Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: USDL 97-347 Household data: (202) 606-6378 Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until Establishment data: 606-6555 8:30 A.M. (EDT), Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, October 3, 1997. THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION: SEPTEMBER 1997 The unemployment rate was unchanged in September, and returning strikers bolstered an otherwise modest rise in nonfarm payroll employment, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. At 4.9 percent, the jobless rate has remained within a very narrow range since April. The number of payroll jobs rose by 215,000, including a gain of 166,000 in the air transportation industry, where workers returned from strike. (Workers on strike are not counted as employed in the establishment survey.) Unemployment (Household Survey Data) The number of unemployed persons, at 6.8 million in September, was little changed over the month, and the unemployment rate held at 4.9 percent. Over the past 6 months, the unemployment rate has remained within a tenth of a percentage point of 4.9 percent. Jobless rates for the major worker groups--adult men (4.1 percent), adult women (4.4 percent), teenagers (16.7 percent), whites (4.3 percent), blacks (9.6 percent), and Hispanics (7.6 percent)--showed little or no change in September. (See tables A-1 and A-2.) Total Employment and the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) Total employment was essentially unchanged at a seasonally adjusted level of 129.7 million in September. The proportion of the population that was employed (the employment-population ratio) was 63.7 percent and has been at or near this level since March. (See table A-1.) About 7.8 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) held more than one job in September. They accounted for 6.0 percent of all employed persons. Both the number of multiple jobholders and their percentage of the total employed were about the same as a year earlier. (See table A-9.) Both the civilian labor force, 136.5 million, and the labor force participation rate, 67.0 percent, were about unchanged in September. (See table A-1.) Persons Not in the Labor Force (Household Survey Data) About 1.4 million persons (not seasonally adjusted) were marginally attached to the labor force in September--that is, they wanted and were available for work and had looked for jobs sometime in the prior 12 months. - 2 - Table A. Major indicators of labor market activity, seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) ___________________________________________________________________________ | Quarterly | Monthly data | | averages | | |_________________|__________________________|Aug.- Category | 19971/ | 19971/ |Sept. |_________________|__________________________|change | II | III | July | Aug. | Sept. | ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ HOUSEHOLD DATA | Labor force status |____________________________________________________ Civilian labor force..| 136,157| 136,413| 136,290| 136,480| 136,467| -13 Employment..........| 129,462| 129,742| 129,708| 129,804| 129,715| -89 Unemployment........| 6,695| 6,671| 6,583| 6,677| 6,752| 75 Not in labor force....| 66,678| 66,954| 66,876| 66,884| 67,102| 218 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Unemployment rates |____________________________________________________ All workers...........| 4.9| 4.9| 4.8| 4.9| 4.9| .0 Adult men...........| 4.1| 4.1| 4.0| 4.1| 4.1| .0 Adult women.........| 4.4| 4.3| 4.2| 4.4| 4.4| .0 Teenagers...........| 15.9| 16.5| 16.4| 16.4| 16.7| 0.3 White...............| 4.1| 4.2| 4.2| 4.2| 4.3| .1 Black...............| 10.2| 9.4| 9.4| 9.3| 9.6| .3 Hispanic origin.....| 7.7| 7.6| 7.9| 7.2| 7.6| .4 ________|________|________|________|________|_______ ESTABLISHMENT DATA | Employment |____________________________________________________ Nonfarm employment....| 121,854|p122,538| 122,440|p122,480|p122,695| p215 Goods-producing 2/..| 24,694| p24,747| 24,713| p24,771| p24,757| p-14 Construction......| 5,616| p5,633| 5,625| p5,637| p5,636| p-1 Manufacturing.....| 18,504| p18,541| 18,514| p18,562| p18,546| p-16 Service-producing 2/| 97,159| p97,791| 97,727| p97,709| p97,938| p229 Retail trade......| 22,045| p22,188| 22,159| p22,191| p22,214| p23 Services..........| 35,436| p35,727| 35,684| p35,699| p35,797| p98 Government........| 19,594| p19,744| 19,719| p19,795| p19,717| p-78 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Hours of work 3/ |____________________________________________________ Total private.........| 34.5| p34.5| 34.4| p34.6| p34.5| p-0.1 Manufacturing.......| 42.0| p41.9| 41.8| p41.9| p41.9| p.0 Overtime..........| 4.8| p4.7| 4.7| p4.7| p4.7| p.0 |________|________|________|________|________|_______ | Earnings 3/ |____________________________________________________ Avg. hourly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| $12.19| p$12.29| $12.24| p$12.30| p$12.34| p$0.04 Avg. weekly earnings, | | | | | | total private.......| 420.85| p424.12| 421.06| p425.58| p425.73| p.15 ______________________|________|________|________|________|________|_______ 1/ Beginning in January 1997, household data reflect revised population controls used in the survey. 2/ Includes other industries, not shown separately. 3/ Data relate to private production or nonsupervisory workers. p=preliminary. - 3 - The number of discouraged workers--a subset of the marginally attached who were not currently looking for jobs specifically because they believed no jobs were available for them or there were none for which they would qualify--was 328,000 in September, little changed from a year earlier. (See table A-9.) Industry Payroll Employment (Establishment Survey Data) Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 215,000 in September, after seasonal adjustment. The bulk of the increase was due to the return of workers who were on strike in August. (See table B-1.) Employment in transportation was up by 170,000 in September, as strikers in the air transportation industry returned to payrolls. Employment in that industry was down by 6,000 since July, the month before the strike. In contrast, trucking and warehousing added 18,000 workers over the same 2 months, reflecting, in part, increased business in the wake of the strike-generated disruption of package delivery services. Following an exceptionally small gain in August, employment in the services industry rose by 98,000 in September, in line with the average monthly growth during the first 8 months of the year. An increase of 46,000 in business services in September included continued growth in computer and data processing services (12,000) and a gain in the help supply industry (10,000). Despite the September increase, employment in help supply services has fallen by 50,000 since March. Employment in health services continued its steady growth by adding 19,000 jobs in September, with half of the increase occurring in hospitals. Employment in home health services was flat over the month and has not shown any net gain since April. Engineering and management services continued its strong growth, adding 14,000 employees in September. In contrast, there were small declines in amusement and recreation services (-9,000) and child day care services (-14,000), following strong summer employment growth. Job gains in wholesale and retail trade were slightly below their monthly averages for the first 8 months of the year. Growth continued in the finance industry in September, reflecting employment increases in mortgage brokerages, security brokerages, and holding companies and other investment offices. Government employment fell by 78,000 in September, due primarily to a decline of 47,000 in local government education (after seasonal adjustment), following large gains in the prior 3 months. Changing seasonal patterns due to the earlier start of the school year and the trend toward year-round schools have made seasonal adjustment of these data difficult. Employment in local government, except education, fell by 18,000 in September, following strong summer hiring. Federal employment fell by 9,000, reflecting, in part, the layoff of postal workers hired to handle increased demand for parcel delivery during the strike in the air transportation industry. Within the goods-producing sector, construction employment was virtually unchanged in September and has shown little growth since May. Manufacturing employment fell by 16,000 in September, after a large increase in the prior month. Losses in the motor vehicles industry totaled 14,000, as several plants were shut down for inventory control. Apparel employment continued a downward trend, declining by 7,000 workers. Of the manufacturing industries that had been growing, only electronic components showed a notable increase (4,000). - 4 - Weekly Hours (Establishment Survey Data) The average workweek for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.1 hour in September to 34.5 hours, seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing workweek and factory overtime remained at 41.9 and 4.7 hours, respectively. (See table B-2.) The index of aggregate weekly hours of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls edged down by 0.1 percent to 140.5 (1982=100), seasonally adjusted. The manufacturing index was unchanged in September, at 108.2. (See table B-5.) Hourly and Weekly