Technical Contact: USDL: 06-1680 (202) 691-6199 NCSinfo@bls.gov Media Contact: FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT (202) 691-5902 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 2006 Internet address: http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/home.htm (This news release was reissued on Wednesday, May 26, 2010, to remove table asterisks that have incorrectly indicated statistically significant differences between some estimates. News release text references to statistical significance have also been removed. Pay relative estimates have not changed. For more information, see http://www.bls.gov/ncs.) OCCUPATIONAL PAY RELATIVES, 2005 The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Department of Labor produces relative occupational pay comparisons between metropolitan areas and the United States as a whole. Using data from the National Compensation Survey (NCS), pay relatives--a means of assessing relative pay differences--have been prepared for 2005 for each of the 9 major occupational groups within 78 Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), as well as averaged across all occupations for each area. (See table 1.) In addition, for the first time, similar area-to-area comparisons have been calculated for all 78 areas and soon will be available on the BLS website at http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/payrel.htm. The pay relative in 2005 for workers in construction and extraction occupations in the San Francisco MSA was 123, meaning the pay in San Francisco in that occupational group averaged 23 percent more than the national average pay for that occupational group. The pay relative averaged across all occupations in the San Francisco MSA was 117, meaning that pay on average was 17 percent above the national average. By contrast, the pay relative for workers in construction and extraction occupations in the Brownsville, Texas MSA was 72, meaning pay for workers in those occupations averaged 28 percent less than the national average. Pay averaged across all occupations in the Brownsville area was 19 percent below the national average. The National Compensation Survey (NCS), introduced in 1997, collects earnings and other data on employee compensation covering over 820 detailed occupations in 152 metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. Average occupational earnings from the NCS are published annually for more than 80 metropolitan areas and for the United States as a whole. What is a pay relative? A pay relative is a calculation of pay--wages, salaries, commissions, and production bonuses--for a given metropolitan area relative to the nation as a whole. The calculation controls for differences among areas in occupational composition, establishment and occupational characteristics, and the fact that data are collected for areas at different times during the year. Metropolitan areas differ greatly in the types of occupations that are available to the local workforce. For example, in Brownsville, Texas, the ratio of workers in the high-paying management, business, and financial occupational group to the number of workers in all occupations is approximately 5 percent, whereas nationally this ratio is nearly 9 percent.(1) Similarly, the composition of establishment and occupational characteristics varies by area. In addition to these factors, the NCS collects compensation data for metropolitan areas at different times during the year. Payroll reference dates differ between areas which makes direct comparisons between areas difficult. The pay relative approach controls for these differences to isolate the geographic effect on wage determination. To illustrate the importance of controlling for these effects, consider the following example. The average pay for professional workers in San Francisco is $39.41 and the average pay for professional workers in the entire United States is $30.24.(2) A simple pay comparison can be calculated from the ratio of the two average pay levels, multiplied by 100 to express the comparison as a percentage. The pay comparison in the example is calculated as: ($39.41/$30.24)X100=130 However, this comparison does not control for the interarea difference in occupational composition. Some of the 30 percent pay premium in San Francisco relative to the nation as a whole is due to the higher concentration of highly compensated professional workers in San Francisco. A more accurate estimate of the geographic effect on wage determination in San Francisco can be obtained by taking into account this and other differences. Controlling for the differences in occupational composition, establishment and occupational characteristics, and the payroll reference date in San Francisco relative to the nation as the whole, the pay relative for professional and related occupations in San Francisco is equal to 117. Due to sample variation from year to year, data users are cautioned about inferring that there have been actual changes in underlying economic conditions from changes in the estimated pay relatives between 2004 and 2005. This caution applies even more strongly to estimates by occupational group. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Footnotes (1) Data for this example are based on the May 2005 Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcma.htm. (2) Average pay for professional workers in San Francisco and for the United States are based on wage estimates published in the San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA National Compensation Survey, March 2005 and the National Compensation Survey: Occupational Wages in the United States, June 2005, http://www.bls.gov/ncs/ocs/compub.htm. Technical Note The pay relatives in this release, as with estimates from any sample survey, are subject to sampling and non-sampling errors. Sampling errors are differences that occur between the pay relatives estimated from the sample and the true pay relatives derived from the population. Pay relatives are also subject to a variety of non-sampling errors that can influence the estimates. The NCS may be unable to obtain information for some establishments; there may be difficulties with survey definitions; respondents may be unable to provide correct information, or mistakes in recording or coding the data may occur. Non-sampling errors of these kinds were not specifically measured. However, they are expected to be minimal due to the extensive training of the field economists who gathered the survey data, computer edits of the data, and detailed data review. Historical pay relative data are available for 1992-1996, 1998, 2002, and 2004. There are several differences between the recent pay relatives and the pay relatives for earlier years, including different industry and occupation classification systems, varying methodology, and different