Technical Information: (202) 691-6467 USDL 03-521 http://www.bls.gov/bdm For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media Contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, September 30, 2003 NEW QUARTERLY DATA ON BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS FROM BLS New quarterly data on business employment dynamics were issued today by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. These data quantify the sizable number of jobs that appear and disappear in the U.S. economy each quarter. From September 2002 to December 2002, the number of job gains from opening and expanding establishments and the number of job losses from closing and contracting establishments each were nearly 8 million. The data also show that the net employment declines associated with the 2001 recession resulted from a large temporary increase in gross job losses accompanied by a sharp decrease in gross job gains. As of December 2002, gross job gains had not returned to pre-recession levels. The change in the number of jobs over time is the net result of increases and decreases in employment that occur at all establishments in the economy. The new data track these changes in employment at private business establishments from one quarter to the next. In the new data series, gross job gains are defined as increases in employment resulting from expansions of employment at existing establishments or from the opening of establishments. Gross job losses are defined as declines in employment at existing establishments or from closing establishments. The difference between the number of gross jobs gained and the number of gross jobs lost is the net change in employment. These statistics show the dynamic labor market changes that underlie the net employment change statistic. The new series on Business Employment Dynamics are derived from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), also known as the ES-202 program. This program is a quarterly census of all establishments under state unemployment insurance programs, representing about 98 percent of employment on nonfarm payrolls. The net change in employment from this new data series will not match the estimates from employment series such as the monthly Current Employment Statistics survey (CES) or the totals from the QCEW program. The CES estimates are based on a sample of establishments, while gross job gains and gross job losses are based on a quarterly census of administrative records. In addition, the CES has a different coverage, excluding the agriculture sector but including establishments not covered by the unemployment insurance program. Business Employment Dynamics data have a more limited scope than QCEW data. The data in this release, in contrast to QCEW data, exclude government employees, private households (NAICS 814110), and establishments with zero employment. See the Back- ground section and the Technical Note for further information. - 2 - This first release of Business Employment Dynamics data covers the period from September 1992 to December 2002. All totals in this release are over-the-quarter changes based on the changes between the third months of each quarter. All data referred to in the text are seasonally adjusted. The tables accompanying this release provide both seasonally adjusted and unadjusted data. Fourth Quarter 2002 Opening and expanding private sector business establishments gained 7.7 million jobs in the fourth quarter of 2002, while closing and contracting establishments lost 7.8 million jobs. This led to a net employment loss of 70,000 jobs. (See table A.) Expanding establishments gained 6.1 million jobs in the quarter, while opening establishments accounted for a gain of 1.6 million jobs. Contracting establishments lost 6.2 million jobs, while closing establishments accounted for a loss of 1.6 million jobs. Expanding and contracting establishments accounted for most jobs gained and lost. Table A. Private sector gross job gains and losses, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 3 months ended Category |-------------------------------------- | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | 2001 | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | Gross job gains...................| 7,902 | 8,013 | 8,010 | 7,922 | 7,746 At expanding establishments.....| 6,083 | 6,200 | 6,223 | 6,208 | 6,114 At opening establishments.......| 1,819 | 1,813 | 1,787 | 1,714 | 1,632 |-------------------------------------- Gross job losses..................| 8,710 | 8,289 | 8,091 | 7,851 | 7,816 At contracting establishments...| 6,930 | 6,545 | 6,372 | 6,257 | 6,189 At closing establishments.......| 1,780 | 1,744 | 1,719 | 1,594 | 1,627 |-------------------------------------- Net employment change 1/..........