Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 02-483 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 691-5902 Wednesday, August 21, 2002 WORKER DISPLACEMENT, 1999-2001 During the January 1999 through December 2001 period, 4.0 million workers were displaced from jobs they had held for at least 3 years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The number of displaced workers increased from 3.3 million in January 1997 through December 1999. The more recent period includes the recession that began in March 2001 and the resulting slowdown in the labor market. In contrast, the prior survey covered a period of strong employment growth and declining unemployment. Since 1984, the Employment and Training Administration of the U.S. Department of Labor has sponsored surveys that collect information on workers who were displaced from their jobs. These surveys have been conducted biennially as supplements to the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of households that is the primary source of information on the nation's labor force. Displaced workers are defined as persons 20 years of age and older who lost or left jobs because their plant or company closed or moved, there was insufficient work for them to do, or their position or shift was abolished. The period covered in this study was 1999-2001, the 3 calendar years prior to the January 2002 survey date. The following analysis focuses primarily on the 4.0 million persons who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years at the time of displacement (referred to as long-tenured). Another 6.0 million persons were displaced from jobs they had held for less than 3 years (referred to as short-tenured). Combining the short- and long- tenured groups, the number of displaced workers totaled 9.9 million, up from 7.6 million in the prior survey. Results from the January 2002 survey included the following highlights: --Nearly two-thirds of the long-tenured displaced were reemployed at the time of the survey. --Nearly half of the long-tenured displaced workers cited plant or company closings or moves as the reason for their displacement. --Forty-three percent of displaced workers who had worked for their employer for 3 or more years had received written advance notification that their jobs would be terminated. Those who had received advance notice, however, were no more likely to be reemployed in January 2002 than were those who had not received advance notice. --One-third of long-tenured displaced workers lost jobs in manufacturing. This proportion continued to be much larger than the industry's share of long-tenured employees. (Long-tenured employment is defined as the number of persons employed for 3 years or more as measured by the CPS supplement on job tenure.) --Just over half of long-tenured workers who were displaced from full- time wage and salary jobs and who were reemployed in such jobs had earnings that were lower than those on the lost job. Among this group of reemployed full-time workers, about 3 in 10 experienced earnings losses of 20 percent or more. - 2 - Characteristics of the reemployed Sixty-four percent of the 4.0 million long-tenured displaced workers were reemployed when surveyed in January 2002. The proportion unemployed at the time of the survey was 21 percent. The remaining 15 percent of long- tenured displaced workers were not in the labor force. (See table 1.) In January 2002, reemployment rates for workers ages 20 to 24 and those in the central-age group (ages 25 to 54) were roughly the same--about 70 percent. By comparison, reemployment rates were lower for older workers ages 55 to 64 (51 percent) and 65 years and older (20 percent). Large proportions of older displaced workers were not in the labor force when surveyed. Men and women's shares of displacement were about equal to their shares of long-tenured employment. In January 2002, men and women had similar reemployment rates, 65 and 62 percent, respectively. Women were slightly less likely to be unemployed than men, but the proportion of displaced women who had left the labor force, at 19 percent, was higher than for men--12 percent. In January 2002, whites (65 percent) were more likely to be reemployed than either blacks (58 percent) or Hispanics (55 percent). Reason for job loss and receipt of advance notice Of those long-tenured workers displaced from January 1999 through December 2001, 47 percent lost or left their jobs due to plant or company closings or moves, 25 percent cited insufficient work as the reason for being displaced, and 27 percent reported that their position or shift was abolished. (See table 2.) These proportions were about the same as those reported in the prior survey. More than 4 in 10 displaced workers received written advance notice that their jobs would be terminated. In January 2002, workers who lost jobs due to plant or company closings or moves were most likely to have received written advance notice of their impending job loss. Of this group, 55 percent received such notice; in comparison, 38 percent of workers displaced because of shift abolishment and only 26 percent of those who lost jobs due to insufficient work were notified in advance. Regardless of the reason for displacement, receipt of written advance notice appears to have had little impact on the likelihood of being reemployed in January 2002. Reemployment rates were essentially the same for those who did and those who did not