USDL: 96-424 Technical contact: Wayne Shelly (202) 606-6199 Media contact Kathryn Hoyle (202) 606-5902 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 A.M. EDT Thursday, October 10, 1996 EMPLOYER COSTS FOR EMPLOYEE COMPENSATION - MARCH 1996 Employer costs for employee compensation in the United States (private industry and state and local governments) averaged $18.82 per hour worked in March 1996, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Straight-time wages and salaries (71.6 percent of the costs) averaged $13.48 an hour, and benefit costs (the remaining 28.4 percent) averaged $5.34. Legally required benefits (e.g., social security, workers' compensation, unemployment insurance) averaged $1.59 per hour worked- -the largest cost to employers among the benefit categories. Legally required benefits accounted for 8.5 percent of total compensation costs and nearly three-tenths of all benefit costs. (See table 1.) Other important benefit categories and their average costs per hour worked were: insurance ($1.29), paid leave ($1.24), retirement and savings (75 cents), and supplemental pay (44 cents), which includes premium pay for overtime, shift pay, nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases. Private industry In private industry, employer compensation costs in March 1996 averaged $17.49 per hour worked, with straight-time wages and salaries averaging $12.58 per hour and benefit costs averaging $4.91 per hour. (See table 5.) Compensation costs by industry and occupational group, union status, part-time and full-time status, establishment employment size, and geographic region are displayed in chart B. Highlights for private industry follow: Compensation costs averaged more for workers in goods- producing industries ($21.27 per hour worked) than for those in service- producing industries ($16.28). (See table 10.) In goods-producing industries, compensation cost levels ranged from $18.88 in nondurable goods manufacturing to $22.50 in durable goods manufacturing. Among service-producing industries, compensation costs ranged from $9.54 in retail trade to $24.22 in transportation and public utilities. March 1996 compensation costs also varied within industries. In health services, for example, where compensation costs averaged $18.24 per hour worked, those costs were $11.54 in nursing homes and $21.55 in hospitals. (See table 15.) Among occupational categories in private industry, average compensation costs were higher for white-collar occupations ($21.10) than for blue-collar occupations ($17.04) and service occupations ($8.61). (See table 6.) The level of compensation varied by occupational group within the blue-collar and white-collar categories. (See table 10.) Benefits in private industry made up a larger proportion of compensation costs for blue-collar occupations (31.9 percent) than for white-collar occupations (26.8 percent) and service occupations (24.1 percent). (See table 10.) In goods-producing industries, benefits made up 33.9 percent of compensation costs for blue-collar occupations, compared with 29.8 percent for white-collar occupations. The corresponding proportions in service-producing industries were 28.7 percent and 26.1 percent, respectively. (See table 11.) March 1996 compensation costs averaged more for union workers ($23.31) in private industry than for nonunion workers ($16.61). (See table 13.) In addition, benefits made up a larger proportion of compensation costs for union workers (35.9 percent) than for nonunion workers (26.4 percent). Union and nonunion cost levels reflect a variety of influences, including variation in the distribution of union and nonunion workers among occupations, industries, and establishment size groups. Compensation costs in private industry increased with establishment employment size. (See table 8.) Compensation costs averaged $14.85 per hour worked in establishments of under 100 employees, $16.61 in establishments of 100 to 499 employees, and $24.03 in establishments of 500 or more employees. March 1996 compensation costs for full-time workers ($20.01 per hour) were more than double those for part-time workers ($9.19). (See table 9.) Benefit costs made up 29.2 percent of total compensation for full-time workers and 19.8 percent for part-time workers. Employees in an establishment are classified as full time or part time in accordance with the practices of the establishment, rather than on the basis of the number of hours worked per week. Compensation costs among the four census regions ranged from $15.62 to $20.57. This range of $4.95 was statistically significant. The proportion of compensation costs made up of benefits ranged from 26.9 percent in the West to 29.1 in the Northeast. (See table 7.) State and local governments In state and local governments, employer costs in March 1996 averaged $25.73 per hour worked, with straight-time wages and salaries averaging $17.95 and benefit costs averaging $7.77. (See table 4.) Compensation costs varied by type of work activity and occupational group. Highlights for state and local governments follow: Among work activities, average compensation costs were higher per hour worked in services (e.g., health and educational services) than in public administration ($26.98 and $23.39, respectively). Those two categories account for most state and local government employment. Compensation costs in state and local governments averaged more for white-collar occupations ($28.56) than for blue-collar ($20.88) and service occupations ($18.92). Service occupations include police and firefighters, as well as janitors, cooks, and nursing aides. The relative importance of March 1996 employer costs for employee benefits in state and local governments also varied among occupational categories. Benefits accounted for 28.5 percent of compensation costs for white-collar occupations, compared with 35.1 percent for blue-collar and 36.1 percent for service occupations. Note: This release reflects changes in the way some benefits were categorized. As part of a comprehensive revision of the BLS compensation series, called COMP2000, changes were made to improve the quality of the data and to reflect some basic changes in the way benefits are viewed in the compensation community. The changes are: 1. Social security was divided into its components: old-age, survivors, and disability insurance (OASDI) and Medicare. 2. Long-term disability insurance was included with sickness and accident insurance prior to March 1996. Now, it is reported as a separate benefit. 3. The pension and savings and thrift benefits under Retirement and Savings were changed to defined benefit and defined contribution plans. All pension and savings and thrift plans within existing sample units were examined to determine if they were defined benefit or defined contribution plans, and then reclassified. Although these old and new categories are not comparable with each other, the overall category of retirement and savings remains comparable. 4. Railroad retirement and unemployment insurance benefits were previously included with the legally required benefits category. Now, railroad benefit costs have been reclassified into the benefits that match their intended purpose (social security, retirement and savings, sickness and accident insurance, and state unemployment insurance). Table 1. CIVILIAN WORKERS BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Civilian White-collar Blue-collar Service Compensation workers component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $18.82 100.0% $22.52 100.0% $17.28 100.0% $10.17 100.0% Wages and salaries............... 13.48 71.6 16.43 72.9 11.72 67.8 7.37 72.5 Total benefits................... 5.34 28.4 6.09 27.1 5.56 32.2 2.80 27.5 Paid leave...................... 1.24 6.6 1.59 7.0 1.02 5.9 .57 5.6 Vacations...................... .56 3.0 .68 3.0 .53 3.0 .26 2.5 Holidays....................... .42 2.2 .54 2.4 .35 2.0 .18 1.7 Sick leave..................... .19 1.0 .28 1.2 .09 .5 .10 1.0 Other leave.................... .07 .3 .09 .4 .04 .2 .03 .3 Supplemental pay................ .44 2.4 .45 2.0 .61 3.5 .18 1.7 Premium pay.................... .18 1.0 .10 .4 .40 2.3 .09 .9 Shift pay...................... .05 .3 .05 .2 .07 .4 .04 .4 Nonproduction bonuses.......... .21 1.1 .31 1.4 .14 .8 .04 .4 Insurance....................... 1.29 6.8 1.46 6.5 1.37 7.9 .64 6.3 Life insurance................. .05 .2 .06 .2 .05 .3 .02 .2 Health insurance............... 1.19 6.3 1.34 6.0 1.27 7.4 .60 5.9 Sickness and accident insurance .03 .2 .03 .1 .04 .2 .02 .2 Long-term disability insurance. .02 .1 .03 .1 (1) (1) (1) (1) Retirement and savings.......... .75 4.0 .91 4.1 .68 3.9 .38 3.7 Defined benefit pension........ .52 2.7 .59 2.6 .49 2.8 .33 3.2 Defined contribution pension... .23 1.2 .32 1.4 .19 1.1 .05 .5 Legally required benefits....... 1.59 8.5 1.65 7.3 1.85 10.7 1.03 10.1 Social Security................ 1.08 5.7 1.28 5.7 .99 5.7 .61 6.0 OASDI(2)...................... .86 4.6 1.02 4.5 .80 4.7 .49 4.8 Medicare...................... .22 1.1 .26 1.2 .19 1.1 .12 1.2 Federal unemployment........... .03 .1 .02 .1 .03 .2 .03 .3 State unemployment............. .11 .6 .10 .5 .13 .7 .09 .9 Workers' compensation.......... .38 2.0 .24 1.1 .70 4.1 .30 2.9 Other benefits(3)............... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .2 (1) (1) 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 2. CIVILIAN WORKERS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, by occupational and industry group, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked Civilian workers.................. $18.82 $13.48 $5.34 $1.24 $0.44 $1.29 $0.75 $1.59 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations...... 22.52 16.43 6.09 1.59 .45 1.46 .91 1.65 .03 Professional specialty and technical......................... 30.09 22.10 7.99 2.01 .54 1.86 1.45 2.09 .04 Professional.............. 31.14 23.00 8.14 2.02 .55 1.90 1.51 2.12 .04 Nurses.................. 29.16 21.10 8.07 2.18 1.18 1.52 .81 2.36 (2) Teachers................ 31.46 23.94 7.52 1.49 .08 2.03 1.92 1.98 .03 Technical................. 24.94 17.69 7.25 1.96 .51 1.64 1.13 1.96 .05 Executive, administrative, and managerial.................... 32.90 23.71 9.20 2.88 .75 1.84 1.38 2.30 .05 Administrative support including clerical................ 15.17 10.72 4.45 1.12 .26 1.33 .54 1.17 .02 Blue-collar occupations....... 17.28 11.72 5.56 1.02 .61 1.37 .68 1.85 .03 Service occupations........... 10.17 7.37 2.80 .57 .18 .64 .38 1.03 (2) Industry group Services...................... 19.90 14.67 5.23 1.29 .29 1.28 .84 1.51 (2) Health services............. 20.04 14.14 5.91 1.66 .57 1.44 .64 1.58 (2) Hospitals................. 21.71 15.10 6.61 1.91 .68 1.65 .71 1.64 .02 Educational services........ 25.57 18.95 6.62 1.53 .09 1.83 1.52 1.63 .02 Elementary and secondary education......................... 24.80 18.45 6.35 1.34 .06 1.91 1.47 1.54 .03 Higher education.......... 29.29 21.38 7.91 2.13 .15 1.83 1.92 1.88 (2) Percent of total compensation Civilian workers.................. 100.0% 71.6% 28.4% 6.6% 2.4% 6.8% 4.0% 8.5% 0.1% Occupational group White-collar occupations...... 100.0 72.9 27.1 7.0 2.0 6.5 4.1 7.3 .1 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 73.4 26.6 6.7 1.8 6.2 4.8 7.0 .1 Professional.............. 100.0 73.8 26.2 6.5 1.8 6.1 4.9 6.8 .1 Nurses.................. 100.0 72.3 27.7 7.5 4.0 5.2 2.8 8.1 (2) Teachers................ 100.0 76.1 23.9 4.7 .3 6.4 6.1 6.3 .1 Technical................. 100.0 70.9 29.1 7.9 2.0 6.6 4.5 7.9 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial.................... 100.0 72.0 28.0 8.8 2.3 5.6 4.2 7.0 .2 Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 70.7 29.3 7.4 1.7 8.8 3.6 7.7 .1 Blue-collar occupations....... 100.0 67.8 32.2 5.9 3.5 7.9 3.9 10.7 .2 Service occupations........... 100.0 72.5 27.5 5.6 1.7 6.3 3.7 10.1 (2) Industry group Services...................... 100.0 73.7 26.3 6.5 1.4 6.4 4.2 7.6 (2) Health services............. 100.0 70.5 29.5 8.3 2.8 7.2 3.2 7.9 (2) Hospitals................. 100.0 69.6 30.4 8.8 3.1 7.6 3.3 7.6 .1 Educational services........ 100.0 74.1 25.9 6.0 .4 7.2 5.9 6.4 .1 Elementary and secondary education......................... 100.0 74.4 25.6 5.4 .3 7.7 5.9 6.2 .1 Higher education.......... 100.0 73.0 27.0 7.3 .5 6.2 6.5 6.4 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 3. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 All workers in White-collar Service Service State and local occupations occupations industries Compensation governments component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $25.73 100.0% $28.56 100.0% $18.92 100.0% $26.98 100.0% Wages and salaries............... 17.95 69.8 20.43 71.5 12.09 63.9 19.43 72.0 Total benefits................... 7.77 30.2 8.13 28.5 6.83 36.1 7.55 28.0 Paid leave...................... 1.99 7.8 2.08 7.3 1.72 9.1 1.83 6.8 Vacations...................... .68 2.7 .65 2.3 .73 3.8 .51 1.9 Holidays....................... .65 2.5 .69 2.4 .55 2.9 .62 2.3 Sick leave..................... .51 2.0 .57 2.0 .33 1.7 .54 2.0 Other leave.................... .15 .6 .17 .6 .11 .6 .16 .6 Supplemental pay................ .22 .9 .14 .5 .42 2.2 .15 .6 Premium pay.................... .11 .4 .04 .1 .22 1.2 .05 .2 Shift pay...................... .05 .2 .04 .1 .11 .6 .05 .2 Nonproduction bonuses.......... .06 .2 .06 .2 .09 .5 .05 .2 Insurance....................... 2.07 8.1 2.19 7.7 1.73 9.2 2.09 7.7 Life insurance................. .05 .2 .05 .2 .04 .2 .05 .2 Health insurance............... 1.98 7.7 2.09 7.3 1.66 8.8 2.00 7.4 Sickness and accident insurance .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 (1) (1) Long-term disability insurance. .02 .1 .03 .1 (1) (1) .02 .1 Retirement and savings.......... 1.90 7.4 2.02 7.1 1.71 9.0 1.88 7.0 Defined benefit pension........ 1.76 6.9 1.86 6.5 1.65 8.7 1.72 6.4 Defined contribution pension... .13 .5 .16 .6 .06 .3 .15 .6 Legally required benefits....... 1.56 6.1 1.67 5.8 1.22 6.4 1.58 5.8 Social Security................ 1.21 4.7 1.37 4.8 .78 4.1 1.30 4.8 OASDI(2)...................... .95 3.7 1.07 3.7 .61 3.2 1.02 3.8 Medicare...................... .26 1.0 .30 1.0 .17 .9 .28 1.0 Federal unemployment........... (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) State unemployment............. .04 .2 .04 .1 .05 .3 .04 .1 Workers' compensation.......... .31 1.2 .26 .9 .38 2.0 .24 .9 Other benefits(3)............... .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 .03 .1 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 4. STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, by occupational and industry group, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked State and local government workers $25.73 $17.95 $7.77 $1.99 $0.22 $2.07 $1.90 $1.56 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations....... 28.56 20.43 8.13 2.08 .14 2.19 2.02 1.67 .03 Professional specialty and technical......................... 33.81 24.86 8.95 2.07 .16 2.32 2.44 1.92 .04 Professional............... 35.14 25.97 9.17 2.08 .13 2.39 2.55 1.98 .04 Teachers................. 37.56 28.14 9.43 1.92 .06 2.52 2.84 2.05 .05 Executive, administrative, and managerial.................... 32.81 22.72 10.09 3.29 .18 2.25 2.40 1.96 (2) Administrative support including clerical................ 16.55 10.93 5.61 1.51 .09 1.92 1.04 1.05 (2) Blue-collar occupations........ 20.88 13.56 7.32 1.95 .36 1.97 1.51 1.50 .03 Service occupations............ 18.92 12.09 6.83 1.72 .42 1.73 1.71 1.22 .03 Industry group Services....................... 26.98 19.43 7.55 1.83 .15 2.09 1.88 1.58 .03 Health services.............. 21.86 14.49 7.37 2.26 .57 1.79 1.18 1.56 .02 Hospitals.................. 22.29 14.88 7.41 2.32 .55 1.74 1.21 1.56 .03 Educational services......... 28.21 20.59 7.62 1.74 .09 2.13 2.03 1.60 .03 Elementary and secondary education......................... 28.04 20.58 7.45 1.59 .06 2.23 1.99 1.55 .04 Higher education........... 29.25 21.08 8.17 2.16 .17 1.89 2.17 1.77 (2) Public administration.......... 23.39 15.24 8.15 2.31 .31 2.01 2.03 1.46 .03 Percent of total compensation State and local government workers 100.0% 69.8% 30.2% 7.8% 0.9% 8.1% 7.4% 6.1% 0.1% Occupational group White-collar occupations....... 100.0 71.5 28.5 7.3 .5 7.7 7.1 5.8 .1 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 73.5 26.5 6.1 .5 6.9 7.2 5.7 .1 Professional............... 100.0 73.9 26.1 5.9 .4 6.8 7.2 5.6 .1 Teachers................. 100.0 74.9 25.1 5.1 .2 6.7 7.6 5.4 .1 Executive, administrative, and managerial.................... 100.0 69.2 30.8 10.0 .5 6.8 7.3 6.0 (2) Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 66.1 33.9 9.1 .5 11.6 6.3 6.3 (2) Blue-collar occupations........ 100.0 64.9 35.1 9.3 1.7 9.4 7.2 7.2 .1 Service occupations............ 100.0 63.9 36.1 9.1 2.2 9.2 9.0 6.4 .1 Industry group Services....................... 100.0 72.0 28.0 6.8 .6 7.7 7.0 5.8 .1 Health services.............. 100.0 66.3 33.7 10.3 2.6 8.2 5.4 7.1 .1 Hospitals.................. 100.0 66.8 33.2 10.4 2.5 7.8 5.4 7.0 .1 Educational services......... 100.0 73.0 27.0 6.2 .3 7.6 7.2 5.7 .1 Elementary and secondary education......................... 100.0 73.4 26.6 5.7 .2 8.0 7.1 5.5 .1 Higher education........... 100.0 72.1 27.9 7.4 .6 6.5 7.4 6.1 (2) Public administration.......... 100.0 65.1 34.9 9.9 1.3 8.6 8.7 6.2 .1 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 5. