,086	128,407	128,256	128,092	128,170
Private households	613	679	620	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	127,247	127,175	127,616	127,116	127,414	127,521	127,392	127,331	127,493
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,035	9,487	9,241	9,076	9,335	9,087	9,377	9,522	9,295
Unpaid family workers	57	51	43	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,692	4,422	4,267	3,896	4,211	4,422	4,376	4,308	4,469
Slack work or business conditions	2,612	3,051	2,910	2,764	2,960	2,994	2,863	2,972	3,058
Could only find part-time work	823	1,053	1,146	836	964	1,026	1,104	999	1,134
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	22,453	23,416	22,913	21,753	22,458	22,156	22,309	22,902	22,253
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	3,627	4,343	4,200	3,834	4,138	4,371	4,300	4,255	4,404
Slack work or business conditions	2,570	3,010	2,856	2,726	2,913	2,959	2,803	2,949	3,010
Could only find part-time work	813	1,033	1,146	826	953	1,018	1,098	980	1,132
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	22,058	23,054	22,575	21,353	22,060	21,793	21,951	22,523	21,906
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	161,075	161,356	161,590	160,962	161,183	161,152	160,968	161,466	161,491
16 to 19 years	5,508	5,595	5,587	5,770	5,638	5,704	5,608	5,862	5,839
16 to 17 years	2,027	1,946	1,949	2,191	2,194	2,292	2,035	2,146	2,116
18 to 19 years	3,481	3,650	3,637	3,582	3,446	3,428	3,595	3,756	3,727
20 years and over	155,567	155,761	156,003	155,193	155,545	155,448	155,360	155,604	155,652
20 to 24 years	14,711	14,121	14,295	14,818	14,756	14,562	14,192	14,287	14,419
25 years and over	140,856	141,641	141,709	140,479	140,617	140,972	141,300	141,485	141,328
25 to 54 years	103,484	103,766	104,119	103,208	103,161	103,489	103,717	103,669	103,832
25 to 34 years	35,957	35,696	35,732	35,847	35,859	35,700	35,672	35,667	35,638
35 to 44 years	35,385	36,185	36,319	35,290	35,546	35,818	36,117	36,123	36,197
45 to 54 years	32,142	31,885	32,069	32,071	31,757	31,970	31,928	31,879	31,997
55 years and over	37,372	37,875	37,589	37,271	37,455	37,484	37,582	37,816	37,497
Men, 16 years and over	85,534	85,253	85,187	85,521	85,794	85,034	84,993	85,490	85,208
16 to 19 years	2,791	2,796	2,763	2,925	2,836	2,730	2,815	2,947	2,890
16 to 17 years	1,007	922	942	1,063	1,033	1,063	939	1,022	1,000
18 to 19 years	1,784	1,874	1,822	1,863	1,807	1,679	1,900	1,964	1,901
20 years and over	82,743	82,457	82,424	82,596	82,958	82,304	82,178	82,543	82,318
20 to 24 years	7,424	7,116	7,315	7,481	7,432	7,320	7,107	7,222	7,381
25 years and over	75,319	75,341	75,109	75,187	75,397	75,093	75,239	75,496	75,012
25 to 54 years	55,247	55,060	55,093	55,165	55,178	55,008	55,126	55,179	55,027
25 to 34 years	19,148	18,945	18,914	19,112	19,104	18,948	18,945	18,957	18,893
35 to 44 years	19,036	19,288	19,271	19,001	19,108	19,109	19,266	19,332	19,234
45 to 54 years	17,062	16,827	16,908	17,052	16,966	16,951	16,916	16,890	16,900
55 years and over	20,072	20,282	20,016	20,023	20,219	20,085	20,112	20,316	19,985
Women, 16 years and over	75,541	76,103	76,403	75,441	75,389	76,118	75,975	75,976	76,283
16 to 19 years	2,716	2,799	2,823	2,845	2,802	2,974	2,793	2,915	2,949
16 to 17 years	1,020	1,023	1,008	1,128	1,162	1,229	1,096	1,124	1,116
18 to 19 years	1,696	1,776	1,815	1,719	1,639	1,749	1,694	1,793	1,827
20 years and over	72,824	73,304	73,579	72,597	72,587	73,144	73,182	73,061	73,334
20 to 24 years	7,287	7,005	6,980	7,337	7,324	7,241	7,085	7,065	7,038
25 years and over	65,537	66,299	66,599	65,292	65,220	65,879	66,061	65,989	66,316
25 to 54 years	48,237	48,706	49,026	48,043	47,983	48,480	48,591	48,490	48,805
25 to 34 years	16,808	16,751	16,818	16,735	16,755	16,752	16,727	16,710	16,745
35 to 44 years	16,349	16,896	17,048	16,289	16,438	16,709	16,851	16,791	16,963
45 to 54 years	15,080	15,059	15,161	15,019	14,791	15,019	15,013	14,989	15,096
55 years and over	17,300	17,593	17,573	17,249	17,237	17,399	17,470	17,500	17,511
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	46,330	46,100	45,700	46,099	46,392	45,672	45,387	45,962	45,547
Married women, spouse present(1)	37,358	37,358	37,117	37,139	36,790	37,033	36,822	37,069	36,906
Women who maintain families(2)	9,648	9,785	9,935	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	133,886	132,070	133,351	134,446	133,196	133,133	132,946	132,940	133,889
Part-time workers(4)	27,189	29,287	28,239	26,673	27,794	27,890	27,941	28,632	27,718
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,676	8,637	8,349	7,709	8,565	8,272	8,259	8,476	8,383
Percent of total employed	4.8	5.4	5.2	4.8	5.3	5.1	5.1	5.2	5.2
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,404	6,637	6,686	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,748	10,114	9,897	9,789	10,014	9,774	10,026	10,176	9,952
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	5,715	6,429	6,492	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.9
16 to 19 years	595	842	772	9.3	11.9	10.6	12.5	12.6	11.7
16 to 17 years	234	353	306	9.6	13.1	10.0	12.5	14.1	12.6
18 to 19 years	380	490	474	9.6	11.2	10.8	12.2	11.5	11.3