receive advance notice--63 and 64 percent, respectively. (See table 3.) Industry and occupation As in prior surveys, manufacturing accounted for a disproportionately large share of displaced workers. During the 1999-2001 period, 1.3 million factory workers were displaced from their jobs--one-third of all long-tenured displaced workers. This share was much higher than manufacturing's 19 percent share of total long-tenured employment. Manufacturing displacements were concentrated in durable goods industries, particularly in machinery. (See table 4.) Displacements in wholesale and retail trade (723,000) accounted for 18 percent of all long-tenured workers displaced during the 1999-2001 period. Long-tenured displaced workers in transportation and public utilities (295,000) and in finance, insurance, and real estate (284,000) each accounted for 7 percent of total displacement. - 3 - The reemployment rate for displaced manufacturing workers was 56 percent, lower than the overall reemployment rate for displaced workers. (These work- ers were not necessarily reemployed in the same industries from which they were displaced.) Reemployment rates for workers displaced from the other major industry groups ranged from 62 percent for workers displaced from con- struction and from transportation and public utilities to 71 percent for work- ers who lost jobs in finance, insurance, and real estate and in government. The occupational composition of displaced workers was similar to that recorded in the 2000 survey. In the January 2002 survey, persons in mana- gerial and professional specialty jobs accounted for 30 percent of all long- tenured displaced workers. This proportion is slightly less than this occupational group's share of total long-tenured employment. Workers displaced from technical, sales, and administrative support occupations comprised 29 percent of all displaced workers, matching their share of total long-tenured employment. In contrast, operators, fabricators, and laborers were disproportionately affected by job loss. These workers made up 19 percent of the long-tenured displaced, but only accounted for 14 percent of total long-tenured employment. Workers in these occupations tend to be employed in manufacturing. (See table 5.) The proportion of displaced workers who had found new jobs when surveyed was highest for mechanics and repairers (82 percent) and lowest for machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors (49 percent). Geographic divisions Compared with the prior survey, the number of workers displaced in each geographic division in the United States increased during the 1999-2001 period. The distribution of displacement among the divisions, however, was about the same as in the prior survey. In terms of employment status at the time of the January 2002 survey, the Pacific and Middle Atlantic divisions had the largest proportions of displaced workers who were unemployed in January 2002--28 and 24 percent, respectively. Displaced workers in these divisions also were least likely to have found new jobs; the reemployment rate for workers in the Middle Atlantic division was 54 percent and in the Pacific division was 60 percent. (See table 6.) Earnings Of the 2.3 million reemployed displaced workers who lost full-time wage and salary jobs during the 1999-2001 period, 1.9 million were working again in such jobs in January 2002. Of these reemployed full-time workers, about 48 percent were earning as much or more in their new jobs as they had earned on the job they lost. This was lower than the proportion recorded in the February 2000 survey (58 percent). In January 2002, 29 percent reported earnings losses of 20 percent or more. (See table 7.) - 4 - Total displaced workers (with no tenure restriction) The total number of workers displaced during the 1999-2001 period (regardless of how long they had held their jobs) was 9.9 million, more than the number displaced during the 1997-99 period--7.6 million. Nearly two-thirds of the total displaced had found new jobs when surveyed in January 2002, while 22 percent were unemployed and 14 percent were not in the labor force. (See table 8.) Compared with the long-tenured displaced workers, the short-tenured were more likely to be young and to have lost jobs in services and retail trade. Technical Note The data presented in this report were collected through a supplement to the January 2002 Current Population Survey (CPS), the monthly survey of about 60,000 households that provides the basic data on employment and unemployment for the nation. The purpose of this supplement was to obtain information on the number and characteristics of persons who had been displaced (as defined below) from their jobs over the prior 3 calendar years. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Non-sampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts The first question asked of survey respondents was, "During the last 3 calendar years, that is, January 1999 through December 2001, did (you/name) lose a job or leave one because: (your/his/her) plant or company closed or moved, (your/his/her) position or shift was abolished, there was insufficient work, or another similar reason?" If the answer to that question was "yes," then the respondent was asked to identify which reason, among the following, best described the reason for the job loss: Plant or company closed down or moved Plant or company operating but lost or left job because of: Insufficient work Position or shift abolished Seasonal job completed Self-operated business failed Some other reason Respondents who provided one of the first three reasons--plant or company closed or moved, insufficient work, or position or shift abolished--were then asked questions about the lost job, including how many years it had been held; the year the job was lost; its earnings, industry, and occupation; and whether health insurance had been provided. Other questions were asked to determine what transpired before and after the job loss, such as: Was the respondent notified of the upcoming dismissal? How long did he/she go without work? Did he/she receive unemployment benefits? And, if so, were the benefits used up? Did the person move to another location after the job loss to take or look for another job? Information also was collected about current health insurance coverage (other than Medicare and Medicaid) and current earnings for those employed in January 2002. Reemployment rates and other measures concerning a worker's current employ- ment status may not be strictly comparable between the 2002 and 2000 surveys. In 2002, the survey was conducted in January and, in 2000, it was done in February. Between January and February of each year, there is usually a large seasonal increase in employment. Hence, it is possible that reemploy- ment rates as measured in any given January may be lower than those measured in February because of this seasonal employment pattern. However, in the January 2002 data, it is not possible to disentangle the effects of the sea- sonal pattern on the data from cyclical or other economic factors. Table 1. Displaced workers(1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and employment status in January 2002 Percent distribution by employment status Age, sex, race, and Total Hispanic origin (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force TOTAL Total, 20 years and over....... 3,969 100.0 63.6 21.2 15.2 20 to 24 years..................... 132 100.0 68.7 15.4 15.8 25 to 54 years..................... 3,117 100.0 67.5 21.7 10.8 55 to 64 years..................... 593 100.0 50.9 20.3 28.8 65 years and over.................. 127 100.0 19.8 20.7 59.5 Men Total, 20 years and over....... 2,186 100.0 65.2 22.8 12.0 20 to 24 years..................... 55 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years..................... 1,740 100.0 69.0 22.9 8.1 55 to 64 years..................... 326 100.0 55.0 22.7 22.3 65 years and over.................. 65 100.0 (2) (2) (2) Women Total, 20 years and over....... 1,783 100.0 61.6 19.3 19.1 20 to 24 years..................... 77 100.0 65.8 17.9 16.3 25 to 54 years..................... 1,377 100.0 65.7 20.2 14.2 55 to 64 years..................... 266 100.0 45.8 17.3 36.8 65 years and over.................. 62 100.0 (2) (2) (2) White Total, 20 years and over....... 3,351 100.0 64.7 20.8 14.5 Men................................ 1,861 100.0 66.2 23.2 10.5 Women.............................. 1,491 100.0 62.8 17.8 19.4 Black Total, 20 years and over....... 474 100.0 57.7 22.3 20.0 Men................................ 238 100.0 60.7 17.7 21.6 Women.............................. 236 100.0 54.6 27.0 18.4 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over....... 335 100.0 55.0 31.0 14.0 Men................................ 158 100.0 55.0 31.4 13.6 Women.............................. 177 100.0 55.0 30.6 14.4 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 2. Displaced workers(1) by age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, and reason for job loss, January 2002 Percent distribution by reason for job loss Total Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin (thousands) Plant or Position or Total company Insufficient shift closed down work abolished or moved TOTAL Total, 20 years and over................ 3,969 100.0 47.2 25.4 27.3 20 to 24 years.............................. 132 100.0 45.4 49.8 4.8 25 to 54 years.............................. 3,117 100.0 46.5 25.3 28.2 55 to 64 years.............................. 593 100.0 50.7 20.1 29.2 65 years and over........................... 127 100.0 50.9 28.1 21.0 Men Total, 20 years and over................ 2,186 100.0 44.5 27.8 27.7 20 to 24 years.............................. 55 100.0 (2) (2) (2) 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,740 100.0 42.3 28.9 28.7 55 to 64 years.............................. 326 100.0 55.6 16.5 27.9 65 years and over........................... 65 100.0 (2) (2) (2) Women Total, 20 years and over................ 1,783 100.0 50.6 22.5 26.9 20 to 24 years.............................. 77 100.0 46.2 47.9 5.9 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,377 100.0 51.8 20.7 27.5 55 to 64 years.............................. 266 100.0 44.8 24.5 30.7 65 years and over........................... 62 100.0 (2) (2) (2) White Total, 20 years and over................ 3,351 100.0 46.9 24.7 28.4 Men......................................... 1,861 100.0 44.6 27.0 28.4 Women....................................... 1,491 100.0 49.8 21.9 28.3 Black Total, 20 years and over................ 474 100.0 49.2 29.5 21.3 Men......................................... 238 100.0 43.3 32.5 24.1 Women....................................... 236 100.0 55.1 26.5 18.4 Hispanic origin Total, 20 years and over................ 335 100.0 50.1 33.9 16.0 Men......................................... 158 100.0 39.9 43.1 17.0 Women....................................... 