Internet address:http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6569 USDL 98-502 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 606-5902 Tuesday, December 22, 1998 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 1997 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.Department of Labor announces the release of national employment and wage data for a comprehensive set of over 770 occupations from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The OES survey data presented in this release have a fourth-quarter 1997 reference period and are based on information collected during a 1997 survey and a 1996 survey. The 2 years of sample responses for employment and wage data have been combined to produce this year's results. The 1996 wage data have been adjusted to the 1997 reference period by using the over- the-year wage change in the most applicable Employment Cost Index series. The employment estimates from 1996 and 1997 have been adjusted to the full universe counts for the 1997 survey reference period based on the Covered Employment and Wages program. The estimation methodology has been improved since the 1996 estimates were prepared, so that data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with data from 1996 issued in December1997. (For further details, see Technical Note beginning on page 4.) The data provide employment, average (mean) hourly wages, and mean annual wages for over 770 detailed occupations. (See table A-1.) Overall, almost one-half of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range intervals; this result, however, was variable across the major occupational divisions. The OES classification system has seven major occupational divisions, as shown below. Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations within each division, as well as the distribution of employment by occupational division. The managerial, sales, and agricultural divisions include the fewest number of occupations and the smallest employment coverage. The professional and production divisions include the largest number of occupations, while also accounting for the largest share of employment. The majority of occupations in the managerial and professional divisions have average (mean) wage rates in the upper wage ranges, while the majority of occupations in the clerical, service, and agricultural divisions have average hourly wages in the lower wage ranges. (See table B.) For example, table B shows that 75 percent of managerial occupations have a mean occupational wage above $19.24 an hour, while 61 percent of service occupations have a mean occupational wage below $10.00 an hour. Occupations in the production division are paid average hourly wages dispersed across the middle wage ranges. - 2 - Table A. Distribution of occupations and employment by occupational division, 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------- | Occupation | Employment |--------------------|---------------------------- Occupational | | Percent | | Percent division | Number | of | Number | of | | total | | total -----------------|--------------------|--------------|------------- | | | | Total..........| 777 | 100.0 | 121,592,210 | 100.0 | | | | Managerial.......| 20 | 2.6 | 8,192,170 | 6.7 Professional.....| 214 | 27.5 | 25,594,320 | 21.0 Sales............| 22 | 2.8 | 14,319,050 | 11.8 Clerical.........| 77 | 9.9 | 21,251,910 | 17.5 Service..........| 64 | 8.2 | 19,610,730 | 16.1 Agricultural.....| 20 | 2.6 | 1,515,370 | 1.2 Production.......| 360 | 46.3 | 31,108,660 | 25.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Table B. Wage ranges of average (mean) wages by occupation, 1997 (Percentage distribution) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Wage range | Occupational |------------------------------------------------------------- division |$5.57|$8.50|$10.00|$11.25|$13.25|$15.75|$19.25|$24.25| $43.25 | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$8.49|$9.99|$11.24|$13.24|$15.74|$19.24|$24.24|$43.24| $60.00 --------------|-----|-----|------|------|------|------|------|----- |------- Managerial....| | | | 5.0 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 45.0 | Professional..| 0.5 | 3.7| 3.7 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 23.4 | 17.8 | 33.6 | 0.9 Sales.........|13.6 | 13.6| 9.1 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 | Clerical......| 7.8 | 24.7| 19.5 | 33.8 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 1.3 | | Service.......|46.9 | 14.1| 7.8 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 1.6 | Agricultural..|30.0 | 10.0| 20.0 | 35.0 | 5.0 | | | | Production....| 5.8 | 11.7| 16.1 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 16.7 | 6.1 | 0.6 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Technical Note Scope of the survey The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES survey samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation Methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail. BLS and the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) provide the funding for the survey. BLS provides the procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. The SESAs produce industry-specific estimates for states and local areas. BLS produces industry estimates for the nation, and cross-industry estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees; workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89 covering agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; services; and also includes the postal service (SIC code 43) and other government. States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows: Size class Number of employees 1 1 to 4 2 5 to 9 3 10 to 19 4 20 to 49 5 50 to 99 6 100 to 249 7 250 to 499 8 500 to 999 9 1,000 or more UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty across a 3-year period; however, during any one survey year, only one-third of the certainty units are in the sample. In 1996 and 1997, establishments in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a probability sample. The sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to account for the employment in size class 1. In 1998, the OES Survey began sampling establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size classes are now represented in the probability sample. The OES classification system uses seven occupational divisions to categorize workers in one of over 770 detailed occupations. The seven divisions are as follows: 1. Managerial and administrative occupations 2. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations 3. Sales and related occupations 4. Clerical and administrative support occupations 5. Service occupations 6. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations 7. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations. Concepts Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was surveyed. The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 OES occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every OES occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are collected from establishments within industries that are the predominant employers of labor in those occupations. Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 11 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals are as follows: ------------------------------------------------------- | Wages Interval |------------------------------------------- | Hourly | Annual ------------------------------------------------------- Range A | Under $5.75 | Under $11,960 Range B | $5.75 to $8.49 | $11,960 to $17,659 Range C | $8.50 to $9.99 | $17,660 to $20,779 Range D | $10.00 to $11.24 | $20,780 to $23,399 Range E | $11.25 to $13.24 | $23,400 to $27,559 Range F | $13.25 to $15.74 | $27,560 to $32,759 Range G | $15.75 to $19.24 | $32,760 to $40,039 Range H | $19.25 to $24.24 | $40,040 to $50,439 Range I | $24.25 to $43.24 | $50,440 to $89,959 Range J | $43.25 to $60.00 | $89,960 to $124,820 Range K | $60.01 and over | $124,821 and over ------------------------------------------------------- A mean wage is calculated using wage data from establishments in the industries that are the predominant employers for an occupation. Industries that do not typically employ workers in a given occupation are not included in the calculation of the wage rates. Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage interval, interval K ($60.01 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. Annual wage: Most employees are paid at an hourly rate by their employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual pay received by the employee. There are a small number of occupations in this release where only an annual wage figure is provided; the workers in these occupations are generally paid on an annual basis, and their annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. Hourly versus annual wage reporting: For each occupation, respondents are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for part-time workers. There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages. For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations. Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, flight pilots and attendants, and teachers. Estimation Methodology The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating." 1996 OES Survey Estimates: The 1996 OES survey estimates, which were published in December 1997, were from the first year of the new OES wage survey and were developed using only a single year (i.e., 400,000 sample units) of data. The initial estimation methodology used a weighting-class adjustment procedure for nonrespondents and an employment benchmark at the state/industry level. Since multiple years were not available for the 1996 data, the estimation procedure did not involve "wage updating." 1997 OES Survey Estimates: The 1997 OES survey estimates represent the second year of OES estimates and have been developed using both 1996 and 1997 survey data that, when combined, cover approximately 800,000 sample units. The 1997 estimates also represent the first year of using a "wage- updating" methodology in developing the OES survey estimates. For the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the over-the-year fourth quarter wage changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index to adjust the 1996 survey data before combining it with this year's fourth quarter 1997 data. In addition to the wage-updating procedure, the 1997 estimates use an improved estimation methodology, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Note: Because of the difference in estimation methods for these first 2 years of OES estimates, the data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with those published from 1996. Combining Multiple Years of Data: As noted above, combining multiple years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of a full 3 years of data, which covers 1.2 million establishments and over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small domains in the population (i.e., wage and employment estimates for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata (i.e., large employers with 250+ employment); the current OES collection cycle samples these units only once every 3 years. While there are significant advantages, there are also limitations associated with this estimation procedure in that it requires "wage updating" for the earlier years of data. For "wage-updating" purposes,the Bureau has used the national over-the-year wage changes from the fourth quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 1997 for the nine occupational divisions for which ECI estimates are available. Such a procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of its occupational division and that there are no major geographic differences--and this may not be the case. As noted below, the Bureau will be conducting research over the next several years on the accuracy of this approach and also on other modeling approaches that may produce more accurate results. Future Research: The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program, and the Bureau has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future research are given below. Sample Design Research--The Bureau is evaluating the feasibility of collecting all certainty units (i.e., large employers of 250+) every year so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample data can be produced. These estimates will not contain possible effects from the "wage-updating" procedure and can provide an independent measure of the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use this data directly for more aggregate levels of publication. Inclusion of certainty units in each year's sample also will enable the Bureau to explore alternative "wage-updating" procedures using the new OES data itself in the updating process. Collection Methodology Research--This includes cognitive research on improvements to form design and alternative electronic collection reporting procedures for respondents. Estimation Methodology Research--An important research effort over the next several years will be the evaluation of the current "wage-updating" methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling approaches may produce improved overall accuracy. An additional area of research will be to extend the Bureau's earlier 1992 and 1996 research on estimation methods for workers who fall in the upper-end wage interval, $60.01 and above. Additional Information The 1997 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table A-1, will be available on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm), along with additional technical information. Users also may access each occupation's definition and wage distribution (similar to the division data shown in table B). 