Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 00-223 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 691-5902 Wednesday, August 9, 2000 WORKER DISPLACEMENT DURING THE LATE 1990s From January 1997 through December 1999, 3.3 million workers were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of displaced workers was about the same as the level of 3.6 million recorded 2 years earlier in a survey that measured job losses that occurred from January 1995 through December 1997. Both surveys covered 3-year periods of strong employment growth and declining unemployment. Since 1984, the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor has sponsored surveys that collect information on workers who were displaced from their jobs. These surveys have been conducted biennially as supplements to the Current Population Survey, a monthly survey of households that is the primary source of information on the nation's labor force. Displaced workers are defined as persons 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. The period covered in this study was 1997-99, the 3 calendar years prior to the February 2000 survey date. The following analysis focuses primarily on the 3.3 million persons who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement (also referred to as long-tenured displaced). Another 4.3 million persons were displaced from jobs they had held for less than 3 years. Combining the short- and long-tenured groups, the number of displaced workers totaled 7.6 million, compared with 8.0 million from the prior survey. Some of the highlights from the February 2000 survey are: -- Nearly three-fourths of both the long-tenured and total displaced were reemployed at the time of the survey, about the same proportion reemployed in the February 1998 survey. -- Half of the long-tenured displaced workers reported plant or company closings or moves as the reason for their displacement. -- Forty-four percent of displaced workers who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years were given written advance notification that their jobs would be terminated. Those who had received advance notice, however, were no more likely to be reemployed in February 2000 than were those who had not. -- Although manufacturing's share of displaced workers has fallen since the early 1980s, this proportion continued to be much larger than the industry's share of total employment. -- Nearly three-fifths of workers who were displaced from full-time wage and salary jobs and who were reemployed in such jobs had earnings that were the same or higher than those on the lost job. One-fourth of such workers, however, experienced earnings losses of 20 percent or more. - 2 - Characteristics of the reemployed Of the 3.3 million long-tenured workers who had been displaced from January 1997 through December 1999, 74 percent were reemployed, 10 percent were unemployed, and 16 percent were not in the labor force when surveyed in February 2000. (See table 1.) These proportions were about the same as those from the February 1998 survey. In the February 2000 survey, reemployment rates for workers ages 20 to 24 and those in the central-age group (ages 25 to 54) were 88 and 80 percent, respectively. By comparison, reemployment rates were much lower for older workers ages 55 to 64 (56 percent) and 65 years and older (26 percent). Large proportions of older displaced workers were not in the labor force when surveyed. Some of these older workers may leave the labor force after displacement because they are unable to find jobs comparable to the ones they lost. Although men account for a larger share of displaced workers than women, men were more likely to have found a new job when surveyed. In February 2000, 79 percent of men were reemployed, compared with 67 percent of women. Men and women had about an equal likelihood of being unemployed, but the propor- tion of displaced women who had left the labor force, at 21 percent, was nearly twice that for men--12 percent. In February 2000, reemployment rates for whites (74 percent), blacks (72 percent), and Hispanics (70 percent) were about the same as the rates from the February 1998 survey. Reason for job loss and receipt of advance notice Of those workers displaced from January 1997 through December 1999, 49 percent lost or left their jobs due to plant closings or moves, 22 percent cited insufficient work as the reason for being displaced, and 29 percent reported that their position or shift was abolished. (See table 2.) These proportions were roughly the same as those reported in the prior survey. The proportion of displaced workers who received written advance notice that their jobs would be terminated--more than 4 in 10--was similar to that of the prior survey. In February 2000, workers who lost jobs due to plant closings or moves were most likely to have received written advance notice of their impending job loss. Of this group, 56 percent received such notice; in comparison, 39 percent of workers displaced because of shift abolishment and only 23 percent of those who lost jobs due to insufficient work were notified in advance. Regardless of the reason for displacement, receipt of written advance notice appears to have had little impact on the likelihood