20 years and over	5,120	5,587	5,720	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.5
20 to 24 years	854	1,091	1,033	5.4	6.4	5.9	7.2	7.1	6.7
25 years and over	4,195	4,499	4,630	2.9	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.2
25 to 54 years	3,290	3,466	3,462	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.2
25 to 34 years	1,430	1,518	1,424	3.8	4.2	3.9	4.3	4.1	3.8
35 to 44 years	1,063	982	1,104	2.9	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.6	3.0
45 to 54 years	798	967	935	2.4	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.9	2.8
55 years and over	909	1,016	1,163	2.4	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.6	3.0
Men, 16 years and over	3,100	3,323	3,500	3.5	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.7	3.9
16 to 19 years	303	467	436	9.4	12.5	13.2	12.3	13.7	13.1
16 to 17 years	103	167	159	8.8	15.2	15.1	11.6	14.1	13.8
18 to 19 years	215	298	279	10.3	11.3	12.1	12.5	13.2	12.8
20 years and over	2,797	2,855	3,064	3.3	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.3	3.6
20 to 24 years	486	549	524	6.1	6.4	7.0	7.9	7.1	6.6
25 years and over	2,271	2,329	2,516	2.9	3.3	3.3	3.2	3.0	3.2
25 to 54 years	1,790	1,779	1,882	3.1	3.5	3.4	3.3	3.1	3.3
25 to 34 years	811	813	785	4.1	4.4	4.0	4.2	4.1	4.0
35 to 44 years	559	436	598	2.9	3.2	3.3	3.0	2.2	3.0
45 to 54 years	420	529	499	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.6	3.0	2.9
55 years and over	481	550	633	2.3	2.9	3.2	2.8	2.6	3.1
Women, 16 years and over	2,615	3,106	2,991	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.9	3.9	3.8
16 to 19 years	291	375	336	9.3	11.1	8.2	12.7	11.4	10.2
16 to 17 years	131	186	147	10.4	11.2	5.0	13.1	14.2	11.6
18 to 19 years	165	193	195	8.8	11.1	9.6	11.8	9.7	9.6
20 years and over	2,324	2,731	2,655	3.1	3.3	3.2	3.5	3.6	3.5
20 to 24 years	367	542	509	4.8	6.4	4.9	6.4	7.1	6.7
25 years and over	1,924	2,170	2,114	2.9	3.0	3.0	3.2	3.2	3.1
25 to 54 years	1,501	1,687	1,580	3.0	3.0	3.1	3.3	3.4	3.1
25 to 34 years	619	704	639	3.6	3.9	3.9	4.4	4.0	3.7
35 to 44 years	505	546	505	3.0	2.7	2.7	2.8	3.1	2.9
45 to 54 years	378	437	436	2.5	2.5	2.8	2.6	2.8	2.8
55 years and over	418	463	524	2.4	2.7	2.5	2.9	2.6	2.9
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	826	831	979	1.8	2.1	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.1
Married women, spouse present(1)	766	860	890	2.0	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.3	2.4
Women who maintain families(2)	489	550	506	4.8	4.7	5.4	5.5	5.3	4.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	4,707	5,090	5,257	3.4	3.8	3.6	3.9	3.7	3.8
Part-time workers(4)	998	1,329	1,222	3.6	3.8	4.2	3.9	4.4	4.2
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,391	3,295	2,973	2,676	3,058	3,028	3,216	3,042	3,241
On temporary layoff	568	938	688	760	917	876	827	779	871
Not on temporary layoff	1,824	2,357	2,286	1,916	2,140	2,151	2,389	2,263	2,370
Permanent job losers	1,391	1,719	1,728	1,426	1,543	1,556	1,730	1,655	1,756
Persons who completed temporary jobs	433	639	558	490	597	595	659	607	615
Job leavers	746	811	744	786	833	794	711	823	785
Reentrants	1,581	1,916	1,723	1,778	1,741	1,834	1,946	1,920	1,929
New entrants	428	582	453	519	609	550	611	678	574
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	46.5	49.9	50.5	46.5	49.0	48.8	49.6	47.1	49.6
On temporary layoff	11.0	14.2	11.7	13.2	14.7	14.1	12.8	12.1	13.3
Not on temporary layoff	35.4	35.7	38.8	33.3	34.3	34.7	36.8	35.0	36.3
Job leavers	14.5	12.3	12.6	13.6	13.4	12.8	11.0	12.7	12.0
Reentrants	30.7	29.0	29.2	30.9	27.9	29.5	30.0	29.7	29.5
New entrants	8.3	8.8	7.7	9.0	9.8	8.9	9.4	10.5	8.8
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	1.4	2.0	1.8	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.9
Job leavers	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1
New entrants	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	1,484	1,909	1,888	1,867	2,191	2,140	2,326	2,189	2,262
5 to 14 weeks	1,607	2,141	1,670	1,920	1,791	1,848	1,933	1,979	1,987
15 weeks and over	2,055	2,554	2,336	1,837	2,350	2,144	2,176	2,228	2,119
15 to 26 weeks	958	1,195	1,064	748	1,104	867	974	982	869
27 weeks and over	1,098	1,359	1,271	1,089	1,245	1,277	1,203	1,246	1,250
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	22.4	22.3	21.4	20.8	22.3	20.8	20.9	21.6	19.9
Median duration, in weeks	10.5	10.7	10.5	8.7	9.7	9.6	9.3	9.5	8.7
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	28.8	28.9	32.0	33.2	34.6	34.9	36.1	34.2	35.5
5 to 14 weeks	31.2	32.4	28.3	34.1	28.3	30.1	30.0	30.9	31.2
15 weeks and over	39.9	38.7	39.6	32.7	37.1	35.0	33.8	34.8	33.3
15 to 26 weeks	18.6	18.1	18.1	13.3	17.4	14.1	15.1	15.3	13.6
27 weeks and over	21.3	20.6	21.6	19.4	19.7	20.8	18.7	19.5	19.6
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	161,075	161,590	5,146	5,894	3.1	3.5
Management, professional, and related occupations	70,403	70,548	1,153	1,399	1.6	1.9
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	30,517	30,172	571	743	1.8	2.4
Professional and related occupations	39,886	40,376	582	656	1.4	1.6
Service occupations	26,224	26,430	1,122	1,162	4.1	4.2
Sales and office occupations	30,534	30,037	917	1,061	2.9	3.4
Sales and related occupations	14,377	14,410	438	543	3.0	3.6