1997 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) available some time thereafter. In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing patterns at the 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) levels will be available on diskette beginning in January 1999. These data will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a bulletin displaying 1997 employment and wage data for selected occupations in the spring of 1999. For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington DC, 20212, telephone 202-606-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov). Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Table A-1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1997 Mean Wages Occupation Employ- ment Hourly Annual /1 Managerial and administrative occupations Financial managers 655,680 $27.43 $57,060 Personnel, training, and labor relations managers 221,370 24.08 50,080 Purchasing managers 172,980 21.35 44,400 Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers 453,920 27.45 57,100 Administrative services managers 346,600 22.61 47,030 Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers 316,110 32.99 68,620 Postmasters and mail superintendents 27,090 22.26 46,300 Education administrators 375,170 26.87 55,900 Medicine and health services managers 203,420 24.02 49,960 Property and real estate managers and administrators 135,570 16.67 34,680 Industrial production managers 208,000 26.38 54,860 Construction managers 220,560 23.69 49,280 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas well drilling managers 8,670 29.18 60,700 Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers 192,250 24.90 51,790 Food service and lodging managers 377,000 13.47 28,020 Nursery and greenhouse managers 2,980 13.87 28,850 Lawn service managers 17,450 12.91 26,850 Public administration chief executives, legislators, and general administrators 77,450 14.77 30,710 General managers and top executives 3,259,730 29.31 60,960 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations Insurance underwriters 88,530 19.45 40,460 Credit analysts 39,740 18.73 38,960 Loan officers and counselors 213,250 18.96 39,430 Tax preparers 48,080 16.12 33,530 Accountants and auditors 885,360 19.49 40,550 Budget analysts 56,660 22.29 46,350 Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 99,820 16.72 34,780 Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 25,200 17.08 35,530 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 213,930 19.25 40,030 Claims takers, unemployment benefits 11,760 14.82 30,820 Special agents, insurance 23,050 21.97 45,690 Employment interviewers, private or public employment service 62,390 16.63 34,590 Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists 340,970 19.03 39,570 Cost estimators 150,360 20.20 42,020 Management analysts 126,790 25.05 52,110 Construction and building inspectors 60,640 18.11 37,660 Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction 164,820 18.43 38,340 Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 61,210 19.01 39,540 Assessors 21,530 14.86 30,900 Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance 45,870 20.34 42,310 Aeronautical and astronautical engineers 46,060 30.35 63,130 Metallurgists and metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers 15,640 26.41 54,930 Mining engineers, including mine safety 3,440 25.80 53,650 Petroleum engineers 8,770 32.84 68,300 Chemical engineers 43,270 28.08 58,400 Nuclear engineers 8,030 30.95 64,380 Civil engineers, including traffic 173,690 25.36 52,750 Agricultural engineers 2,900 25.30 52,620 Electrical and electronic engineers 329,070 27.32 56,820 Computer engineers 252,230 $27.21 $56,590 Industrial engineers, except safety 112,400 25.17 52,350 Safety engineers, except mining 19,400 24.41 50,760 Mechanical engineers 209,490 25.10 52,210 Marine engineers 3,300 22.97 47,770 Architects, except landscape and marine 67,790 24.12 50,170 Marine architects 1,070 28.52 59,320 Landscape architects 12,920 19.22 39,970 Surveyors and mapping scientists 37,880 19.17 39,880 Civil engineering technicians and technologists 72,560 16.69 34,710 Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists 308,910 17.37 36,120 Industrial engineering technicians and technologists 27,510 18.44 38,360 Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists 87,340 19.07 39,660 Drafters 253,790 16.01 33,300 Estimators and drafters, utilities 5,290 22.01 45,790 Surveying and mapping technicians 61,910 13.40 27,860 Physicists and astronomers 8,020 32.72 68,060 Chemists, except biochemists 80,010 22.69 47,200 Atmospheric and space scientists 6,900 24.87 51,730 Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers 32,130 26.73 55,600 Foresters and conservation scientists 26,090 20.30 42,230 Agricultural and food scientists 9,090 20.77 43,200 Biological scientists 66,940 22.86 47,550 Medical scientists 14,620 27.13 56,430 Biological, agricultural, and food technicians and technologists, except health 37,750 13.84 28,790 Chemical technicians and technologists, except health 73,480 15.46 32,160 Nuclear technicians and technologists 2,430 20.91 43,480 Petroleum technicians and technologists 8,160 18.56 38,590 Systems analysts, electronic data processing 530,420 24.69 51,360 Data base administrators 82,600 23.06 47,960 Computer support specialists 406,230 18.71 38,920 Computer programmers 501,390 24.27 50,490 Computer programmer aides 63,240 14.83 30,840 Programmers, numerical tool and process control 8,500 19.82 41,230 Operations and systems researchers and analysts, except computer 71,530 24.40 50,740 Mathematical scientists 8,280 20.26 42,150 Statisticians 15,090 23.96 49,830 Actuaries 11,770 30.85 64,160 Financial analysts, statistical 43,930 24.68 51,330 Mathematical technicians 1,590 14.73 30,630 Economists, including market research analysts 46,480 25.18 52,370 Urban and regional planners 33,380 21.00 43,670 Psychologists 79,170 23.78 49,460 Social workers, medical and psychiatric 219,740 15.82 32,910 Social workers, except medical and psychiatric 350,170 15.23 31,680 Residential counselors 175,770 9.57 19,910 Human services workers 252,340 $10.63 $22,110 Recreation workers 227,570 8.93 18,570 Clergy 25,740 14.65 30,480 Directors, religious activities and education 11,810 12.33 25,650 Judges and magistrates 23,760 29.88 62,160 Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers 44,900 18.22 37,890 Lawyers 425,170 35.02 72,840 Law clerks 43,080 13.64 28,360 Paralegal personnel 129,400 16.01 33,300 Title searchers 9,410 11.59 24,100 Title examiners and abstractors 14,150 14.38 29,900 Lecturers 10,750 12.93 26,890 Nursing