Earnings (Establishment Survey Data) Average hourly earnings of private production or nonsupervisory workers on nonfarm payrolls were up 4 cents in September to $12.34, seasonally adjusted. Average weekly earnings were little changed at $425.73. Over the past year, average hourly earnings have risen by 3.6 percent and average weekly earnings by 3.0 percent. (See table B-3.) ________________________________________ The Employment Situation for October 1997 is scheduled to be released on Friday, November 7, at 8:30 A.M. (EST). -------------------------------------------------------------------- | Changes in Household Data Series | | | | Effective with the release of data for December 1997 in January | |1998, improvements will be introduced into the composite estimation | |procedures used in the Current Population Survey. These changes | |will simplify processing of the monthly labor force data at BLS and | |will allow users of the survey microdata to replicate the official | |estimates released by BLS. In addition, there will be a slight | |decrease in the variance of some major estimates, particularly | |employment levels and the over-the-month change in those levels. | |The new procedures will produce somewhat lower estimates of the | |civilian labor force and employment. | -------------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Explanatory Note This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current Population Survey (household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics survey (establishment survey). The household survey provides the information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the A tables, marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The establishment survey provides the information on the employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm payrolls that appears in the B tables, marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. This information is collected from payroll records by BLS in cooperation with State agencies. In June 1997, the sample included about 390,000 establishments employing about 48 million people. For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or pay period. In the household survey, the reference week is generally the calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or may not correspond directly to the calendar week. Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force. People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm. People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal reasons. People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria: They had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Those not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the employed as a percent of the population. Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as Federal, State, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job they hold. Hours and earnings data are for private businesses and relate only to production workers in the goods-producing sector and nonsupervisory workers in the service-producing sector. - 6 - Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are: --The household survey includes agricultural workers, the self-employed, unpaid family workers, and private household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the establishment survey. --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed. The establishment survey does not. --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older. The establishment survey is not limited by age. --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one job and thus appearing on more than one payroll would be counted separately for each appearance. Other differences between the two surveys are described in "Comparing Employment Estimates from Household and Payroll Surveys," which may be obtained from BLS upon request. Seasonal adjustment Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels of employment and unemployment undergo sharp fluctuations due to such seasonal events as changes in weather, reduced or expanded production, harvests, major holidays, and the opening and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large; seasonal fluctuations may account for as much as 95 percent of the month-to-month changes in unemployment. Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year, their influence on statistical trends can be eliminated by adjusting the statistics from month to month. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as declines in economic activity or increases in the participation of women in the labor force, easier to spot. For example, the large number of youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the level of economic activity has risen or declined. However, because the effect of students finishing school in previous years is known, the statistics for the current year can be adjusted to allow for a comparable change. Insofar as the seasonal adjustment is made correctly, the adjusted figure provides a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in economic activity. In both the household and establishment surveys, most seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates, such as total payroll employment, employment in most major industry divisions, total employment, and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series. For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four major age- sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories. The numerical factors used to make the seasonal adjustments are recalculated twice a year. For the household survey, the factors are calculated for the January-June period and again for the July-December - 7 - period. For the establishment survey, updated factors for seasonal adjustment are calculated for the May-October period and introduced along with new benchmarks, and again for the November-April period. In both surveys, revisions to historical data are made once a year. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total employment from the household survey is on the order of plus or minus 376,000. Suppose the estimate of total employment increases by 100,000 from one month to the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from -276,000 to 476,000 (100,000 +/- 376,000). These figures do not mean that the sample results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent chance that the "true" over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that employment had, in fact, increased. If, however, the reported employment rise was half a million, then all of the values within the 90-percent confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at least a 90-percent chance) that an employment rise had, in fact, occurred. The 90-percent confidence interval for the monthly change in unemployment is +/- 258,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is +/- .21 percentage point. In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates is also improved when the data are cumulated over time such as for quarterly and annual averages. The seasonal adjustment process can also improve the stability of the monthly estimates. The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling errors can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months are based on substantially incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is considered final. Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth (and other sources of error), a process known as bias adjustment is included in the survey's estimating procedures, whereby a specified number of jobs is added to the monthly sample-based change. The size of the - 8 - monthly bias adjustment is based largely on past relationships between the sample-based estimates of employment and the total counts of employment described below. The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries. Over the past decade, the benchmark revision for total nonfarm employment has averaged 0.2 percent, ranging from zero to 0.6 percent. Additional statistics and other information More comprehensive statistics are contained in Employment and Earnings, published each month by BLS. It is available for $17.00 per issue or $35.00 per year from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. All orders must be prepaid by sending a check or money order payable to the Superintendent of Documents, or by charging to Mastercard or Visa. Employment and Earnings also provides measures of sampling error for the household survey data published in this release. For unemployment and other labor force categories, these measures appear in tables 1-B through 1-H of its "Explanatory Notes." Measures of the reliability of the data drawn from the establishment survey and the actual amounts of revision due to benchmark adjustments are provided in tables 2-B through 2-G of that publication. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, sex, and age Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population............ 201,061 203,364 203,570 201,061 202,832 203,000 203,166 203,364 203,570 Civilian labor force.......................... 134,230 137,460 136,375 134,291 136,173 136,200 136,290 136,480 136,467 Participation rate...................... 66.8 67.6 67.0 66.8 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.1 67.0 Employed.................................... 