survey designs. These differences limit comparability. The pay relatives for 2004 and 2005 were calculated using the same industry and occupation classification systems, methodology, and survey design. Nonetheless, comparisons between the estimates for the two years should be made only with a high degree of caution. Pay relatives were estimated using a multivariate regression technique methodology to control for interarea differences. This technique controls for the following ten characteristics: - Occupational type - Industry type - Work level - Full-time / part-time status - Time / incentive status - Union / nonunion status - Ownership type - Profit / non-profit status - Establishment employment - Payroll reference date Even accounting for the characteristics used in the current regression analysis, there is still wage variation across the areas. The variation is due to differences in wage determinants that were not included in the model. Examples of these determinants include price levels, environmental amenities such as a pleasant climate, and cultural amenities. For more details, see Maury B. Gittleman, "Pay Relatives for Metropolitan Areas in the NCS" Monthly Labor Review, March 2005, pp. 46-53, and Parastou Karen Shahpoori, "Pay Relatives for Major Metropolitan Areas," Compensation and Working Conditions Online, April 28, 2003. Table 1. Pay relatives for major occupational groups in metropolitan areas, National Compensation Survey, 2005 (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area1 All business, occupations and financial United States............................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX................................ 89 78 Anchorage, AK............................... 110 112 Atlanta, GA................................. 103 105 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC........................ 97 90 Austin-San Marcos, TX....................... 96 91 Birmingham, AL.............................. 95 91 Bloomington, IN............................. 94 97 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT...... 112 110 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX........ 81 82 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY................... 103 87 Charleston-North Charleston, SC............. 92 89 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC......... 97 93 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI.............. 108 107 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN............... 100 97 Cleveland-Akron, OH......................... 100 91 Columbus, OH................................ 101 107 Corpus Christi, TX.......................... 87 87 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX....................... 99 101 Dayton-Springfield, OH...................... 98 100 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO.................. 101 94 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI................. 106 101 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.......................... 98 101 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO................... 96 90 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI........... 103 98 Great Falls, MT............................. 90 90 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC..... 99 102 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC......... 97 99 Hartford, CT................................ 112 106 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC................ 97 90 Honolulu, HI................................ 103 99 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.............. 97 98 Huntsville, AL.............................. 95 98 Indianapolis, IN............................ 99 92 Iowa City, IA............................... 101 94 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area1 Professional Service and related United States............................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX................................ 87 86 Anchorage, AK............................... 103 121 Atlanta, GA................................. 101 97 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC........................ 101 91 Austin-San Marcos, TX....................... 93 94 Birmingham, AL.............................. 92 100 Bloomington, IN............................. 90 93 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT...... 107 113 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX........ 97 77 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY................... 93 109 Charleston-North Charleston, SC............. 94 85 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC......... 93 98 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI.............. 107 106 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN............... 99 101 Cleveland-Akron, OH......................... 99 98 Columbus, OH................................ 96 98 Corpus Christi, TX.......................... 92 83 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX....................... 102 95 Dayton-Springfield, OH...................... 95 96 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO.................. 103 98 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI................. 107 103 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.......................... 100 93 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO................... 94 91 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI........... 97 105 Great Falls, MT............................. 84 93 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC..... 93 98 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC......... 92 95 Hartford, CT................................ 109 121 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC................ 96 92 Honolulu, HI................................ 108 106 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.............. 101 87 Huntsville, AL.............................. 96 92 Indianapolis, IN............................ 98 101 Iowa City, IA............................... 100 106 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area1 Sales and administra- related tive support United States............................