of being reemployed in February 2000. For example, 74 percent of displaced workers who received written advance notice were reemployed when surveyed, compared with 73 percent of their counterparts who did not receive such notice. (See table 3.) Industry and occupation As was the case in prior surveys, manufacturing continued to comprise the largest share of displaced workers. Over the 1997-99 period, 1.0 million factory workers lost jobs, accounting for about 1 in every 3 displacements. This share was well below its proportion in the early 1980s (one-half), but still about twice manufacturing's share of employment. Manufacturing displacements continued to be concentrated in durable goods industries, particularly in machinery. (See table 4.) - 3 - Although most of the job growth in the United States continues to be concentrated in the service-producing sector, substantial numbers of workers were displaced from these industries as well. Displacements in wholesale and retail trade (616,000) and in finance, insurance, and real estate (245,000) accounted for 19 and 8 percent, respectively, of all workers displaced over the 1997-99 period. For both industries, this was more than their share of total employment, indicating that workers in these industries have an above-average risk of being displaced. Slightly more than 7 in every 10 workers displaced from manufacturing were reemployed when surveyed in February 2000. As in prior surveys, the reemployment rate for workers displaced from durable goods industries (77 percent) was much higher than the rate for nondurable goods industries-- 66 percent. (These workers were not necessarily reemployed in the same industries from which they were displaced.) Reemployment rates for workers displaced from the other major industry groups ranged from 71 percent for workers displaced from wholesale and retail trade to 78 percent for workers who lost jobs in construction. Reflecting the change in the industrial composition of displacement (and employment as well) that has occurred since the early 1980s, there also have been shifts in the occupational distribution of displaced workers. For example, in the February 2000 survey, managerial and professional specialty occupations accounted for 30 percent of all displacements. This proportion has doubled since the early 1980s, but is still slightly below this occupational group's share of total employment. In contrast, the proportion of displacement made up of operators, fabricators, and laborers, at 18 percent in the February 2000 survey, was about half of what it had been in the early 1980s; the proportion displaced, however, was still higher than the group's share of total employment--13 percent. (See table 5.) The proportion of displaced workers who had found new jobs when surveyed was highest for technicians and related support (86 percent) and lowest for machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors--66 percent. Geographic divisions In every geographic division in the United States, the number of workers displaced over the 1997-99 period was about the same as it had been in the prior survey period. In terms of employment status at the time of the February 2000 survey, displaced workers in the Mountain, New England, Pacific, and West North Central divisions had the smallest proportions unemployed--fewer than 1 in 10 in each area. Workers who were displaced in these divisions also were among the most likely to have found new jobs, as more than 3 out of every 4 were reemployed. (See table 6.) Earnings Of the 2.2 million reemployed displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs over the 1997-99 period, 1.9 million were again working in such jobs in February 2000. The share of displaced workers reemployed full time who were earning about as much or more than they had earned on their prior jobs was 58 percent, roughly the same as the proportion from the February 1998 survey--55 percent. In the February 2000 survey, one-fourth reported earnings losses of 20 percent or more, little different than the proportion from the prior survey. (See table 7.) - 4 - Total displaced workers (with no tenure restriction) The total number of workers displaced from January 1997 to December 1999 (regardless of how long they had held their jobs) was 7.6 million, about the same as the number displaced during the 1995-97 period--8.0 million. (See table 8.) This group had a larger proportion of young persons than did the long-tenured group, as younger workers tend to have lower tenure on their jobs. About three-fourths of all displaced workers were reemployed at the time of the survey, while 12 percent were unemployed and 14 percent were out of the labor force. These proportions are about the same as those from the February 1998 survey. Plant and company closings were slightly less common as a reason for displacement among all displaced workers than among the long-tenured, 43 versus 49 percent. The proportion of the total displaced citing insufficient work as the cause for a job ending (32 percent) was much higher than the share for long-tenured displaced workers--22 percent. In terms of industry, manufacturing, retail trade, and services accounted for the largest proportions of the total number of workers displaced over the 1997-99 period. Technical Note The data presented in this report were collected through a supplement to the February 2000 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 50,000 households that provides the basic data on employment and unemployment for the nation. The purpose of this supplement was to obtain information on the number and characteristics of persons who had been displaced (as defined below) from their jobs over the prior 3 calendar years. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Non-sampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts The first question asked of survey respondents was, "During the last 3 calendar years, that is, January 1997 through December 1999, did (you/name) lose a job or leave one because: (your/his/her) plant or company closed or moved, (your/his/her) position or shift was abolished, there was insufficient work, or another similar reason?" If the answer to that question was "yes," then the respondent was asked to identify which reason, among the following, best described the reason for the job loss: Plant or company closed down or moved Plant or company operating but lost or left job because of: Insufficient work Position or shift abolished Seasonal job completed Self-operated business failed Some other reason Respondents who provided one of the first three reasons--plant or company closed or moved, insufficient work, or position or shift abolished--were then asked questions about the lost job, including how many years it had been held; the year the job was lost; its earnings, industry, and occupation; and whether health insurance had been provided. Other questions were asked to determine what transpired before and after the job loss, such as: Was the respondent notified of the upcoming dismissal? How long did he/she go without work? Did he/she receive unemployment benefits? And, if so, were the benefits used up? Did the person move to another location after the job loss to take or look for another job? Information also was collected about current health insurance coverage (other than Medi- care and Medicaid) and current earnings for those employed in February 2000. Table 1. Displaced workers(1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in February 2000 Percent distribution by employment status Age, sex, race, and Hispanic Total origin (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force TOTAL Total, 20 years and over....... 3,275 100.0 73.5 10.4 16.1 20 to 24 years..................... 100 100.0 87.7 3.7 8.7 25 to 54 years..................... 2,503 100.0 79.5 10.3 10.2 55 to 64 years..................... 517 100.0 56.0 13.6 30.4 65 years and over.................. 155 100.0 26.3 5.2 68.6 Men Total, 20 years and over....... 1,765 100.0 78.9 9.6 11.5 20 to 24 years..................... 75 100.0 86.6 4.9 8.4 25 to 54 years..................... 1,331 100.0 85.1 9.1 5.8 55 to 64 years..................... 279 100.0 62.9 13.3 23.8 65 years and over.................. 80 100.0 23.6 10.0 66.4 Women Total, 20 years and over....... 1,511 100.0 67.3 11.3 21.4 20 to 24 years..................... 25 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years..................... 1,172 100.0 73.2 11.7 15.1 55 to 64 years..................... 238 100.0 47.9 14.0 38.1 65 years and over.................. 75 100.0 29.1 - 70.9 White Total, 20 years and over....... 2,778 100.0 74.4 9.9 15.7 Men................................ 1,522 100.0 79.0 10.0 11.0 Women.............................. 1,256 100.0 68.8 9.8 21.4 Black Total, 20 years and over....... 363 100.0 72.2 12.8 15.0 Men................................ 188 100.0 82.0 4.7 13.4 Women.............................. 175 100.0 61.8 21.5 16.7 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over....... 346 100.0 69.7 13.0 17.3 Men................................ 181 100.0 84.6 9.1 6.2 Women.............................. 165 100.0 53.4 17.2 29.5 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Dash represents zero. Table 2. Displaced workers(1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss, February 2000 Percent distribution by reason for job loss Total Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (thousands) Plant or Position or Total company Insufficient shift closed down work abolished or moved TOTAL Total, 20 years and over................ 3,275 100.0 49.4 21.6 29.0 20 to 24 years.............................. 100 100.0 49.8 29.5 20.7 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,503 100.0 48.3 22.1 29.6 55 to 64 years.............................. 517 100.0 56.6 15.3 28.1 65 years and over........................... 155 100.0 43.1 29.0 27.9 Men Total, 20 years and over................ 1,765 100.0 47.1 24.0 28.9 20 to 24 years.............................. 75 100.0 43.4 36.1 20.5 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,331 100.0 46.2 24.0 29.8 55 to 64 years.............................. 279 100.0 56.3 17.4 26.3 65 years and over........................... 80 100.0 33.5 34.6 31.9 Women Total, 20 years and over................ 1,511 100.0 52.1 18.7 29.1 20 to 24 years.............................. 25 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,172 100.0 50.7 19.9 29.4 55 to 64 years.............................. 