127,529 130,865 129,972 127,248 129,639 129,364 129,708 129,804 129,715 Employment-population ratio............. 63.4 64.4 63.8 63.3 63.9 63.7 63.8 63.8 63.7 Agriculture............................... 3,607 3,661 3,569 3,480 3,430 3,391 3,482 3,383 3,450 Nonagricultural industries................ 123,923 127,205 126,403 123,768 126,209 125,973 126,226 126,421 126,265 Unemployed.................................. 6,700 6,594 6,403 7,043 6,534 6,836 6,583 6,677 6,752 Unemployment rate....................... 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 Not in labor force............................ 66,831 65,904 67,195 66,770 66,659 66,800 66,876 66,884 67,102 Men, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 96,447 97,838 97,946 96,447 97,559 97,649 97,733 97,838 97,946 Civilian labor force.......................... 72,028 74,149 73,068 72,087 73,200 73,242 73,230 73,315 73,190 Participation rate...................... 74.7 75.8 74.6 74.7 75.0 75.0 74.9 74.9 74.7 Employed.................................... 68,614 70,890 69,890 68,304 69,929 69,567 69,749 69,791 69,639 Employment-population ratio............. 71.1 72.5 71.4 70.8 71.7 71.2 71.4 71.3 71.1 Unemployed.................................. 3,413 3,259 3,178 3,783 3,271 3,674 3,481 3,524 3,551 Unemployment rate....................... 4.7 4.4 4.3 5.2 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 Men, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 88,733 89,982 90,068 88,733 89,766 89,829 89,888 89,982 90,068 Civilian labor force.......................... 68,140 69,571 69,204 68,056 69,059 69,167 69,203 69,301 69,171 Participation rate...................... 76.8 77.3 76.8 76.7 76.9 77.0 77.0 77.0 76.8 Employed.................................... 65,353 67,000 66,648 64,978 66,418 66,266 66,414 66,491 66,325 Employment-population ratio............. 73.7 74.5 74.0 73.2 74.0 73.8 73.9 73.9 73.6 Agriculture............................... 2,439 2,424 2,474 2,366 2,421 2,417 2,411 2,300 2,407 Nonagricultural industries................ 62,914 64,576 64,174 62,612 63,997 63,849 64,003 64,191 63,918 Unemployed.................................. 2,788 2,571 2,556 3,078 2,640 2,901 2,789 2,810 2,846 Unemployment rate....................... 4.1 3.7 3.7 4.5 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 Women, 16 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 104,614 105,527 105,623 104,614 105,274 105,351 105,433 105,527 105,623 Civilian labor force.......................... 62,202 63,311 63,307 62,204 62,973 62,958 63,060 63,165 63,277 Participation rate...................... 59.5 60.0 59.9 59.5 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.9 59.9 Employed.................................... 58,915 59,976 60,082 58,944 59,710 59,796 59,958 60,013 60,076 Employment-population ratio............. 56.3 56.8 56.9 56.3 56.7 56.8 56.9 56.9 56.9 Unemployed.................................. 3,287 3,335 3,225 3,260 3,263 3,162 3,102 3,152 3,201 Unemployment rate....................... 5.3 5.3 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 Women, 20 years and over Civilian noninstitutional population............ 97,226 98,000 98,082 97,226 97,767 97,834 97,919 98,000 98,082 Civilian labor force.......................... 58,548 59,123 59,705 58,349 59,130 59,207 59,186 59,408 59,483 Participation rate...................... 60.2 60.3 60.9 60.0 60.5 60.5 60.4 60.6 60.6 Employed.................................... 55,776 56,311 57,038 55,644 56,481 56,585 56,685 56,819 56,882 Employment-population ratio............. 57.4 57.5 58.2 57.2 57.8 57.8 57.9 58.0 58.0 Agriculture............................... 890 888 886 844 743 740 841 836 841 Nonagricultural industries................ 54,886 55,423 56,153 54,800 55,738 55,845 55,844 55,983 56,041 Unemployed.................................. 2,772 2,811 2,666 2,705 2,650 2,621 2,501 2,589 2,601 Unemployment rate....................... 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian noninstitutional population........... 15,101 15,382 15,420 15,101 15,300 15,336 15,359 15,382 15,420 Civilian labor force.......................... 7,541 8,765 7,466 7,886 7,984 7,826 7,901 7,771 7,813 Participation rate...................... 49.9 57.0 48.4 52.2 52.2 51.0 51.4 50.5 50.7 Employed.................................... 6,401 7,554 6,285 6,626 6,740 6,512 6,608 6,493 6,508 Employment-population ratio............. 42.4 49.1 40.8 43.9 44.1 42.5 43.0 42.2 42.2 Agriculture............................... 278 348 209 270 266 234 229 246 202 Nonagricultural industries................ 6,123 7,205 6,076 6,356 6,474 6,279 6,379 6,247 6,306 Unemployed.................................. 1,140 1,212 1,181 1,260 1,244 1,314 1,293 1,278 1,305 Unemployment rate....................... 15.1 13.8 15.8 16.0 15.6 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.7 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted(1) Employment status, race, sex, age, and Hispanic origin Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 WHITE Civilian noninstitutional population............ 168,639 170,148 170,290 168,639 169,782 169,897 170,010 170,148 170,290 Civilian labor force.......................... 113,275 115,365 114,614 113,334 114,630 114,691 114,627 114,649 114,694 Participation rate........................ 67.2 67.8 67.3 67.2 67.5 67.5 67.4 67.4 67.4 Employed.................................... 108,495 110,654 110,018 108,217 110,052 109,821 109,853 109,782 109,770 Employment-population ratio............... 64.3 65.0 64.6 64.2 64.8 64.6 64.6 64.5 64.5 Unemployed.................................. 4,780 4,711 4,596 5,117 4,578 4,870 4,774 4,867 4,924 Unemployment rate......................... 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 58,369 59,307 59,052 58,343 59,008 59,088 59,096 59,129 59,035 Participation rate........................ 77.2 77.6 77.2 77.2 77.4 77.5 77.4 77.4 77.2 Employed.................................... 56,344 57,418 57,186 56,042 57,112 56,981 57,030 57,018 56,901 Employment-population ratio............... 74.6 75.2 74.8 74.2 74.9 74.7 74.7 74.6 74.4 Unemployed.................................. 2,024 1,889 1,867 2,301 1,895 2,107 2,066 2,111 2,134 Unemployment rate......................... 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.9 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.6 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 48,536 48,677 49,214 48,314 48,874 48,924 48,756 48,927 48,997 Participation rate........................ 59.8 59.7 60.3 59.5 60.0 60.1 59.8 60.0 60.0 Employed.................................... 46,591 46,699 47,354 46,394 47,047 47,128 47,055 47,123 47,165 Employment-population ratio............... 57.4 57.3 58.0 57.2 57.8 57.9 57.7 57.8 57.8 Unemployed.................................. 1,945 1,978 1,861 1,920 1,827 1,795 1,701 1,805 1,831 Unemployment rate......................... 4.0 4.1 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 6,370 7,382 6,347 6,677 6,748 6,679 6,775 6,593 6,663 Participation rate........................ 53.4 60.5 51.9 56.0 55.5 54.9 55.6 54.0 54.5 Employed.................................... 5,560 6,538 5,479 5,781 5,893 5,711 5,768 5,641 5,704 Employment-population ratio............... 46.6 53.6 44.8 48.5 48.5 46.9 47.3 46.2 46.7 Unemployed.................................. 811 843 868 896 855 968 1,007 951 959 Unemployment rate......................... 12.7 11.4 13.7 13.4 12.7 14.5 14.9 14.4 14.4 Men..................................... 13.8 12.1 13.7 14.8 12.7 16.3 15.4 15.5 14.6 Women................................... 11.5 10.7 13.7 11.9 12.7 12.6 14.3 13.2 14.1 BLACK Civilian noninstitutional population............ 23,690 24,043 24,081 23,690 23,950 23,978 24,006 24,043 24,081 Civilian labor force.......................... 15,132 15,953 15,706 15,184 15,434 15,398 15,510 15,804 15,746 Participation rate........................ 63.9 66.4 65.2 64.1 64.4 64.2 64.6 65.7 65.4 Employed.................................... 13,547 14,409 14,220 13,566 13,837 13,793 14,055 14,341 14,236 Employment-population ratio............... 57.2 59.9 59.1 57.3 57.8 57.5 58.5 59.6 59.1 Unemployed.................................. 1,585 1,544 1,487 1,618 1,597 1,605 1,455 1,463 1,510 Unemployment rate......................... 10.5 9.7 9.5 10.7 10.3 10.4 9.4 9.3 9.6 Men, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 6,840 7,077 7,026 6,834 6,831 6,926 6,957 7,072 7,006 Participation rate........................ 72.6 73.7 73.1 72.6 71.5 72.4 72.6 73.7 72.9 Employed.................................... 6,190 6,554 6,484 6,174 6,255 6,296 6,386 6,541 6,459 Employment-population ratio............... 65.7 68.3 67.4 65.6 65.5 65.8 66.6 68.1 67.2 Unemployed.................................. 651 523 542 660 575 630 572 532 548 Unemployment rate......................... 9.5 7.4 7.7 9.7 8.4 9.1 8.2 7.5 7.8 Women, 20 years and over Civilian labor force.......................... 7,429 7,793 7,810 7,435 7,693 7,615 7,689 7,803 7,818 Participation rate........................ 62.6 64.8 64.8 62.7 64.1 63.5 64.0 64.8 64.8 Employed.................................... 6,767 7,081 7,132 6,788 6,974 6,921 7,053 7,146 7,161 Employment-population ratio............... 57.0 58.8 59.2 57.2 58.1 57.7 58.7 59.4 59.4 Unemployed.................................. 662 712 678 647 719 694 636 658 657 Unemployment rate......................... 8.9 9.1 8.7 8.7 9.4 9.1 8.3 8.4 8.