Office and administrative support occupations	16,157	15,627	480	518	2.9	3.2
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,214	14,501	586	749	4.0	4.9
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	873	831	67	59	7.1	6.7
Construction and extraction occupations	8,506	8,662	443	545	5.0	5.9
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,834	5,009	76	144	1.6	2.8
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	19,700	20,074	935	1,057	4.5	5.0
Production occupations	8,143	8,069	308	419	3.6	4.9
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,557	12,005	627	638	5.1	5.0
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	5,146	5,894	3.1	3.5
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	4,062	4,795	3.1	3.6
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	11	8	1.8	1.3
Construction	424	555	4.1	5.2
Manufacturing	429	416	2.8	2.7
Durable goods	240	281	2.4	2.9
Nondurable goods	190	134	3.4	2.4
Wholesale and retail trade	644	725	3.3	3.8
Transportation and utilities	298	358	3.6	4.4
Information	38	128	1.4	5.0
Financial activities	214	280	2.1	2.7
Professional and business services	684	746	3.7	4.0
Education and health services	494	559	1.9	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	686	784	5.0	5.7
Other services	139	235	2.1	3.5
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	68	83	4.6	5.4
Government workers	343	267	1.5	1.2
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	244	296	2.4	2.9
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024	Apr. 2024
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.2	1.5	1.4	1.1	1.4	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.4	2.0	1.8	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.9	1.8	1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.1	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.9	3.8	3.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	3.3	4.1	3.7	3.6	3.9	3.9	4.1	4.0	4.1
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	3.9	4.7	4.4	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.8
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	6.1	7.4	6.9	6.6	7.1	7.2	7.3	7.3	7.4
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024	Apr. 2023	Apr. 2024
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	100,222	100,582	41,797	42,222	58,425	58,361
Persons who currently want a job	5,145	5,502	2,418	2,717	2,727	2,786
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,461	1,519	775	771	686	748
Discouraged workers(2)	386	380	250	210	136	170
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,075	1,139	524	561	550	578
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,676	8,349	3,765	3,986	3,911	4,363
Percent of total employed	4.8	5.2	4.4	4.7	5.2	5.7
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,388	4,844	2,369	2,560	2,018	2,284
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,808	2,091	643	713	1,164	1,378
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	424	376	213	215	210	161
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,001	984	517	473	483	511
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Change from: Mar.2024 - Apr.2024(p)
Total nonfarm	155,201	156,551	157,213	158,016	155,484	157,796	158,111	158,286	175
Total private	132,239	133,098	133,636	134,421	132,831	134,605	134,848	135,015	167
Goods-producing	21,403	21,399	21,514	21,680	21,541	21,768	21,807	21,821	14
Mining and logging	633	632	639	635	639	641	644	641	-3
Logging	42.1	41.8	41.4	39.3	44.9	41.9	42.3	42.2	-0.1
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	590.7	590.2	597.6	595.4	593.8	599.0	601.8	598.3	-3.5
Oil and gas extraction	115.8	118.2	118.6	117.4	116.9	119.0	119.2	118.5	-0.7
Mining (except oil and gas)	186.0	184.5	186.2	188.3	187.2	189.2	189.8	189.7	-0.1
Coal mining	42.8	42.9	42.9	44.1	42.8	43.0	42.9	44.1	1.2
Metal ore mining	43.5	43.4	42.9	42.9	43.5	43.4	43.1	42.9	-0.2
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	99.7	98.2	100.4	101.3	101.0	102.8	103.8	102.7	-1.1
Support activities for mining	288.9	287.5	292.8	289.7	289.7	290.8	292.8	290.1	-2.7
Construction	7,874	7,860	7,972	8,132	7,961	8,170	8,210	8,219	9
Construction of buildings	1,772.5	1,809.7	1,831.2	1,847.9	1,792.6	1,850.0	1,863.6	1,867.3	3.7
Residential building construction	912.0	915.2	929.5	940.1	923.3	936.7	947.2	950.0	2.8
Nonresidential building construction	860.5	894.5	901.7	907.8	869.3	913.3	916.4	917.3	0.9
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,093.0	1,055.7	1,083.3	1,134.7	1,104.3	1,142.7	1,146.0	1,146.3	0.3
Specialty trade contractors	5,008.5	4,994.8	5,057.8	5,149.8	5,064.5	5,177.6	5,200.2	5,205.1	4.9
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,334.9	2,314.4	2,342.4	2,380.9	2,358.5	2,396.7	2,409.1	2,407.4	-1.7
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,673.6	2,680.4	2,715.4	2,768.9	2,706.0	2,780.9	2,791.1	2,797.7	6.6
Manufacturing	12,896	12,907	12,903	12,913	12,941	12,957	12,953	12,961	8
Durable goods	8,063	8,118	8,120	8,120	8,084	8,141	8,143	8,144	1
Wood product manufacturing	417.6	412.4	412.6	414.5	418.5	414.7	414.3	415.7	1.4