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX................................ 91 89 Anchorage, AK............................... 106 107 Atlanta, GA................................. 101 106 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC........................ 84 99 Austin-San Marcos, TX....................... 101 98 Birmingham, AL.............................. 97 97 Bloomington, IN............................. 94 90 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT...... 113 116 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX........ 86 78 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY................... 104 99 Charleston-North Charleston, SC............. 100 96 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC......... 85 99 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI.............. 108 111 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN............... 108 102 Cleveland-Akron, OH......................... 98 102 Columbus, OH................................ 117 100 Corpus Christi, TX.......................... 92 86 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX....................... 107 99 Dayton-Springfield, OH...................... 99 92 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO.................. 103 104 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI................. 102 104 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.......................... 97 92 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO................... 99 96 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI........... 112 101 Great Falls, MT............................. 90 82 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC..... 104 100 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC......... 91 98 Hartford, CT................................ 113 112 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC................ 97 100 Honolulu, HI................................ 100 99 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.............. 98 98 Huntsville, AL.............................. 95 96 Indianapolis, IN............................ 96 98 Iowa City, IA............................... 95 103 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area1 and maintenance, extraction and repair United States............................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX................................ 85 84 Anchorage, AK............................... 123 108 Atlanta, GA................................. 103 105 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC........................ 83 100 Austin-San Marcos, TX....................... 95 98 Birmingham, AL.............................. 84 90 Bloomington, IN............................. 83 98 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT...... 118 112 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX........ 72 80 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY................... 108 98 Charleston-North Charleston, SC............. 82 87 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC......... 96 98 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI.............. 124 111 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN............... 87 99 Cleveland-Akron, OH......................... 102 108 Columbus, OH................................ 102 98 Corpus Christi, TX.......................... 78 80 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX....................... 89 95 Dayton-Springfield, OH...................... 107 106 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO.................. 95 110 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI................. 112 103 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.......................... 100 87 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO................... 98 102 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI........... 122 96 Great Falls, MT............................. 125 103 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC..... 96 98 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC......... 81 87 Hartford, CT................................ 118 107 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC................ 83 90 Honolulu, HI................................ 107 110 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.............. 91 97 Huntsville, AL.............................. 97 90 Indianapolis, IN............................ 96 102 Iowa City, IA............................... 104 91 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area1 Production tion and material moving United States............................... 100 100 Amarillo, TX................................ 94 94 Anchorage, AK............................... 116 114 Atlanta, GA................................. 99 112 Augusta-Aiken, GA-SC........................ 102 93 Austin-San Marcos, TX....................... 98 93 Birmingham, AL.............................. 92 96 Bloomington, IN............................. 98 108 Boston-Worcester-Lawrence, MA-NH-ME-CT...... 109 114 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito, TX........ 73 79 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY................... 110 106 Charleston-North Charleston, SC............. 93 108 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC......... 100 104 Chicago-Gary-Kenosha, IL-IN-WI.............. 107 105 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN............... 102 101 Cleveland-Akron, OH......................... 108 104 Columbus, OH................................ 98 99 Corpus Christi, TX.......................... 88 88 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX....................... 89 102 Dayton-Springfield, OH...................... 109 97 Denver-Boulder-Greeley, CO.................. 99 105 Detroit-Ann Arbor-Flint, MI................. 118 105 Elkhart-Goshen, IN.......................... 98 113 Fort Collins-Loveland, CO................... 101 104 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland, MI........... 107 103 Great Falls, MT............................. 100 86 Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC..... 101 105 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson, SC......... 104 101 Hartford, CT................................ 108 112 Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC................ 100 107 Honolulu, HI................................ 96 101 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX.............. 99 94 Huntsville, AL.............................. 97 94 Indianapolis, IN............................ 106 100 Iowa City, IA............................... 95 103 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area1 All business, occupations and financial Johnstown, PA............................... 89 90 Kansas City, MO-KS.......................... 97 94 Knoxville, TN............................... 92 96 Lincoln, NE................................. 89 91 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA..... 105 104 Louisville, KY-IN........................... 99 101 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL........... 91 95 Memphis, TN-AR-MS........................... 94 92 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL................... 95 97 Milwaukee-Racine, WI........................ 101 102 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI................. 108 106 Mobile, AL.................................. 94 103 New Orleans, LA............................. 93 100 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................................. 