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years Civilian labor force.......................... 863 1,083 870 915 910 857 864 928 921 Participation rate........................ 35.9 44.9 36.1 38.0 37.9 35.4 35.7 38.5 38.3 Employed.................................... 591 774 603 604 608 577 616 655 616 Employment-population ratio............... 24.6 32.1 25.0 25.1 25.3 23.8 25.5 27.2 25.6 Unemployed.................................. 272 309 267 311 302 281 247 273 305 Unemployment rate......................... 31.5 28.5 30.7 34.0 33.2 32.7 28.6 29.4 33.1 Men..................................... 32.1 32.7 33.0 37.2 32.6 41.1 32.9 33.1 38.7 Women................................... 30.9 24.4 28.7 30.9 33.8 24.5 25.1 26.2 28.4 HISPANIC ORIGIN Civilian noninstitutional population............ 19,346 20,407 20,464 19,346 20,236 20,293 20,351 20,407 20,464 Civilian labor force.......................... 12,912 14,028 13,864 12,871 13,746 13,807 13,866 13,910 13,827 Participation rate........................ 66.7 68.7 67.8 66.5 67.9 68.0 68.1 68.2 67.6 Employed.................................... 11,895 13,014 12,882 11,801 12,730 12,756 12,768 12,911 12,780 Employment-population ratio............... 61.5 63.8 62.9 61.0 62.9 62.9 62.7 63.3 62.5 Unemployed.................................. 1,016 1,014 982 1,070 1,016 1,051 1,098 999 1,047 Unemployment rate......................... 7.9 7.2 7.1 8.3 7.4 7.6 7.9 7.2 7.6 1 The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns. NOTE: Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-3. Selected employment indicators (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Category Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total employed, 16 years and over............... 127,529 130,865 129,972 127,248 129,639 129,364 129,708 129,804 129,715 Married men, spouse present................... 42,603 42,740 42,825 42,330 42,273 42,448 42,589 42,697 42,527 Married women, spouse present................. 32,798 32,472 33,007 32,679 32,445 32,519 32,866 32,933 32,843 Women who maintain families................... 7,443 7,854 7,899 7,420 7,858 7,847 7,901 7,941 7,891 OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty......... 36,759 37,407 37,833 36,759 37,318 37,493 37,558 37,775 37,869 Technical, sales, and administrative support.. 37,725 38,475 38,523 37,812 38,362 38,142 38,193 38,322 38,600 Service occupations........................... 17,200 18,041 17,595 17,435 17,390 17,412 17,523 17,774 17,809 Precision production, craft, and repair....... 13,881 14,349 13,988 13,681 14,380 14,364 14,282 13,972 13,822 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.......... 18,199 18,754 18,345 18,069 18,647 18,597 18,515 18,473 18,226 Farming, forestry, and fishing................ 3,766 3,839 3,688 3,557 3,680 3,499 3,554 3,407 3,499 CLASS OF WORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary workers..................... 1,899 2,001 1,940 1,834 1,941 1,929 1,913 1,841 1,898 Self-employed workers....................... 1,616 1,597 1,586 1,557 1,444 1,404 1,492 1,487 1,527 Unpaid family workers....................... 92 63 43 91 50 40 53 51 40 Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary workers..................... 114,960 118,116 117,380 114,765 116,969 116,653 117,104 117,323 117,286 Government................................ 18,052 17,706 17,979 18,092 17,807 18,099 18,338 18,254 18,033 Private industries........................ 96,909 100,409 99,401 96,673 99,162 98,554 98,766 99,069 99,253 Private households...................... 976 1,005 869 981 967 870 910 946 864 Other industries........................ 95,932 99,404 98,532 95,692 98,195 97,684 97,856 98,122 98,389 Self-employed workers....................... 8,825 8,959 8,935 8,811 9,106 9,126 8,887 8,923 8,926 Unpaid family workers....................... 138 130 87 129 148 128 131 129 81 PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME All industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 4,012 4,036 3,638 4,302 4,019 4,025 4,017 3,992 3,916 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,215 2,078 1,986 2,398 2,300 2,375 2,211 2,122 2,159 Could only find part-time work............ 1,531 1,518 1,405 1,617 1,391 1,347 1,522 1,519 1,476 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 18,223 15,398 18,097 17,823 18,336 18,322 18,015 18,093 17,690 Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons.............. 3,852 3,877 3,475 4,130 3,806 3,782 3,872 3,854 3,728 Slack work or business conditions......... 2,114 1,972 1,881 2,284 2,159 2,220 2,102 2,037 2,040 Could only find part-time work............ 1,495 1,479 1,365 1,580 1,347 1,298 1,509 1,485 1,435 Part time for noneconomic reasons........... 17,530 14,839 17,506 17,204 17,780 17,663 17,418 17,519 17,180 NOTE: Persons at work excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs during the entire reference week for reasons such as vacation, illness, or industrial dispute. Part time for noneconomic reasons excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as holidays, illness, and bad weather. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-4. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Category Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 CHARACTERISTIC Total, 16 years and over....................... 7,043 6,677 6,752 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 Men, 20 years and over....................... 3,078 2,810 2,846 4.5 3.8 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 Women, 20 years and over..................... 2,705 2,589 2,601 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.4 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years................... 1,260 1,278 1,305 16.0 15.6 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.7 Married men, spouse present.................. 1,319 1,131 1,161 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.7 Married women, spouse present................ 1,138 1,009 1,064 3.4 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0 3.1 Women who maintain families.................. 676 701 662 8.3 7.6 8.0 7.4 8.1 7.7 Full-time workers............................ 5,644 5,311 5,353 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.8 Part-time workers............................ 1,369 1,363 1,340 5.6 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.5 OCCUPATION(2) Managerial and professional specialty........ 880 767 776 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 1,770 1,662 1,575 4.5 3.8 4.3 4.1 4.2 3.9 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 787 690 694 5.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.8 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 1,470 1,535 1,583 7.5 7.1 7.4 7.4 7.7 8.0 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 271 271 240 7.1 6.2 8.1 6.0 7.4 6.4 INDUSTRY Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers...................................... 5,441 5,227 5,280 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 Goods-producing industries................. 1,568 1,552 1,479 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.2 Mining................................... 31 36 19 5.1 3.0 2.3 3.8 5.3 2.9 Construction............................. 614 635 581 9.3 8.4 8.5 8.7 9.3 8.6 Manufacturing............................ 923 881 879 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.2 Durable goods.......................... 521 443 400 4.2 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.3 Nondurable goods....................... 402 438 479 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.5 4.9 5.5 Service-producing industries............... 3,873 3,675 3,801 5.2 4.9 5.0 4.7 4.9 5.0 Transportation and public utilities...... 288 288 293 4.1 3.6 2.9 3.4 3.9 3.9 Wholesale and retail trade............... 1,633 1,635 1,663 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.0 6.2 6.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 221 238 239 3.0 3.2 2.5 3.2 3.0 3.0 Services................................. 1,731 1,514 1,606 5.3 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.5 4.7 Government workers........................... 552 497 485 3.0 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.6 Agricultural wage and salary workers......... 223 192 185 10.8 7.1 10.6 7.5 9.5 8.9 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Seasonally adjusted unemployment data for service occupations are not available because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-5. Duration of unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Duration Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Less than 5 weeks.............................. 2,581 2,409 2,525 2,522 2,523 2,538 2,352 2,598 2,470 5 to 14 weeks.................................. 1,998 2,322 1,896 2,245 2,022 2,211 2,071 2,134 2,142 15 weeks and over.............................. 2,122 1,863 1,982 2,277 2,071 2,063 2,157 2,012 2,127 15 to 26 weeks.............................. 935 780 933 1,040 1,078 1,045 1,082 931 1,035 27 weeks and over........................... 1,187 1,084 1,049 1,237 993 1,018 1,074 1,082 1,092 Average (mean) duration, in weeks.............. 16.9 16.0 16.0 16.9 15.1 15.1 16.6 15.9 16.0 Median duration, in weeks...................... 8.5 8.0 8.3 8.6 7.7 7.7 8.5 7.8 8.4 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than 5 weeks............................ 38.5 36.5 39.4 35.8 38.1 37.3 35.7 38.5 36.7 5 to 14 weeks................................ 