| -808 | -276 | -81 | 71 | -70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Rates From September to December 2002, gross job gains represented 7.2 per- cent of private sector employment, while gross job losses represented 7.3 percent of private sector employment. (See table B.) The difference between these two rates, -0.1 percent, is the percentage net change in employment. The gross job gains rate indicates that 7.2 percent of jobs in December 2002 did not exist in September 2002, and the gross job losses rate indicates that 7.3 percent of jobs in September 2002 did not exist in December 2002. These gross job gains and job losses statistics demonstrate that a sizable number of jobs appear and disappear in the relatively short time frame of one quarter. This reallocation of jobs across establishments highlights the amount of job churning that underlies the quarterly net employment change of -0.1 percent. - 3 - Table B. Private sector gross job gains and losses as a percent of employment, seasonally adjusted (Percent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 3 months ended Category |-------------------------------------- | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | 2001 | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | Gross job gains...................| 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.2 At expanding establishments.....| 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.7 At opening establishments.......| 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.5 |-------------------------------------- Gross job losses..................| 8.0 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.3 At contracting establishments...| 6.4 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 At closing establishments.......| 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 |-------------------------------------- Net employment change 1/..........| -0.7 | -0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | -0.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ The net employment change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Establishment counts Out of 6.4 million active establishments, a total of 1.8 million estab- lishments gained jobs from September to December 2002. (See table C.) Of these, 1.5 million were expanding establishments and 345,000 were opening establishments. During the fourth quarter of 2002, 1.8 million establishments lost jobs. Of these, 1.5 million were contracting estab- lishments and 333,000 were closing establishments. The statistics from tables A and C indicate that the average expanding establishment added 4.2 jobs during the quarter and the average contracting establishment lost 4.2 jobs during the quarter. Table C. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employ- ment change, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | 3 months ended Category |-------------------------------------- | Dec. | Mar. | June | Sept. | Dec. | 2001 | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 | 2002 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | Establishments gaining jobs.......| 1,775 | 1,786 | 1,794 | 1,805 | 1,798 Expanding establishments........| 1,429 | 1,444 | 1,447 | 1,460 | 1,453 Opening establishments..........| 346 | 342 | 347 | 345 | 345 |-------------------------------------- Establishments losing jobs .......| 1,856 | 1,834 | 1,825 | 1,781 | 1,809 Contracting establishments......| 1,516 | 1,496 | 1,484 | 1,474 | 1,476 Closing establishments..........| 340 | 338 | 341 | 307 | 333 |-------------------------------------- Net establishment change 1/.......| 6 | 4 | 6 | 38 | 12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1/ The net establishment change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. - 4 - These Business Employment Dynamics data add to the labor market statistics currently available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The more tradition- al measure of net employment change indicates that employment fell by 70,000 jobs during the fourth quarter of 2002. The gross job gains and job losses statistics indicate that this net employment loss is the result of 6.1 million jobs added at 1.5 million expanding establishments, 1.6 million jobs added at 345,000 opening establishments, 6.2 million jobs lost at 1.5 million contract- ing establishments, and 1.6 million jobs lost at 333,000 closing establish- ments. These large gross job flows that underlie the substantially smaller net job changes cannot be observed in the cross-sectional statistics. September 1992 - December 2002 The level of gross job gains exceeded the level of gross job losses every quarter from September 1992 through December 2000, leading to a net increase in the number of jobs. (See table 1.) The gross job gains and job losses series crossed in March 2001, and the level of gross job losses exceeded the level of gross job gains for six consecutive quarters through the second quarter of 2002. Gross job gains peaked in the fourth quarter of 1999 at a level of 9.1 million jobs. In the fourth quarter of 2002, gross job gains were at a level of 7.8 million jobs, the lowest since the second quarter of 1995. Gross job losses peaked in the second quarter of 2001 at a level of 9.0 million jobs and declined every quarter through the fourth quarter of 2002. (See table 1.) Gross job gains at expanding establishments moved in the same direction as total gross job gains, and gross job losses at contracting establishments were similar to changes in total gross job losses. The number of jobs gained at opening establishments exceeded the number of jobs lost at closing estab- lishments except during the 2001 recession. (See table 1.) The business cycle is reflected in the gross job gains and losses sta- tistics. The increasing net employment losses during the first two quarters of 2001 were characterized