112 113 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC........ 93 92 Ocala, FL................................... 90 91 Oklahoma City, OK........................... 91 97 Orlando, FL................................. 93 93 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD................................. 106 109 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ............................ 100 95 Pittsburgh, PA.............................. 96 94 Portland-Salem, OR-WA....................... 101 101 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA........ 108 115 Reading, PA................................. 103 122 Reno, NV.................................... 97 93 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA................ 102 100 Richmond-Petersburg, VA..................... 98 99 Rochester, NY............................... 98 97 Rockford, IL................................ 101 88 Sacramento-Yolo, CA......................... 107 107 Salinas, CA................................. 113 115 San Antonio, TX............................. 90 92 San Diego, CA............................... 105 100 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.......... 117 112 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area1 Professional Service and related Johnstown, PA............................... 89 91 Kansas City, MO-KS.......................... 92 95 Knoxville, TN............................... 91 90 Lincoln, NE................................. 87 90 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA..... 109 108 Louisville, KY-IN........................... 99 101 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL........... 83 93 Memphis, TN-AR-MS........................... 88 88 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL................... 94 92 Milwaukee-Racine, WI........................ 94 104 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI................. 103 120 Mobile, AL.................................. 92 86 New Orleans, LA............................. 97 86 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................................. 114 114 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC........ 94 92 Ocala, FL................................... 86 91 Oklahoma City, OK........................... 86 90 Orlando, FL................................. 91 88 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD................................. 109 107 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ............................ 102 97 Pittsburgh, PA.............................. 95 97 Portland-Salem, OR-WA....................... 94 112 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA........ 110 116 Reading, PA................................. 98 100 Reno, NV.................................... 95 99 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA................ 96 112 Richmond-Petersburg, VA..................... 97 98 Rochester, NY............................... 98 105 Rockford, IL................................ 99 101 Sacramento-Yolo, CA......................... 106 116 Salinas, CA................................. 122 117 San Antonio, TX............................. 93 84 San Diego, CA............................... 110 114 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.......... 117 123 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area1 Sales and administra- related tive support Johnstown, PA............................... 89 84 Kansas City, MO-KS.......................... 96 100 Knoxville, TN............................... 100 92 Lincoln, NE................................. 81 88 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA..... 108 107 Louisville, KY-IN........................... 94 97 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL........... 94 87 Memphis, TN-AR-MS........................... 97 96 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL................... 94 97 Milwaukee-Racine, WI........................ 110 102 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI................. 109 106 Mobile, AL.................................. 103 94 New Orleans, LA............................. 106 92 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................................. 108 113 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC........ 94 95 Ocala, FL................................... 93 92 Oklahoma City, OK........................... 87 87 Orlando, FL................................. 100 93 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD................................. 99 108 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ............................ 107 103 Pittsburgh, PA.............................. 93 98 Portland-Salem, OR-WA....................... 106 100 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA........ 104 108 Reading, PA................................. 102 99 Reno, NV.................................... 101 94 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA................ 107 98 Richmond-Petersburg, VA..................... 97 99 Rochester, NY............................... 93 97 Rockford, IL................................ 100 93 Sacramento-Yolo, CA......................... 108 105 Salinas, CA................................. 119 105 San Antonio, TX............................. 98 90 San Diego, CA............................... 107 103 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.......... 113 121 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area1 and maintenance, extraction and repair Johnstown, PA............................... 91 98 Kansas City, MO-KS.......................... 96 100 Knoxville, TN............................... 84 89 Lincoln, NE................................. 85 100 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA..... 113 107 Louisville, KY-IN........................... 106 99 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL........... 93 100 Memphis, TN-AR-MS........................... 89 106 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL................... 84 101 Milwaukee-Racine, WI........................ 110 101 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI................. 110 109 Mobile, AL.................................. 98 93 New Orleans, LA............................. 84 92 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................................. 