29.8 35.2 29.6 31.9 30.6 32.5 31.5 31.6 31.8 15 weeks and over............................ 31.7 28.3 31.0 32.3 31.3 30.3 32.8 29.8 31.6 15 to 26 weeks............................. 14.0 11.8 14.6 14.8 16.3 15.3 16.5 13.8 15.4 27 weeks and over.......................... 17.7 16.4 16.4 17.6 15.0 14.9 16.3 16.0 16.2 NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-6. Reason for unemployment (Numbers in thousands) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Reason Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs..... 2,812 2,859 2,616 3,236 2,902 3,145 2,903 3,064 3,017 On temporary layoff................................... 674 716 595 989 871 925 877 865 878 Not on temporary layoff............................... 2,138 2,143 2,021 2,247 2,031 2,220 2,026 2,199 2,140 Permanent job losers................................ 1,450 1,438 1,384 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Persons who completed temporary jobs................ 688 705 637 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Job leavers............................................. 892 958 980 800 801 829 822 915 868 Reentrants.............................................. 2,495 2,217 2,307 2,441 2,306 2,359 2,244 2,144 2,259 New entrants............................................ 500 561 501 559 574 481 553 544 561 PERCENT DISTRIBUTION Total unemployed........................................ Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 42.0 43.4 40.9 46.0 44.1 46.2 44.5 46.0 45.0 On temporary layoff.................................. 10.1 10.9 9.3 14.1 13.2 13.6 13.4 13.0 13.1 Not on temporary layoff.............................. 31.9 32.5 31.6 31.9 30.9 32.6 31.1 33.0 31.9 Job leavers............................................ 13.3 14.5 15.3 11.4 12.2 12.2 12.6 13.7 12.9 Reentrants............................................. 37.2 33.6 36.0 34.7 35.0 34.6 34.4 32.2 33.7 New entrants........................................... 7.5 8.5 7.8 7.9 8.7 7.1 8.5 8.2 8.4 UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs.... 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 Job leavers............................................ .7 .7 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .7 .6 Reentrants............................................. 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 New entrants........................................... .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 1 Not available. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-7. Range of alternative measures of labor underutilization (Percent) Not seasonally Seasonally adjusted adjusted Measure Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force....................... 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.6 U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force.................................................... 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.2 U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate).............. 5.0 4.8 4.7 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers....................................... 5.3 5.0 4.9 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other marginally attached workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers............... 6.1 5.7 5.6 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) U-6 Total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally attached workers.. 9.0 8.6 8.3 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 Not available. NOTE: This range of alternative measures of labor underutilization replaces the U1-U7 range published in table A-7 of this release prior to 1994. Marginally attached workers are persons who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the recent past. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for a job. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. For further information, see "BLS introduces new range of alternative unemployment measures," in the October 1995 issue of the Monthly Labor Review. Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-8. Unemployed persons by sex and age, seasonally adjusted Number of unemployed persons Unemployment rates(1) (in thousands) Age and sex Sept. Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997 1997 Total, 16 years and over.......................... 7,043 6,677 6,752 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.9 4.9 16 to 24 years.................................. 2,442 2,390 2,410 11.5 10.9 11.5 10.9 11.3 11.3 16 to 19 years................................ 1,260 1,278 1,305 16.0 15.6 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.7 16 to 17 years.............................. 579 544 640 17.6 18.4 17.3 17.5 17.7 19.5 18 to 19 years.............................. 680 732 666 14.7 13.7 16.3 15.8 15.6 14.6 20 to 24 years................................ 1,182 1,112 1,105 8.9 8.2 8.4 7.7 8.3 8.1 25 years and over............................... 4,612 4,318 4,342 4.1 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 25 to 54 years................................ 4,080 3,786 3,830 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 55 years and over............................. 530 500 518 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 Men, 16 years and over.......................... 3,783 3,524 3,551 5.2 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9 16 to 24 years................................ 1,340 1,340 1,356 12.1 10.3 12.1 11.4 12.0 12.1 16 to 19 years.............................. 705 714 705 17.5 15.2 19.0 17.2 17.8 17.5 16 to 17 years............................ 319 282 317 19.2 17.8 19.9 18.6 17.5 18.9 18 to 19 years............................ 385 429 387 16.2 13.5 18.2 16.2 18.1 16.5 20 to 24 years.............................. 635 626 651 9.0 7.5 8.2 8.1 8.7 9.1 25 years and over............................. 2,445 2,218 2,177 4.0 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.5 25 to 54 years.............................. 2,168 1,917 1,922 4.2 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.6 55 years and over........................... 291 279 273 3.3 2.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 Women, 16 years and over........................ 3,260 3,152 3,201 5.2 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 16 to 24 years................................ 1,102 1,050 1,053 10.9 11.6 10.8 10.4 10.5 10.3 16 to 19 years.............................. 555 564 600 14.4 16.0 14.4 15.5 15.0 15.8 16 to 17 years............................ 260 262 323 16.0 19.0 14.4 16.4 17.8 20.1 18 to 19 years............................ 295 303 279 13.1 13.8 14.3 15.4 13.1 12.6 20 to 24 years.............................. 547 486 453 8.7 8.9 8.6 7.3 7.8 7.1 25 years and over............................. 2,167 2,100 2,165 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 25 to 54 years.............................. 1,912 1,869 1,908 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 55 years and over........................... 239 221 245 3.4 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA Table A-9. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Total Men Women Category Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 1997 NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE Total not in the labor force.................................... 66,831 67,195 24,419 24,878 42,412 42,317 Persons who currently want a job.............................. 5,219 4,705 1,948 1,888 3,271 2,816 Searched for work and available to work now(1)............. 1,518 1,363 681 667 836 696 Reason not currently looking: Discouragement over job prospects(2).................. 391 328 218 213 173 115 Reasons other than discouragement(3)............... 1,127 1,035 464 454 663 581 MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS Total multiple jobholders(4).................................... 7,808 7,838 4,197 4,220 3,611 3,618 Percent of total employed................................... 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.0 Primary job full time, secondary job part time.............. 4,253 4,438 2,565 2,611 1,688 1,827 Primary and secondary jobs both part time................... 1,714 1,601 506 514 1,208 1,087 Primary and secondary jobs both full time................... 258 238 199 183 58 55 Hours vary on primary or secondary job...................... 1,547 1,528 914 894 633 634 1 Data refer to persons who have searched for work during the prior 12 months and were available to take a job during the reference week. 2 Includes thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. 3 Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as child-care and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason for nonparticipation was not determined. 4 Includes persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 1997, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry (In thousands) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total......................... 120,454 122,232 122,236 123,139 120,019 121,834 122,056 122,440 122,480 122,695 Total private.................... 101,187 103,616 103,743 103,669 100,506 102,269 102,417 102,721 102,685 102,978 Goods-producing......................... 24,852 25,002 25,242 25,175 24,439 24,702 24,714 24,713 24,771 24,757 Mining................................ 577 584 584 580 571 576 574 574 572 575 Metal mining........................ 