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY BROAD INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 All workers in Goods-producin- Service-produc- Nonmanufacturi- private g(1) ing(2) Manufacturing ng Compensation industry component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $17.49 100.0% $21.27 100.0% $16.28 100.0% $20.99 100.0% $16.69 100.0% Wages and salaries............... 12.58 71.9 14.38 67.6 12.01 73.7 14.13 67.3 12.23 73.3 Total benefits................... 4.91 28.1 6.89 32.4 4.27 26.3 6.86 32.7 4.46 26.7 Paid leave...................... 1.12 6.4 1.43 6.7 1.02 6.2 1.60 7.6 1.00 6.0 Vacation pay................... .55 3.2 .76 3.6 .49 3.0 .83 4.0 .49 2.9 Holiday pay.................... .38 2.2 .51 2.4 .34 2.1 .58 2.8 .33 2.0 Sick leave..................... .14 .8 .11 .5 .15 .9 .12 .6 .14 .8 Other leave pay................ .05 .3 .05 .2 .05 .3 .06 .3 .05 .3 Supplemental pay................ .49 2.8 .85 4.0 .38 2.3 .88 4.2 .40 2.4 Premium pay.................... .20 1.1 .42 2.0 .13 .8 .42 2.0 .15 .9 Nonproduction bonuses.......... .24 1.4 .36 1.7 .20 1.2 .37 1.8 .21 1.3 Shift pay...................... .06 .3 .07 .3 .05 .3 .09 .4 .05 .3 Insurance....................... 1.14 6.5 1.67 7.8 .97 5.9 1.72 8.2 1.00 6.0 Life insurance................. .04 .3 .06 .3 .04 .2 .06 .3 .04 .2 Health insurance............... 1.04 5.9 1.52 7.2 .88 5.4 1.56 7.5 .92 5.5 Sickness and accident insurance .03 .2 .06 .3 .03 .2 .07 .3 .03 .2 Long-term disability insurance. .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings.......... .55 3.1 .80 3.7 .47 2.9 .71 3.4 .51 3.0 Defined benefit pension........ .30 1.7 .48 2.3 .24 1.5 .42 2.0 .27 1.6 Defined contribution pension... .25 1.4 .32 1.5 .23 1.4 .29 1.4 .24 1.4 Legally required benefits....... 1.59 9.1 2.08 9.8 1.44 8.8 1.86 8.9 1.53 9.2 Social Security................ 1.05 6.0 1.22 5.8 .99 6.1 1.22 5.8 1.01 6.0 OASDI(3)...................... .84 4.8 .99 4.6 .79 4.9 .98 4.7 .81 4.8 Medicare...................... .21 1.2 .24 1.1 .20 1.2 .24 1.1 .20 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance. .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance... .12 .7 .16 .7 .11 .6 .13 .6 .11 .7 Workers' compensation.......... .40 2.3 .67 3.2 .31 1.9 .48 2.3 .38 2.3 Other benefits(4)............... .03 .2 .07 .3 (5) (5) .08 .4 (5) (5) 1 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 2 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. 3 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 4 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 5 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 6. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY BROAD OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 All workers in private White-collar Blue-collar Service Compensation industry component Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $17.49 100.0% $21.10 100.0% $17.04 100.0% $8.61 100.0% Wages and salaries............... 12.58 71.9 15.44 73.2 11.61 68.1 6.53 75.9 Total benefits................... 4.91 28.1 5.66 26.8 5.44 31.9 2.07 24.1 Paid leave...................... 1.12 6.4 1.50 7.1 .95 5.6 .36 4.2 Vacation pay................... .55 3.2 .72 3.4 .51 3.0 .18 2.1 Holiday pay.................... .38 2.2 .51 2.4 .34 2.0 .11 1.3 Sick leave..................... .14 .8 .20 1.0 .07 .4 .06 .7 Other leave pay................ .05 .3 .07 .3 .04 .2 .02 .2 Supplemental pay................ .49 2.8 .54 2.6 .63 3.7 .14 1.6 Premium pay.................... .20 1.1 .12 .6 .41 2.4 .07 .8 Nonproduction bonuses.......... .24 1.4 .37 1.8 .15 .9 .04 .4 Shift pay...................... .06 .3 .06 .3 .07 .4 .03 .4 Insurance....................... 1.14 6.5 1.28 6.1 1.33 7.8 .45 5.2 Life insurance................. .04 .3 .06 .3 .05 .3 (1) (1) Health insurance............... 1.04 5.9 1.16 5.5 1.23 7.2 .41 4.8 Sickness and accident insurance .03 .2 .04 .2 .04 .2 .02 .2 Long-term disability insurance. .02 .1 .03 .2 (1) (1) (1) (1) Retirement and savings.......... .55 3.1 .66 3.1 .62 3.6 .13 1.5 Defined benefit pension........ .30 1.7 .30 1.4 .42 2.5 .08 .9 Defined contribution pension... .25 1.4 .36 1.7 .20 1.2 .05 .6 Legally required benefits....... 1.59 9.1 1.64 7.8 1.87 11.0 1.00 11.6 Social Security................ 1.05 6.0 1.25 5.9 .99 5.8 .58 6.8 OASDI(2)...................... .84 4.8 1.00 4.7 .80 4.7 .47 5.5 Medicare...................... .21 1.2 .25 1.2 .19 1.1 .11 1.3 Federal unemployment insurance. .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 .03 .4 State unemployment insurance... .12 .7 .12 .6 .13 .8 .09 1.1 Workers' compensation.......... .40 2.3 .24 1.1 .72 4.2 .29 3.3 Other benefits(3)............... .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 (1) (1) 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 7. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY REGION AND BARGAINING STATUS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Region Bargaining status Compensation component Northeast South Midwest West Union Nonunion Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $20.57 100.0% $15.62 100.0% $16.30 100.0% $18.78 100.0% $23.31 100.0% $16.61 100.0% Wages and salaries............... 14.58 70.9 11.36 72.7 11.59 71.1 13.72 73.1 14.93 64.1 12.23 73.6 Total benefits................... 5.98 29.1 4.26 27.3 4.71 28.9 5.06 26.9 8.38 35.9 4.39 26.4 Paid leave...................... 1.45 7.1 .93 6.0 1.02 6.2 1.18 6.3 1.63 7.0 1.04 6.3 Vacation pay................... .69 3.3 .47 3.0 .52 3.2 .58 3.1 .89 3.8 .50 3.0 Holiday pay.................... .49 2.4 .32 2.0 .35 2.2 .40 2.1 .49 2.1 .36 2.2 Sick leave..................... .20 1.0 .11 .7 .11 .6 .15 .8 .17 .7 .13 .8 Other leave pay................ .07 .4 .04 .3 .04 .2 .05 .3 .07 .3 .05 .3 Supplemental pay................ .61 3.0 .38 2.4 .51 3.2 .52 2.8 .84 3.6 .44 2.7 Premium pay.................... .19 .9 .18 1.2 .23 1.4 .19 1.0 .54 2.3 .15 .9 Nonproduction bonuses.......... .36 1.7 .16 1.0 .22 1.3 .27 1.4 .17 .7 .25 1.5 Shift pay...................... .06 .3 .04 .2 .07 .4 .07 .4 .13 .5 .04 .3 Insurance....................... 1.42 6.9 1.01 6.5 1.12 6.9 1.05 5.6 2.24 9.6 .97 5.8 Life insurance................. .05 .3 .04 .3 .04 .3 .04 .2 .08 .4 .04 .2 Health insurance............... 1.28 6.2 .92 5.9 1.03 6.3 .97 5.2 2.05 8.8 .88 5.3 Sickness and accident insurance .06 .3 .03 .2 .03 .2 .02 .1 .08 .3 .03 .2 Long-term disability insurance. .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 .02 .1 Retirement and savings.......... .63 3.1 .50 3.2 .55 3.3 .53 2.8 1.32 5.7 .43 2.6 Defined benefit pension........ .30 1.5 .27 1.7 .32 2.0 .29 1.5 1.06 4.5 .18 1.1 Defined contribution pension... .33 1.6 .23 1.5 .22 1.4 .24 1.3 .27 1.1 .25 1.5 Legally required benefits....... 1.85 9.0 1.42 9.1 1.48 9.1 1.75 9.3 2.28 9.8 1.49 9.0 Social Security................ 1.20 5.8 .94 6.0 .98 6.0 1.14 6.1 1.28 5.5 1.01 6.1 OASDI(1)...................... .96 4.7 .76 4.9 .79 4.9 .91 4.9 1.04 4.4 .81 4.9 Medicare...................... .24 1.2 .19 1.2 .19 1.2 .22 1.2 .25 1.1 .20 1.2 Federal unemployment insurance. .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .2 .03 .1 .03 .2 State unemployment insurance... .18 .9 .07 .5 .11 .7 .13 .7 .16 .7 .11 .7 Workers' compensation.......... .44 2.1 .37 2.4 .36 2.2 .45 2.4 .81 3.5 .33 2.0 Other benefits(2)............... .03 .1 .02 .1 .03 .2 .03 .1 .07 .3 .02 .1 1 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 2 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 8. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY ESTABLISHMENT EMPLOYMENT SIZE: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 All workers in 1-99 private workers 100 workers or more industry Compensation component Total 100-499 500 workers or workers more Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Cost Percent Total compensation................ $17.49 100.0% $14.85 100.0% $20.09 100.0% $16.61 100.0% $24.03 100.0% Wages and salaries............... 12.58 71.9 11.09 74.7 14.05 69.9 11.90 71.6 16.49 68.6 Total benefits................... 4.91 28.1 3.76 25.3 6.04 30.1 4.72 28.4 7.55 31.4 Paid leave...................... 1.12 6.4 0.77 5.2 1.46 7.2 1.03 6.2 1.94 8.1 Vacations...................... 0.55 3.2 0.37 2.5 0.73 3.6 0.51 3.0 0.98 4.1 Holidays....................... 0.38 2.2 0.27 1.8 0.48 2.4 0.36 2.1 0.63 2.6 Sick leave..................... 0.14 0.8 0.10 0.6 0.18 0.9 0.12 0.7 0.24 1.0 Other leave.................... 0.05 0.3 0.03 0.2 0.07 0.3 0.05 0.3 0.09 0.4 Supplemental pay................ 0.49 2.8 0.36 2.4 0.63 3.1 0.50 3.0 0.77 3.2 Premium pay.................... 0.20 1.1 0.13 0.8 0.27 1.3 0.24 1.4 0.31 1.3 Shift pay...................... 0.06 0.3 (1) (1) 0.10 0.5 0.06 0.4 0.14 0.6 Nonproduction bonuses.......... 