by increasing gross job losses and declining gross job gains, with a continued decline in gross job gains in the third quarter of 2001. The four quarters of data for 2002 indicate that gross job losses declined and gross job gains did not return to their pre-recession levels. Background The Business Employment Dynamics statistics track changes in employment at the establishment level, revealing the dynamics underlying net changes in employment. The Business Employment Dynamics data are based on data collected in the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or ES-202, program. These data are the result of a collaborative effort between the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and State Employment Security Agencies. The data include all establishments subject to state unemployment insurance (UI) laws and federal agencies subject to the Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) program. Each quarter, the state agencies edit and process the data and send the information to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Gross job gains and job losses are based on employment levels in the third month of each quarter. - 5 - The Business Employment Dynamics totals require that establishment data be linked across quarters. This longitudinal aspect of the data allows the tracking of when establishments open, close, expand, or contract their employment. The linkage process is described in the Technical Note. There are four types of gross job flows: employment gains at opening establishments, employment expansions at existing establishments, employment losses at closing establishments, and employment contractions at existing establishments. In- creases in employment at opening and expanding establishments sum to measure gross job gains. Declines in employment at closing and contracting establish- ments sum to measure gross job losses. The more traditional measure of net change in employment is the difference between the number of jobs gained and the number of jobs lost. Currently, data on gross job gains and gross job losses are available as levels and as rates for the private sector. The rates measure gross job gains and gross losses and their components as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment. This differs from the traditional calculation of a percentage rate (which would divide only by previous quarter employment) and provides a symmetric treatment of the growth of opening and closing establishments. Estimates are available with and without seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment is run concurrently and models are updated annually. The first update in seasonal adjustment models will be with the release of first quarter 2004 data. Uses of the Data As the quarterly time series on Business Employment Dynamics grows longer, their value in assessing the business cycle, the level of labor market volatility, and the effect of establishment employment changes on aggregate employment will increase. The gross job gain and gross job loss statistics will be particularly useful in highlighting the forces behind net changes in employment. In addition, these estimates will highlight the importance of job changes at opening and closing establishments relative to changes at existing establishments. The Business Employment Dynamics data should help economists, policy- makers, and the business community develop a more complete understanding of business cycles. It can show whether net employment changes over the course of the business cycle are due to changes in the pace of job gains or of job losses. Future Releases BLS plans to update the series on Business Employment Dynamics on a quarterly basis with a news release. BLS also plans to develop data for the 50 states and the District of Columbia and to release estimates based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) and establish- ment size class data in the future. In future months, please refer to the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov for updates of the Business Employment Dynamics series. For more information, please see the Technical Note of this release or the Business Employment Dynamics Web page at the BLS Web site http://www.bls.gov/bdm. Additional information about Business Employment Dynamics may be obtained by e-mailing BDMinfo@bls.gov. - 6 - Technical Note The Business Employment Dynamics data are compiled by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from existing administrative records. These records are the product of a federal-state cooperative program known as the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), or the ES-202 program. The data are derived from summaries of employment of workers covered by unemployment insurance (UI) legislation and provided by State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The summaries are a byproduct of the administration of state unemployment insurance programs that require most employers to pay quarterly taxes based on the employment and wages of workers covered by UI. The administrative records are linked across quarters to provide a longitudinal history for each establishment. The linkage process allows the tracking of net employment changes at the establishment level, which in turn allows the estimation of jobs gained at opening and expanding