54.6 55.5 55.3 54.5 54 54 54 54 54 54 Coal mining......................... 95.3 92.1 91.6 91.1 95 93 92 91 91 91 Oil and gas extraction.............. 317.2 324.7 324.6 322.8 316 321 320 321 320 322 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels.. 110.2 112.1 112.1 111.5 106 108 108 108 107 108 Construction.......................... 5,725 5,947 5,980 5,931 5,441 5,628 5,622 5,625 5,637 5,636 General building contractors........ 1,302.7 1,366.3 1,369.2 1,349.5 1,259 1,300 1,302 1,308 1,306 1,303 Heavy construction, except building. 851.7 828.0 834.8 841.2 771 777 766 761 762 761 Special trade contractors........... 3,570.8 3,752.5 3,775.5 3,740.5 3,411 3,551 3,554 3,556 3,569 3,572 Manufacturing......................... 18,550 18,471 18,678 18,664 18,427 18,498 18,518 18,514 18,562 18,546 Production workers................ 12,840 12,721 12,917 12,927 12,723 12,790 12,791 12,792 12,818 12,814 Durable goods........................ 10,805 10,861 10,979 10,981 10,771 10,864 10,891 10,910 10,964 10,947 Production workers................ 7,402 7,420 7,533 7,546 7,372 7,454 7,466 7,482 7,530 7,519 Lumber and wood products............ 794.8 807.4 814.2 810.5 782 800 797 796 798 797 Furniture and fixtures.............. 504.5 500.5 506.2 507.0 503 508 508 510 506 506 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 551.5 549.8 552.7 551.1 541 540 538 541 541 540 Primary metal industries............ 712.2 703.1 715.6 716.7 711 708 709 708 715 716 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 240.9 235.6 239.7 240.4 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Fabricated metal products........... 1,455.9 1,454.7 1,476.0 1,478.5 1,452 1,468 1,470 1,468 1,475 1,475 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 2,103.5 2,151.1 2,158.1 2,160.5 2,108 2,146 2,152 2,155 2,165 2,166 Computer and office equipment..... 362.6 383.7 384.3 381.5 364 378 379 381 384 383 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 1,652.1 1,650.7 1,661.6 1,666.6 1,652 1,644 1,651 1,658 1,663 1,666 Electronic components and accessories.................... 609.0 632.7 637.5 640.0 610 622 628 632 637 641 Transportation equipment............ 1,788.0 1,803.6 1,846.9 1,840.8 1,783 1,809 1,824 1,826 1,856 1,836 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 969.7 945.1 983.8 976.0 965 960 967 965 985 971 Aircraft and parts................ 461.3 507.7 511.4 514.0 461 498 505 510 514 515 Instruments and related products.... 854.4 858.4 859.3 859.5 854 854 856 859 858 859 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 388.3 381.7 388.2 389.4 385 387 386 389 387 386 Nondurable goods..................... 7,745 7,610 7,699 7,683 7,656 7,634 7,627 7,604 7,598 7,599 Production workers................ 5,438 5,301 5,384 5,381 5,351 5,336 5,325 5,310 5,288 5,295 Food and kindred products........... 1,754.0 1,716.4 1,759.1 1,753.7 1,682 1,693 1,692 1,684 1,679 1,683 Tobacco products.................... 43.5 37.8 40.4 42.0 41 41 41 41 40 40 Textile mill products............... 620.4 603.4 607.9 608.7 618 609 607 608 604 607 Apparel and other textile products.. 861.1 793.9 810.4 808.9 853 818 816 810 808 801 Paper and allied products........... 680.9 677.9 679.7 678.2 678 677 675 675 675 676 Printing and publishing............. 1,531.2 1,547.3 1,546.5 1,540.9 1,536 1,546 1,550 1,549 1,547 1,546 Chemicals and allied products....... 1,029.8 1,028.3 1,029.8 1,027.1 1,029 1,030 1,027 1,023 1,024 1,027 Petroleum and coal products......... 143.7 141.1 141.2 140.0 141 139 138 138 138 138 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 985.7 977.2 993.6 993.6 984 988 989 986 993 992 Leather and leather products........ 95.0 86.6 90.5 90.1 94 93 92 90 90 89 Service-producing....................... 95,602 97,230 96,994 97,964 95,580 97,132 97,342 97,727 97,709 97,938 Transportation and public utilities... 6,334 6,425 6,267 6,497 6,290 6,431 6,434 6,443 6,284 6,451 Transportation...................... 4,103 4,169 4,011 4,252 4,066 4,187 4,193 4,202 4,043 4,213 Railroad transportation........... 231.7 230.6 226.9 227.7 230 226 230 229 225 226 Local and interurban passenger transit........................ 457.8 396.2 396.2 475.2 444 458 457 461 462 460 Trucking and warehousing.......... 1,672.1 1,707.2 1,725.1 1,732.2 1,651 1,687 1,686 1,692 1,702 1,710 Water transportation.............. 177.5 186.8 186.8 180.9 173 176 178 176 179 176 Transportation by air............. 1,128.6 1,194.5 1,020.3 1,180.7 1,134 1,192 1,192 1,193 1,021 1,187 Pipelines, except natural gas..... 14.5 14.6 14.6 14.2 14 14 14 14 14 14 Transportation services........... 420.9 438.6 441.0 440.6 420 434 436 437 440 440 Communications and public utilities. 2,231 2,256 2,256 2,245 2,224 2,244 2,241 2,241 2,241 2,238 Communications.................... 1,350.5 1,378.4 1,384.3 1,381.6 1,345 1,372 1,372 1,372 1,376 1,376 Electric, gas, and sanitary services....................... 880.0 877.1 872.1 863.2 879 872 869 869 865 862 Wholesale trade....................... 6,527 6,706 6,709 6,697 6,513 6,630 6,634 6,664 6,674 6,684 Durable goods....................... 3,821 3,962 3,970 3,953 3,826 3,909 3,917 3,938 3,955 3,959 Nondurable goods.................... 2,706 2,744 2,739 2,744 2,687 2,721 2,717 2,726 2,719 2,725 Retail trade.......................... 21,797 22,289 22,368 22,290 21,718 22,026 22,079 22,159 22,191 22,214 Building materials and garden supplies......................... 907.1 964.5 950.4 934.1 901 932 928 930 929 928 General merchandise stores.......... 2,712.4 2,750.4 2,782.8 2,792.2 2,739 2,787 2,798 2,803 2,822 2,822 Department stores................. 2,381.7 2,413.4 2,438.7 2,449.2 2,403 2,452 2,450 2,458 2,470 2,473 Food stores......................... 3,446.2 3,523.9 3,521.5 3,504.5 3,445 3,482 3,487 3,502 3,505 3,504 Automotive dealers and service stations......................... 2,305.2 2,348.5 2,352.5 2,346.2 2,289 2,316 2,315 2,318 2,325 2,330 New and used car dealers.......... 1,044.8 1,060.4 1,062.5 1,063.1 1,040 1,054 1,056 1,055 1,058 1,058 Apparel and accessory stores........ 1,083.7 1,088.2 1,100.4 1,083.4 1,101 1,099 1,097 1,096 1,102 1,101 Furniture and home furnishings stores........................... 987.9 1,032.3 1,035.1 1,037.1 998 1,032 1,034 1,042 1,044 1,047 Eating and drinking places.......... 7,642.2 7,805.1 7,827.1 7,767.6 7,509 7,572 7,595 7,639 7,622 7,633 Miscellaneous retail establishments. 2,711.8 2,776.0 2,798.3 2,824.4 2,736 2,806 2,825 2,829 2,842 2,849 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 6,936 7,148 7,150 7,085 6,925 7,029 7,034 7,058 7,066 7,075 Finance............................. 3,314 3,431 3,437 3,420 3,317 3,389 3,394 3,405 3,413 3,424 Depository institutions........... 2,022.0 2,064.2 2,065.0 2,044.7 2,023 2,043 2,044 2,048 2,048 2,046 Commercial banks................ 1,467.3 1,503.4 1,504.2 1,488.7 1,468 1,488 1,487 1,490 1,492 1,490 Savings institutions............ 258.4 254.6 253.5 249.7 259 253 254 253 252 251 Nondepository institutions........ 523.7 547.4 549.2 552.0 525 542 543 545 548 553 Mortgage bankers and brokers.... 235.0 245.2 245.0 246.5 235 244 243 243 244 247 Security and commodity brokers.... 557.9 597.3 600.0 598.4 558 586 586 592 595 599 Holding and other investment offices........................ 209.9 222.3 222.9 224.6 211 218 221 220 222 226 Insurance........................... 2,218 2,241 2,239 2,227 2,220 2,222 2,226 2,230 2,232 2,229 Insurance carriers................ 1,509.2 1,516.5 1,515.4 1,506.4 1,510 1,503 1,506 1,509 1,510 1,507 Insurance agents, brokers, and service........................ 708.7 724.2 723.5 721.0 710 719 720 721 722 722 Real estate......................... 1,404 1,476 1,474 1,438 1,388 1,418 1,414 1,423 1,421 1,422 Services2............................. 34,741 36,046 36,007 35,925 34,621 35,451 35,522 35,684 35,699 35,797 Agricultural services............... 665.0 747.7 738.6 716.4 630 669 668 673 675 679 Hotels and other lodging places..... 1,772.1 1,893.0 1,893.4 1,799.5 1,722 1,752 1,744 1,747 1,748 1,749 Personal services................... 1,156.9 1,141.5 1,141.5 1,154.7 1,189 1,189 1,182 1,182 1,183 1,187 Business services................... 7,464.9 7,707.0 7,760.7 7,824.8 7,354 7,618 7,645 7,682 7,660 7,706 Services to buildings............. 899.7 905.7 904.0 906.0 898 903 903 901 895 904 Personnel supply services......... 2,822.6 2,774.7 2,812.2 2,860.9 2,706 2,744 2,748 2,767 2,734 2,740 Help supply services............ 2,507.6 2,435.3 2,471.7 2,520.1 2,398 2,409 2,407 2,425 2,397 2,407 Computer and data processing services....................... 1,222.2 1,343.9 1,357.4 1,364.9 1,226 1,322 1,337 1,347 1,357 1,369 Auto repair, services, and parking.. 1,099.3 1,146.6 1,144.6 1,145.3 1,097 1,136 1,131 1,137 1,136 1,143 Miscellaneous repair services....... 378.7 391.1 391.3 389.2 377 384 386 387 388 388 Motion pictures..................... 520.6 547.7 556.2 539.2 530 532 537 539 546 549 Amusement and recreation services... 1,537.4 1,859.3 1,832.3 1,627.0 1,471 1,542 1,561 1,576 1,567 1,558 Health services..................... 9,503.8 9,725.9 9,734.0 9,720.4 9,514 9,673 9,673 9,697 9,712 9,731 Offices and clinics of medical doctors........................ 1,691.5 1,751.4 1,752.3 1,750.1 1,691 1,740 1,740 1,745 1,744 1,750 Nursing and personal care facilities..................... 1,740.1 1,768.4 1,771.8 1,765.3 1,739 1,764 1,761 1,762 1,765 1,764 Hospitals......................... 