0.24 1.4 0.22 1.5 0.26 1.3 0.21 1.3 0.32 1.3 Insurance....................... 1.14 6.5 0.80 5.4 1.47 7.3 1.15 6.9 1.82 7.6 Life insurance................. 0.04 0.3 0.03 0.2 0.06 0.3 0.04 0.3 0.07 0.3 Health insurance............... 1.04 5.9 0.74 5.0 1.33 6.6 1.05 6.3 1.65 6.9 Sickness and accident insurance 0.03 0.2 0.02 0.1 0.05 0.3 0.04 0.2 0.06 0.3 Long-term disability insurance. 0.02 0.1 (1) (1) 0.03 0.1 0.02 0.1 0.04 0.2 Retirement and savings.......... 0.55 3.1 0.34 2.3 0.75 3.7 0.49 3.0 1.03 4.3 Defined benefit pension........ 0.30 1.7 0.16 1.1 0.43 2.2 0.26 1.6 0.63 2.6 Defined contribution pension... 0.25 1.4 0.18 1.2 0.31 1.6 0.23 1.4 0.41 1.7 Legally required benefits....... 1.59 9.1 1.48 10.0 1.70 8.5 1.52 9.1 1.90 7.9 Social Security................ 1.05 6.0 0.92 6.2 1.17 5.8 0.98 5.9 1.38 5.7 OASDI(2)...................... 0.84 4.8 0.74 5.0 0.94 4.7 0.79 4.8 1.11 4.6 Medicare...................... 0.21 1.2 0.18 1.2 0.23 1.1 0.19 1.2 0.27 1.1 Federal unemployment........... 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.1 0.03 0.2 0.03 0.1 State unemployment............. 0.12 0.7 0.12 0.8 0.12 0.6 0.12 0.7 0.11 0.5 Workers' compensation.......... 0.40 2.3 0.41 2.8 0.38 1.9 0.38 2.3 0.38 1.6 Other benefits(3)............... 0.03 0.2 (1) (1) 0.05 0.2 0.02 0.1 0.08 0.3 1 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 2 OASDI is the abbreviation for Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance. The total employer's cost for Social Security is comprised of an OASDI portion and a medicare portion. 3 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. Table 9. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME STATUS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked All full-time workers in private industry.......................... $20.01 $14.16 $5.85 $1.38 $0.60 $1.40 $0.67 $1.76 $0.03 White-collar occupations........ 23.53 17.00 6.53 1.79 .63 1.52 .78 1.77 .04 Sales occupations............ 18.89 14.45 4.44 .93 .57 1.01 .40 1.51 (2) Administrative support, including clerical................ 15.88 11.20 4.68 1.18 .34 1.38 .52 1.24 .02 Blue-collar occupations......... 17.96 12.13 5.83 1.04 .68 1.45 .67 1.96 .04 Service occupations............. 10.87 7.88 2.99 .63 .22 .76 .22 1.15 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)... 21.54 14.53 7.01 1.46 .87 1.70 .81 2.10 .07 Construction................. 21.88 15.01 6.87 .73 .71 1.46 1.08 2.89 (2) Manufacturing................ 20.00 13.46 6.54 1.19 .99 1.69 .79 1.79 .09 Service-producing industries(4). 19.33 14.00 5.33 1.35 .48 1.27 .61 1.61 .02 Transportation and public utilities......................... 25.82 17.42 8.40 2.01 .64 2.17 1.23 2.31 .03 Wholesale trade.............. 19.88 14.53 5.35 1.24 .49 1.35 .51 1.74 .02 Retail trade................. 12.43 9.60 2.82 .58 .22 .63 .18 1.21 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate............................ 23.87 16.93 6.94 1.78 .95 1.63 .89 1.66 .04 Service industries........... 19.58 14.26 5.32 1.45 .43 1.23 .61 1.59 (2) All part-time workers in private industry.......................... 9.19 7.38 1.82 .25 .15 .27 .13 1.03 (2) White-collar occupations........ 11.71 9.41 2.30 .39 .22 .37 .17 1.15 (2) Sales occupations............ 7.79 6.25 1.54 .22 .13 .25 .11 .83 (2) Administrative support, including clerical................ 10.19 8.18 2.01 .36 .13 .36 .16 .99 (2) Blue-collar occupations......... 9.37 7.22 2.14 .21 .17 .34 .24 1.18 (2) Service occupations............. 6.41 5.23 1.19 .11 .06 .14 .03 .84 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)... 10.92 8.61 2.32 .30 .21 .27 .12 1.41 (2) Service-producing industries(4). 9.15 7.34 1.80 .25 .14 .27 .13 1.02 (2) Retail trade................. 6.68 5.42 1.27 .13 .09 .17 .07 .80 (2) Service industries........... 11.18 8.99 2.19 .34 .19 .32 .13 1.20 (2) Percent of total compensation All full-time workers in private industry.......................... 100.0% 70.8% 29.2% 6.9% 3.0% 7.0% 3.4% 8.8% 0.2% White-collar occupations........ 100.0 72.3 27.7 7.6 2.7 6.4 3.3 7.5 .2 Sales occupations............ 100.0 76.5 23.5 4.9 3.0 5.4 2.1 8.0 (2) Administrative support, including clerical................ 100.0 70.5 29.5 7.5 2.1 8.7 3.3 7.8 .1 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 67.5 32.5 5.8 3.8 8.1 3.7 10.9 .2 Service occupations............. 100.0 72.5 27.5 5.8 2.0 7.0 2.0 10.6 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)... 100.0 67.4 32.6 6.8 4.0 7.9 3.8 9.7 .3 Construction................. 100.0 68.6 31.4 3.3 3.2 6.7 4.9 13.2 (2) Manufacturing................ 100.0 67.3 32.7 6.0 5.0 8.4 3.9 9.0 .4 Service-producing industries(4). 100.0 72.4 27.6 7.0 2.5 6.5 3.2 8.3 .1 Transportation and public utilities......................... 100.0 67.5 32.5 7.8 2.5 8.4 4.8 8.9 .1 Wholesale trade.............. 100.0 73.1 26.9 6.2 2.5 6.8 2.6 8.8 .1 Retail trade................. 100.0 77.3 22.7 4.6 1.8 5.0 1.5 9.7 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate............................ 100.0 70.9 29.1 7.5 4.0 6.8 3.7 7.0 .2 Service industries........... 100.0 72.8 27.2 7.4 2.2 6.3 3.1 8.1 (2) All part-time workers in private industry.......................... 100.0 80.2 19.8 2.7 1.6 2.9 1.4 11.2 (2) White-collar occupations........ 100.0 80.4 19.6 3.3 1.9 3.1 1.5 9.8 (2) Sales occupations............ 100.0 80.2 19.8 2.9 1.7 3.2 1.4 10.6 (2) Administrative support, including clerical................ 100.0 80.3 19.7 3.6 1.3 3.5 1.6 9.7 (2) Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 77.1 22.9 2.2 1.9 3.6 2.6 12.6 (2) Service occupations............. 100.0 81.5 18.5 1.7 .9 2.2 .5 13.2 (2) Goods-producing industries(3)... 100.0 78.8 21.2 2.8 1.9 2.5 1.1 12.9 (2) Service-producing industries(4). 100.0 80.3 19.7 2.7 1.6 2.9 1.4 11.1 (2) Retail trade................. 100.0 81.1 18.9 2.0 1.4 2.5 1.0 12.0 (2) Service industries........... 100.0 80.4 19.6 3.1 1.7 2.9 1.2 10.7 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. Table 10. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY OCCUPATIONAL AND INDUSTRY CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked All workers in private industry... $17.49 $12.58 $4.91 $1.12 $0.49 $1.14 $0.55 $1.59 $0.03 Occupational group White-collar occupations........ 21.10 15.44 5.66 1.50 .54 1.28 .66 1.64 .03 Professional specialty and technical......................... 29.19 21.25 7.94 2.17 .83 1.64 1.00 2.25 .05 Professional................ 30.80 22.49 8.31 2.30 .95 1.68 1.01 2.32 .05 Technical................... 24.84 17.90 6.94 1.83 .52 1.54 .97 2.04 .05 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 33.12 24.07 9.05 2.80 .90 1.75 1.16 2.38 .06 Sales occupations............. 14.34 11.09 3.25 .64 .39 .70 .28 1.23 (2) Administrative support including clerical................ 14.93 10.69 4.23 1.05 .30 1.21 .46 1.20 .02 Blue-collar occupations......... 17.04 11.61 5.44 .95 .63 1.33 .62 1.87 .03 Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 22.12 15.10 7.02 1.31 .74 1.64 .86 2.41 .05 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................... 15.48 10.22 5.27 .99 .76 1.43 .47 1.56 .05 Transportation and material moving............................ 16.96 11.62 5.34 .83 .54 1.25 .74 1.97 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 12.07 8.48 3.59 .50 .39 .85 .41 1.43 (2) Service occupations............. 8.61 6.53 2.07 .36 .14 .45 .13 1.00 (2) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3)... 21.27 14.38 6.89 1.43 .85 1.67 .80 2.08 .07 Construction.................. 21.59 14.86 6.73 .71 .69 1.41 1.05 2.86 (2) Manufacturing industries ..... 20.99 14.13 6.86 1.60 .88 1.72 .71 1.86 .08 Durables.................... 22.50 14.92 7.58 1.74 1.05 1.90 .75 2.01 .12 Nondurables................. 18.88 13.03 5.85 1.40 .65 1.47 .65 1.64 .03 Service-producing industries(4). 16.28 12.01 4.27 1.02 .38 .97 .47 1.44 (2) Transportation and public utilities......................... 24.22 16.51 7.71 1.79 .58 1.97 1.15 2.20 .03 Wholesale trade............... 19.04 13.98 5.06 1.16 .47 1.25 .48 1.68 (2) Retail trade.................. 9.54 7.50 2.04 .35 .16 .40 .12 1.00 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate............................ 22.59 16.12 6.48 1.64 .86 1.51 .82 1.61 .04 Services...................... $17.18 $12.76 $4.42 $1.13 $0.36 $0.97 $0.48 $1.48 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry... 100.0% 71.9% 28.1% 6.4% 2.8% 6.5% 3.1% 9.1% 0.2% Occupational group White-collar occupations........ 100.0 73.2 26.8 7.1 2.6 6.1 3.1 7.8 .1 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 72.8 27.2 7.4 2.9 5.6 3.4 7.7 .2 Professional................ 100.0 73.0 27.0 7.5 3.1 5.4 3.3 7.5 .2 Technical................... 