establishments and jobs lost at closing and contracting establishments. Coverage Employment and wage data for workers covered by state UI and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) laws are compiled from quarterly contribution reports submitted to the SESAs by employers. In addition to the quarterly contribution reports, employers who operate multiple establish- ments within a state complete a questionnaire, called the "Multiple Worksite Report," which provides detailed information on the location of their estab- lishments. These reports are based on place of employment rather than place of residence. UI and UCFE coverage is broad and basically comparable from state to state. Major exclusions from UI coverage are self-employed workers, religious organizations, most agricultural workers on small farms, all members of the Armed Forces, elected officials in most states, most employees of railroads, some domestic workers, most student workers at schools, and employees of certain small nonprofit organizations. Gross job gains and gross job losses in this release are derived from longitudinal histories of over 6.4 million private sector employer reports out of 8.2 million total reports of employment and wages submitted by states to BLS in the fourth quarter 2002. Gross job gains and gross job losses data in this release do not report estimates for government employees or private households (NAICS 814110) and do not include establishments with zero employ- ment over three quarters. Data from Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands also are excluded from the national data. The table below shows, in millions of establishments, the number of establishments excluded from the gross job gains and gross job losses data in the fourth quarter 2002: - 7 - Number of active establishments included in the Business Employment Dynamics data Millions Total establishments ES-202 program.................................8.2 Excluded: Public sector....................................... 0.3 Private households.................................. 0.5 Zero employment..................................... 1.0 Establishments in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands............................ 0.0* Total establishments included in the Business Employment Dynamics data......................................... 6.4 *Approximately 48,000 establishments. Concepts and methodology The Business Employment Dynamics data measure the net change in employment at the establishment level. These changes come about in one of four ways. A net increase in employment can come from either opening establishments or expanding establishments. A net decrease in employment can come from either closing establishments or contracting establishments. Gross job gains in- clude the sum of all jobs added at either opening or expanding establishments. Gross job losses include the sum of all jobs lost in either closing or con- tracting establishments. The net change in employment is the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. The formal definitions of establishment-level employment changes are as follows: Openings. These are either establishments with positive third month employment for the first time in the current quarter, with no links to the prior quarter, or with positive third month employment in the current quarter following zero employment in the previous quarter. Expansions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net increase in employment over this period. Closings. These are either establishments with positive third month employment in the previous quarter, with no positive employment reported in the current quarter, or with positive third month employment in the previous quarter followed by zero employment in the current quarter. Contractions. These are establishments with positive employment in the third month in both the previous and current quarters, with a net decrease in employment over this period. All establishment-level employment changes are measured from the third month of each quarter. Not all establishments change their employment levels; these establishments count towards estimates of total employment, but not for levels of gross job gains and gross job losses. Gross job gains and gross job losses are expressed as rates by dividing their levels by the average of total private employment in the current and previous quarters. This provides a symmetric growth rate. The rates are calculated for the components of gross job gains and gross job losses and then summed to form their respective totals. These rates can be added and subtracted just as their levels can. For instance, the difference between the gross job gains rate and the gross job losses rate is the net growth rate. - 8 - The linkage process matches establishments' unique SESA identification numbers (SESA-ID). Between 95 to 97 percent of establishments identified as continuous from quarter to quarter are matched by SESA-ID. The rest are linked in one of three ways. The first method uses predecessor and successor information, identified by the states, which relates records with different SESA-IDs across quarters. Predecessor and successor relations can come about for a variety of reasons, including a change in ownership, a firm restruc- turing, or a UI account restructuring. If