3,817.4 3,890.5 3,889.4 3,886.8 3,823 3,864 3,869 3,877 3,884 3,893 Home health care services......... 669.2 685.1 684.4 687.0 668 682 682 685 685 685 Legal services...................... 925.7 972.2 965.2 957.6 933 952 953 957 958 965 Educational services................ 1,979.0 1,821.9 1,798.1 2,053.8 2,022 2,062 2,074 2,089 2,092 2,100 Social services..................... 2,401.7 2,472.5 2,458.2 2,478.6 2,421 2,466 2,474 2,494 2,499 2,498 Child day care services........... 574.5 535.7 546.9 588.3 573 587 590 594 600 586 Residential care.................. 674.5 708.9 709.8 705.5 678 695 698 702 703 709 Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................... 86.3 96.3 94.8 89.9 85 88 88 88 88 88 Membership organizations............ 2,171.0 2,275.6 2,243.6 2,183.5 2,188 2,201 2,202 2,209 2,206 2,201 Engineering and management services. 2,862.9 3,030.2 3,038.2 3,028.3 2,872 2,971 2,988 3,010 3,025 3,039 Engineering and architectural services....................... 849.9 891.2 894.6 888.8 845 869 877 878 880 884 Management and public relations... 888.4 967.3 974.2 970.2 886 941 950 959 969 968 Services, nec....................... 47.9 49.4 49.0 48.8 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Government............................ 19,267 18,616 18,493 19,470 19,513 19,565 19,639 19,719 19,795 19,717 Federal............................. 2,739 2,713 2,706 2,682 2,740 2,703 2,694 2,689 2,691 2,682 Federal, except Postal Service.... 1,890.4 1,867.5 1,852.4 1,833.0 1,884 1,851 1,843 1,839 1,831 1,826 State............................... 4,577 4,431 4,413 4,600 4,640 4,636 4,640 4,671 4,667 4,663 Education......................... 1,873.9 1,679.7 1,678.5 1,900.3 1,941 1,943 1,950 1,972 1,965 1,968 Other State government............ 2,703.3 2,751.6 2,734.2 2,699.6 2,699 2,693 2,690 2,699 2,702 2,695 Local............................... 11,951 11,472 11,374 12,188 12,133 12,226 12,305 12,359 12,437 12,372 Education......................... 6,621.1 5,769.7 5,752.2 6,792.6 6,796 6,850 6,902 6,954 7,017 6,970 Other local government............ 5,329.6 5,702.7 5,621.9 5,395.1 5,337 5,376 5,403 5,405 5,420 5,402 1 This series is not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. 2 Includes other industries, not shown separately. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-2. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 34.9 34.7 35.0 34.7 34.7 34.5 34.6 34.4 34.6 34.5 Goods-producing......................... 41.8 41.0 41.5 41.9 41.1 41.4 41.1 41.2 41.1 41.2 Mining................................ 45.9 45.2 45.7 45.3 45.3 46.0 45.4 45.4 45.6 44.7 Construction.......................... 39.7 40.1 39.7 40.0 38.7 39.4 38.7 39.0 38.6 39.0 Manufacturing......................... 42.3 41.2 42.0 42.4 41.7 42.0 41.8 41.8 41.9 41.9 Overtime hours.................... 5.1 4.5 4.9 5.2 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 Durable goods........................ 43.1 41.9 42.7 43.1 42.5 42.8 42.6 42.6 42.7 42.6 Overtime hours.................... 5.3 4.7 5.2 5.5 4.8 5.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Lumber and wood products............ 41.6 40.8 41.2 41.4 40.9 41.0 41.0 41.1 40.7 40.7 Furniture and fixtures.............. 40.4 39.5 40.5 41.0 39.6 40.4 39.9 40.0 40.0 40.2 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 44.3 43.3 43.8 44.1 43.2 43.4 42.9 43.1 43.0 43.0 Primary metal industries............ 44.8 43.9 44.8 45.5 44.4 44.8 44.7 44.4 45.1 45.1 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 44.6 44.3 45.0 45.4 44.3 44.7 44.5 44.3 45.4 45.2 Fabricated metal products........... 43.1 41.6 42.6 43.0 42.4 42.6 42.4 42.4 42.4 42.3 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 43.3 42.8 43.1 43.8 43.1 43.6 43.3 43.4 43.4 43.6 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 42.0 41.2 41.7 42.3 41.6 42.0 42.0 42.0 41.7 41.8 Transportation equipment............ 45.1 42.4 44.2 44.4 44.4 44.5 44.2 43.7 44.2 43.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 46.2 42.2 44.8 44.9 45.3 45.2 44.8 44.0 44.8 44.0 Instruments and related products.... 42.0 41.2 42.1 42.1 41.8 41.9 41.8 41.7 42.3 42.0 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 40.4 39.5 40.3 40.8 39.9 40.3 40.1 40.4 40.2 40.3 Nondurable goods..................... 41.3 40.4 41.0 41.4 40.7 40.8 40.6 40.6 40.7 40.8 Overtime hours.................... 4.7 4.3 4.6 4.9 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.3 Food and kindred products........... 42.2 41.1 41.8 42.3 41.0 41.4 40.9 41.1 41.1 41.1 Tobacco products.................... 42.0 35.3 36.5 37.6 40.4 38.4 37.6 36.1 36.2 36.2 Textile mill products............... 41.4 40.6 41.6 41.9 40.9 41.4 41.2 41.3 41.2 41.4 Apparel and other textile products.. 37.6 36.6 37.6 37.8 37.3 37.1 37.4 36.9 37.3 37.5 Paper and allied products........... 44.0 43.3 43.4 44.1 43.5 43.8 43.4 43.5 43.4 43.6 Printing and publishing............. 38.8 38.1 38.6 39.3 38.3 38.3 38.3 38.4 38.3 38.8 Chemicals and allied products....... 43.3 42.7 43.1 43.7 43.1 43.3 43.1 43.0 43.4 43.5 Petroleum and coal products......... 44.2 42.7 42.9 43.7 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 42.1 41.0 41.7 41.9 41.6 41.6 41.5 41.7 41.7 41.4 Leather and leather products........ 39.2 37.8 38.2 38.8 38.7 38.2 38.1 38.4 37.8 38.3 Service-producing....................... 33.0 33.1 33.2 32.8 32.9 32.7 32.9 32.7 32.9 32.7 Transportation and public utilities... 40.3 39.4 40.5 40.0 39.8 39.5 39.6 39.0 40.1 39.5 Wholesale trade....................... 38.6 38.3 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.3 38.4 38.4 Retail trade.......................... 29.1 29.6 29.7 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.9 28.8 29.1 28.7 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 36.5 35.8 36.0 35.8 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Services.............................. 32.6 32.8 32.9 32.5 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 Data relate to production workers in mining and manufacturing; construction workers in construction; and nonsupervisory workers in transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employees on private nonfarm payrolls. 2 These series are not published seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component, which is small relative to the trend-cycle and irregular components, cannot be separated with sufficient precision. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry Average hourly earnings Average weekly earnings Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... $11.95 $12.15 $12.20 $12.39 $417.06 $421.61 $427.00 $429.93 Seasonally adjusted............. 11.91 12.24 12.30 12.34 413.28 421.06 425.58 425.73 Goods-producing......................... 13.66 13.93 13.96 14.08 570.99 571.13 579.34 589.95 Mining................................ 15.73 16.03 15.96 16.28 722.01 724.56 729.37 737.48 Construction.......................... 15.75 16.00 16.09 16.28 625.28 641.60 638.77 651.20 Manufacturing......................... 12.90 13.11 13.15 13.25 545.67 540.13 552.30 561.80 Durable goods........................ 13.52 13.62 13.71 13.82 582.71 570.68 585.42 595.64 Lumber and wood products............ 10.57 10.82 10.80 10.86 439.71 441.46 444.96 449.60 Furniture and fixtures.............. 10.27 10.53 10.60 10.69 414.91 415.94 429.30 438.29 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 12.99 13.20 13.19 13.28 575.46 571.56 577.72 585.65 Primary metal industries............ 15.18 15.28 15.20 15.33 680.06 670.79 680.96 697.52 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 18.10 18.09 17.98 18.31 807.26 801.39 809.10 831.27 Fabricated metal products........... 12.67 12.69 12.81 12.86 546.08 527.90 545.71 552.98 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 13.77 14.01 14.01 14.17 596.24 599.63 603.83 620.65 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 12.35 12.69 12.76 12.89 518.70 522.83 532.09 545.25 Transportation equipment............ 17.45 17.23 17.48 17.63 787.00 730.55 772.62 782.77 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 18.04 17.54 17.88 18.09 833.45 740.19 801.02 812.24 Instruments and related products.... 13.31 13.54 13.53 13.69 559.02 557.85 569.61 576.35 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 10.48 10.52 10.57 10.61 423.39 415.54 425.97 432.89 Nondurable goods..................... 12.01 12.37 12.33 12.41 496.01 499.75 505.53 513.77 Food and kindred products........... 11.19 11.52 11.51 11.52 472.22 473.47 481.12 487.30 Tobacco products.................... 18.37 20.95 19.77 18.23 771.54 739.54 721.61 685.45 Textile mill products............... 9.78 10.01 10.02 10.09 404.89 406.41 416.83 422.77 Apparel and other textile products.. 8.00 8.20 8.24 8.37 300.80 300.12 309.82 316.39 Paper and allied products........... 14.74 15.18 15.14 15.18 648.56 657.29 657.08 669.44 Printing and publishing............. 12.82 13.01 13.06 13.21 497.42 495.68 504.12 519.15 Chemicals and allied products....... 16.25 16.59 16.56 16.58 703.63 708.39 713.74 724.55 Petroleum and coal products......... 19.35 20.02 19.95 20.52 855.27 854.85 855.86 896.72 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 11.31 11.57 11.58 11.66 476.15 474.37 482.89 488.55 Leather and leather products........ 8.69 8.75 8.89 9.13 340.65 330.75 339.60 354.24 Service-producing....................... 11.36 11.56 11.60 11.81 374.88 382.64 385.12 387.37 Transportation and public utilities... $14.57 $14.95 $14.95 $14.99 $587.17 $589.03 $605.48 $599.60 Wholesale trade....................... 