100.0 72.1 27.9 7.4 2.1 6.2 3.9 8.2 .2 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 100.0 72.7 27.3 8.5 2.7 5.3 3.5 7.2 .2 Sales occupations............. 100.0 77.3 22.7 4.5 2.7 4.9 2.0 8.6 (2) Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 71.6 28.4 7.0 2.0 8.1 3.1 8.0 .1 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 68.1 31.9 5.6 3.7 7.8 3.6 11.0 .2 Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 100.0 68.3 31.7 5.9 3.3 7.4 3.9 10.9 .2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................... 100.0 66.0 34.0 6.4 4.9 9.2 3.0 10.1 .3 Transportation and material moving............................ 100.0 68.5 31.5 4.9 3.2 7.4 4.4 11.6 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 100.0 70.3 29.7 4.1 3.2 7.1 3.4 11.9 (2) Service occupations............. 100.0 75.9 24.1 4.2 1.6 5.2 1.5 11.6 (2) Industry group Goods-producing industries(3)... 100.0 67.6 32.4 6.7 4.0 7.8 3.7 9.8 .3 Construction.................. 100.0 68.8 31.2 3.3 3.2 6.5 4.9 13.2 (2) Manufacturing industries ..... 100.0 67.3 32.7 7.6 4.2 8.2 3.4 8.9 .4 Durables.................... 100.0 66.3 33.7 7.7 4.7 8.4 3.3 8.9 .5 Nondurables................. 100.0 69.0 31.0 7.4 3.4 7.8 3.5 8.7 .2 Service-producing industries(4). 100.0 73.7 26.3 6.2 2.3 5.9 2.9 8.8 (2) Transportation and public utilities......................... 100.0 68.2 31.8 7.4 2.4 8.1 4.7 9.1 .1 Wholesale trade............... 100.0 73.4 26.6 6.1 2.5 6.6 2.5 8.8 (2) Retail trade.................. 100.0 78.6 21.4 3.7 1.6 4.2 1.3 10.5 (2) Finance, insurance, and real estate............................ 100.0 71.3 28.7 7.2 3.8 6.7 3.6 7.1 .2 Services...................... 100.0 74.3 25.7 6.6 2.1 5.6 2.8 8.6 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. Table 11. PRIVATE GOODS-PRODUCING AND SERVICE-PRODUCING INDUSTRIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked All workers, goods-producing industries(2)..................... $21.27 $14.38 $6.89 $1.43 $0.85 $1.67 $0.80 $2.08 $0.07 White-collar occupations........ 28.52 20.01 8.51 2.39 .97 1.90 .96 2.19 .10 Professional specialty and technical......................... 34.93 24.28 10.66 3.17 1.37 2.28 1.19 2.51 .14 Professional................ 37.51 26.18 11.32 3.38 1.55 2.34 1.27 2.65 .14 Technical................... 27.51 18.78 8.73 2.54 .83 2.10 .99 2.12 .15 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 37.24 26.49 10.75 3.13 1.17 2.05 1.37 2.91 .12 Administrative support including clerical................ 16.43 11.40 5.03 1.19 .50 1.45 .47 1.37 .06 Blue-collar occupations......... 18.59 12.28 6.31 1.06 .81 1.59 .74 2.05 .06 Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 23.35 15.54 7.81 1.29 .87 1.81 1.06 2.70 .08 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................... 16.25 10.57 5.69 1.07 .84 1.58 .52 1.61 .06 Transportation and material moving............................ 18.36 12.03 6.32 .98 .88 1.59 .82 2.04 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 14.01 9.47 4.54 .57 .55 1.12 .57 1.72 (3) Service occupations............. 14.43 9.58 4.85 .92 .77 1.21 .38 1.46 .10 All workers, service-producing industries(4)..................... 16.28 12.01 4.27 1.02 .38 .97 .47 1.44 (3) White-collar occupations........ 19.95 14.73 5.21 1.36 .48 1.18 .61 1.56 .02 Professional specialty and technical......................... 27.93 20.58 7.35 1.95 .72 1.50 .96 2.19 .03 Professional................ 29.31 21.67 7.64 2.05 .82 1.53 .96 2.25 .03 Technical................... 24.29 17.72 6.58 1.68 .46 1.42 .97 2.02 .03 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 31.85 23.32 8.53 2.70 .81 1.66 1.09 2.22 .05 Sales workers................. 14.07 10.91 3.15 .61 .38 .67 .27 1.21 (3) Administrative support including clerical................ 14.71 10.59 4.11 1.03 .27 1.18 .46 1.17 (3) Blue-collar occupations......... 15.08 10.75 4.33 .81 .40 1.00 .46 1.64 (3) Precision production, craft, and repair........................ $20.24 $14.43 $5.80 $1.35 $0.54 $1.39 $0.54 $1.98 (3) Transportation and material moving............................ 16.44 11.46 4.98 .78 .42 1.12 .71 1.95 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 10.98 7.93 3.05 .46 .29 .70 .32 1.27 (3) Service occupations............. 8.46 6.45 2.00 .35 .12 .43 .12 .98 (3) Percent of total compensation All workers, goods-producing industries(2)..................... 100.0% 67.6% 32.4% 6.7% 4.0% 7.8% 3.7% 9.8% 0.3% White-collar occupations........ 100.0 70.2 29.8 8.4 3.4 6.7 3.4 7.7 .4 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 69.5 30.5 9.1 3.9 6.5 3.4 7.2 .4 Professional................ 100.0 69.8 30.2 9.0 4.1 6.2 3.4 7.1 .4 Technical................... 100.0 68.3 31.7 9.2 3.0 7.6 3.6 7.7 .5 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 100.0 71.1 28.9 8.4 3.1 5.5 3.7 7.8 .3 Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 69.4 30.6 7.2 3.0 8.8 2.9 8.4 .4 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 66.1 33.9 5.7 4.3 8.6 4.0 11.0 .3 Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 100.0 66.5 33.5 5.5 3.7 7.7 4.6 11.6 .3 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................... 100.0 65.0 35.0 6.6 5.2 9.7 3.2 9.9 .4 Transportation and material moving............................ 100.0 65.6 34.4 5.3 4.8 8.7 4.5 11.1 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 100.0 67.6 32.4 4.0 3.9 8.0 4.0 12.3 (3) Service occupations............. 100.0 66.4 33.6 6.4 5.4 8.4 2.6 10.1 .7 All workers, service-producing industries(4)..................... 100.0 73.7 26.3 6.2 2.3 5.9 2.9 8.8 (3) White-collar occupations........ 100.0 73.9 26.1 6.8 2.4 5.9 3.1 7.8 .1 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 73.7 26.3 7.0 2.6 5.4 3.4 7.8 .1 Professional................ 100.0 73.9 26.1 7.0 2.8 5.2 3.3 7.7 .1 Technical................... 100.0 72.9 27.1 6.9 1.9 5.9 4.0 8.3 .1 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 100.0 73.2 26.8 8.5 2.6 5.2 3.4 7.0 .1 Sales workers................. 100.0 77.6 22.4 4.4 2.7 4.8 1.9 8.6 (3) Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 72.0 28.0 7.0 1.9 8.0 3.1 8.0 (3) Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 71.3 28.7 5.4 2.7 6.6 3.1 10.9 (3) Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 100.0 71.3 28.7 6.7 2.7 6.9 2.7 9.8 (3) Transportation and material moving............................ 100.0 69.7 30.3 4.7 2.5 6.8 4.3 11.9 (3) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 100.0 72.2 27.8 4.2 2.7 6.4 2.9 11.6 (3) Service occupations............. 100.0 76.3 23.7 4.1 1.4 5.0 1.4 11.6 (3) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. Table 12. PRIVATE MANUFACTURING AND NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked All workers, manufacturing industries ....................... $20.99 $14.13 $6.86 $1.60 $0.88 $1.72 $0.71 $1.86 $0.08 White-collar occupations........ 28.75 20.20 8.55 2.50 .88 1.93 .97 2.16 .11 Professional specialty and technical......................... 34.65 24.19 10.46 3.17 1.19 2.29 1.16 2.51 .13 Professional................ 36.89 25.90 10.99 3.35 1.31 2.34 1.23 2.63 .13 Technical................... 27.90 19.04 8.86 2.62 .85 2.12 .97 2.15 .14 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 37.72 26.91 10.81 3.37 1.07 2.05 1.41 2.75 .14 Administrative support including clerical................ 16.69 11.54 5.15 1.27 .47 1.47 .48 1.39 .07 Blue-collar occupations......... 17.58 11.45 6.12 1.20 .89 1.63 .60 1.73 .07 Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 22.67 14.71 7.96 1.73 1.12 1.95 .85 2.18 .13 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................... 16.16 10.51 5.66 1.07 .83 1.58 .51 1.60 .06 Transportation and material moving............................ 17.60 11.57 6.02 1.08 .89 1.65 .63 1.77 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 13.65 9.08 4.57 .75 .68 1.25 .46 1.41 .02 Service occupations............. 15.55 10.09 5.46 1.07 .90 1.39 .45 1.52 .12 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries ....................... 16.69 12.23 4.46 1.00 .40 1.00 .51 1.53 (2) White-collar occupations........ 20.11 14.82 5.28 1.37 .50 1.20 .62 1.58 .02 Professional specialty and technical......................... 28.06 20.64 7.42 1.96 .76 1.51 .97 2.19 .03 Professional................ 29.50 21.76 7.74 2.07 .88 1.54 .97 2.26 .03 Technical................... 24.27 17.69 6.59 1.68 .46 1.43 .97 2.02 .03 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 32.11 23.44 8.67 2.68 .86 1.68 1.10 2.30 .05 Sales workers................. 14.12 10.94 3.17 .62 .39 .67 .27 1.21 (2) Administrative support including clerical................ 14.72 10.59 4.12 1.02 .28 1.18 .45 1.17 (2) Blue-collar occupations......... 16.67 11.71 4.96 .78 .45 1.12 .64 1.97 (2) Precision production, craft, and repair........................ $21.87 $15.28 $6.59 $1.12 $0.57 $1.50 $0.86 $2.52 $0.02 Transportation and material moving............................ 16.82 11.63 5.19 .78 .47 1.16 .76 2.02 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 11.64 8.32 3.32 .43 .31 .74 .40 1.44 (2) Service occupations............. 8.46 6.46 2.00 .35 .12 .43 .12 .99 (2) Percent of total compensation All workers, manufacturing industries ....................... 100.0% 67.3% 32.7% 7.6% 4.2% 8.2% 3.4% 8.9% 0.4% White-collar occupations........ 100.0 70.3 29.7 8.7 3.0 6.7 3.4 7.5 .4 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 69.8 30.2 9.1 3.4 6.6 3.4 7.2 .4 Professional................ 100.0 70.2 29.8 9.1 3.5 6.4 3.3 7.1 .4 Technical................... 100.0 68.2 31.8 9.4 3.1 7.6 3.5 7.7 .5 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 100.0 71.4 28.6 8.9 2.8 5.4 3.7 7.3 .4 Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 69.1 30.9 7.6 2.8 8.8 2.9 8.3 .4 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 65.2 34.8 6.8 5.0 9.3 3.4 9.9 .4 Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 100.0 64.9 35.1 7.7 4.9 8.6 3.7 9.6 .6 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................... 100.0 65.0 35.0 6.6 5.1 9.8 3.2 9.9 .4 Transportation and material moving............................ 100.0 65.8 34.2 6.1 5.0 9.4 3.6 10.1 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 100.0 66.5 33.5 5.5 5.0 9.2 3.3 10.3 .1 Service occupations............. 100.0 64.9 35.1 6.9 5.8 8.9 2.9 9.8 .8 All workers, nonmanufacturing industries ....................... 100.0 73.3 26.7 6.0 2.4 6.0 3.0 9.2 (2) White-collar occupations........ 100.0 73.7 26.3 6.8 2.5 5.9 3.1 7.9 .1 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 73.5 26.5 7.0 2.7 5.4 3.5 7.8 .1 Professional................ 100.0 73.8 26.2 7.0 3.0 5.2 3.3 7.7 .1 Technical................... 100.0 72.9 27.1 6.9 1.9 5.9 4.0 8.3 .1 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 100.0 73.0 27.0 8.3 2.7 5.2 3.4 7.2 .1 Sales workers................. 100.0 77.5 22.5 4.4 2.8 4.8 1.9 8.6 (2) Administrative support including clerical................ 100.0 72.0 28.0 6.9 1.9 8.0 3.1 8.0 (2) Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 70.2 29.8 4.7 2.7 6.7 3.8 11.8 (2) Precision production, craft, and repair........................ 100.0 69.9 30.1 5.1 2.6 6.9 3.9 11.5 .1 Transportation and material moving............................ 100.0 69.1 30.9 4.6 2.8 6.9 4.5 12.0 (2) Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............. 100.0 71.5 28.5 3.7 2.6 6.4 3.4 12.4 (2) Service occupations............. 100.0 76.3 23.7 4.1 1.4 5.0 1.4 11.6 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 13. PRIVATE INDUSTRY UNION AND NONUNION WORKERS: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked All union workers, private industry.......................... $23.31 $14.93 $8.38 $1.63 $0.84 $2.24 $1.32 $2.28 $0.07 Blue-collar occupations...... 23.70 14.90 8.80 1.51 1.00 2.32 1.42 2.47 .08 Goods-producing industries...... 23.91 14.85 9.06 1.47 1.13 2.44 1.40 2.50 .11 Service-producing industries.... 22.75 15.00 7.76 1.77 .57 2.05 1.25 2.08 .03 Manufacturing................... 21.22 13.08 8.14 1.62 1.24 2.22 .92 2.01 .14 Blue-collar occupations....... 21.12 12.93 8.18 1.57 1.28 2.23 .94 2.03 .14 Nonmanufacturing................ 24.48 15.97 8.51 1.63 .62 2.25 1.55 2.43 .03 All nonunion workers, private industry.......................... 16.61 12.23 4.39 1.04 .44 .97 .43 1.49 .02 Blue-collar occupations...... 14.47 10.33 4.14 .74 .48 .95 .31 1.64 .02 Goods-producing industries...... 20.35 14.21 6.14 1.41 .76 1.40 .59 1.93 .05 Service-producing industries.... 15.63 11.71 3.93 .94 .36 .86 .39 1.37 (2) Manufacturing................... 20.91 14.49 6.42 1.59 .77 1.55 .64 1.81 .06 Blue-collar occupations....... 15.85 10.73 5.11 1.02 .70 1.35 .43 1.58 .04 Nonmanufacturing................ 15.79 11.79 4.00 .93 .38 .86 .39 1.43 (2) Percent of total compensation All union workers, private industry.......................... 100.0% 64.1% 35.9% 7.0% 3.6% 9.6% 5.7% 9.8% 0.3% Blue-collar occupations...... 100.0 62.9 37.1 6.4 4.2 9.8 6.0 10.4 .3 Goods-producing industries...... 100.0 62.1 37.9 6.2 4.7 10.2 5.9 10.5 .5 Service-producing industries.... 100.0 65.9 34.1 7.8 2.5 9.0 5.5 9.1 .1 Manufacturing................... 100.0 61.6 38.4 7.6 5.8 10.4 4.3 9.5 .7 Blue-collar occupations....... 100.0 61.2 38.8 7.4 6.1 10.5 4.4 9.6 .7 Nonmanufacturing................ 100.0 65.2 34.8 6.7 2.5 9.2 6.3 9.9 .1 All nonunion workers, private industry.......................... 100.0 73.6 26.4 6.3 2.7 5.8 2.6 9.0 .1 Blue-collar occupations...... 100.0 71.4 28.6 5.1 3.3 6.5 2.1 11.3 .1 Goods-producing industries...... 100.0 69.8 30.2 6.9 3.7 6.9 2.9 9.5 .3 Service-producing industries.... 100.0 74.9 25.1 6.0 2.3 5.5 2.5 8.8 (2) Manufacturing................... 100.0 69.3 30.7 7.6 3.7 7.4 3.1 8.6 .3 Blue-collar occupations....... 100.0 67.7 32.3 6.4 4.4 8.5 2.7 10.0 .2 Nonmanufacturing................ 100.0 74.7 25.3 5.9 2.4 5.4 2.5 9.0 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 14. PRIVATE INDUSTRY BY ESTABLISHMENT EMPLOYMENT SIZE: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Wages Industry and occupational group, Total and Retire- Legally and employment size compen- salari- Supple- ment requir- Other sation es Total Paid mental Insura- and ed benefi- leave pay nce savings benefi- ts(1) ts Cost per hour worked All workers in private industry... $17.49 $12.58 $4.91 $1.12 $0.49 $1.14 $0.55 $1.59 $0.03 1-99 workers..................... 14.85 11.09 3.76 0.77 0.36 0.80 0.34 1.48 (2) 100 workers or more.............. 20.09 14.05 6.04 1.46 0.63 1.47 0.75 1.70 0.05 100-499 workers............... 16.61 11.90 4.72 1.03 0.50 1.15 0.49 1.52 0.02 500 workers or more........... 24.03 16.49 7.55 1.94 0.77 1.82 1.03 1.90 0.08 Goods-producing industries (3).. 21.27 14.38 6.89 1.43 0.85 1.67 0.80 2.08 0.07 1-99 workers................... 18.56 13.02 5.54 0.88 0.60 1.16 0.63 2.27 (2) 100 workers or more............ 22.73 15.11 7.62 1.72 0.99 1.94 0.89 1.98 0.10 100-499 workers............. 19.49 13.13 6.36 1.26 0.81 1.69 0.68 1.88 0.03 500 workers or more......... 26.11 17.18 8.94 2.21 1.17 2.21 1.11 2.07 0.17 Service-producing industries (4) 16.28 12.01 4.27 1.02 0.38 0.97 0.47 1.44 (2) 1-99 workers................... 14.08 10.69 3.39 0.75 0.31 0.73 0.28 1.32 (2) 100 workers or more............ 18.88 13.56 5.32 1.33 0.46 1.25 0.68 1.57 0.02 100-499 workers............. 15.38 11.36 4.02 0.93 0.37 0.92 0.41 1.36 (2) 500 workers or more......... 23.02 16.15 6.87 1.81 0.57 1.63 1.00 1.82 0.04 White-collar occupations........ 21.10 15.44 5.66 1.50 0.54 1.28 0.66 1.64 0.03 1-99 workers................... 18.09 13.64 4.45 1.10 0.46 0.98 0.42 1.48 (2) 100 workers or more............ 23.95 17.15 6.80 1.88 0.63 1.56 0.88 1.80 0.05 100-499 workers............. 19.88 14.61 5.27 1.34 0.53 1.23 0.58 1.57 0.02 500 workers or more......... 27.60 19.42 8.17 2.35 0.72 1.86 1.16 2.01 0.08 Blue-collar occupations......... 17.04 11.61 5.44 0.95 0.63 1.33 0.62 1.87 0.03 1-99 workers................... 15.28 10.90 4.38 0.65 0.40 0.95 0.42 1.94 (2) 100 workers or more............ 18.58 12.22 6.36 1.21 0.83 1.66 0.79 1.81 0.06 100-499 workers............. 16.37 11.06 5.31 0.94 0.65 1.40 0.59 1.71 0.02 500 workers or more......... 21.59 13.80 7.80 1.58 1.06 2.02 1.07 1.95 0.11 Percent of total compensation All workers in private industry... 100.0% 71.9% 28.1% 6.4% 2.8% 6.5% 3.1% 9.1% 0.2% 1-99 workers..................... 100.0 74.7 25.3 5.2 2.4 5.4 2.3 10.0 (2) 100 workers or more.............. 100.0 69.9 30.1 7.2 3.1 7.3 3.7 8.5 0.2 100-499 workers............... 100.0 71.6 28.4 6.2 3.0 6.9 3.0 9.1 0.1 500 workers or more........... 100.0 68.6 31.4 8.1 3.2 7.6 4.3 7.9 0.3 Goods-producing industries (3).. 100.0 67.6 32.4 6.7 4.0 7.8 3.7 9.8 0.3 1-99 workers................... 100.0 70.1 29.9 4.7 3.2 6.2 3.4 12.2 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 66.5 33.5 7.6 4.4 8.6 3.9 8.7 0.4 100-499 workers............. 100.0 67.4 32.6 6.5 4.2 8.7 3.5 9.7 0.2 500 workers or more......... 100.0 65.8 34.2 8.5 4.5 8.5 4.2 7.9 0.6 Service-producing industries (4) 100.0 73.7 26.3 6.2 2.3 5.9 2.9 8.8 (2) 1-99 workers................... 100.0 75.9 24.1 5.3 2.2 5.2 2.0 9.4 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 71.8 28.2 7.1 2.5 6.6 3.6 8.3 0.1 100-499 workers............. 100.0 73.9 26.1 6.0 2.4 6.0 2.7 8.9 (2) 500 workers or more......... 100.0 70.2 29.8 7.9 2.5 7.1 4.3 7.9 0.2 White-collar occupations........ 100.0 73.2 26.8 7.1 2.6 6.1 3.1 7.8 0.1 1-99 workers................... 100.0 75.4 24.6 6.1 2.5 5.4 2.3 8.2 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 71.6 28.4 7.8 2.6 6.5 3.7 7.5 0.2 100-499 workers............. 