238 100.0 57.0 12.8 30.2 65 years and over........................... 75 100.0 53.4 23.0 23.6 White Total, 20 years and over................ 2,778 100.0 48.9 20.9 30.3 Men......................................... 1,522 100.0 46.5 23.4 30.1 Women....................................... 1,256 100.0 51.7 17.8 30.4 Black Total, 20 years and over................ 363 100.0 53.2 26.5 20.3 Men......................................... 188 100.0 53.3 26.4 20.2 Women....................................... 175 100.0 53.0 26.6 20.5 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over................ 346 100.0 50.4 32.1 17.5 Men......................................... 181 100.0 44.6 41.1 14.3 Women....................................... 165 100.0 56.7 22.2 21.1 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 3. Displaced workers(1) by whether they received written advance notice, reason for job loss, and employment status in February 2000 Percent distribution by employment status Total Characteristic (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force TOTAL Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 3,275 100.0 73.5 10.4 16.1 Received written advance notice.......................... 1,447 100.0 74.0 9.6 16.4 Did not receive written advance notice................... 1,796 100.0 73.3 10.8 15.9 Plant or company closed down or moved Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 1,619 100.0 73.4 9.8 16.8 Received written advance notice.......................... 912 100.0 73.9 8.8 17.3 Did not receive written advance notice................... 688 100.0 72.6 10.8 16.6 Insufficient work Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 706 100.0 76.8 9.3 13.9 Received written advance notice.......................... 159 100.0 77.1 9.2 13.7 Did not receive written advance notice................... 539 100.0 77.0 8.9 14.1 Position or shift abolished Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 950 100.0 71.4 12.2 16.4 Received written advance notice.......................... 375 100.0 73.0 11.6 15.4 Did not receive written advance notice................... 569 100.0 70.7 12.5 16.8 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes a small number who did not report information on advance notice. Table 4. Displaced workers(1) by industry and class of worker of lost job and employment status in February 2000 Percent distribution by employment status Total Industry and class of worker of lost job (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Total, 20 years and over(2)......................... 3,275 100.0 73.5 10.4 16.1 Agricultural wage and salary workers..................... 52 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Nonagricultural wage and salary workers.................. 3,162 100.0 73.5 10.3 16.2 Private wage and salary workers........................ 3,004 100.0 73.4 10.6 16.0 Mining............................................... 55 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Construction......................................... 214 100.0 77.9 10.6 11.4 Manufacturing........................................ 1,016 100.0 72.9 11.9 15.1 Durable goods...................................... 627 100.0 77.2 11.1 11.8 Lumber and wood products......................... 43 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Furniture and fixtures........................... 19 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Stone, clay, and glass products.................. 29 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Primary metal industries......................... 24 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Fabricated metal products........................ 59 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Machinery, except electrical..................... 147 100.0 78.9 9.9 11.2 Electrical machinery............................. 134 100.0 72.7 13.5 13.8 Transportation equipment......................... 77 100.0 76.8 5.2 18.0 Automobiles.................................... 28 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other transportation equipment................. 48 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Professional and photographic equipment.......... 68 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other durable goods industries................... 26 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Nondurable goods................................... 389 100.0 66.1 13.3 20.5 Food and kindred products........................ 53 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Textile mill products............................ 37 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Apparel and other finished textile products...... 95 100.0 40.8 21.0 38.2 Paper and allied products........................ 24 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Printing and publishing.......................... 72 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Chemical and allied products..................... 73 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products....... 15 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other nondurable goods industries................ 