13.03 13.37 13.46 13.50 502.96 512.07 518.21 519.75 Retail trade.......................... 8.06 8.27 8.29 8.43 234.55 244.79 246.21 243.63 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 12.89 13.18 13.32 13.44 470.49 471.84 479.52 481.15 Services.............................. 11.89 12.07 12.11 12.36 387.61 395.90 398.42 401.70 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-4. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry, seasonally adjusted Percent Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. change Industry 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p from: Aug. 1997- Sept. 1997 Total private: Current dollars.............. $11.91 $12.19 $12.23 $12.24 $12.30 $12.34 0.3 Constant (1982) dollars2..... 7.45 7.52 7.54 7.53 7.56 N.A. (3) Goods-producing............... 13.57 13.85 13.86 13.86 13.94 13.99 .4 Mining...................... 15.70 16.05 16.12 16.10 16.09 16.25 1.0 Construction................ 15.59 15.91 15.95 15.96 16.03 16.11 .5 Manufacturing............... 12.87 13.11 13.12 13.11 13.20 13.23 .2 Excluding overtime4....... 12.20 12.38 12.42 12.41 12.50 12.51 .1 Service-producing............. 11.35 11.63 11.69 11.70 11.76 11.79 .3 Transportation and public utilities................ 14.51 14.80 14.85 14.95 14.96 14.93 -.2 Wholesale trade............. 13.03 13.33 13.42 13.38 13.53 13.50 -.2 Retail trade................ 8.04 8.28 8.30 8.32 8.36 8.41 .6 Finance, insurance, and real estate................... 12.91 13.18 13.29 13.30 13.46 13.46 .0 Services.................... 11.89 12.20 12.26 12.26 12.32 12.35 .2 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. 2 The Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) is used to deflate this series. 3 Change was .4 percent from July 1997 to August 1997, the latest month available. 4 Derived by assuming that overtime hours are paid at the rate of time and one-half. N.A. = not available. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-5. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers1 on private nonfarm payrolls by industry (1982=100) Not seasonally adjusted Seasonally adjusted Industry Sept. July Aug. Sept. Sept. May June July Aug. Sept. 1996 1997 1997p 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997 1997p 1997p Total private.................... 139.9 142.7 143.8 142.7 137.9 140.0 140.6 140.2 140.7 140.5 Goods-producing......................... 115.7 114.1 116.8 117.7 111.3 113.7 112.7 112.9 113.0 113.2 Mining................................ 56.6 57.2 57.7 57.0 54.9 57.3 56.3 56.3 56.5 55.3 Construction.......................... 162.2 169.5 169.0 169.0 148.1 156.2 152.8 154.1 152.8 154.4 Manufacturing......................... 109.6 105.8 109.3 110.6 107.1 108.3 107.8 107.8 108.2 108.2 Durable goods........................ 111.2 108.4 112.2 113.6 109.4 111.4 111.0 111.1 112.1 111.8 Lumber and wood products............ 144.1 143.5 146.4 146.7 138.6 142.9 142.2 142.3 141.0 141.2 Furniture and fixtures.............. 127.0 122.9 128.0 129.8 123.9 128.0 126.7 127.3 126.7 127.0 Stone, clay, and glass products..... 115.6 112.4 114.5 115.1 109.9 110.2 108.7 110.0 109.7 109.4 Primary metal industries............ 94.4 91.2 94.9 96.6 93.2 93.9 94.0 93.2 95.7 95.7 Blast furnaces and basic steel products....................... 74.3 72.1 74.6 75.3 74.0 72.6 72.3 72.0 75.0 75.1 Fabricated metal products........... 117.2 112.9 117.9 119.4 115.1 117.1 116.8 116.5 117.5 117.0 Industrial machinery and equipment.. 104.7 106.2 107.4 109.6 104.4 108.5 108.1 108.5 109.0 109.4 Electronic and other electrical equipment........................ 109.2 106.0 108.8 110.9 108.1 108.2 108.5 109.1 109.1 109.9 Transportation equipment............ 126.5 119.5 128.4 128.8 124.2 126.8 126.2 125.7 129.5 126.7 Motor vehicles and equipment...... 170.4 151.6 168.8 167.6 166.6 165.4 165.6 163.1 169.7 163.9 Instruments and related products.... 75.7 73.7 75.5 75.8 75.4 75.1 75.2 75.1 75.8 75.6 Miscellaneous manufacturing......... 104.2 99.1 103.2 104.8 101.8 103.2 102.3 103.4 102.5 102.4 Nondurable goods..................... 107.3 102.2 105.4 106.6 103.9 104.0 103.4 103.1 102.9 103.3 Food and kindred products........... 125.0 118.2 124.0 125.3 115.1 117.3 115.8 115.6 115.1 115.6 Tobacco products.................... 71.6 48.8 55.1 61.0 64.0 58.9 57.8 57.2 53.8 53.8 Textile mill products............... 90.5 86.3 89.1 89.9 89.0 88.8 88.2 88.5 87.6 88.6 Apparel and other textile products.. 77.9 69.5 72.6 73.0 76.4 73.0 73.2 72.0 71.8 71.5 Paper and allied products........... 111.3 109.2 109.6 111.5 109.4 110.4 109.0 109.0 108.5 109.7 Printing and publishing............. 125.0 124.0 125.3 126.5 123.7 125.1 125.2 125.4 124.5 125.5 Chemicals and allied products....... 101.3 98.8 100.2 101.9 100.6 100.5 99.7 99.3 100.4 101.1 Petroleum and coal products......... 79.0 76.2 76.5 77.2 76.8 75.0 74.2 73.5 73.9 75.1 Rubber and misc. plastics products.. 145.8 139.9 145.5 146.7 143.8 144.7 144.2 144.3 145.1 144.6 Leather and leather products........ 44.1 37.7 40.5 40.7 42.8 41.7 41.0 40.7 39.5 39.4 Service-producing....................... 150.7 155.6 156.0 153.8 149.9 151.8 153.1 152.5 153.1 152.7 Transportation and public utilities... 131.5 130.3 128.6 133.3 129.0 131.0 131.3 129.3 127.5 130.5 Wholesale trade....................... 124.8 127.1 127.5 127.1 123.9 125.9 126.2 126.0 126.4 126.5 Retail trade.......................... 137.2 142.9 143.8 139.5 135.8 138.0 138.2 138.2 139.8 137.8 Finance, insurance, and real estate... 127.7 129.7 130.3 127.9 128.1 127.3 130.5 127.4 128.9 128.3 Services.............................. 180.2 187.8 188.2 185.3 179.9 182.3 184.5 184.4 184.8 184.6 1 See footnote 1, table B-2. p = preliminary. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table B-6. Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted (Percent) Time span Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Private nonfarm payrolls, 356 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 59.7 61.0 49.6 57.6 61.5 56.2 55.5 58.3 62.2 59.6 61.7 59.3 1994.............. 57.6 61.9 67.1 64.5 57.7 63.9 62.5 62.6 61.4 60.3 63.8 62.4 1995.............. 62.4 60.1 54.5 55.6 48.0 53.9 54.1 59.8 57.0 54.9 57.2 57.9 1996.............. 51.7 64.3 60.1 54.9 62.9 60.5 56.5 59.3 54.4 62.6 58.1 61.0 1997.............. 59.3 59.1 59.0 61.1 57.4 50.7 58.8 p57.4 p54.8 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 64.7 60.8 60.5 58.6 62.9 63.6 59.6 62.9 64.7 66.9 64.3 63.6 1994.............. 65.3 69.5 70.4 68.7 67.1 67.0 69.1 69.7 65.7 65.6 67.0 66.2 1995.............. 65.4 62.5 58.7 53.2 54.6 52.4 57.9 59.6 59.7 59.0 57.0 56.3 1996.............. 62.6 63.6 62.6 61.2 62.1 63.1 62.6 58.8 62.8 60.4 64.7 65.0 1997.............. 64.6 62.2 64.2 65.6 59.7 58.7 p59.3 p61.9 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 62.9 64.6 64.3 64.3 62.2 65.6 66.0 64.9 66.3 66.7 69.4 69.2 1994.............. 71.1 69.8 69.8 70.9 70.1 69.8 69.7 69.4 69.4 67.4 67.7 66.2 1995.............. 66.9 61.4 58.1 56.6 58.1 58.1 56.7 59.8 60.3 59.1 61.5 63.3 1996.............. 62.2 63.5 63.5 63.5 62.6 61.2 65.3 63.6 62.6 64.5 64.2 67.4 1997.............. 67.6 66.6 64.5 64.6 p63.9 p64.3 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 64.9 63.9 64.0 65.4 67.0 67.6 67.6 67.0 70.2 69.5 69.2 70.1 1994.............. 70.2 71.6 71.8 71.8 72.1 71.8 71.5 72.1 70.1 69.5 66.6 65.0 1995.............. 63.6 62.4 62.6 63.3 61.7 61.9 58.7 62.2 62.2 61.1 62.2 63.3 1996.............. 63.5 64.7 62.4 62.9 64.7 64.2 65.0 63.1 63.8 66.7 65.7 65.0 1997.............. 67.3 p65.9 p69.7 Manufacturing payrolls, 139 industries1 Over 1-month span: 1993.............. 52.2 56.8 49.6 44.2 53.2 46.4 49.3 51.8 57.9 52.2 54.0 55.8 1994.............. 55.8 59.0 60.4 58.6 52.9 58.6 59.4 56.1 52.9 55.0 58.6 58.3 1995.............. 54.3 56.1 44.2 51.4 42.1 42.8 43.5 52.2 47.1 50.0 47.5 50.7 1996.............. 45.7 54.3 47.8 39.2 52.2 52.2 44.2 52.9 44.2 50.7 49.6 52.2 1997.............. 54.0 50.4 52.9 52.9 51.4 49.3 51.8 p50.4 p52.2 Over 3-month span: 1993.............. 61.5 59.0 54.0 46.8 48.6 54.3 51.1 58.3 57.2 59.4 54.7 58.3 1994.............. 61.9 64.7 65.5 59.7 57.6 60.1 62.2 57.9 55.0 55.4 60.1 59.4 1995.............. 59.7 50.4 47.5 40.3 42.4 36.3 38.5 43.9 49.3 46.4 45.3 43.9 1996.............. 47.5 47.8 42.1 38.5 43.2 45.0 48.9 43.2 50.4 46.4 52.5 52.5 1997.............. 53.2 51.4 50.7 52.5 48.6 48.9 p49.6 p52.2 Over 6-month span: 1993.............. 55.8 58.6 58.6 55.8 51.8 57.2 59.7 57.2 57.6 58.3 62.6 60.8 1994.............. 62.2 62.2 62.6 63.3 59.4 56.5 56.5 58.6 58.6 55.0 58.3 55.0 1995.............. 55.8 48.6 43.9 38.8 39.2 39.6 38.8 39.6 43.9 45.0 44.2 44.6 1996.............. 41.4 41.7 41.0 38.1 39.6 40.6 47.5 46.8 45.3 50.4 48.2 53.2 1997.............. 53.2 53.2 50.4 49.3 p49.3 p51.8 Over 12-month span: 1993.............. 56.8 57.9 55.8 58.6 57.2 57.6 58.6 59.0 61.2 59.7 60.1 57.6 1994.............. 57.9 58.6 60.8 60.8 60.8 63.3 59.4 60.1 57.2 56.5 50.4 49.6 1995.............. 46.0 44.2 46.0 47.8 41.0 41.7 38.5 38.8 36.3 37.4 38.1 39.9 1996.............. 39.6 42.8 39.2 39.6 42.4 40.3 43.5 40.3 43.5 46.8 46.4 47.1 1997.............. 51.4 p47.8 p52.2 1 Based on seasonally adjusted data for 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans and unadjusted data for the 12-month span. Data are centered within the span. p = preliminary. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.