instructors, postsecondary 41,030 27.57 45,400 Graduate assistants, teaching 92,480 /2 21,290 Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 8,600 /2 57,950 Life sciences teachers, postsecondary 36,970 /2 53,360 Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 13,470 /2 48,460 Physics teachers, postsecondary 8,720 /2 53,200 Health diagnostics teachers, postsecondary 31,810 /2 68,360 Health assessment and treatment teachers, postsecondary 24,350 /2 56,840 Communications teachers, postsecondary 14,110 /2 41,830 English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 52,480 /2 43,840 Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 18,150 /2 43,590 Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 48,590 /2 43,190 Engineering teachers, postsecondary 23,180 /2 60,040 Architecture teachers, postsecondary 4,070 /2 52,480 Mathematical sciences teachers, postsecondary 37,450 /2 45,260 Computer science teachers, postsecondary 21,260 /2 45,530 Anthropology and sociology teachers, postsecondary 12,260 /2 47,250 Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 2,930 /2 44,980 Economics teachers, postsecondary 9,190 /2 54,430 Geography teachers, postsecondary 3,250 /2 51,090 History teachers, postsecondary 15,090 /2 46,460 Political science teachers, postsecondary 9,380 /2 50,040 Psychology teachers, postsecondary 21,400 /2 47,710 Business teachers, postsecondary 53,340 /2 49,670 Law teachers, postsecondary 8,430 /2 65,240 Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 7,260 /2 41,250 Social work teachers, postsecondary 4,990 /2 42,480 Education teachers, postsecondary 33,780 /2 43,260 Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 13,160 /2 44,130 Library science teachers, postsecondary 2,330 /2 46,050 Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary 7,540 /2 43,230 Home economics teachers, postsecondary 2,930 /2 45,080 Teachers, preschool 284,100 9.09 18,900 Teachers, kindergarten 164,090 /2 34,150 Teachers, elementary school 1,560,380 /2 $37,310 Teachers, secondary school 1,319,250 /2 39,010 Teachers, special education 376,360 /2 39,200 Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training 296,930 17.00 35,350 Instructors, nonvocational education 114,320 13.04 27,110 Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training 284,610 12.14 25,250 Farm and home management advisors 9,180 17.95 37,350 Librarians, professional 141,360 18.46 38,400 Technical assistants, library 66,850 10.58 22,000 Audio-visual specialists 11,610 15.87 33,010 Curators, archivists, museum technicians, and conservators 11,960 15.93 33,130 Vocational and educational counselors 165,960 18.78 39,060 Instructional coordinators 84,460 19.09 39,720 Teacher aides, paraprofessional 608,750 7.96 16,550 Physicians and surgeons 463,870 48.52 100,920 Dentists 81,160 43.89 91,280 Optometrists 24,380 31.33 65,170 Podiatrists 7,190 39.92 83,040 Chiropractors 16,170 32.69 68,000 Veterinarians and veterinary inspectors 34,910 26.65 55,430 Respiratory therapists 83,440 16.40 34,110 Occupational therapists 62,560 24.33 50,610 Physical therapists 112,060 26.95 56,060 Corrective and manual arts therapists 2,200 16.33 33,970 Speech-language pathologists and audiologists 88,650 21.33 44,370 Recreational therapists 24,140 13.42 27,920 Registered nurses 2,007,030 19.91 41,400 Licensed practical nurses 667,650 12.94 26,910 Emergency medical technicians 140,140 10.21 21,230 Physician assistants 61,800 21.63 44,980 Opticians, dispensing and measuring 64,500 11.15 23,180 Pharmacists 174,540 27.88 57,990 Pharmacy technicians and aides 165,430 8.82 18,350 Dietitians and nutritionists 45,300 16.41 34,120 Dietetic technicians 24,990 9.97 20,730 Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 157,530 18.44 38,350 Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 136,380 12.93 26,900 Dental hygienists 139,700 21.56 44,840 Medical records technicians 87,040 10.20 21,220 Radiation therapists 12,110 19.05 39,630 Nuclear medicine technologists 13,700 19.07 39,670 Radiologic technologists 157,640 15.79 32,837 Electroneurodiagnostic technologists 5,320 15.66 32,570 Cardiology technologists 20,580 16.21 33,720 Electrocardiograph technicians 12,190 12.34 25,660 Surgical technologists and technicians 52,650 12.30 25,580 Psychiatric technicians 62,120 10.59 22,020 Veterinary technicians and technologists 30,160 9.58 19,930 Writers and editors 125,220 $17.76 $36,940 Technical writers and editors 49,430 20.07 41,740 Public relations specialists and publicity writers 91,870 17.43 36,260 Reporters and correspondents 55,840 14.26 29,660 Broadcast news analysts 7,490 20.38 42,400 Announcers, radio and television 51,450 11.38 23,680 Announcers, except radio and television 1,240 11.02 22,930 Photographers 63,280 11.74 24,420 Camera operators, television and motion picture 10,760 12.19 25,360 Broadcast technicians 35,960 14.12 29,380 Film editors 9,320 19.58 40,740 Artists and related workers 126,930 16.52 34,360 Designers, except interior designers 184,120 15.62 32,480 Interior designers 28,760 15.44 32,120 Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 33,570 9.15 19,030 Music directors, singers, composers, and related workers 12,030 /2 31,560 Musicians, instrumental 42,390 /2 36,190 Dancers and choreographers 16,980 11.52 23,960 Producers, directors, actors, and other entertainers 113,500 /2 35,420 Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 25,700 /2 33,950 Airplane dispatchers and air traffic controllers 28,470 27.41 57,020 Traffic technicians 7,370 16.75 34,850 Radio operators 6,640 10.79 22,440 Funeral directors and morticians 24,880 18.72 38,940 Embalmers 5,890 14.75 30,680 Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors 1,672,080 16.32 33,950 Sales agents and placers, insurance 248,130 19.64 40,850 Brokers, real estate 21,020 26.50 55,120 Sales agents, real estate 78,270 16.73 34,790 Appraisers, real estate 33,570 19.29 40,130 Sales agents, securities, commodities, and financial services 213,240 28.34 58,950 Sales agents, selected business services 247,920 18.24 37,940 Travel agents 117,000 10.99 22,850 Sales agents, advertising 126,020 17.48 36,360 Sales engineers 77,330 25.98 54,040 Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail 391,610 22.64 47,090 Sales representatives, except retail and scientific and related products and services 1,032,880 18.99 39,510 Salespersons, retail 3,842,730 8.64 17,970 Salespersons, parts 293,940 11.51 23,930 Counter and rental clerks 444,220 7.37 15,330 Stock clerks, sales floor 1,264,970 7.64 15,900 Cashiers 3,122,490 6.96 14,480 Telemarketers, door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and other related workers 407,850 9.19 19,120 Demonstrators and promoters 81,310 8.73 18,160 Models 970 10.70 22,250 Clerical and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors 1,544,540 $15.62 $32,490 Tellers 544,670 8.24 17,140 New accounts clerks 109,290 10.00 20,800 Transit clerks 13,750 8.51 17,700 Loan interviewers 15,310 11.59 24,100 Credit authorizers 16,410 11.68 24,300 Credit checkers 39,310 10.88 22,630 Loan and credit clerks 167,790 10.89 22,650 Adjustment clerks 467,480 11.07 23,020 Statement clerks 13,190 8.75 18,190 Brokerage clerks 72,530 13.85 28,800 Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators 161,830 19.04 39,610 Insurance appraisers, auto damage 10,160 19.27 40,080 Insurance examining clerks 8,830 11.14 23,180 Insurance claims clerks 150,410 11.69 24,310 Insurance policy processing clerks 157,410 11.75 24,450 Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers 88,060 16.17 33,630 Investigators, clerical 12,260 11.79 24,530 Bill and account collectors 279,360 10.99 22,850 Court clerks 50,890 12.16 25,300 Municipal clerks 22,910 11.90 24,750 License clerks 24,000 10.99 22,870 Travel clerks 20,240 9.21 19,160 Reservation and transportation ticket agents 196,670 11.66 24,250 Hotel desk clerks 154,560 7.32 15,230 Library assistants and bookmobile drivers 120,220 8.68 18,050 Teacher aides and educational assistants, clerical 474,890 7.59 15,790 Advertising clerks 13,280 9.93 20,650 Proofreaders and copy markers 36,350 9.74 20,260 Real estate clerks 23,870 9.74 20,250 Legal secretaries 277,290 14.60 30,370 Medical secretaries 210,230 10.71 22,270 Secretaries, except legal and medical 2,397,710 11.52 23,970 Stenographers and/or court reporters 73,630 13.34 27,740 Receptionists and information clerks 1,212,340 9.00 18,710 Typists, including word processing 404,570 10.88 22,640 Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping 137,070 11.80 24,540 Correspondence clerks 22,660 11.15 23,200 File clerks 259,130 8.34 17,350 Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service 357,040 10.60 22,040 Procurement clerks 57,420 11.11 23,120 Statistical clerks 49,930 11.73 24,400 Interviewing clerks, except personnel and social welfare 123,990 8.97 18,650 Customer service representatives, utilities 187,770 13.24 27,540 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,746,630 11.34 23,580 Payroll and timekeeping clerks 163,410 11.84 24,620 Billing, cost, and rate clerks 328,740 10.91 22,690 General office clerks 2,869,990 9.74 20,250 Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators 101,390 $9.79 $20,350 Duplicating machine operators 48,620 9.46 19,670 Mail machine operators, preparation and handling 59,140 8.75 18,200 Computer operators, except peripheral equipment 208,680 12.55 26,090 Peripheral EDP equipment operators 25,930 11.33 23,560 Data entry keyers, except composing 389,050 9.33 19,410 Data keyers, composing 16,810 9.83 20,450 Switchboard operators 205,670 8.88 18,470 Directory assistance operators 22,640 13.30 27,660 Central office operators 22,100 12.21 25,400 Telegraph and teletype operators 6,250 11.78 24,510 Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service 114,390 8.76 18,230 Postal mail carriers 341,210 16.42 34,160 Postal service clerks 74,760 16.22 33,740 Messengers 97,200 8.46 17,590 Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance 83,830 11.31 23,530 Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 148,950 13.20 27,460 Production, planning, and expediting clerks 242,960 14.35 29,850 Transportation agents 28,340 11.63 24,180 Meter readers, utilities 50,090 12.77 26,570 Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 41,390 11.59 24,100 Marking clerks 24,890 7.96 16,560 Stock clerks - stockroom, warehouse or storage yard 803,560 9.66 20,090 Order fillers, wholesale and retail sales 235,720 9.40 19,560 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 993,450 11.30 23,510 Service occupations Fire fighting and prevention supervisors 56,630 $21.54 $44,810 Police and detective supervisors 105,970 23.33 48,530 Housekeeping supervisors 83,010 9.81 20,400 Fire inspectors 8,300 20.36 42,340 Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 3,820 17.39 36,180 Fire fighters 226,450 15.18 31,570 Police detectives 55,490 21.00 43,690 Police patrol officers 420,750 18.17 37,800 Correction officers and jailers 382,150 14.59 30,340 Parking enforcement officers 11,530 11.84 24,620 Bailiffs 12,640 14.42 29,980 Criminal investigators, public service 21,030 25.80 53,660 Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs 89,250 14.13 29,390 Detectives and investigators, except public 39,040 12.46 25,910 Railroad and transit police and special agents 4,500 18.18 37,820 Fish and game wardens 7,480 16.33 33,960 Crossing guards 52,560 7.84 16,310 Guards and watch guards 974,690 8.34 17,350 Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, or coffee shop 251,420 6.69 13,910 Bartenders 392,480 6.70 13,940 Waiters and waitresses 1,981,130 5.87 12,200 Service occupations Food servers, outside 60,730 $7.43 $15,450 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 388,620 6.26 13,020 Counter attendants - lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria 332,920 6.42 13,360 Bakers, bread and pastry 159,760 8.63 17,940 Butchers and meat cutters 145,930 11.24 23,370 Cooks, restaurant 728,060 8.06 16,770 Cooks, institution or cafeteria 375,530 8.02 16,670 Cooks, fast food 502,400 6.11 12,700 Cooks, short order 154,590 7.16 14,900 Food preparation workers 1,210,580 6.95 14,450 Combined food preparation and service workers 1,586,250 6.21 12,920 Dental assistants 222,410 10.89 22,650 Medical assistants 248,080 10.00 20,810 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,255,210 8.12 16,890 Home health aides 482,080 8.31 17,290 Psychiatric aides 92,280 10.35 21,530 Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides 80,770 11.57 24,070 Occupational therapy assistants and aides 18,280 14.31 29,760 Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 17,260 8.57 17,820 Maids and housekeeping cleaners 873,040 7.14 14,850 Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 1,938,270 8.21 17,070 Pest controllers and assistants 43,900 10.85 22,570 Elevator operators 3,140 14.53 30,220 Barbers 11,780 9.63 20,030 Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 327,260 8.34 17,350 Manicurists 27,810 7.77 16,170 Shampooers 14,680 6.33 13,160 Amusement and recreation attendants 319,670 6.73 14,000 Guides 27,300 7.99 16,610 Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 70,890 6.26 13,020 Baggage porters and bellhops 35,640 6.92 14,400 Flight attendants 99,430 /2 38,780 Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 21,160 8.95 18,610 Wardrobe, and locker and dressing room attendants 6,680 8.45 17,580 Personal and home care aides 237,390 7.28 15,140 Child care workers 353,250 7.03 14,630 Funeral attendants 22,410 7.76 16,140 Agricultural, Forestry, Fishing, and Related Occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors 46,720 14.22 29,580 Fallers and buckers 11,480 13.08 27,200 Choke setters 2,960 13.00 27,040 Log-handling equipment operators 18,120 11.75 24,430 Logging tractor operators 17,150 11.45 23,810 Forest and conservation workers 20,330 11.86 24,670 Log graders and scalers 3,790 11.18 23,250 Graders and sorters, agricultural products 67,790 $6.89 $14,340 Animal breeders 1,670 12.98 27,000 Animal trainers 3,590 10.69 22,240 Animal caretakers, except farm 88,780 7.67 15,950 Farm equipment operators 21,670 7.81 16,240 Pruners 24,170 10.86 22,600 Sprayers/applicators 17,900 10.42 21,680 Laborers, landscaping and groundskeeping 859,170 9.09 18,910 Veterinary assistants 41,850 7.92 16,480 Farmworkers, food and fiber crops 159,450 6.00 12,470 Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 8,600 7.59 15,780 Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors: Mechanics, installers, and repairers 431,310 19.33 40,200 Construction trades and extractive workers 339,110 19.58 40,730 Production and operating workers 619,430 17.76 36,940 Transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators 139,860 17.87 37,170 Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 146,560 14.77 30,730 Precision inspectors, testers, and graders 149,910 13.74 28,580 Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers 434,080 11.27 23,440 Transportation inspectors 14,690 18.10 37,650 Machinery maintenance mechanics 271,550 15.22 31,660 Machinery maintenance mechanics, textile machines 28,410 11.61 24,140 Machinery maintenance mechanics, sewing machines 10,140 11.21 23,310 Machinery maintenance mechanics, marine equipment 12,370 14.74 30,650 Underground mine machinery mechanics 6,850 17.50 36,390 Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power generation plant 57,330 17.66 36,720 Millwrights 78,580 17.18 35,720 Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 1,780 14.66 30,500 Machinery maintenance workers 83,940 14.48 30,120 Maintenance repairers, general utility 1,110,340 11.73 24,400 Automotive mechanics 604,400 13.63 28,340 Automotive body and related repairers 186,340 13.97 29,050 Motorcycle repairers 9,210 11.67 24,260 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 233,770 14.15 29,440 Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 98,490 15.06 31,320 Rail car repairers 14,010 16.75 34,840 Farm equipment mechanics 36,120 10.81 22,480 Aircraft mechanics 111,180 17.65 36,710 Aircraft engine specialists 14,640 18.16 37,770 Small engine specialists 26,010 10.60 22,040 Central office and pbx installers and repairers 41,370 19.31 40,170 Frame wirers, central office 12,070 21.83 45,400 Telegraph and teletype installers and maintainers 1,160 21.32 44,350 Signal or track switch maintainers 4,550 19.70 40,980 Radio mechanics 6,940 14.14 29,410 Telephone and cable television line installers and repairers 172,960 $15.70 $32,650 Data processing equipment repairers 59,000 14.64 30,450 Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers 27,840 12.04 25,040 Electric home appliance and power tool repairers 29,850 12.00 24,960 Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers 18,130 13.61 28,310 Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 62,470 16.52 34,350 Powerhouse, substation, and relay electricians 8,540 22.36 46,520 Electrical power-line installers and repairers 97,310 19.75 41,090 Station installers and repairers, telephone 23,480 18.06 37,560 Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment 18,690 15.39 32,010 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 238,220 14.48 30,120 Precision instrument repairers 30,520 18.00 37,430 Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers 10,470 15.99 33,250 Electric meter installers and repairers 12,050 18.71 38,920 Camera and photographic equipment repairers 3,170 14.07 29,260 Watchmakers 3,010 12.84 26,700 Musical instrument repairers and tuners 4,410 11.57 24,070 Locksmiths and safe repairers 12,370 12.67 26,350 Office machine and cash register servicers 53,010 13.32 27,700 Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers 20,180 16.26 33,820 Elevator installers and repairers 21,000 22.42 46,640 Riggers 10,960 15.95 33,180 Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers 34,800 10.77 22,410 Gas appliance repairers 13,430 15.80 32,870 Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers 27,240 11.23 23,360 Bicycle repairers 8,150 7.80 16,210 Tire repairers and changers 80,280 8.28 17,210 Menders, garments, linens, and related 8,150 7.77 16,170 Carpenters 714,430 14.81 30,800 Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters 15,040 16.27 33,830 Drywall installers 72,700 15.47 32,180 Tapers 31,520 16.30 33,900 Lathers 11,460 16.17 33,640 Brattice builders 450 15.92 33,120 Electricians 570,030 17.50 36,390 Brickmasons 95,430 17.26 35,900 Stonemasons 13,280 16.44 34,190 Hard tile setters 16,940 16.36 34,040 Concrete and terrazzo finishers 128,510 13.35 27,770 Reinforcing metal workers 21,990 16.81 34,960 Plasterers and stucco masons 31,350 14.92 31,030 Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance 265,610 12.99 27,020 Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 336,810 17.46 36,310 Pipelaying fitters 5,780 16.00 33,280 Pipelayers 45,660 12.65 26,320 Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 8,870 12.88 26,780 Carpet installers 29,860 $14.46 $30,080 Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 11,310 13.72 28,550 Floor sanding machine operators 5,090 11.88 24,710 Air hammer operators 2,430 15.06 31,330 Pile-driver operators 2,140 19.77 41,110 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 72,330 12.89 26,810 Highway maintenance workers 154,110 11.79 24,520 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 17,100 15.84 32,940 Insulation workers 61,650 13.57 28,230 Hazardous materials removal workers 37,410 14.01 29,140 Sheet metal duct installers 45,520 14.82 30,820 Roofers 104,340 13.38 27,840 Glaziers 38,450 13.40 27,870 Structural metal workers 55,610 16.30 33,890 Fence erectors 18,490 10.24 21,310 Earth drillers, except oil and gas 15,630 14.26 29,650 Blasters and explosives workers 4,360 14.63 30,430 Rock splitters, quarry 2,180 10.93 22,730 Rotary drill operators, oil and gas extraction 10,110 16.35 34,010 Derrick operators, oil and gas extraction 12,640 13.24 27,530 Service unit operators 17,700 11.54 24,010 Roustabouts 30,170 9.85 20,480 Roof bolters 4,460 17.18 35,730 Continuous mining machine operators 5,810 16.55 34,420 Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 2,380 17.77 36,960 Tool and die makers 137,080 17.36 36,110 Precision instrument makers 3,580 14.08 29,290 Machinists 415,010 13.84 28,780 Tool grinders, filers, sharpeners, and other precision grinders 34,360 12.90 26,840 Pattern and model makers, metal 3,530 14.95 31,100 Precision lay-out