a match cannot be attained in this manner, a probability-based match is used. This match attempts to identify two establishments with different SESA-IDs as continuous. The match is based upon comparisons such as the same name, address, and phone number. Third, an analyst examines unmatched records individually and makes a possible match. In order to ensure the highest possible quality of data, SESAs verify with employers and update, if necessary, the industry, location, and ownership classification of all establishments on a 3-year cycle. Changes in establish- ment classification codes resulting from the verification process are intro- duced with the data reported for the first quarter of the year. Changes re- sulting from improved employer reporting also are introduced in the first quarter. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the levels of employment and the associated job flows undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in the weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence can be adjusted from quarter to quarter. These adjust- ments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity, easier to recognize. For example, the large number of youths taking summer jobs is likely to obscure other changes that have taken place in June rela- tive to March, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic ac- tivity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finish- ing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. The adjusted figures pro- vide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. The employment data series for opening, expanding, closing, and con- tracting establishments are independently adjusted and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between gross job gains and gross job losses. Similarly, the establishment data for opening, expanding, closing, and contracting establishments are independently adjusted, and the net changes are calculated based on the difference between the number of opening and closing establishments. Also, both total private establish- ment and employment levels are independently seasonally adjusted to calcu- late the seasonally adjusted rates. Seasonal adjustment is run concurrently using X-12 ARIMA. - 9 - Reliability of the data Since the data series on Business Employment Dynamics are based on administrative rather than sample data, there are no issues related to sampling error. Nonsampling error, however, still exists. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, such as the employer submitting cor- rected employment data after the end of the quarter or typographical er- rors made by businesses when providing information. Such errors, however, are likely to be distributed randomly throughout the dataset. Changes in administrative data sometimes create complications for the linkage process, slightly overstating openings and closings while slightly understating expansions and contractions. This is a product of working with such a vast array of administrative data, and the BLS continues to search for means of adjusting the linkage process to alleviate the effects of these complications. Additional statistics and other information Several other programs within BLS produce closely related information. The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) program provides monthly measures of job openings, as well as employee hires and separations. The Current Employment Statistics program releases monthly estimates of employ- ment, its net change, and earnings by detailed industry. These estimates are part of The Employment Situation report put out monthly by BLS. Finally, The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, or ES-202 program, provides both quarterly and annual estimates of employment by state, county, and de- tailed industry. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change (1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 276 7,233 5,528 1,705 6,957 5,362 1,595 December 344 7,162 5,504 1,658 6,818 5,428 1,390 1993 March 534 7,511 5,532 1,979 6,977 5,318 1,659 June 636 7,290 5,757 1,533 6,654 5,260 1,394 September 709 7,383 5,770 1,613 6,674 5,322 1,352 December 754 7,481 5,876 1,605 6,727 5,357 1,370 1994 March 643 7,502 5,880 1,622 6,859 5,401 1,458 June 880 7,761 6,033 1,728 6,881 5,400 1,481 September 1,025 7,838 6,121 1,717 6,813 5,493 1,320 December 614 7,682 6,044 1,638 7,068 5,602 1,466 1995 March 830 7,858 6,180 1,678 7,028 5,647 1,381 June 307 7,705 6,020 1,685 7,398 5,934 1,464 September 673 7,873 6,211 1,662 7,200 5,667 1,533 December 570 8,023 6,287 1,736 7,453 5,916 1,537 1996 March 432 7,980 6,262 1,718 7,548 6,030 1,518 June 594 8,111 6,329 1,782 7,517 5,961 1,556 September 590 8,146 6,285 1,861 7,556 5,988 1,568 December 827 8,267 6,390 1,877 7,440 5,906 1,534 1997 March 823 8,305 6,463 1,842 7,482 5,886 1,596 June 627 8,139 6,386 1,753 7,512 5,924 1,588 September 876 8,608 6,674 1,934 7,732 5,972 1,760 December 642 8,673 6,674 1,999 8,031 6,098 1,933 1998 March 777 8,829 6,668 2,161 8,052 6,120 1,932 June 677 8,739 6,601 2,138 8,062 6,191 1,871 September 759 8,587 6,600 1,987 7,828 6,123 1,705 December 619 8,482 6,704 1,778 7,863 6,115 1,748 1999 March 401 8,804 6,720 2,084 8,403 6,454 1,949 June 587 8,806 6,803 2,003 8,219 6,383 1,836 September 752 8,938 6,931 2,007 8,186 