177 100.0 59.2 25.6 15.2 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 3. Displaced workers(1) by whether they received written advance notice, reason for job loss, and employment status in January 2002 Percent distribution by employment status Total Characteristic (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force TOTAL Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 3,969 100.0 63.6 21.2 15.2 Received written advance notice.......................... 1,690 100.0 63.1 20.1 16.8 Did not receive written advance notice................... 2,217 100.0 63.8 22.4 13.8 Plant or company closed down or moved Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 1,874 100.0 65.7 18.4 15.9 Received written advance notice.......................... 1,023 100.0 65.1 17.7 17.2 Did not receive written advance notice................... 805 100.0 66.4 19.8 13.9 Insufficient work Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 1,010 100.0 56.7 28.7 14.6 Received written advance notice.......................... 258 100.0 49.9 35.8 14.3 Did not receive written advance notice................... 743 100.0 59.4 26.4 14.2 Position or shift abolished Total, 20 years and over(2).......................... 1,085 100.0 66.2 19.2 14.6 Received written advance notice.......................... 408 100.0 66.4 16.2 17.4 Did not receive written advance notice................... 668 100.0 65.6 21.2 13.1 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes a small number who did not report information on advance notice. Table 4. Displaced workers(1) by industry and class of worker of lost job and employment status in January 2002 Percent distribution by employment status Total Industry and class of worker of lost job (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Total, 20 years and over(2)......................... 3,969 100.0 63.6 21.2 15.2 Agricultural wage and salary workers..................... 45 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Nonagricultural wage and salary workers.................. 3,886 100.0 63.9 21.0 15.1 Private wage and salary workers........................ 3,769 100.0 63.7 21.4 14.9 Mining............................................... 35 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Construction......................................... 256 100.0 62.0 33.3 4.7 Manufacturing........................................ 1,318 100.0 55.7 25.5 18.8 Durable goods...................................... 862 100.0 52.9 27.8 19.3 Lumber and wood products......................... 49 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Furniture and fixtures........................... 20 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Stone, clay, and glass products.................. 24 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Primary metal industries......................... 40 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Fabricated metal products........................ 79 100.0 51.4 18.9 29.6 Machinery, except electrical..................... 204 100.0 68.5 24.4 7.1 Electrical machinery............................. 238 100.0 40.8 31.9 27.3 Transportation equipment......................... 111 100.0 56.0 29.9 14.2 Automobiles.................................... 59 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other transportation equipment................. 53 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Professional and photographic equipment.......... 49 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other durable goods industries................... 47 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Nondurable goods................................... 456 100.0 60.9 21.2 17.9 Food and kindred products........................ 62 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Textile mill products............................ 72 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Apparel and other finished textile products...... 74 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Paper and allied products........................ 23 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Printing and publishing.......................... 108 100.0 74.8 18.1 7.1 Chemical and allied products..................... 64 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products....... 30 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Other nondurable goods industries................ 24 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Transportation and public utilities.................. 295 100.0 61.6 23.6 14.8 Transportation..................................... 173 100.0 67.2 23.6 9.2 Communications and other public utilities.......... 122 100.0 53.6 23.7 22.7 Wholesale and retail trade........................... 723 100.0 68.4 17.3 14.3 Wholesale trade.................................... 227 100.0 74.6 18.9 6.6 Retail trade....................................... 495 100.0 65.6 16.6 17.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate.................. 284 100.0 71.2 16.6 12.3 Services............................................. 858 100.0 70.3 16.4 13.3 Professional services.............................. 411 100.0 73.2 9.4 17.4 Other service industries........................... 447 100.0 67.7 22.7 9.6 Government workers..................................... 117 100.0 71.1 7.5 21.3 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report industry or class of worker. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Table 5. Displaced workers(1) by occupation of lost job and employment status in January 2002 Percent distribution by employment status Total Occupation of lost job (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Total, 20 years and over(2).................. 3,969 100.0 63.6 21.2 15.2 Managerial and professional specialty............. 1,200 100.0 68.2 18.5 13.3 Executive, administrative, and managerial....... 751 100.0 70.9 17.1 11.9 Professional specialty.......................... 449 100.0 63.6 20.8 15.6 Technical, sales, and administrative support...... 1,133 100.0 67.1 17.7 15.2 Technicians and related support................. 136 100.0 63.5 18.4 18.2 Sales occupations............................... 446 100.0 71.2 13.8 15.0 Administrative support, including clerical...... 551 100.0 64.7 20.7 14.6 Service occupations............................... 229 100.0 62.5 17.2 20.2 Precision production, craft, and repair........... 571 100.0 63.7 23.7 12.5 Mechanics and repairers......................... 140 100.0 82.1 9.3 8.6 Construction trades............................. 152 100.0 62.6 32.2 5.2 Other precision production, craft, and repair... 279 100.0 55.1 26.4 18.5 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.............. 745 100.0 53.0 29.1 17.9 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors... 458 100.0 49.4 30.6 20.0 Transportation and material moving occupations.. 171 100.0 62.0 25.7 12.3 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers....................................... 116 100.0 53.9 27.9 18.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................... 37 100.0 (3) (3) (3) 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report occupation. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. Table 6. Displaced workers(1) by selected characteristics and area of residence in January 2002 (In thousands) New Middle East West South East West Characteristic Total England Atlan- North North Atlan- South South Mountain Pacific tic Central Central tic Central Central Workers who lost jobs Total, 20 years and over........ 3,969 218 539 671 260 705 243 367 264 701 Men................................. 2,186 115 300 370 153 352 140 210 158 388 Women............................... 1,783 103 238 301 108 354 103 157 107 313 Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved............................ 1,874 109 250 292 114 346 133 182 117 331 Insufficient work................... 1,010 42 155 177 62 143 59 93 67 212 Position or shift abolished......... 1,085 66 133 202 84 217 51 92 80 159 Industry of lost job(2) Mining.............................. 35 - 10 5 - - 7 3 7 3 Construction........................ 262 8 39 30 22 39 17 30 23 53 Manufacturing....................... 1,320 80 167 258 74 247 125 117 52 198 Durable goods..................... 862 59 106 187 30 126 72 75 40 165 Nondurable goods.................. 458 21 61 72 44 121 53 42 12 33 Transportation and public utilities. 313 8 35 90 43 54 8 21 22 33 Wholesale and retail trade.......... 724 44 114 89 43 152 36 72 52 122 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 287 18 49 39 15 51 6 25 18 65 Services............................ 917 58 111 143 57 154 38 86 76 194 Professional services............. 471 35 49 102 29 82 21 36 42 76 Other service industries.......... 447 24 62 42 28 73 17 50 34 118 Public administration............... 35 1 7 7 (3) 1 - 7 5 7 Employment status in January 2002 Employed............................ 2,523 150 293 438 188 437 165 241 191 420 Unemployed.......................... 843 41 131 126 53 140 37 77 44 195 Not in the labor force.............. 604 27 115 107 20 129 42 48 29 86 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number who did not report industry. 3 Less than 500. NOTE: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont compose the New England Division; New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania compose the Middle Atlantic Division; Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin compose the East North Central Division; Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota compose the West North Central Division; Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia compose the South Atlantic Division; Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee compose the East South Central Division; Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas compose the West South Central Division; Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming compose the Mountain Division; Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington compose the Pacific Division. Dash represents zero. Table 7. Displaced workers(1) who lost full-time wage and salary jobs and were reemployed in January 2002 by industry of lost job and characteristics of new job (In thousands) Reemployed in January 2002 Wage and salary workers Full time Self- Industry of lost job employed Total Earnings relative to those of lost job and Part unpaid time family Total 20 Below, Equal or 20 workers (2) percent but above, percent or more within 20 but or more below percent within 20 above percent Total who lost full-time wage and salary jobs(3)............................... 2,298 234 1,893 450 356 483 255 171 Mining...................................... 26 - 22 7 6 5 4 4 Construction................................ 154 2 135 38 17 35 27 17 Manufacturing............................... 