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	415.5	411.3	415.2	418.3	418.9	420.3	421.6	422.0	0.4
Primary metal manufacturing	372.3	370.5	370.0	369.5	373.2	371.1	370.5	370.7	0.2
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,446.8	1,470.1	1,467.4	1,466.2	1,450.2	1,471.4	1,469.3	1,469.6	0.3
Machinery manufacturing	1,129.2	1,135.5	1,132.3	1,136.0	1,132.3	1,137.6	1,136.0	1,139.4	3.4
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,105.3	1,102.9	1,099.6	1,098.8	1,108.7	1,105.7	1,103.3	1,102.3	-1.0
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	163.2	161.4	159.6	160.2	164.0	161.9	160.7	161.0	0.3
Communications equipment manufacturing	85.4	86.0	85.4	85.2	85.4	86.2	85.5	85.4	-0.1
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	395.3	391.5	390.9	391.3	396.5	392.7	391.7	392.1	0.4
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	430.7	433.6	433.2	431.5	431.5	434.1	434.5	432.9	-1.6
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	30.7	30.4	30.5	30.6	31.2	30.8	30.9	31.0	0.1
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	412.8	412.0	411.6	409.6	414.1	413.5	412.3	411.1	-1.2
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,773.6	1,831.7	1,838.3	1,837.1	1,775.8	1,831.6	1,840.1	1,841.0	0.9
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,036.9	1,061.9	1,067.7	1,064.3	1,034.0	1,062.2	1,066.0	1,063.9	-2.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	361.9	346.2	347.5	344.9	363.0	347.4	347.6	345.9	-1.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing	627.7	625.6	625.7	625.0	629.0	627.4	627.6	626.5	-1.1
Nondurable goods	4,833	4,789	4,783	4,793	4,857	4,816	4,810	4,817	7
Food manufacturing	1,714.2	1,725.6	1,719.3	1,721.2	1,728.2	1,731.8	1,730.8	1,735.5	4.7
Textile mills	92.4	89.2	89.0	88.9	92.1	89.7	89.2	88.7	-0.5
Textile product mills	99.9	95.5	94.8	95.5	99.7	95.5	94.4	95.4	1.0
Apparel manufacturing	92.6	85.6	83.5	83.6	91.5	85.9	84.1	83.4	-0.7
Paper manufacturing	358.3	350.9	349.6	349.7	359.0	350.3	349.6	350.3	0.7
Printing and related support activities	373.5	362.6	364.4	366.1	374.9	365.4	365.7	366.7	1.0
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	108.0	107.1	108.1	108.6	108.6	110.7	110.6	109.2	-1.4
Chemical manufacturing	900.5	895.9	900.4	896.6	902.2	895.3	900.0	898.2	-1.8
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	739.1	726.0	724.6	726.8	740.5	728.1	726.0	728.1	2.1
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	354.5	350.7	349.4	355.6	360.6	363.1	359.2	361.9	2.7
Private service-providing	110,836	111,699	112,122	112,741	111,290	112,837	113,041	113,194	153
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,544	28,686	28,701	28,747	28,834	28,928	28,959	29,011	52
Wholesale trade	6,078.6	6,112.6	6,133.3	6,155.1	6,095.2	6,149.2	6,159.6	6,169.7	10.1
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,371.4	3,409.1	3,414.4	3,417.2	3,379.7	3,419.4	3,422.8	3,425.3	2.5
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,197.5	2,196.0	2,208.8	2,226.6	2,203.4	2,219.4	2,223.6	2,230.8	7.2
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	509.7	507.5	510.1	511.3	512.1	510.4	513.2	513.6	0.4
Retail trade	15,420.9	15,482.3	15,492.9	15,531.6	15,586.0	15,642.7	15,657.8	15,677.9	20.1
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,025.3	2,057.1	2,065.3	2,069.2	2,027.2	2,072.8	2,073.1	2,072.7	-0.4
Automobile dealers	1,266.2	1,288.6	1,294.8	1,297.5	1,267.0	1,292.4	1,296.3	1,298.6	2.3
Other motor vehicle dealers	178.5	165.5	168.4	170.6	178.1	173.0	172.3	170.9	-1.4
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	580.6	603.0	602.1	601.1	582.2	607.4	604.5	603.2	-1.3
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,435.1	1,339.9	1,360.0	1,400.4	1,405.6	1,379.6	1,369.1	1,375.6	6.5
Food and beverage retailers	3,206.5	3,253.9	3,243.6	3,239.7	3,231.5	3,258.2	3,262.3	3,264.4	2.1
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	847.0	825.6	819.6	813.5	856.6	825.1	823.0	821.7	-1.3
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	429.5	425.4	422.4	421.6	434.4	424.6	423.8	425.5	1.7
Electronics and appliance retailers	417.5	400.2	397.2	391.9	422.2	400.5	399.2	396.2	-3.0
General merchandise retailers	3,156.6	3,213.1	3,221.2	3,226.1	3,227.5	3,252.1	3,271.7	3,281.2	9.5
Department stores	931.4	940.0	939.5	941.2	973.0	962.0	969.5	974.7	5.2
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,225.2	2,273.1	2,281.7	2,284.9	2,254.5	2,290.1	2,302.1	2,306.5	4.4
Health and personal care retailers	1,088.6	1,099.0	1,090.9	1,090.7	1,097.3	1,095.9	1,094.7	1,099.6	4.9
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,048.6	1,063.3	1,066.7	1,072.8	1,057.5	1,075.1	1,077.7	1,080.6	2.9
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,111.5	1,115.8	1,110.0	1,100.0	1,150.1	1,142.9	1,141.5	1,137.8	-3.7
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,501.7	1,514.6	1,515.6	1,519.2	1,532.7	1,541.0	1,544.7	1,544.3	-0.4
Transportation and warehousing	6,472.1	6,505.4	6,488.1	6,474.2	6,579.1	6,548.1	6,554.0	6,575.8	21.8
Air transportation	543.8	568.7	571.7	572.1	544.9	572.3	572.6	573.9	1.3
Rail transportation	152.9	153.6	153.2	153.2	152.8	153.3	153.2	153.4	0.2