128 112 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC........ 87 95 Ocala, FL................................... 79 88 Oklahoma City, OK........................... 91 99 Orlando, FL................................. 87 97 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD................................. 107 106 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ............................ 89 99 Pittsburgh, PA.............................. 97 94 Portland-Salem, OR-WA....................... 119 104 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA........ 103 95 Reading, PA................................. 108 101 Reno, NV.................................... 92 106 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA................ 106 91 Richmond-Petersburg, VA..................... 87 101 Rochester, NY............................... 90 85 Rockford, IL................................ 112 103 Sacramento-Yolo, CA......................... 100 114 Salinas, CA................................. 119 117 San Antonio, TX............................. 89 89 San Diego, CA............................... 102 103 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.......... 123 112 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area1 Production tion and material moving Johnstown, PA............................... 88 83 Kansas City, MO-KS.......................... 104 98 Knoxville, TN............................... 89 102 Lincoln, NE................................. 89 91 Los Angeles-Riverside-Orange County, CA..... 99 97 Louisville, KY-IN........................... 98 94 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL........... 94 101 Memphis, TN-AR-MS........................... 97 95 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL................... 97 96 Milwaukee-Racine, WI........................ 103 104 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI................. 113 110 Mobile, AL.................................. 94 95 New Orleans, LA............................. 91 91 New York-Northern New Jersey- Long Island, NY-NJ-CT-PA................................. 103 113 Norfolk-VA Beach-Newport News, VA-NC........ 88 94 Ocala, FL................................... 88 100 Oklahoma City, OK........................... 94 98 Orlando, FL................................. 91 100 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Atlantic City, PA-NJ-DE-MD................................. 105 108 Phoenix-Mesa, AZ............................ 95 103 Pittsburgh, PA.............................. 95 99 Portland-Salem, OR-WA....................... 95 98 Providence-Fall River-Warwick, RI-MA........ 104 107 Reading, PA................................. 103 105 Reno, NV.................................... 95 100 Richland-Kennewick-Pasco, WA................ 94 97 Richmond-Petersburg, VA..................... 96 106 Rochester, NY............................... 98 102 Rockford, IL................................ 106 104 Sacramento-Yolo, CA......................... 104 113 Salinas, CA................................. 103 96 San Antonio, TX............................. 98 90 San Diego, CA............................... 102 97 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA.......... 109 112 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Management, Metropolitan Area1 All business, occupations and financial Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA................ 107 96 Springfield, MA............................. 97 105 Springfield, MO............................. 90 86 St. Louis, MO-IL............................ 100 99 Tallahassee, FL............................. 87 76 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL......... 93 93 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA.............. 95 86 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV........... 106 101 York, PA.................................... 97 104 Youngstown-Warren, OH....................... 95 86 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Metropolitan Area1 Professional Service and related Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA................ 100 121 Springfield, MA............................. 112 108 Springfield, MO............................. 92 87 St. Louis, MO-IL............................ 96 96 Tallahassee, FL............................. 88 89 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL......... 90 91 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA.............. 98 100 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV........... 109 107 York, PA.................................... 99 99 Youngstown-Warren, OH....................... 94 87 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Office and Metropolitan Area1 Sales and administra- related tive support Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA................ 108 108 Springfield, MA............................. 108 112 Springfield, MO............................. 89 87 St. Louis, MO-IL............................ 98 100 Tallahassee, FL............................. 92 88 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL......... 89 98 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA.............. 90 95 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV........... 100 112 York, PA.................................... 94 95 Youngstown-Warren, OH....................... 97 87 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Construction Installation, Metropolitan Area1 and maintenance, extraction and repair Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA................ 113 105 Springfield, MA............................. 110 108 Springfield, MO............................. 85 96 St. Louis, MO-IL............................ 117 101 Tallahassee, FL............................. 90 85 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL......... 96 94 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA.............. 92 94 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV........... 102 111 York, PA.................................... 93 99 Youngstown-Warren, OH....................... 96 96 (Continued) (Average pay nationally for all occupations and for each occupational group shown = 100.) Transporta- Metropolitan Area1 Production tion and material moving Seattle-Tacoma-Bremerton, WA................ 112 106 Springfield, MA............................. 116 73 Springfield, MO............................. 95 92 St. Louis, MO-IL............................ 102 112 Tallahassee, FL............................. 90 105 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL......... 92 98 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA.............. 99 95 Washington-Baltimore, DC-MD-VA-WV........... 113 99 York, PA.................................... 92 99 Youngstown-Warren, OH....................... 103 110 1 A metropolitan area can be a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) as defined by the Office of Management and Budget, 1994.