19 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Transportation and public utilities.................. 164 100.0 74.4 15.7 9.9 Transportation..................................... 90 100.0 75.3 22.4 2.3 Communications and other public utilities.......... 74 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Wholesale and retail trade........................... 616 100.0 71.3 8.0 20.8 Wholesale trade.................................... 161 100.0 70.7 7.1 22.2 Retail trade....................................... 456 100.0 71.5 8.3 20.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate.................. 245 100.0 75.8 8.5 15.7 Services............................................. 692 100.0 74.7 9.3 16.0 Professional services.............................. 385 100.0 77.0 8.9 14.1 Other service industries........................... 307 100.0 71.9 9.7 18.3 Government workers..................................... 158 100.0 74.8 4.7 20.4 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of worker. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Table 5. Displaced workers(1) by occupation of lost job and employment status in February 2000 Occupation of lost job Total Total Employed Unemployed Not in the (thousands) labor force Total, 20 years and over(2).................. 3,275 100.0 73.5 10.4 16.1 Managerial and professional specialty............. 982 100.0 78.5 9.2 12.3 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 600 100.0 77.8 11.6 10.6 Professional specialty.......................... 382 100.0 79.6 5.3 15.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support...... 941 100.0 73.0 10.0 17.0 Technicians and related support................. 126 100.0 85.6 5.8 8.6 Sales occupations............................... 360 100.0 72.0 11.3 16.6 Administrative support, including clerical...... 454 100.0 70.4 10.1 19.5 Service occupations............................... 216 100.0 67.1 3.9 28.9 Precision production, craft, and repair........... 448 100.0 74.9 10.7 14.5 Mechanics and repairers......................... 105 100.0 76.3 7.9 15.8 Construction trades............................. 159 100.0 76.5 11.0 12.5 Other precision production, craft, and repair... 184 100.0 72.6 12.0 15.4 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.............. 590 100.0 69.4 13.6 17.1 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 338 100.0 66.4 15.6 17.9 Transportation and material moving occupations.. 126 100.0 78.1 13.3 8.6 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers....................................... 126 100.0 68.5 8.2 23.3 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................... 52 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report occupation. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Table 6. Displaced workers(1) by selected characteristics and area of residence in February 2000 (In thousands) New Middle East West South East West Characteristic Total England Atlan- North North Atlan- South South Mountain Pacific tic Central Central tic Central Central Workers who lost jobs Total, 20 years and over....... 3,275 190 491 570 205 559 196 280 172 612 Men................................ 1,765 95 217 307 109 307 103 160 87 378 Women.............................. 1,511 95 274 262 96 251 93 120 85 234 Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved..................... 1,619 104 214 286 98 294 120 164 76 263 Insufficient work.................. 706 28 105 90 38 97 27 59 34 228 Position or shift abolished........ 950 58 171 194 69 167 49 58 62 122 Industry of lost job(2) Mining............................. 55 - 4 10 2 2 6 19 2 9 Construction....................... 214 7 22 36 5 21 6 13 20 84 Manufacturing...................... 1,021 74 151 227 54 156 87 61 25 185 Durable goods.................... 627 61 91 146 41 72 51 22 13 130 Nondurable goods................. 393 13 59 80 13 84 36 39 12 55 Transportation and public utilities 173 11 17 22 2 52 7 28 4 30 Wholesale and retail trade......... 622 27 96 107 50 127 34 51 38 92 Finance, insurance, and real estate 253 11 44 49 21 46 5 21 19 38 Services........................... 776 50 135 97 67 132 48 60 53 135 Professional services............ 467 30 84 63 34 87 33 23 30 83 Other service industries......... 310 20 50 35 33 44 15 37 23 52 Public administration.............. 69 8 10 8 1 14 - 9 6 14 Employment status in February 2000 Employed........................... 2,409 157 351 441 154 359 148 196 132 470 Unemployed......................... 340 14 51 60 15 71 35 32 7 55 Not in the labor force............. 526 19 89 68 36 129 13 52 32 86 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report industry. NOTE: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England Division; New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose the West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific Division. Dash represents zero. Table 7. Displaced workers(1) who lost full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in February 2000 by industry of lost job and characteristics of new job (In thousands) Reemployed in February 2000 Wage and salary workers Full time Self- Industry of lost job employed Total Earnings relative to those of lost job and Part unpaid time family Total 20 Below, Equal or 20 workers (2) percent but above, percent or more within 20 but or more below percent within 20 above percent Total who lost full-time wage and salary jobs(3).................................. 