Water transportation	67.1	68.8	71.6	74.0	68.2	72.1	73.8	74.9	1.1
Truck transportation	1,560.8	1,527.3	1,532.3	1,539.7	1,578.4	1,554.0	1,558.1	1,557.8	-0.3
Transit and ground passenger transportation	425.2	447.0	447.0	448.3	412.3	433.2	433.2	435.1	1.9
Pipeline transportation	52.1	52.9	53.0	53.8	52.1	53.0	53.0	53.6	0.6
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	27.2	26.7	27.2	29.0	30.3	32.3	32.0	31.9	-0.1
Support activities for transportation	815.1	836.6	837.2	834.2	819.9	837.3	837.8	839.7	1.9
Couriers and messengers	1,016.3	1,053.0	1,031.2	1,013.7	1,086.4	1,072.8	1,072.3	1,079.9	7.6
Warehousing and storage	1,811.6	1,770.8	1,763.7	1,756.2	1,833.8	1,767.8	1,768.0	1,775.6	7.6
Utilities	572.3	585.6	586.4	585.9	573.5	588.3	587.4	587.4	0.0
Information	3,035	2,997	3,004	2,993	3,053	3,017	3,021	3,013	-8
Motion picture and sound recording industries	422.0	428.7	434.0	429.5	426.9	441.4	442.7	434.4	-8.3
Publishing industries	947.2	919.1	922.6	921.7	955.2	927.1	931.0	932.4	1.4
Broadcasting and content providers	350.0	345.2	341.2	340.5	350.6	343.8	341.1	341.1	0.0
Telecommunications	650.5	631.7	632.7	627.9	653.1	631.7	631.3	630.0	-1.3
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	485.7	494.6	496.2	497.1	487.2	495.2	497.9	498.8	0.9
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	179.9	177.6	177.3	176.3	179.5	178.2	177.3	176.4	-0.9
Financial activities	9,137	9,167	9,169	9,186	9,179	9,222	9,227	9,233	6
Finance and insurance	6,703.0	6,709.3	6,707.9	6,709.5	6,725.1	6,724.4	6,725.9	6,732.5	6.6
Monetary authorities-central bank	22.5	22.5	22.5	22.5	22.6	22.6	22.6	22.6	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,636.0	2,592.3	2,590.1	2,582.2	2,641.5	2,592.1	2,591.4	2,587.7	-3.7
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,802.9	1,782.1	1,781.3	1,774.6	1,806.0	1,780.3	1,780.0	1,777.5	-2.5
Commercial banking	1,399.6	1,373.5	1,371.7	1,365.1	1,401.7	1,371.2	1,369.9	1,366.7	-3.2
Nondepository credit intermediation	537.5	525.0	523.6	523.4	539.4	527.3	526.2	525.7	-0.5
Activities related to credit intermediation	295.6	285.2	285.2	284.2	296.0	284.4	285.2	284.5	-0.7
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,088.2	1,102.7	1,101.5	1,105.0	1,094.6	1,110.0	1,110.4	1,112.6	2.2
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,956.3	2,991.8	2,993.8	2,999.8	2,966.4	2,999.7	3,001.5	3,009.6	8.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,433.7	2,457.2	2,461.3	2,476.0	2,454.3	2,497.1	2,501.1	2,500.9	-0.2
Real estate	1,845.6	1,856.4	1,858.3	1,867.1	1,854.9	1,876.1	1,880.2	1,878.8	-1.4
Rental and leasing services	565.4	577.7	579.9	585.6	576.5	597.6	597.4	598.6	1.2
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.7	23.1	23.1	23.3	22.9	23.4	23.5	23.5	0.0
Professional and business services	22,767	22,691	22,724	22,891	22,827	22,936	22,946	22,942	-4
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,799.3	10,983.8	10,966.5	11,020.1	10,767.1	10,966.4	10,978.4	10,995.5	17.1
Legal services	1,171.7	1,184.7	1,177.2	1,181.7	1,179.6	1,190.3	1,187.1	1,190.3	3.2
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,221.2	1,235.7	1,242.0	1,239.5	1,144.6	1,160.0	1,162.3	1,164.0	1.7
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,636.7	1,668.0	1,665.6	1,672.0	1,652.2	1,690.4	1,688.9	1,688.8	-0.1
Specialized design services	151.8	153.2	152.3	153.8	152.4	155.0	154.5	154.6	0.1
Computer systems design and related services	2,489.5	2,531.3	2,515.8	2,542.6	2,490.5	2,533.8	2,538.7	2,544.3	5.6
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,844.7	1,880.5	1,880.0	1,886.1	1,852.4	1,889.3	1,895.3	1,896.4	1.1
Scientific research and development services	923.0	947.4	948.8	950.6	929.3	952.9	955.6	957.1	1.5
Advertising, public relations, and related services	501.1	517.8	517.7	521.3	502.7	520.0	520.4	522.9	2.5
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	859.6	865.2	867.1	872.5	863.5	874.8	875.7	877.1	1.4
Management of companies and enterprises	2,549.3	2,554.6	2,548.3	2,545.8	2,558.3	2,561.2	2,557.0	2,555.7	-1.3
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,418.3	9,153.0	9,209.5	9,325.4	9,501.6	9,408.8	9,410.2	9,390.3	-19.9
Administrative and support services	8,922.9	8,646.9	8,700.8	8,810.4	9,002.1	8,895.3	8,895.1	8,872.4	-22.7
Office administrative services	614.2	628.6	628.1	628.8	615.2	633.6	633.8	631.4	-2.4
Facilities support services	166.0	175.4	176.2	176.6	166.6	175.4	175.9	176.7	0.8
Employment services(1)	3,620.5	3,485.3	3,481.0	3,459.6	3,694.1	3,533.3	3,531.3	3,516.5	-14.8
Temporary help services	2,860.1	2,719.4	2,712.4	2,688.6	2,922.1	2,755.8	2,753.1	2,736.7	-16.4
Business support services	749.0	716.9	710.1	706.5	753.1	716.9	714.7	709.8	-4.9
Travel arrangement and reservation services	186.7	194.3	194.6	193.5	187.4	196.9	196.4	194.4	-2.0
Investigation and security services	999.5	1,012.8	1,012.6	1,013.9	1,000.5	1,019.8	1,017.2	1,015.2	-2.0
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,252.4	2,095.8	2,158.5	2,288.7	2,249.0	2,274.4	2,281.7	2,284.0	2.3
Other support services	334.6	337.8	339.7	342.8	336.1	345.0	344.2	344.4	0.2