6,335 1,851 December 950 9,066 7,046 2,020 8,116 6,303 1,813 2000 March 719 8,847 6,938 1,909 8,128 6,414 1,714 June 534 8,723 6,938 1,785 8,189 6,463 1,726 September 407 8,854 6,930 1,924 8,447 6,620 1,827 December 301 8,680 6,867 1,813 8,379 6,594 1,785 2001 March -281 8,474 6,700 1,774 8,755 6,883 1,872 June -782 8,217 6,413 1,804 8,999 7,115 1,884 September -1,080 7,898 6,104 1,794 8,978 7,060 1,918 December -808 7,902 6,083 1,819 8,710 6,930 1,780 2002 March -276 8,013 6,200 1,813 8,289 6,545 1,744 June -81 8,010 6,223 1,787 8,091 6,372 1,719 September 71 7,922 6,208 1,714 7,851 6,257 1,594 December -70 7,746 6,114 1,632 7,816 6,189 1,627 (1) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses. Table 2. Private sector gross job gains and job losses, not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change (1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 32 6,695 5,186 1,509 6,663 5,253 1,410 December 141 7,017 5,547 1,470 6,876 5,573 1,303 1993 March -1,673 6,817 4,706 2,111 8,490 6,319 2,171 June 3,266 8,712 6,929 1,783 5,446 4,234 1,212 September 412 6,832 5,408 1,424 6,420 5,223 1,197 December 580 7,345 5,921 1,424 6,765 5,483 1,282 1994 March -1,573 6,762 5,027 1,735 8,335 6,423 1,912 June 3,606 9,244 7,237 2,007 5,638 4,354 1,284 September 664 7,236 5,726 1,510 6,572 5,401 1,171 December 477 7,551 6,097 1,454 7,074 5,705 1,369 1995 March -1,400 7,133 5,327 1,806 8,533 6,718 1,815 June 3,062 9,135 7,182 1,953 6,073 4,807 1,266 September 295 7,238 5,786 1,452 6,943 5,581 1,362 December 492 7,913 6,371 1,542 7,421 5,990 1,431 1996 March -1,878 7,297 5,430 1,867 9,175 7,173 2,002 June 3,375 9,575 7,520 2,055 6,200 4,861 1,339 September 134 7,433 5,822 1,611 7,299 5,901 1,398 December 809 8,181 6,508 1,673 7,372 5,951 1,421 1997 March -1,448 7,650 5,630 2,020 9,098 6,986 2,112 June 3,342 9,577 7,565 2,012 6,235 4,875 1,360 September 346 7,809 6,149 1,660 7,463 5,885 1,578 December 727 8,621 6,830 1,791 7,894 6,118 1,776 1998 March -1,613 8,204 5,819 2,385 9,817 7,247 2,570 June 3,543 10,266 7,823 2,443 6,723 5,129 1,594 September 150 7,741 6,045 1,696 7,591 6,049 1,542 December 774 8,474 6,873 1,601 7,700 6,109 1,591 1999 March -2,032 8,186 5,881 2,305 10,218 7,621 2,597 June 3,485 10,362 8,076 2,286 6,877 5,311 1,566 September 62 8,023 6,317 1,706 7,961 6,278 1,683 December 1,097 9,032 7,208 1,824 7,935 6,298 1,637 2000 March -1,607 8,208 6,097 2,111 9,815 7,532 2,283 June 3,443 10,307 8,269 2,038 6,864 5,385 1,479 September -332 7,917 6,285 1,632 8,249 6,583 1,666 December 400 8,628 6,986 1,642 8,228 6,622 1,606 2001 March -2,622 7,880 5,924 1,956 10,502 8,018 2,484 June 2,173 9,735 7,671 2,064 7,562 5,936 1,626 September -1,734 7,040 5,519 1,521 8,774 7,023 1,751 December -828 7,795 6,147 1,648 8,623 7,026 1,597 2002 March -2,363 7,506 5,512 1,994 9,869 7,560 2,309 June 2,704 9,512 7,463 2,049 6,808 5,317 1,491 September -618 7,059 5,605 1,454 7,677 6,223 1,454 December -148 7,629 6,151 1,478 7,777 6,318 1,459 (1) See footnote 1, table 1. Table 3. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment, (1) seasonally adjusted (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change (2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 0.3 8.1 6.2 1.9 7.8 6.0 1.8 December 0.2 7.9 6.1 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6 1993 March 0.6 8.3 6.1 2.2 7.7 5.9 1.8 June 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5 September 0.8 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.3 5.8 1.5 December 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5 1994 March 0.7 8.1 6.3 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 June 0.9 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 September 1.1 8.3 6.5 1.8 7.2 5.8 1.4 December 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.9 1.5 1995 March 0.8 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4 June 0.3 7.9 6.2 1.7 7.6 6.1 1.5 September 0.7 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6 December 0.5 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.7 6.1 1.6 1996 March 0.6 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.6 6.1 1.5 June 0.6 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.6 6.0 1.6 September 0.6 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.6 6.0 1.6 December 0.9 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.4 5.9 1.5 1997 March 0.8 8.2 6.4 1.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 June 0.6 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6 September 0.9 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.5 5.8 1.7 December 0.6 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.8 5.9 1.9 1998 March 0.7 8.5 6.4 2.1 7.8 5.9 1.9 June 0.6 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.7 5.9 1.8 September 0.8 8.2 6.3 1.9 7.4 5.8 1.6 December 0.5 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.5 5.8 1.7 1999 March 0.4 8.3 6.3 2.0 7.9 6.1 1.8 June 0.6 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.7 6.0 1.7 September 0.7 8.3 6.4 1.9 7.6 5.9 1.7 December 0.9 8.4 6.5 1.9 7.5 5.8 1.7 2000 March 0.6 8.1 6.4 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6 June 0.4 7.9 6.3 1.6 7.5 5.9 1.6 September 0.3 8.0 6.3 1.7 7.7 6.0 1.7 December 0.2 7.8 6.2 1.6 7.6 6.0 1.6 2001 March -0.2 7.7 6.1 1.6 7.9 6.2 1.7 June -0.8 7.4 5.8 1.6 8.2 6.5 1.7 September -1.1 7.2 5.6 1.6 8.3 6.5 1.8 December -0.7 7.3 5.6 1.7 8.0 6.4 1.6 2002 March -0.2 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.7 6.1 1.6 June 0.0 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.5 5.9 1.6 September 0.1 7.4 5.8 1.6 7.3 5.8 1.5 December -0.1 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.3 5.8 1.5 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current employment. (2) See footnote 1, table 1. Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment, (1) not seasonally adjusted (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change (2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 0.1 7.5 5.8 1.7 7.4 5.8 1.6 December 0.2 7.8 6.2 1.6 7.6 6.2 1.4 1993 March -1.8 7.7 5.3 2.4 9.5 7.1 2.4 June 3.7 9.7 7.7 2.0 6.0 4.7 1.3 September 0.4 7.4 5.9 1.5 7.0 5.7 1.3 December 0.6 7.9 6.4 1.5 7.3 5.9 1.4 1994 March -1.7 7.4 5.5 1.9 9.1 7.0 2.1 June 3.9 10.0 7.8 2.2 6.1 4.7 1.4 September 0.7 7.6 6.0 1.6 6.9 5.7 1.2 December 0.5 7.9 6.4 1.5 7.4 6.0 1.4 1995 March -1.5 7.5 5.6 1.9 9.0 7.1 1.9 June 3.2 9.5 7.5 2.0 6.3 5.0 1.3 September 0.3 7.4 5.9 1.5 7.1 5.7 1.4 December 0.5 8.1 6.5 1.6 7.6 6.1 1.5 1996 March -2.0 7.5 5.6 1.9 9.5 7.4 2.1 June 3.5 9.8 7.7 2.1 6.3 4.9 1.4 September 0.1 7.4 5.8 1.6 7.3 5.9 1.4 December 0.9 8.2 6.5 1.7 7.3 5.9 1.4 1997 March -1.5 7.6 5.6 2.0 9.1 7.0 2.1 June 3.4 9.5 7.5 2.0 6.1 4.8 1.3 September 0.4 7.6 6.0 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5 December 0.7 8.3 6.6 1.7 7.6 5.9 1.7 1998 March -1.6 7.9 5.6 2.3 9.5 7.0 2.5 June 3.4 9.8 7.5 2.3 6.4 4.9 1.5 September 0.1 7.3 5.7 1.6 7.2 5.7 1.5 December 0.8 8.0 6.5 1.5 7.2 5.7 1.5 1999 March -1.9 7.8 5.6 2.2 9.7 7.2 2.5 June 3.2 9.7 7.6 2.1 6.5 5.0 1.5 September 0.0 7.4 5.8 1.6 7.4 5.8 1.6 December 1.0 8.3 6.6 1.7 7.3 5.8 1.5 2000 March -1.5 7.5 5.6 1.9 9.0 6.9 2.1 June 3.2 9.5 7.6 1.9 6.3 4.9 1.4 September -0.2 7.2 5.7 1.5 7.4 5.9 1.5 December 0.4 7.8 6.3 1.5 7.4 6.0 1.4 2001 March -2.4 7.2 5.4 1.8 9.6 7.3 2.3 June 2.0 8.9 7.0 1.9 6.9 5.4 1.5 September -1.6 6.4 5.0 1.4 8.0 6.4 1.6 December -0.8 7.2 5.7 1.5 8.0 6.5 1.5 2002 March -2.2 7.1 5.2 1.9 9.3 7.1 2.2 June 2.5 8.9 7.0 1.9 6.4 5.0 1.4 September -0.6 6.5 5.2 1.3 7.1 5.8 1.3 December -0.2 7.1 5.7 1.4 7.3 5.9 1.4 (1) See footnote 1, table 3. (2) See footnote 1, table 1. Table 5. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs Year 3 months ended Net change (1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 11 1,576 1,287 289 1,541 1,263 278 December 24 1,591 1,294 297 1,534 1,261 273 1993 March 32 1,614 1,310 304 1,537 1,265 272 June 26 1,631 1,337 294 1,521 1,253 268 September 37 1,647 1,348 299 1,530 1,268 262 December 23 1,655 1,365 290 1,544 1,277 267 1994 March 13 1,644 1,356 288 1,576 1,301 275 June 29 1,700 1,390 310 1,570 1,289 281 September 38 1,715 1,404 311 1,579 1,306 273 December 13 1,693 1,394 299 1,613 1,327 286 1995 March 31 1,717 1,411 306 1,616 1,341 275 June 26 1,697 1,390 307 1,640 1,359 281 September 7 1,715 1,412 303 1,649 1,353 296 December 23 1,726 1,409 317 1,656 1,362 294 1996 March 15 1,736 1,424 312 1,663 1,366 297 June 22 1,745 1,426 319 1,674 1,377 297 September 36 1,762 1,432 330 1,675 1,381 294 December 35 1,787 1,455 332 1,673 1,376 297 1997 March 31 1,801 1,471 330 1,683 1,384 299 June 18 1,783 1,463 320 1,702 1,400 302 September 17 1,810 1,482 328 1,706 1,395 311 December 9 1,818 1,482 336 1,736 1,409 327 1998 March 19 1,814 1,469 345 1,738 1,412 326 June 56 1,841 1,487 354 1,706 1,408 298 September 22 1,824 1,488 336 1,744 1,430 314 December 2 1,831 1,512 319 1,730 1,413 317 1999 March 11 1,827 1,493 334 1,766 1,443 323 June -1 1,847 1,506 341 1,785 1,443 342 September 16 1,860 1,510 350 1,783 1,449 334 December 36 1,903 1,539 364 1,758 1,430 328 2000 March 24 1,882 1,525 357 1,810 1,477 333 June 20 1,876 1,526 350 1,819 1,489 330 September 23 1,879 1,520 359 1,821 1,485 336 December 12 1,863 1,512 351 1,831 1,492 339 2001 March 5 1,849 1,502 347 1,841 1,499 342 June -3 1,811 1,473 338 1,861 1,520 341 September -8 1,774 1,435 339 1,878 1,531 347 December 6 1,775 1,429 346 1,856 1,516 340 2002 March 4 1,786 1,444 342 1,834 1,496 338 June 6 1,794 1,447 347 1,825 1,484 341 September 38 1,805 1,460 345 1,781 1,474 307 December 12 1,798 1,453 345 1,809 1,476 333 (1) Net change is the difference between the number of opening establishments and the number of closing establishments. Table 6. Number of private sector establishments by direction of employment change, not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs Year 3 months ended Net change (1) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 15 1,497 1,235 262 1,581 1,334 247 December 37 1,577 1,282 295 1,514 1,256 258 1993 March -61 1,481 1,189 292 1,735 1,382 353 June 103 1,857 1,522 335 1,304 1,072 232 September 37 1,565 1,295 270 1,572 1,339 233 December 36 1,643 1,354 289 1,525 1,272 253 1994 March -79 1,513 1,236 277 1,774 1,418 356 June 110 1,928 1,575 353 1,349 1,106 243 September 36 1,630 1,350 280 1,623 1,379 244 December 27 1,683 1,384 299 1,594 1,322 272 1995 March -61 1,585 1,291 294 1,812 1,457 355 June 108 1,925 1,575 350 1,414 1,172 242 September 6 1,627 1,355 272 1,694 1,428 266 December 38 1,720 1,402 318 1,636 1,356 280 1996 March -82 1,605 1,304 301 1,864 1,481 383 June 108 1,975 1,612 363 1,446 1,191 255 September 29 1,664 1,370 294 1,726 1,461 265 December 52 