Table 54. Education of reference person: Shares of average annual expenditures and sources of income, Consumer Expenditure Survey, 1998 Less than college graduate College graduate All Less High Item consumer than High school Master's, units Total high school graduate Associate Total Bachelor's professiona- school graduate with degree degree l, graduate some doctorate college _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Number of consumer units (in thousands)...... 107,182 80,042 17,918 31,082 22,522 8,520 27,140 17,435 9,704 Income before taxes a/ ...................... $41,622 $33,035 $20,712 $34,005 $37,853 $42,663 $67,102 $60,078 $79,863 Income after taxes a/ ....................... 38,358 30,978 19,935 32,036 35,167 39,276 60,258 54,294 71,093 Age of the reference person.................. 47.6 48.4 56.1 48.7 43.6 44.3 45.3 43.8 48.0 Average number in consumer unit: Persons..................................... 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 Children under 18........................... .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 .8 .6 .7 .6 Persons 65 and over......................... .3 .3 .5 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Earners..................................... 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 Vehicles.................................... 2.0 1.9 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 Percent distribution: Male........................................ 58 56 52 57 57 56 64 62 69 Female...................................... 42 44 48 43 43 44 36 38 31 Homeowner................................... 64 62 58 64 59 67 72 70 78 With mortgage.............................. 39 34 21 34 39 46 53 51 56 Without mortgage........................... 26 28 36 30 20 22 20 19 22 Renter...................................... 36 38 42 36 41 33 28 30 22 Black....................................... 12 14 18 14 12 12 6 7 6 White and other............................. 88 86 82 86 88 88 94 93 94 Elementary (1-8)............................ 7 9 40 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. High school (9-12).......................... 39 52 58 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. College..................................... 54 39 n.a. n.a. 100 100 100 100 100 Never attended and other.................... b/ b/ 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. At least one vehicle owned or leased........ 87 85 75 87 87 93 94 93 95 Average annual expenditures.................. $35,535 $30,106 $21,429 $30,052 $34,045 $37,988 $51,547 $47,350 $59,027 Food....................................... 13.5 14.6 16.6 14.8 13.4 14.2 11.7 12.2 11.1 Food at home............................. 7.8 8.9 11.8 9.0 7.5 8.1 6.0 6.2 5.7 Cereals and bakery products............ 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.3 .9 1.0 .9 Cereals and cereal products.......... .4 .5 .6 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 Bakery products...................... .8 .9 1.1 .9 .7 .9 .6 .6 .6 Meats, poultry, fish, and eggs......... 2.0 2.4 3.5 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.4 1.4 1.3 Beef................................. .6 .8 1.1 .8 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 Pork................................. .4 .5 .8 .5 .4 .4 .2 .3 .2 Other meats.......................... .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 Poultry.............................. .4 .4 .6 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 Fish and seafood..................... .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 Eggs................................. .1 .1 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 Dairy products......................... .8 1.0 1.3 1.0 .8 .9 .7 .7 .6 Fresh milk and cream................. .3 .4 .6 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 Other dairy products................. .5 .6 .7 .6 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 Fruits and vegetables.................. 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.4 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 Fresh fruits......................... .4 .4 .6 .4 .4 .5 .4 .4 .4 Fresh vegetables..................... .4 .4 .7 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .4 Processed fruits..................... .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .2 Processed vegetables................. .2 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 Other food at home..................... 2.4 2.7 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.8 Sugar and other sweets............... .3 .3 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .2 Fats and oils........................ .2 .3 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Miscellaneous foods.................. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 .9 1.0 .9 Nonalcoholic beverages............... .6 .8 1.0 .8 .6 .7 .5 .5 .4 Food prepared by consumer unit on out-of-town trips................... .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .2 .2 .2 .2 Food away from home...................... 5.7 5.7 4.8 5.8 5.9 6.2 5.7 5.9 5.4 Alcoholic beverages......................... .9 .8 .6 .9 .9 .8 1.0 1.0 .9 Housing..................................... 33.0 32.4 34.4 32.4 31.6 32.1 33.9 33.7 34.1 Shelter.................................. 18.8 18.1 18.5 17.9 18.3 18.1 19.9 20.0 19.9 Owned dwellings........................ 11.9 10.8 9.0 10.6 11.5 11.9 13.9 13.5 14.5 Mortgage interest and charges........ 6.9 6.0 4.1 5.7 6.8 7.2 8.5 8.4 8.6 Property taxes....................... 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.5 2.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 Maintenance, repairs, insurance,other expenses............................ 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.4 Rented dwellings....................... 5.6 6.4 9.0 6.4 5.7 5.2 4.1 4.7 3.2 Other lodging.......................... 1.3 .9 .6 .9 1.1 1.1 1.9 1.8 2.2 Utilities, fuels, and public services.... 6.8 7.5 9.6 7.6 6.7 6.6 5.5 5.8 5.1 Natural gas............................ .8 .9 1.2 .9 .7 .7 .7 .7 .6 Electricity............................ 2.6 3.0 3.9 3.1 2.6 2.5 1.9 2.0 1.8 Fuel oil and other fuels............... .2 .3 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Telephone services..................... 2.3 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.0 2.1 1.8 Water and other public services........ .8 .9 1.1 .9 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 Household operations..................... 