719 52 620 185 143 119 65 46 Durable goods(4).......................... 447 35 373 114 80 66 39 39 Primary metal industries................ 20 2 16 2 7 4 - 2 Fabricated metal products............... 37 4 31 9 15 2 - 1 Machinery, except electrical............ 137 2 119 38 31 14 11 16 Electrical machinery.................... 97 10 78 19 10 18 13 8 Transportation equipment................ 61 4 53 25 7 4 7 4 Automobiles........................... 34 - 30 18 3 1 4 4 Other transportation equipment........ 27 4 23 7 4 3 3 - Nondurable goods.......................... 271 17 248 71 62 53 26 7 Transportation and public utilities......... 188 26 151 35 31 36 16 12 Wholesale and retail trade.................. 432 60 335 72 51 107 42 37 Finance, insurance, and real estate......... 192 20 157 28 24 51 27 16 Services.................................... 539 63 439 77 81 124 70 37 Professional services..................... 288 33 236 47 42 73 34 19 Other service industries.................. 251 30 204 29 39 52 36 18 Public administration....................... 17 4 13 - 3 6 4 (5) 1 Data refer to persons who had 3 or more years of tenure on a job they had lost or left between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Includes about 349,000 persons who did not report earnings on lost job. 3 Includes a small number who did not report industry. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately. 5 Less than 500. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 8. Total displaced workers(1) by selected characteristics and employment status in January 2002 Percent distribution by employment status Total Characteristic (thousands) Total Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force Workers who lost jobs Total, 20 years and over...................... 9,933 100.0 64.4 22.0 13.6 20 to 24 years.................................... 1,284 100.0 65.2 23.3 11.5 25 to 54 years.................................... 7,470 100.0 66.8 21.9 11.4 55 to 64 years.................................... 976 100.0 52.5 22.5 25.0 65 years and over................................. 204 100.0 30.2 14.3 55.4 Men........................................... 5,564 100.0 66.5 23.2 10.2 20 to 24 years.................................... 663 100.0 65.2 25.3 9.5 25 to 54 years.................................... 4,257 100.0 68.9 23.0 8.0 55 to 64 years.................................... 528 100.0 57.2 23.4 19.4 65 years and over................................. 116 100.0 27.9 17.8 54.3 Women......................................... 4,369 100.0 61.8 20.3 17.9 20 to 24 years.................................... 621 100.0 65.2 21.2 13.5 25 to 54 years.................................... 3,213 100.0 63.9 20.3 15.8 55 to 64 years.................................... 448 100.0 46.9 21.4 31.6 65 years and over................................. 88 100.0 33.4 9.7 56.9 White............................................. 8,165 100.0 66.0 20.5 13.5 Black............................................. 1,312 100.0 55.9 29.8 14.4 Hispanic origin................................... 1,108 100.0 61.2 26.0 12.8 Reason for job loss Plant or company closed down or moved............. 3,870 100.0 67.5 18.4 14.1 Insufficient work................................. 3,666 100.0 60.3 27.1 12.6 Position or shift abolished....................... 2,397 100.0 65.9 19.8 14.4 Occupation and industry and class of worker of lost job(2) Managerial and professional specialty............. 2,561 100.0 69.6 19.6 10.9 Technical, sales, and administrative support...... 2,888 100.0 66.2 19.6 14.2 Service occupations............................... 876 100.0 61.4 20.7 17.9 Precision production, craft, and repair........... 1,306 100.0 66.4 23.0 10.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.............. 1,898 100.0 55.6 28.0 16.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing.................... 101 100.0 62.2 24.3 13.5 Agricultural wage and salary workers.............. 96 100.0 61.6 24.7 13.7 Nonagricultural wage and salary workers........... 9,518 100.0 64.5 21.9 13.6 Private wage and salary workers................. 9,200 100.0 64.4 22.4 13.2 Mining........................................ 71 100.0 (3) (3) (3) Construction.................................. 773 100.0 66.0 26.6 7.5 Manufacturing................................. 2,464 100.0 57.6 25.4 17.0 Durable goods............................... 1,651 100.0 56.3 26.8 16.9 Nondurable goods............................ 813 100.0 60.2 22.5 17.3 Transportation and public utilities........... 776 100.0 62.1 28.4 9.5 Wholesale and retail trade.................... 1,967 100.0 67.5 19.2 13.3 Wholesale trade............................. 439 100.0 72.7 20.8 6.5 Retail trade................................ 1,528 100.0 66.0 18.7 15.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate........... 572 100.0 75.1 13.8 11.1 Services...................................... 2,578 100.0 66.2 20.9 12.9 Government workers.............................. 318 100.0 69.9 6.1 24.1 1 Data refer to all persons (regardless of years of tenure on lost job) who had lost or left a job between January 1999 and December 2001 because of plant or company closings or moves, insufficient work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. 2 Total includes a small number of unpaid family workers and persons who did not report occupation or industry. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.