workers, metal 13,340 13.95 29,020 Shipfitters 8,060 13.50 28,080 Jewelers and silversmiths 19,330 11.95 24,850 Precision hand workers, jewelry and related products 9,060 10.34 21,500 Precision etchers and engravers, hand or machine 2,670 10.90 22,660 Sheet metal workers 176,220 14.55 30,260 Boilermakers 17,110 18.25 37,970 Pattern and model makers, wood 9,270 16.30 33,910 Pattern markers, wood 1,410 10.11 21,020 Wood machinists 39,130 9.62 20,010 Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 97,100 11.07 23,030 Furniture finishers 26,260 9.82 20,430 Fabric and apparel patternmakers and lay-out workers 16,640 12.21 25,400 Custom tailors and sewers 31,840 9.53 19,820 Upholsterers 40,380 10.81 22,490 Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision 18,870 8.32 17,310 Spotters, dry-cleaning 10,390 $8.59 $17,870 Pressers, delicate fabrics 26,350 7.57 15,740 Precision dyers 4,930 9.58 19,920 Hand compositors and typesetters 8,340 10.88 22,630 Job printers 16,880 12.95 26,940 Paste-up workers 8,920 10.43 21,680 Electronic pagination system operators 25,510 14.32 29,780 Photoengravers 2,740 14.10 29,320 Camera operators 9,170 11.66 24,250 Scanner operators 6,900 16.34 33,990 Strippers 22,520 15.26 31,750 Platemakers 14,410 13.99 29,110 Bookbinders 6,250 11.88 24,710 Slaughterers and butchers 57,420 8.64 17,980 Bakers, manufacturing 40,000 10.79 22,440 Food batchmakers 32,280 11.25 23,400 Precision foundry mold and coremakers 12,020 11.91 24,770 Precision molders, shapers, casters, and carvers, except jewelry and foundry 12,940 10.67 22,200 Precision patternmakers, model makers, lay-out workers, and cutters 3,680 14.17 29,470 Precision detail design decorators and painters 4,800 9.97 20,740 Precision photographic process workers 9,130 10.51 21,860 Precision optical goods workers 22,690 9.80 20,370 Precision dental laboratory technicians 35,050 13.31 27,680 Medical appliance makers 6,300 12.52 26,030 Gem and diamond workers 560 12.16 25,290 Sawing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 19,860 11.33 23,570 Lathe and turning machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 72,400 13.57 28,230 Drilling and boring machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 41,160 12.19 25,360 Milling and planing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 24,120 13.69 28,480 Grinding, lapping, and buffing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 65,390 12.24 25,470 Machine tool cutting operators and tenders, metal and plastic 108,770 12.62 26,250 Punching machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 47,240 11.14 23,180 Press and press-brake machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 71,680 11.46 23,840 Shear and slitter machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 21,360 11.57 24,070 Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 40,990 11.54 24,000 Rolling machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 22,040 13.14 27,320 Forging machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 15,190 16.53 34,380 Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic 163,720 10.38 21,580 Numerical control machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic 87,940 13.29 27,640 Combination machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 55,640 13.45 27,990 Combination machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic 51,540 10.63 22,100 Welding machine setters and set-up operators 32,700 13.19 27,440 Welding machine operators and tenders 75,830 12.06 25,090 Soldering and brazing machine setters and set-up operators 5,110 10.51 21,860 Soldering and brazing machine operators and tenders 7,080 9.88 20,540 Metal fabricators, structural metal products 36,040 12.08 25,130 Plastic molding and casting machine setters and set-up operators 35,680 $10.79 $22,440 Plastic molding and casting machine operators and tenders 134,770 8.78 18,270 Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters and set-up operators 23,720 12.29 25,560 Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine operators and tenders 33,990 12.31 25,610 Foundry mold assembly and shake-out workers 9,450 10.34 21,510 Electrolytic plating and coating machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 14,470 10.86 22,590 Electrolytic plating and coating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic 30,420 10.07 20,950 Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 3,240 10.73 22,320 Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic 4,600 10.09 20,990 Heating equipment setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 5,580 12.27 25,530 Heat treating, annealing, and tempering machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic 23,570 12.34 25,670 Furnace operators and tenders 23,220 12.84 26,700 Heaters, metal and plastic 2,790 12.49 25,980 Sawing machine setters and set-up operators 7,270 10.41 21,660 Head sawyers 6,600 12.08 25,130 Sawing machine operators and tenders 48,880 9.31 19,370 Woodworking machine setters and set-up operators, except sawing 22,150 9.72 20,220 Woodworking machine operators and tenders, except sawing 48,460 9.09 18,910 Printing press machine setters and set-up operators 12,910 12.88 26,790 Offset lithographic press setters and set-up operators 59,470 15.01 31,230 Letterpress setters and set-up operators 10,090 13.29 27,640 Specialty materials printing machine setters and set-up operators 12,420 12.28 25,550 Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators 28,690 9.29 19,320 Bindery machine setters and set-up operators 25,410 12.21 25,400 Typesetting and composing machine operators and tenders 13,290 11.74 24,410 Printing press machine operators and tenders 123,260 12.94 26,910 Photoengraving and lithographing machine operators and tenders 6,650 12.38 25,750 Bindery machine operators and tenders 63,360 9.97 20,740 Textile machine setters and set-up operators 28,720 10.17 21,150 Textile machine operators and tenders, winding, twisting, knitting, weaving, and cutting 181,980 9.04 18,800 Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders, synthetic or glass fibers 32,900 12.67 26,350 Textile draw-out machine operators and tenders 9,260 10.02 20,840 Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 24,490 9.03 18,790 Sewing machine operators, garment 369,810 7.22 15,020 Sewing machine operators, nongarment 131,280 8.31 17,290 Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders 6,990 7.85 16,320 Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators and tenders, except pressing 140,990 7.32 15,220 Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment, and related materials 69,870 7.32 15,220 Electronic semiconductor processors 64,650 12.35 25,680 Motion picture projectionists 7,970 10.10 21,010 Photographic processing machine operators and tenders 46,450 9.62 