Waste management and remediation services	495.4	506.1	508.7	515.0	499.5	513.5	515.1	517.9	2.8
Private education and health services	25,208	26,116	26,187	26,293	25,109	26,011	26,099	26,194	95
Private educational services	3,950.0	3,999.9	3,993.4	4,017.9	3,806.4	3,860.9	3,861.2	3,869.3	8.1
Health care and social assistance	21,257.9	22,116.2	22,193.2	22,275.1	21,302.5	22,150.4	22,237.3	22,324.3	87.0
Health care(3)	16,740.0	17,387.5	17,455.3	17,504.1	16,785.0	17,418.9	17,493.3	17,549.5	56.2
Ambulatory health care services	8,360.7	8,677.4	8,702.6	8,740.0	8,377.0	8,692.1	8,721.3	8,754.7	33.4
Offices of physicians	2,882.1	2,996.4	2,999.1	3,004.5	2,887.4	3,000.8	3,007.0	3,012.6	5.6
Offices of dentists	1,021.0	1,029.6	1,030.3	1,032.8	1,024.4	1,034.0	1,034.6	1,036.3	1.7
Offices of other health practitioners	1,139.6	1,192.0	1,189.6	1,202.4	1,142.0	1,192.1	1,195.3	1,203.6	8.3
Outpatient care centers	1,052.1	1,075.6	1,079.6	1,079.6	1,053.6	1,074.0	1,078.4	1,081.9	3.5
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	321.3	322.2	322.4	323.4	320.0	322.3	323.1	322.5	-0.6
Home health care services	1,600.1	1,707.5	1,725.7	1,741.5	1,604.1	1,714.4	1,727.3	1,741.2	13.9
Other ambulatory health care services	344.5	354.1	355.9	355.8	345.5	354.4	355.6	356.7	1.1
Hospitals	5,274.1	5,478.6	5,507.0	5,509.3	5,290.4	5,486.4	5,513.9	5,527.4	13.5
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,105.2	3,231.5	3,245.7	3,254.8	3,117.6	3,240.4	3,258.1	3,267.4	9.3
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,392.7	1,448.2	1,454.3	1,457.3	1,401.4	1,453.7	1,462.9	1,466.6	3.7
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	625.7	658.2	660.6	664.5	628.0	660.2	663.2	666.9	3.7
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	932.0	966.0	969.0	970.8	931.8	967.1	970.2	970.8	0.6
Other residential care facilities	154.8	159.1	161.8	162.2	156.3	159.4	161.8	163.2	1.4
Social assistance	4,517.9	4,728.7	4,737.9	4,771.0	4,517.5	4,731.5	4,744.0	4,774.8	30.8
Individual and family services	2,987.1	3,153.0	3,161.6	3,187.8	2,989.5	3,156.0	3,167.1	3,189.6	22.5
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	216.5	225.7	225.4	228.0	216.6	224.8	224.4	227.8	3.4
Vocational rehabilitation services	278.4	285.7	287.4	289.4	279.4	288.0	288.3	289.9	1.6
Child care services	1,035.9	1,064.3	1,063.5	1,065.8	1,032.1	1,062.7	1,064.2	1,067.4	3.2
Leisure and hospitality	16,358	16,221	16,483	16,739	16,489	16,839	16,892	16,897	5
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,433.6	2,398.3	2,486.0	2,580.2	2,492.0	2,621.5	2,644.4	2,641.4	-3.0
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	584.0	566.9	592.4	638.1	565.4	616.4	625.5	621.4	-4.1
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	166.0	163.6	168.5	175.2	170.4	177.4	178.3	179.4	1.1
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,683.6	1,667.8	1,725.1	1,766.9	1,756.2	1,827.7	1,840.6	1,840.6	0.0
Accommodation and food services	13,924.8	13,822.7	13,997.1	14,159.1	13,997.4	14,217.6	14,247.4	14,255.2	7.8
Accommodation	1,825.8	1,827.0	1,849.7	1,870.2	1,874.0	1,921.4	1,922.7	1,923.9	1.2
Food services and drinking places	12,099.0	11,995.7	12,147.4	12,288.9	12,123.4	12,296.2	12,324.7	12,331.3	6.6
Other services	5,787	5,821	5,854	5,892	5,799	5,884	5,897	5,904	7
Repair and maintenance	1,442.7	1,461.5	1,474.4	1,481.1	1,442.7	1,477.5	1,481.9	1,482.2	0.3
Personal and laundry services	1,525.7	1,530.5	1,534.6	1,554.4	1,524.4	1,548.3	1,549.3	1,553.8	4.5
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,818.4	2,829.1	2,844.7	2,856.5	2,831.6	2,857.8	2,865.4	2,867.8	2.4
Government	22,962	23,453	23,577	23,595	22,653	23,191	23,263	23,271	8
Federal	2,899	2,970	2,978	2,983	2,908	2,981	2,991	2,993	2
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,289.5	2,363.3	2,370.2	2,372.3	2,302.3	2,375.1	2,384.0	2,386.7	2.7
U.S. Postal Service	609.7	607.1	608.2	610.8	606.1	606.2	607.0	606.2	-0.8
State government	5,404	5,563	5,586	5,603	5,263	5,434	5,445	5,451	6
State government education	2,702.0	2,795.0	2,808.5	2,824.2	2,558.5	2,653.7	2,661.6	2,669.1	7.5
State government, excluding education	2,702.0	2,768.4	2,777.9	2,778.7	2,704.6	2,780.6	2,783.6	2,781.5	-2.1
Local government	14,659	14,920	15,013	15,009	14,482	14,776	14,827	14,827	0
Local government education	8,194.3	8,318.4	8,360.3	8,337.4	7,935.2	8,057.6	8,075.1	8,078.4	3.3
Local government, excluding education	6,464.9	6,601.9	6,652.5	6,671.4	6,546.7	6,718.3	6,751.8	6,748.2	-3.6
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.3	34.3	34.4	34.3
Goods-producing	39.8	39.7	39.9	39.7
Mining and logging	45.5	45.0	45.3	44.3
Construction	38.9	38.9	39.3	38.7
Manufacturing	40.1	40.0	40.0	40.0
Durable goods	40.6	40.5	40.5	40.5
Nondurable goods	39.4	39.1	39.2	39.2
Private service-providing	33.3	33.3	33.3	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.9	33.9	33.9	33.8
Wholesale trade	38.8	39.1	39.1	39.1
Retail trade	29.9	29.8	29.7	29.6
Transportation and warehousing	37.9	38.0	38.4	38.0
Utilities	42.2	42.1	42.0	42.1
Information	36.5	36.5	36.5	36.2
Financial activities	37.4	37.5	37.5	37.5
Professional and business services	36.5	36.4	36.5	36.6