2,178 164 1,875 396 282 561 367 140 Mining...................................... 33 2 25 13 1 4 - 6 Construction................................ 158 10 138 21 19 41 44 10 Manufacturing............................... 725 38 660 143 83 217 116 27 Durable goods(4).......................... 470 20 427 82 56 143 73 23 Primary metal industries................ 18 4 13 2 - 4 2 2 Fabricated metal products............... 53 - 51 15 7 14 11 3 Machinery, except electrical............ 110 5 96 27 16 14 20 9 Electrical machinery.................... 98 1 90 10 7 42 19 6 Transportation equipment................ 59 6 53 12 10 16 3 - Automobiles........................... 19 4 15 4 4 2 - - Other transportation equipment........ 40 2 38 8 6 14 3 - Nondurable goods.......................... 255 18 233 61 27 74 44 4 Transportation and public utilities......... 121 5 101 25 10 36 17 15 Wholesale and retail trade.................. 373 23 329 74 58 88 72 21 Finance, insurance, and real estate......... 177 18 141 30 12 32 35 18 Services.................................... 481 61 383 81 73 119 64 37 Professional services..................... 284 42 222 53 40 63 36 20 Other service industries.................. 197 20 160 27 32 56 27 17 Public administration....................... 49 5 37 4 5 13 4 7 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes about 269,000 persons who did not report earnings on lost job. 3 Includes a small number who did not report industry. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 8. Total displaced workers(1) by selected characteristics and employment status in February 2000 Percent distribution by employment status Total Characteristic (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Workers who lost jobs Total, 20 years and over................. 7,561 100.0 74.4 12.1 13.5 20 to 24 years............................... 902 100.0 73.0 12.2 14.8 25 to 54 years............................... 5,665 100.0 78.4 12.0 9.6 55 to 64 years............................... 775 100.0 58.8 13.4 27.8 65 years and over............................ 219 100.0 33.1 8.7 58.2 Men...................................... 4,030 100.0 78.1 12.8 9.0 20 to 24 years............................... 504 100.0 78.3 11.7 10.0 25 to 54 years............................... 3,000 100.0 81.9 12.9 5.3 55 to 64 years............................... 413 100.0 63.0 15.1 21.9 65 years and over............................ 113 100.0 33.2 9.5 57.3 Women.................................... 3,531 100.0 70.2 11.2 18.6 20 to 24 years............................... 398 100.0 66.3 12.8 20.8 25 to 54 years............................... 2,665 100.0 74.5 11.1 14.5 55 to 64 years............................... 362 100.0 54.0 11.4 34.6 65 years and over............................ 106 100.0 33.0 7.8 59.2 White........................................ 6,261 100.0 75.8 11.3 12.9 Black........................................ 1,015 100.0 68.1 16.8 15.1 Hispanic origin.............................. 871 100.0 69.5 15.6 14.9 Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved........ 3,267 100.0 74.0 10.4 15.6 Insufficient work............................ 2,399 100.0 74.0 14.6 11.5 Position or shift abolished.................. 1,895 100.0 75.7 11.8 12.4 Occupation and industry of lost job(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 1,890 100.0 80.8 9.0 10.2 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 2,276 100.0 74.4 10.6 15.0 Service occupations.......................... 697 100.0 65.5 12.1 22.3 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 1,011 100.0 76.6 13.3 10.1 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,395 100.0 69.8 17.1 13.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 123 100.0 70.0 21.0 9.0 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 102 100.0 80.1 10.2 9.7 Nonagricultural wage and salary workers...... 7,237 100.0 74.5 12.1 13.4 Private wage and salary workers............ 6,927 100.0 74.4 12.2 13.4 Mining................................... 83 100.0 68.0 21.6 10.4 Construction............................. 658 100.0 76.3 15.4 8.4 Manufacturing............................ 1,808 100.0 74.4 13.3 12.2 Durable goods.......................... 1,090 100.0 77.1 12.0 10.8 Nondurable goods....................... 718 100.0 70.3 15.3 14.4 Transportation and public utilities...... 397 100.0 77.4 13.0 9.7 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,692 100.0 72.9 10.6 16.5 Wholesale trade........................ 401 100.0 80.2 8.0 11.8 Retail trade........................... 1,291 100.0 70.7 11.4 17.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 469 100.0 74.7 11.9 13.4 Services................................. 1,821 100.0 74.8 10.9 14.4 Government workers......................... 310 100.0 75.6 9.4 15.0 1 Data refer to all persons (regardless of years of tenure on lost job) who had lost or left a job between January 1997 and December 1999 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report occupation or industry. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.