100.0 73.5 26.5 6.8 2.7 6.2 2.9 7.9 0.1 500 workers or more......... 100.0 70.4 29.6 8.5 2.6 6.7 4.2 7.3 0.3 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 68.1 31.9 5.6 3.7 7.8 3.6 11.0 0.2 1-99 workers................... 100.0 71.3 28.7 4.3 2.6 6.2 2.8 12.7 (2) 100 workers or more............ 100.0 65.8 34.2 6.5 4.4 8.9 4.3 9.7 0.3 100-499 workers............. 100.0 67.6 32.4 5.7 4.0 8.6 3.6 10.4 0.1 500 workers or more......... 100.0 63.9 36.1 7.3 4.9 9.3 5.0 9.0 0.5 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. 3 Includes mining, construction, and manufacturing. 4 Includes transportation, communication, and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and service industries. Table 15. PRIVATE INDUSTRY HEALTH SERVICES BY OCCUPATIONAL CATEGORIES: Employer costs per hour worked for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked Health services................... $18.24 $13.34 $4.90 $1.30 $0.43 $1.14 $0.51 $1.51 (2) Professional specialty and technical occupations............. 25.36 18.71 6.65 1.82 .73 1.37 .66 2.06 (2) Professional occupations...... 28.91 21.25 7.66 2.21 .93 1.51 .71 2.28 (2) Nurses...................... 28.38 20.46 7.92 2.21 1.12 1.55 .71 2.32 (2) Technical occupations......... 20.23 15.04 5.19 1.26 .45 1.16 .58 1.73 (2) Administrative support including clerical occupations.............. 14.46 10.30 4.16 1.05 .27 1.15 .56 1.13 (2) Service occupations............. 11.25 8.18 3.06 .71 .25 .78 .24 1.08 (2) Hospitals....................... 21.55 15.16 6.39 1.80 .71 1.63 .57 1.66 $.02 Professional specialty and technical occupations............. 26.48 18.78 7.70 2.19 1.06 1.69 .68 2.06 .02 Professional occupations.... 28.88 20.57 8.31 2.38 1.22 1.72 .72 2.26 .02 Nurses.................... 29.48 20.86 8.62 2.39 1.42 1.74 .74 2.32 (2) Technical occupations....... 20.14 14.04 6.09 1.70 .66 1.60 .56 1.55 .02 Administrative support including clerical occupations.... 15.30 10.53 4.77 1.25 .29 1.59 .45 1.17 .02 Service occupations........... 13.56 9.22 4.34 1.05 .42 1.49 .32 1.06 (2) Nursing Homes................... 11.54 8.58 2.96 .71 .22 .60 .12 1.30 (2) Professional specialty and technical occupations............. 17.91 13.43 4.48 1.16 .41 .69 .21 2.01 (2) Professional occupations.... 20.24 15.35 4.89 1.35 .36 .74 .22 2.22 (2) Technical occupations....... 15.99 11.86 4.13 1.00 .46 .64 .20 1.83 (2) Service occupations........... 9.43 6.93 2.50 .54 .19 .56 .09 1.11 (2) Percent of total compensation Health services................... 100.0% 73.1% 26.9% 7.1% 2.4% 6.2% 2.8% 8.3% (2) Professional specialty and technical occupations............. 100.0 73.8 26.2 7.2 2.9 5.4 2.6 8.1 (2) Professional occupations...... 100.0 73.5 26.5 7.7 3.2 5.2 2.5 7.9 (2) Nurses...................... 100.0 72.1 27.9 7.8 4.0 5.5 2.5 8.2 (2) Technical occupations......... 100.0 74.4 25.6 6.2 2.2 5.8 2.8 8.5 (2) Administrative support including clerical occupations.............. 100.0 71.3 28.7 7.2 1.8 7.9 3.9 7.8 (2) Service occupations............. 100.0 72.8 27.2 6.3 2.2 7.0 2.1 9.6 (2) Hospitals....................... 100.0 70.4 29.6 8.3 3.3 7.6 2.6 7.7 .1% Professional specialty and technical occupations............. 100.0 70.9 29.1 8.3 4.0 6.4 2.6 7.8 .1 Professional occupations.... 100.0 71.2 28.8 8.2 4.2 5.9 2.5 7.8 .1 Nurses.................... 100.0 70.8 29.2 8.1 4.8 5.9 2.5 7.9 (2) Technical occupations....... 100.0 69.7 30.3 8.4 3.3 8.0 2.8 7.7 .1 Administrative support including clerical occupations.... 100.0 68.8 31.2 8.1 1.9 10.4 3.0 7.6 .1 Service occupations........... 100.0 68.0 32.0 7.7 3.1 11.0 2.4 7.8 (2) Nursing Homes................... 100.0 74.4 25.6 6.1 1.9 5.2 1.0 11.3 (2) Professional specialty and technical occupations............. 100.0 75.0 25.0 6.5 2.3 3.8 1.1 11.2 (2) Professional occupations.... 100.0 75.8 24.2 6.7 1.8 3.7 1.1 11.0 (2) Technical occupations....... 100.0 74.2 25.8 6.3 2.9 4.0 1.2 11.5 (2) Service occupations........... 100.0 73.5 26.5 5.7 2.0 5.9 .9 11.8 (2) 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 2 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. Table 16. SPECIAL INDUSTRIES: Employer costs for employee compensation, and costs as a percent of total compensation, March 1996 Benefit costs Total Wages Series compen- and Retire- Legally sation salari- Supple- ment requir- Other es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(1) ts Cost per hour worked Transportation equipment manufacturing (SIC 37)............ $29.81 $18.11 $11.69 $2.55 $1.70 $2.92 $1.47 $2.71 $0.35 White-collar occupations........ 35.76 23.67 12.08 3.48 1.13 2.72 1.71 2.79 .25 Professional specialty and technical......................... 39.81 26.76 13.05 3.82 1.07 2.85 1.95 3.09 .27 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 41.32 27.36 13.96 4.42 1.50 2.78 1.91 3.09 .25 Blue-collar occupations......... 26.64 15.29 11.35 2.05 1.96 3.00 1.32 2.66 .37 Service occupations............. 32.27 16.14 16.13 3.05 3.00 3.57 2.14 3.19 1.18 Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721)............................. 34.09 21.79 12.30 3.13 1.68 2.86 1.82 2.72 .10 White-collar occupations..... 36.23 23.72 12.51 3.49 1.34 2.72 2.09 2.80 .06 Blue-collar occupations...... 30.52 18.60 11.92 2.53 2.29 3.10 1.36 2.57 .08 Public utilities (SIC's 48, 49).. 27.12 18.30 8.82 2.51 .82 2.49 .98 1.96 .06 White-collar occupations........ 26.86 18.42 8.44 2.50 .66 2.42 .92 1.87 .07 Blue-collar occupations......... 28.01 18.44 9.57 2.59 1.07 2.65 1.09 2.13 .04 Communications (SIC 48)....... 25.92 17.61 8.31 2.42 .85 2.46 .69 1.82 .07 White-collar occupations..... 25.27 17.42 7.85 2.31 .73 2.31 .67 1.75 .08 Blue-collar occupations...... 28.12 18.49 9.63 2.77 1.14 2.89 .76 2.01 .06 Electric, gas, and sanitary services (SIC 49)................. 28.97 19.36 9.61 2.65 .78 2.54 1.42 2.19 .04 White-collar occupations..... 30.53 20.71 9.82 2.94 .51 2.66 1.48 2.16 .06 Blue-collar occupations...... 27.91 18.40 9.51 2.44 1.00 2.44 1.37 2.24 .02 Percent of total compensation Transportation equipment manufacturing (SIC 37)............ 100.0% 60.8% 39.2% 8.6% 5.7% 9.8% 4.9% 9.1% 1.2% White-collar occupations........ 100.0 66.2 33.8 9.7 3.2 7.6 4.8 7.8 .7 Professional specialty and technical......................... 100.0 67.2 32.8 9.6 2.7 7.2 4.9 7.8 .7 Executive, administrative, managerial........................ 100.0 66.2 33.8 10.7 3.6 6.7 4.6 7.5 .6 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 57.4 42.6 7.7 7.3 11.3 4.9 10.0 1.4 Service occupations............. 100.0 50.0 50.0 9.5 9.3 11.1 6.6 9.9 3.7 Aircraft manufacturing (SIC 3721)............................. 100.0 63.9 36.1 9.2 4.9 8.4 5.3 8.0 .3 White-collar occupations..... 100.0 65.5 34.5 9.6 3.7 7.5 5.8 7.7 .2 Blue-collar occupations...... 100.0 60.9 39.1 8.3 7.5 10.2 4.5 8.4 .3 Public utilities (SIC's 48, 49).. 100.0 67.5 32.5 9.3 3.0 9.2 3.6 7.2 .2 White-collar occupations........ 100.0 68.6 31.4 9.3 2.5 9.0 3.4 7.0 .3 Blue-collar occupations......... 100.0 65.8 34.2 9.3 3.8 9.5 3.9 7.6 .1 Communications (SIC 48)....... 100.0 67.9 32.1 9.3 3.3 9.5 2.7 7.0 .3 White-collar occupations..... 100.0 69.0 31.0 9.1 2.9 9.1 2.7 6.9 .3 Blue-collar occupations...... 100.0 65.8 34.2 9.8 4.1 10.3 2.7 7.1 .2 Electric, gas, and sanitary services (SIC 49)................. 100.0 66.8 33.2 9.2 2.7 8.8 4.9 7.6 .1 White-collar occupations..... 100.0 67.8 32.2 9.6 1.7 8.7 4.8 7.1 .2 Blue-collar occupations...... 100.0 65.9 34.1 8.8 3.6 8.7 4.9 8.0 .1 1 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. NOTE: SIC refers to the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification System code as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Appendix. Employer costs per hour worked for components of compensation, and relative standard errors,(1) by major industry and occupation categories, March 1996 Benefit costs Wages Industry or Occupation Total and Retire- Legally Category Compen- salari- Supple- ment requir- Other sation es Total Paid mental Insur- and ed bene- Leave pay ance savings benefi- fits(2) ts Civilian workers Cost per hour worked........ $18.82 $13.48 $5.34 $1.24 $0.44 $1.29 $0.75 $1.59 $0.03 Relative Error.............. .8% .8% 1.0% 1.5% 3.4% 1.1% 1.9% .9% 8.4% State and local government workers Cost per hour worked........ $25.73 $17.95 $7.77 $1.99 $.22 $2.07 $1.90 $1.56 $.03 Relative Error.............. 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.5% 4.6% 1.9% 2.1% 1.7% 9.7% Private industry workers Cost per hour worked........ $17.49 $12.58 $4.91 $1.12 $.49 $1.14 $.55 $1.59 $.03 Relative Error.............. 1.0% .9% 1.3% 1.8% 3.6% 1.4% 3.0% .9% 9.7% Goods-producing industries Cost per hour worked........ $21.27 $14.38 $6.89 $1.43 $.85 $1.67 $.80 $2.08 $.07 Relative Error.............. 