Private education and health services	33.3	33.3	33.2	33.2
Leisure and hospitality	25.3	25.6	25.5	25.4
Other services	32.2	32.3	32.4	32.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.0	3.0	2.9	2.9
Durable goods	3.1	3.1	3.0	3.0
Nondurable goods	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.8
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
Total private	$33.44	$34.56	$34.68	$34.75	$1,146.99	$1,185.41	$1,192.99	$1,191.93
Goods-producing	33.72	35.16	35.37	35.43	1,342.06	1,395.85	1,411.26	1,406.57
Mining and logging	37.70	39.38	39.23	39.73	1,715.35	1,772.10	1,777.12	1,760.04
Construction	36.13	37.57	37.79	38.02	1,405.46	1,461.47	1,485.15	1,471.37
Manufacturing	32.06	33.44	33.65	33.61	1,285.61	1,337.60	1,346.00	1,344.40
Durable goods	33.59	35.27	35.52	35.46	1,363.75	1,428.44	1,438.56	1,436.13
Nondurable goods	29.43	30.25	30.36	30.39	1,159.54	1,182.78	1,190.11	1,191.29
Private service-providing	33.37	34.43	34.52	34.60	1,111.22	1,146.52	1,149.52	1,152.18
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28.85	29.75	29.82	29.84	978.02	1,008.53	1,010.90	1,008.59
Wholesale trade	36.50	37.37	37.57	37.72	1,416.20	1,461.17	1,468.99	1,474.85
Retail trade	23.80	24.32	24.31	24.25	711.62	724.74	722.01	717.80
Transportation and warehousing	29.02	30.47	30.53	30.54	1,099.86	1,157.86	1,172.35	1,160.52
Utilities	49.57	50.78	50.80	50.99	2,091.85	2,137.84	2,133.60	2,146.68
Information	47.81	49.17	49.35	49.42	1,745.07	1,794.71	1,801.28	1,789.00
Financial activities	42.73	44.95	45.14	45.30	1,598.10	1,685.63	1,692.75	1,698.75
Professional and business services	40.21	41.50	41.67	41.82	1,467.67	1,510.60	1,520.96	1,530.61
Private education and health services	32.96	33.83	33.84	33.88	1,097.57	1,126.54	1,123.49	1,124.82
Leisure and hospitality	21.07	21.77	21.89	21.92	533.07	557.31	558.20	556.77
Other services	30.03	31.18	31.04	31.12	966.97	1,007.11	1,005.70	1,005.18
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2024 - Apr. 2024(p)	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2024 - Apr. 2024(p)
Total private	114.4	115.9	116.4	116.3	-0.1	182.9	191.5	193.1	193.1	0.0
Goods-producing	97.7	98.5	99.1	98.7	-0.4	148.9	156.5	158.5	158.0	-0.3
Mining and logging	91.4	90.6	91.7	89.2	-2.7	138.3	143.3	144.4	142.3	-1.5
Construction	106.8	109.6	111.2	109.6	-1.4	167.6	178.8	182.6	181.1	-0.8
Manufacturing	93.4	93.2	93.2	93.3	0.1	139.2	145.0	145.9	145.8	-0.1
Durable goods	92.4	92.8	92.9	92.9	0.0	137.8	145.4	146.5	146.2	-0.2
Nondurable goods	95.5	94.0	94.1	94.3	0.2	142.6	144.3	145.0	145.3	0.2
Private service-providing	119.3	121.0	121.2	121.4	0.2	193.5	202.4	203.3	204.1	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	106.8	107.1	107.3	107.1	-0.2	166.2	171.9	172.5	172.4	-0.1
Wholesale trade	104.3	106.1	106.2	106.4	0.2	159.3	165.8	167.0	167.9	0.5
Retail trade	94.8	94.9	94.6	94.4	-0.2	149.3	152.6	152.1	151.5	-0.4
Transportation and warehousing	143.3	143.0	144.6	143.6	-0.7	211.5	221.6	224.6	223.1	-0.7
Utilities	104.7	107.2	106.7	107.0	0.3	171.5	179.8	179.2	180.3	0.6
Information	101.8	100.6	100.7	99.6	-1.1	173.3	176.1	177.0	175.3	-1.0
Financial activities	112.5	113.3	113.3	113.4	0.1	187.4	198.6	199.6	200.4	0.4
Professional and business services	130.3	130.6	131.0	131.4	0.3	212.3	219.6	221.2	222.5	0.6
Private education and health services	136.5	141.4	141.5	142.0	0.4	216.5	230.2	230.3	231.4	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	119.0	123.0	122.9	122.5	-0.3	202.3	216.0	217.1	216.6	-0.2
Other services	107.7	109.6	110.2	110.0	-0.2	177.2	187.3	187.4	187.5	0.1
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
Total nonfarm	77,432	78,675	78,824	78,913	49.8	49.9	49.9	49.9
Total private	64,215	65,134	65,244	65,317	48.3	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,969	5,012	5,012	5,016	23.1	23.0	23.0	23.0
Mining and logging	82	86	86	87	12.8	13.4	13.4	13.6
Construction	1,121	1,165	1,169	1,173	14.1	14.3	14.2	14.3
Manufacturing	3,766	3,761	3,757	3,756	29.1	29.0	29.0	29.0
Durable goods	2,017	2,023	2,021	2,017	25.0	24.8	24.8	24.8
Nondurable goods	1,749	1,738	1,736	1,739	36.0	36.1	36.1	36.1
Private service-providing	59,246	60,122	60,232	60,301	53.2	53.3	53.3	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,339	11,273	11,274	11,287	39.3	39.0	38.9	38.9
Wholesale trade	1,871.7	1,871.0	1,871.0	1,876.1	30.7	30.4	30.4	30.4
Retail trade	7,533.1	7,514.6	7,522.3	7,526.0	48.3	48.0	48.0	48.0
Transportation and warehousing	1,784.3	1,730.9	1,725.3	1,730.6	27.1	26.4	26.3	26.3
Utilities	150.1	156.0	155.3	154.0	26.2	26.5	26.4	26.2
Information	1,231	1,215	1,215	1,213	40.3	40.3	40.2	40.3
Financial activities	5,105	5,134	5,133	5,132	55.6	55.7	55.6	55.6
Professional and business services	10,513	10,552	10,557	10,554	46.1	46.0	46.0	46.0
Private education and health services	19,301	19,978	20,057	20,127	76.9	76.8	76.8	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	8,668	8,831	8,851	8,835	52.6	52.4	52.4	52.3
Other services	3,089	3,139	3,145	3,153	53.3	53.3	53.3	53.4
Government	13,217	13,541	13,580	13,596	58.3	58.4	58.4	58.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
Total private	108,117	109,596	109,790	109,947