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.0 1.8 2.2 Personal services...................... .7 .7 .5 .7 .7 .9 .8 .8 .8 Other household expenses............... .8 .6 .5 .6 .7 .6 1.2 1.0 1.4 Housekeeping supplies.................... 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.7 Laundry and cleaning supplies.......... .3 .4 .5 .4 .3 .4 .2 .3 .2 Other household products............... .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .8 .5 1.1 Postage and stationery................. .4 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 Household furnishings and equipment...... 4.5 4.2 3.9 4.3 4.0 4.5 5.1 5.0 5.1 Household textiles..................... .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 Furniture.............................. 1.1 .9 .8 1.0 .9 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.1 Floor coverings........................ .4 .4 .4 .5 .1 .2 .5 .3 .6 Major appliances....................... .5 .5 .7 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 Small appliances, miscellaneous housewares............................ .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Miscellaneous household equipment...... 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 Apparel and services....................... 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.9 4.8 4.9 4.6 Men and boys............................. 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 Men, 16 and over....................... .9 .8 .8 .9 .7 .9 1.0 1.0 1.0 Boys, 2 to 15.......................... .2 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 Women and girls.......................... 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 Women, 16 and over..................... 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.5 Girls, 2 to 15......................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 Children under 2......................... .2 .2 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 Footwear................................. .8 .9 1.0 .9 .8 .8 .7 .7 .6 Other apparel products and services...... .8 .7 .7 .6 .8 .7 .9 .9 .9 Transportation............................. 18.6 19.4 18.8 19.8 19.6 18.2 17.3 17.7 16.9 Vehicle purchases (net outlay)........... 8.3 8.9 8.7 9.1 9.2 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.3 Cars and trucks, new................... 3.9 3.7 3.1 3.3 4.8 2.9 4.3 4.6 3.9 Cars and trucks, used.................. 4.3 5.0 5.6 5.6 4.2 4.8 3.1 3.0 3.2 Other vehicles......................... .1 .1 c/ .2 .2 c/ .1 d/ .1 d/ .2 Gasoline and motor oil................... 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.3 3.0 3.1 2.3 2.4 2.0 Other vehicle expenses................... 6.2 6.4 5.8 6.6 6.3 6.6 5.9 6.2 5.6 Vehicle finance charges................ .9 1.0 .8 1.1 1.0 1.1 .7 .8 .5 Maintenance and repairs................ 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 Vehicle insurance...................... 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.8 1.9 1.8 Vehicle rental, leases, licenses, other charges......................... 1.4 1.3 .8 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.6 Public transportation.................... 1.2 .9 .8 .8 1.1 .9 1.7 1.5 2.0 Health care................................ 5.4 5.8 7.5 5.8 5.3 5.2 4.5 4.7 4.3 Health insurance......................... 2.6 2.9 3.7 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.1 2.0 Medical services......................... 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 Drugs.................................... 1.0 1.1 1.9 1.2 .9 .7 .7 .7 .7 Medical supplies......................... .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .3 .3 .2 Entertainment.............................. 4.9 4.8 3.5 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.1 5.0 5.2 Fees and admissions...................... 1.3 1.0 .6 .9 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.7 1.8 Television, radios, sound equipment...... 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.4 Pets, toys, and playground equipment..... .9 .9 .7 1.0 1.0 1.0 .9 1.0 .8 Other entertainment supplies, equipment,and services.................. 1.2 1.3 .5 1.4 1.4 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.2 Personal care products and services........ 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 Reading.................................... .5 .4 .3 .4 .5 .4 .5 .5 .6 Education.................................. 1.6 1.3 .6 .9 2.1 1.7 2.1 2.1 2.2 Tobacco products and smoking supplies...... .8 1.0 1.5 1.2 .8 .8 .3 .3 .2 Miscellaneous.............................. 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.1 Cash contributions......................... 3.1 2.6 2.0 2.5 2.9 2.6 4.1 3.7 4.6 Personal insurance and pensions............ 9.5 8.4 5.6 8.2 9.3 9.9 11.5 11.0 12.2 Life and other personal insurance........ 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.6 Pensions and Social Security............. 8.4 7.3 4.6 7.3 8.2 8.7 10.2 9.9 10.7 Sources of income and personal taxes: a/ Money income before taxes................. $41,622 $33,035 $20,712 $34,005 $37,853 $42,663 $67,102 $60,078 $79,863 Wages and salaries....................... 79.0 76.5 59.2 77.6 78.7 85.5 82.7 83.7 81.4 Self-employment income................... 5.4 4.7 3.9 4.3 6.5 2.8 6.3 4.8 8.4 Social Security, private and government retirement................... 11.1 14.1 29.3 13.8 10.4 8.0 6.8 6.7 6.8 Interest, dividends, rental income, other property income................... 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.4 2.8 3.1 2.5 Unemployment and workers'' compensation, veterans'' benefits..................... .5 .7 1.0 .8 .5 .7 .1 .2 .1 Public assistance, supplemental security, income, food stamps..................... .8 1.3 4.0 1.0 .6 .6 .1 .2 .1 Regular contributions for support........ .6 .7 .5 .5 1.0 .6 .6 .7 .3 Other income............................. .5 .5 .7 .4 .7 .4 .6 .6 .5 Personal taxes............................. 7.8 6.2 3.8 5.8 7.1 7.9 10.2 9.6 11.0 Federal income taxes..................... 5.9 4.6 2.6 4.1 5.4 6.0 7.9 7.3 8.7 State and local income taxes............. 1.5 1.2 .8 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 Other taxes.............................. .4 .4 .3 .5 .3 .4 .4 .4 .3 Income after taxes.......................... 92.2 93.8 96.2 94.2 92.9 92.1 89.8 90.4 89.0 _____________________________________________ a/ Components of income and taxes are derived from complete income reporters only see glossary. b/ Value less than 0.5. c/ Value less than 0.05. d/ Data are likely to have large sampling errors. n.a. Not applicable.