20,010 Tire building machine operators 16,710 16.09 33,460 Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators 61,490 12.48 25,950 Cooking machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco 18,200 10.76 22,380 Roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco 11,810 10.48 21,790 Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, or kettle operators and tenders 24,780 $11.94 24,830 Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure 15,840 14.26 29,670 Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 6,450 10.10 21,020 Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters 14,080 11.68 24,290 Chemical equipment controllers and operators 87,450 15.47 32,170 Chemical equipment tenders 13,360 13.33 27,730 Cutting and slicing machine setters and set-up operators 26,590 10.59 22,020 Cutting and slicing machine operators and tenders 66,360 10.38 21,580 Painters, transportation equipment 34,900 14.54 30,240 Coating, painting & spraying machine setters and set-up operators 40,700 11.09 23,075 Coating, painting, and spraying machine operators and tenders 85,290 10.40 21,630 Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 22,180 9.72 20,220 Cleaning, washing, and pickling equipment operators and tenders 24,960 10.41 21,650 Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine operators and tenders 28,460 14.50 30,160 Crushing, grinding, mixing, and blending machine operators and tenders 136,760 11.51 23,930 Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters and set-up operators 30,120 11.52 23,960 Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine operators and tenders 83,830 10.79 22,430 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 370,830 10.08 20,970 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers, precision 16,640 18.54 38,560 Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers 73,910 13.96 29,040 Fitters, structural metal, precision 16,910 13.10 27,240 Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision 50,090 11.24 23,390 Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision 196,010 10.70 22,260 Watch, clock, and chronometer assemblers, adjusters, calibrators, precision 2,760 9.03 18,780 Machine assemblers 67,450 11.06 23,000 Electrical and electronic assemblers 242,350 9.26 19,260 Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 22,260 9.64 20,040 Glaziers, manufacturing 7,310 10.16 21,130 Welders and cutters 343,580 12.68 26,380 Solderers and brazers 35,190 8.66 18,010 Pressers, hand 13,880 7.05 14,660 Sewers, hand 10,320 7.80 16,220 Cutters and trimmers, hand 42,200 8.70 18,090 Portable machine cutters 10,230 8.58 17,840 Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers 670 11.03 22,940 Cannery workers 47,350 7.92 16,470 Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand 140,530 7.77 16,160 Metal pourers and casters, basic shapes 10,220 11.86 24,680 Molders and casters, hand 17,910 9.35 19,440 Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand 31,790 9.63 20,030 Engraving and printing workers, hand 7,830 8.38 17,430 Grinding and polishing workers, hand 80,560 10.28 21,370 Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision 1,271,810 10.30 21,430 Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 93,090 14.20 29,540 Gas plant operators 7,600 19.00 39,510 Chemical plant and system operators 42,410 17.96 37,360 Petroleum pump system operators 5,430 $20.06 $41,730 Petroleum refinery and control panel operators 17,620 20.05 41,710 Gaugers 6,880 16.83 35,000 Power-generating plant operators, except auxiliary equipment 20,160 20.45 42,540 Auxiliary equipment operators, power 7,420 19.57 40,710 Power reactor operators 4,010 25.70 53,450 Power distributors and dispatchers 13,540 21.87 45,490 Stationary engineers 29,410 18.00 37,440 Truck drivers, heavy or tractor-trailer 1,435,510 13.74 28,580 Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers 1,207,070 10.33 21,480 Bus drivers 187,630 11.55 24,020 Bus drivers, school 418,550 9.12 18,970 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 76,030 8.29 17,250 Driver/sales workers 288,380 9.92 20,630 Railroad conductors and yardmasters 26,780 20.31 42,250 Locomotive engineers 34,970 20.26 42,140 Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 2,310 16.68 34,700 Locomotive firers 4,710 19.85 41,290 Subway and streetcar operators 3,280 16.74 34,810 Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 14,900 18.10 37,640 Captains, water vessel 12,620 20.36 42,350 Mates, ship, boat, and barge 7,700 15.00 31,200 Pilots, ship 2,340 20.27 42,170 Motorboat operators 890 14.41 29,960 Able seamen 8,850 12.69 26,400 Ordinary seamen and marine oilers 13,040 11.45 23,810 Ship engineers 6,310 19.12 39,770 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 89,560 /2 73,950 Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders 4,280 13.32 27,710 Service station attendants 130,740 7.06 14,690 Parking lot attendants 73,830 7.06 14,680 Longshore equipment operators 7,600 22.44 46,670 Tank car and truck loaders 3,390 15.35 31,930 Oil pumpers, except wellhead 3,980 13.08 27,200 Wellhead pumpers 7,690 15.75 32,770 Main-line station engineers 430 19.79 41,170 Gas pumping station operators 680 13.92 28,950 Gas compressor operators 3,040 17.81 37,030 Excavating and loading machine operators 91,250 14.13 29,390 Dragline operators 2,480 15.35 31,920 Dredge operators 1,600 13.35 27,770 Loading machine operators, underground mining 3,430 14.61 30,380 Shuttle car operators 2,860 16.93 35,210 Grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators 98,590 13.92 28,960 Hoist and winch operators 8,810 13.18 27,410 Crane and tower operators 44,470 $14.89 $30,980 Industrial truck and tractor operators 407,980 11.84 24,620 Conveyor operators and tenders 34,940 10.93 22,740 Pump operators 8,160 16.42 34,160 Operating engineers 114,780 17.58 36,570 Helpers, mechanics and repairers 221,820 9.58 19,930 Helpers, brick and stonemasons and hard tile setters 63,110 11.45 23,820 Helpers, carpenters and related workers 178,320 9.89 20,560 Helpers, electricians and power-line transmission installers 76,920 9.71 20,190 Helpers, painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons 32,050 9.33 19,410 Helpers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 81,420 9.94 20,670 Helpers, roofers 28,760 8.43 17,530 Helpers, extractive workers 12,750 9.78 20,350 Machine feeders and offbearers 205,890 9.24 19,210 Stevedores, except equipment operators 23,360 16.22 33,740 Refuse and recyclable material collectors 90,760 10.92 22,720 Hand packers and packagers 962,770 7.46 15,510 Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 249,240 7.46 15,520 1/ Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. 2/ Hourly wage rates for occupation where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.