Goods-producing	15,449	15,527	15,537	15,538
Mining and logging	482	502	507	499
Construction	5,865	5,972	5,994	6,001
Manufacturing	9,102	9,053	9,036	9,038
Durable goods	5,600	5,571	5,560	5,556
Nondurable goods	3,502	3,482	3,476	3,482
Private service-providing	92,668	94,069	94,253	94,409
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,299	24,417	24,442	24,499
Wholesale trade	4,828.8	4,855.5	4,861.9	4,871.5
Retail trade	13,271.8	13,370.4	13,384.8	13,413.4
Transportation and warehousing	5,741.6	5,721.1	5,726.9	5,745.5
Utilities	456.8	469.6	468.0	468.3
Information	2,437	2,425	2,424	2,409
Financial activities	6,900	6,957	6,965	6,967
Professional and business services	18,083	18,094	18,110	18,128
Private education and health services	21,854	22,676	22,754	22,837
Leisure and hospitality	14,381	14,720	14,770	14,768
Other services	4,714	4,780	4,788	4,801
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.8	33.7	33.8	33.7
Goods-producing	40.5	40.4	40.6	40.3
Mining and logging	47.5	47.4	47.5	46.7
Construction	39.5	39.5	40.0	39.4
Manufacturing	40.7	40.5	40.6	40.6
Durable goods	40.9	40.8	40.9	40.9
Nondurable goods	40.3	40.1	40.1	40.2
Private service-providing	32.7	32.7	32.7	32.6
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.0	33.9	34.0	33.9
Wholesale trade	38.9	39.2	39.1	39.1
Retail trade	30.3	30.2	30.3	30.2
Transportation and warehousing	37.6	37.3	37.5	37.3
Utilities	42.5	42.2	42.3	42.4
Information	36.1	35.7	36.0	35.7
Financial activities	37.1	36.9	36.9	37.0
Professional and business services	36.3	36.3	36.4	36.4
Private education and health services	32.5	32.5	32.4	32.4
Leisure and hospitality	24.2	24.3	24.3	24.1
Other services	31.2	31.3	31.4	31.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.5
Durable goods	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.5
Nondurable goods	3.4	3.5	3.5	3.6
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)
Total private	$28.68	$29.70	$29.77	$29.83	$969.38	$1,000.89	$1,006.23	$1,005.27
Goods-producing	29.24	30.67	30.81	30.87	1,184.22	1,239.07	1,250.89	1,244.06
Mining and logging	34.07	36.59	36.25	36.56	1,618.33	1,734.37	1,721.88	1,707.35
Construction	33.90	35.23	35.40	35.47	1,339.05	1,391.59	1,416.00	1,397.52
Manufacturing	26.03	27.35	27.45	27.54	1,059.42	1,107.68	1,114.47	1,118.12
Durable goods	27.19	28.73	28.87	29.02	1,112.07	1,172.18	1,180.78	1,186.92
Nondurable goods	24.15	25.10	25.13	25.14	973.25	1,006.51	1,007.71	1,010.63
Private service-providing	28.56	29.51	29.56	29.62	933.91	964.98	966.61	965.61
Trade, transportation, and utilities	25.12	25.87	25.94	25.98	854.08	876.99	881.96	880.72
Wholesale trade	30.26	31.08	31.22	31.37	1,177.11	1,218.34	1,220.70	1,226.57
Retail trade	20.43	20.77	20.89	20.86	619.03	627.25	632.97	629.97
Transportation and warehousing	27.67	29.11	29.04	29.06	1,040.39	1,085.80	1,089.00	1,083.94
Utilities	44.20	44.67	45.06	45.30	1,878.50	1,885.07	1,906.04	1,920.72
Information	39.40	40.44	40.70	40.66	1,422.34	1,443.71	1,465.20	1,451.56
Financial activities	33.26	35.26	35.41	35.46	1,233.95	1,301.09	1,306.63	1,312.02
Professional and business services	33.98	34.94	35.08	35.13	1,233.47	1,268.32	1,276.91	1,278.73
Private education and health services	30.05	30.93	30.90	30.93	976.63	1,005.23	1,001.16	1,002.13
Leisure and hospitality	18.41	19.28	19.31	19.40	445.52	468.50	469.23	467.54
Other services	25.81	27.01	26.82	26.99	805.27	845.41	842.15	842.09
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2024 - Apr. 2024(p)	Apr. 2023	Feb. 2024	Mar. 2024(p)	Apr. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Mar. 2024 - Apr. 2024(p)
Total private	121.8	123.1	123.7	123.5	-0.2	233.4	244.3	246.0	246.2	0.1
Goods-producing	95.6	95.9	96.4	95.7	-0.7	171.2	180.0	181.8	180.9	-0.5
Mining and logging	121.7	126.4	128.0	123.8	-3.3	241.1	269.1	269.8	263.3	-2.4
Construction	116.0	118.1	120.0	118.4	-1.3	212.3	224.7	229.5	226.7	-1.2
Manufacturing	85.0	84.2	84.2	84.2	0.0	144.8	150.5	151.2	151.7	0.3
Durable goods	86.0	85.4	85.4	85.4	0.0	146.1	153.2	154.0	154.7	0.5
Nondurable goods	83.2	82.3	82.1	82.5	0.5	141.9	145.9	145.8	146.5	0.5
Private service-providing	129.1	131.1	131.3	131.1	-0.2	252.9	265.3	266.3	266.4	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	115.6	115.9	116.3	116.3	0.0	207.6	214.2	215.7	215.9	0.1
Wholesale trade	111.5	113.0	112.8	113.0	0.2	199.1	207.2	207.9	209.3	0.7
Retail trade	102.0	102.4	102.8	102.7	-0.1	178.6	182.3	184.2	183.7	-0.3
Transportation and warehousing	163.4	161.5	162.5	162.2	-0.2	287.8	299.2	300.4	300.0	-0.1
Utilities	99.3	101.3	101.2	101.5	0.3	183.2	189.0	190.4	192.0	0.8
Information	100.4	98.8	99.6	98.2	-1.4	195.9	197.8	200.7	197.6	-1.5
Financial activities	120.5	120.8	121.0	121.3	0.2	246.5	262.1	263.5	264.7	0.5
Professional and business services	146.5	146.6	147.2	147.3	0.1	296.2	304.7	307.0	307.8	0.3
Private education and health services	151.4	157.1	157.2	157.8	0.4	300.4	320.8	320.6	322.1	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	127.5	131.0	131.5	130.4	-0.8	266.5	286.9	288.3	287.2	-0.4
Other services	103.1	104.9	105.4	105.1	-0.3	194.0	206.5	206.0	206.6	0.3
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.