2.0% 2.0% 2.4% 2.8% 5.6% 2.7% 4.8% 2.1% 13.5% Service-producing industries Cost per hour worked........ $16.28 $12.01 $4.27 $1.02 $.38 $.97 $.47 $1.44 (3) Relative Error.............. 1.1% 1.0% 1.5% 2.1% 4.3% 1.4% 4.0% 1.0% (3) Manufacturing Cost per hour worked........ $20.99 $14.13 $6.86 $1.60 $.88 $1.72 $.71 $1.86 $.08 Relative Error.............. 2.4% 2.4% 2.7% 3.0% 5.7% 2.9% 5.3% 2.3% 14.4% Nonmanufacturing Cost per hour worked........ $16.69 $12.23 $4.46 $1.00 $.40 $1.00 $.51 $1.53 (3) Relative Error.............. 1.1% 1.0% 1.5% 2.2% 4.5% 1.4% 3.4% 1.1% (3) White-collar occupations Cost per hour worked........ $21.10 $15.44 $5.66 $1.50 $.54 $1.28 $.66 $1.64 $.03 Relative Error.............. 1.4% 1.4% 1.9% 2.3% 5.7% 1.7% 4.4% 1.2% 13.3% Blue-collar occupations Cost per hour worked........ $17.04 $11.61 $5.44 $.95 $.63 $1.33 $.62 $1.87 $.03 Relative Error.............. 1.3% 1.1% 1.9% 2.4% 3.0% 2.4% 4.4% 1.7% 12.4% Service occupations Cost per hour worked........ $8.61 $6.53 $2.07 $.36 $.14 $.45 $.13 $1.00 (3) Relative Error.............. 1.1% 1.0% 2.0% 2.9% 5.1% 4.2% 5.8% 1.6% (3) 1 The relative error is the standard error expressed as a percent of the cost. We can be 95-percent confident that the interval around the cost estimate bounded by two times plus and two times minus the standard error contains the 'true' cost. 2 Includes severance pay and supplemental unemployment benefits. 3 Cost per hour worked is $0.01 or less. EXPLANATORY NOTES Employer costs for employee compensation is a measure of the average cost per employee hour worked to employers for wages and salaries and benefits. Wages and salaries are defined as the hourly straight-time wage rate, or for workers not paid on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by the corresponding hours. Straight-time wage and salary rates are total earnings before payroll deductions, excluding premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends and holidays, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases. Production bonuses, incentive earnings, commission payments, and cost-of-living adjustments are included in straight-time wage and salary rates. Benefits covered are: paid leave--paid vacations, holidays, sick leave, and other leave; supplemental pay--premium pay for overtime and work on weekends and holidays, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and lump-sum payments provided in lieu of wage increases; insurance benefits--life, health, sickness and accident insurance and long- term disability insurance; retirement and savings benefits--defined benefit and defined contribution plans; legally required benefits--social security (OASDI and Medicare), federal and state unemployment insurance, workers' compensation, and other benefits required by law, such as state temporary disability insurance; and other benefits--severance pay and supplemental unemployment plans. The Survey Employer costs for employee compensation covers all occupations in private industry and state and local governments, but exclude farms and households. These cost levels are published once a year with the payroll period including March 12 as the reference period. The cost levels published in this release are based on a sample of about 20,500 occupations within 4,800 sample establishments in private industry and 4,600 occupations within 900 establishments in state and local governments. The sample establishments are classified in industry categories based on the 1987 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Within an establishment, specific job categories are selected to represent broader major occupational groups such as professional specialty and technical occupations. The cost levels are calculated with current employment weights each year. The March 1996 compensation cost levels were calculated using the March 1996 employment counts from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Statistics program benchmarked to the 1995 universe of all private nonfarm establishments. For private industry, in most cases, the employment counts used were total employment estimates for 2-digit major industry groups (such as primary metal manufacturing or food stores) as defined by the SIC system. (For the aerospace industries, employment estimates for 4-digit industries such as aircraft manufacturing were used.) For state and local governments, the employment counts used ranged from those for 3-digit industries such as hospitals to those for major industry divisions, such as public administration. The employment data from these 2-digit, 3-digit, or 4-digit industries were distributed to major occupational groups (such as executives, administrators, and managers or machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors) using the relative importance of the groups as estimated by the Employment Cost Index (ECI) sample. Because the ECI establishment sample is completely replaced, industry by industry, on a 4- to 5- year cycle, the major occupational group employment counts from the ECI are, on average, 2 to 3 years old. However, comparisons of cost level estimates showed that differences of a few years in the age of the occupational employment data within industries have a negligible impact on the estimates. In contrast, the ECI, which measures the change in employer costs for employee compensation, is calculated with fixed 1990 employment counts to prevent employment shifts among occupations and industries from influencing the changes. Therefore, year-to-year changes in the cost levels will differ from those in the ECI. More information on the cost levels, including how the costs are calculated, appears in the article "Analyzing employers' costs for wages, salaries, and benefits" in the October 1987 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. The published cost levels for March 1987 also appear in that article. An annual bulletin is issued from the ECI program. The most recent bulletin, Employment Cost Indexes and Levels--1975-95 (Bulletin 2466), provides historical data on ECI indexes as well as employer costs for employee compensation data for March 1993, March 1994, and March 1995. Measures of the precision of both the Employment Cost Index and the employer costs for employee compensation, an explanation of survey methods, and a discussion of the published information are also included. The next annual bulletin will include this material updated through June 1996. The Relative Standard Errors Because the data are based on a sample survey, the compensation cost estimates probably differ from the figures that would be obtained from all units covered by the survey. To determine the precision of each cost level estimate, a standard error was calculated. The standard error defines a range (confidence interval) around the cost estimate. The approximate 95-percent confidence interval is the estimate plus or minus twice the standard error. The standard error also can be expressed as a percent of the cost estimate, or the relative standard error. For example, the 95-percent confidence interval for a cost estimate of $10 with a relative standard error of 1.0 percent would be $10.00 plus or minus 2.0 percent (2 times 1.0 percent) or $9.80 to $10.20. One can be 95 percent confident that the "true" cost falls within the confidence interval. The relative standard error is shown with the cost estimates for some series in the appendix. Relative standard errors for all published estimates are available upon request. They also will appear in the 1996 ECI annual bulletin to be published later this year. A fuller explanation of the relative standard errors is provided in the article, "Analyzing employers' costs for wages, salaries, and benefits," in the October 1987 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparing Private and Public Sector Data Aggregate compensation cost levels in state and local governments should not be compared directly with those in private industry. Differences between the two sectors stem from a number of factors, particularly the variation in work activities and occupational structures. Manufacturing and sales, for example, make up a large part of private industry work activities, but are rarely found in state and local governments. White-collar occupations account for two-thirds of the state and local government workforce (largely professional occupations including teachers), compared with one-half in private industry. An article examining in more detail differences in compensation levels between private industry and state and local governments, "Cost of employee compensation in public and private sectors," was in the May 1993 issue of the BLS publication, Monthly Labor Review.