1,787 1,451 336 1,650 1,366 284 1997 March -67 1,669 1,351 318 1,884 1,499 385 June 105 2,014 1,651 363 1,470 1,212 258 September 9 1,706 1,415 291 1,761 1,479 282 December 31 1,823 1,481 342 1,706 1,395 311 1998 March -85 1,682 1,348 334 1,949 1,530 419 June 145 2,077 1,678 399 1,472 1,218 254 September 9 1,713 1,416 297 1,808 1,520 288 December 29 1,842 1,514 328 1,695 1,396 299 1999 March -92 1,695 1,372 323 1,978 1,563 415 June 93 2,083 1,700 383 1,540 1,250 290 September -4 1,742 1,434 308 1,854 1,542 312 December 70 1,917 1,541 376 1,719 1,413 306 2000 March -82 1,751 1,406 345 2,022 1,595 427 June 114 2,113 1,721 392 1,570 1,292 278 September -5 1,757 1,442 315 1,901 1,581 320 December 53 1,878 1,512 366 1,791 1,478 313 2001 March -104 1,720 1,386 334 2,050 1,612 438 June 91 2,045 1,668 377 1,607 1,321 286 September -38 1,654 1,357 297 1,964 1,629 335 December 50 1,788 1,426 362 1,819 1,507 312 2002 March -102 1,659 1,330 329 2,034 1,603 431 June 101 2,029 1,642 387 1,577 1,291 286 September 4 1,685 1,383 302 1,865 1,567 298 December 58 1,811 1,448 363 1,776 1,471 305 (1) See footnote 1, table 5. Table 7. Private sector establishments by direction of employment change, as a percent of total establishments, (1) seasonally adjusted (Percent) Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs Year 3 months ended Net change (2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 0.2 29.5 24.1 5.4 28.8 23.6 5.2 December 0.4 29.6 24.1 5.5 28.6 23.5 5.1 1993 March 0.6 29.8 24.2 5.6 28.4 23.4 5.0 June 0.5 29.9 24.5 5.4 27.9 23.0 4.9 September 0.6 30.0 24.6 5.4 27.9 23.1 4.8 December 0.4 29.9 24.7 5.2 27.9 23.1 4.8 1994 March 0.2 29.6 24.4 5.2 28.4 23.4 5.0 June 0.6 30.5 24.9 5.6 28.1 23.1 5.0 September 0.6 30.5 25.0 5.5 28.2 23.3 4.9 December 0.2 30.0 24.7 5.3 28.6 23.5 5.1 1995 March 0.6 30.3 24.9 5.4 28.4 23.6 4.8 June 0.5 29.7 24.3 5.4 28.7 23.8 4.9 September 0.1 29.9 24.6 5.3 28.8 23.6 5.2 December 0.4 30.0 24.5 5.5 28.8 23.7 5.1 1996 March 0.3 30.0 24.6 5.4 28.7 23.6 5.1 June 0.4 30.1 24.6 5.5 28.8 23.7 5.1 September 0.7 30.2 24.5 5.7 28.6 23.6 5.0 December 0.5 30.4 24.8 5.6 28.5 23.4 5.1 1997 March 0.5 30.5 24.9 5.6 28.5 23.4 5.1 June 0.3 30.0 24.6 5.4 28.7 23.6 5.1 September 0.3 30.3 24.8 5.5 28.6 23.4 5.2 December 0.1 30.4 24.8 5.6 29.0 23.5 5.5 1998 March 0.3 30.2 24.5 5.7 28.9 23.5 5.4 June 1.0 30.5 24.6 5.9 28.2 23.3 4.9 September 0.3 30.0 24.5 5.5 28.7 23.5 5.2 December 0.0 30.0 24.8 5.2 28.4 23.2 5.2 1999 March 0.2 29.9 24.4 5.5 28.9 23.6 5.3 June 0.0 30.2 24.6 5.6 29.2 23.6 5.6 September 0.3 30.3 24.6 5.7 29.0 23.6 5.4 December 0.6 30.9 25.0 5.9 28.5 23.2 5.3 2000 March 0.4 30.4 24.6 5.8 29.2 23.8 5.4 June 0.3 30.1 24.5 5.6 29.2 23.9 5.3 September 0.3 30.0 24.3 5.7 29.1 23.7 5.4 December 0.2 29.7 24.1 5.6 29.2 23.8 5.4 2001 March 0.1 29.4 23.9 5.5 29.2 23.8 5.4 June 0.0 28.8 23.4 5.4 29.5 24.1 5.4 September -0.1 28.2 22.8 5.4 29.8 24.3 5.5 December 0.1 28.2 22.7 5.5 29.5 24.1 5.4 2002 March 0.0 28.3 22.9 5.4 29.1 23.7 5.4 June 0.1 28.4 22.9 5.5 28.8 23.4 5.4 September 0.6 28.4 23.0 5.4 28.0 23.2 4.8 December 0.2 28.2 22.8 5.4 28.3 23.1 5.2 (1) The rates measure establishments gaining or losing jobs as a percentage of the average of previous and current quarter total number of establishments. (2) See footnote 1, table 5. Table 8. Private sector establishments by direction of employment change, as a percent of total establishments, (1) not seasonally adjusted (Percent) Establishments gaining jobs Establishments losing jobs Year 3 months ended Net change (2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 0.3 27.9 23.0 4.9 29.4 24.8 4.6 December 0.7 29.2 23.7 5.5 28.1 23.3 4.8 1993 March -1.2 27.5 22.1 5.4 32.3 25.7 6.6 June 1.9 34.3 28.1 6.2 24.1 19.8 4.3 September 0.7 28.4 23.5 4.9 28.5 24.3 4.2 December 0.6 29.6 24.4 5.2 27.5 22.9 4.6 1994 March -1.4 27.4 22.4 5.0 32.0 25.6 6.4 June 2.0 34.8 28.4 6.4 24.3 19.9 4.4 September 0.7 28.9 23.9 5.0 28.8 24.5 4.3 December 0.5 29.7 24.4 5.3 28.1 23.3 4.8 1995 March -1.1 28.0 22.8 5.2 32.1 25.8 6.3 June 1.9 33.9 27.7 6.2 24.9 20.6 4.3 September 0.1 28.2 23.5 4.7 29.4 24.8 4.6 December 0.7 29.8 24.3 5.5 28.3 23.5 4.8 1996 March -1.5 27.8 22.6 5.2 32.4 25.7 6.7 June 1.9 34.2 27.9 6.3 25.0 20.6 4.4 September 0.5 28.4 23.4 5.0 29.4 24.9 4.5 December 0.9 30.3 24.6 5.7 27.9 23.1 4.8 1997 March -1.1 28.3 22.9 5.4 31.9 25.4 6.5 June 1.7 34.0 27.9 6.1 24.9 20.5 4.4 September 0.2 28.5 23.6 4.9 29.4 24.7 4.7 December 0.5 30.3 24.6 5.7 28.4 23.2 5.2 1998 March -1.4 28.1 22.5 5.6 32.6 25.6 7.0 June 2.4 34.5 27.9 6.6 24.4 20.2 4.2 September 0.2 28.1 23.2 4.9 29.6 24.9 4.7 December 0.5 30.1 24.7 5.4 27.7 22.8 4.9 1999 March -1.5 27.8 22.5 5.3 32.4 25.6 6.8 June 1.5 34.2 27.9 6.3 25.3 20.5 4.8 September -0.1 28.3 23.3 5.0 30.2 25.1 5.1 December 1.2 31.0 24.9 6.1 27.7 22.8 4.9 2000 March -1.3 28.3 22.7 5.6 32.7 25.8 6.9 June 1.8 34.0 27.7 6.3 25.3 20.8 4.5 September -0.1 28.0 23.0 5.0 30.3 25.2 5.1 December 0.8 29.8 24.0 5.8 28.5 23.5 5.0 2001 March -1.7 27.4 22.1 5.3 32.7 25.7 7.0 June 1.4 32.6 26.6 6.0 25.7 21.1 4.6 September -0.6 26.2 21.5 4.7 31.1 25.8 5.3 December 0.8 28.3 22.6 5.7 28.7 23.8 4.9 2002 March -1.6 26.3 21.1 5.2 32.3 25.5 6.8 June 1.6 32.1 26.0 6.1 25.0 20.5 4.5 September 0.0 26.4 21.7 4.7 29.3 24.6 4.7 December 0.9 28.3 22.6 5.7 27.8 23.0 4.8 (1) See footnote 1, table 7. (2) See footnote 1, table 5.