Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 02-225 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 691-5902 Thursday, April 18, 2002 WORKERS ON FLEXIBLE AND SHIFT SCHEDULES IN 2001 In May 2001, about 29 million full-time wage and salary workers had flexible work schedules that allowed them to vary the time they began or ended work, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The proportion of workers with such schedules was 28.8 percent, slightly higher than the figure of 27.6 percent recorded when the data were last collected in May 1997 and nearly double the proportion 10 years earlier. (See table A.) These findings were obtained from a supplement to the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is the monthly household survey that provides information on national employment and unemployment. In May 2001, the survey also collected information about flexible schedules, shift work, and other related topics. The data presented in this release pertain to wage and salary workers who usually worked full time (35 or more hours per week) on their main job. For further information about the survey, see the Technical Note. Some of the highlights from the 2001 data are: --Among full-time wage and salary workers, 28.8 percent had flexible work schedules, and about one-third of these workers (11.1 percent of the total) worked flexible hours as part of a formal employer-sponsored flexitime program. --Men were somewhat more likely to work flexible schedules than women (30.0 percent and 27.4 percent, respectively). --The proportion of full-time wage and salary workers who usually work a shift other than a daytime schedule (14.5 percent) had drifted down since May 1991. --The proportion of workers with flexible schedules or alternative shifts varied greatly by occupation. Flexible schedules Flexible schedules were more common among white workers (30.0 percent) than black (21.2 percent) or Hispanic workers (19.8 percent). Among whites, 31.0 percent of the men and 28.6 percent of the women had flexible schedules. In contrast, among blacks and Hispanics, women were slightly more likely than men to work flexible schedules. The proportions working flexible schedules for most worker groups had risen slightly since 1997. (See tables A and 1.) Flexible schedules were most common among managerial and professional specialty occupations, with 45.5 percent of executives, administrators, and managers able to vary their work hours. Flexible schedules were also prevalent among sales workers (40.7 percent). In contrast, only 18.3 percent of precision production, craft, and repair workers and 13.7 percent of operators, fabricators, and laborers had such flexibility. (See table 2.) - 2 - Table A. Flexible schedules and shift work of full-time wage and salary workers by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, May, selected years, 1985-2001 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | Percent with flexible | Percent with alternate | Schedules | shifts Characteristic | | -------------------------------------------------------- | May | May | May | May | May | May | May | May | 1985 | 1991 | 1997 | 2001 | 1985 | 1991 | 1997 | 2001 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sex | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years | | | | | | | | and over..........| 12.4 | 15.0 | 27.6 | 28.8 | 16.0 | 18.0 | 16.9 | 14.5 Men..............| 13.1 | 15.4 | 28.6 | 30.0 | 17.9 | 20.4 | 19.2 | 16.4 Women............| 11.3 | 14.5 | 26.2 | 27.4 | 13.2 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 12.1 | | | | | | | | Race and Hispanic | | | | | | | | origin | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | White............| 12.8 | 15.4 | 28.6 | 30.0 | 15.5 | 17.2 | 16.2 | 13.6 Black............| 9.1 | 12.0 | 20.1 | 21.2 | 20.0 | 23.3 | 21.0 | 19.7 Hispanic origin..| 8.9 | 10.6 | 18.2 | 19.8 | 15.5 | 19.2 | 16.2 | 14.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: Data are tabulated for all employed persons. Estimates for years prior to 2001 may differ slightly from those previously published, which were tabulated only for persons at work. See the Technical Note for further information. Data exclude the incorporated and unincorporated self- employed. Among private-sector employees, the proportion of workers with flexible schedules was much higher in service-producing industries (33.3 percent) than in goods-producing industries (23.1 percent). In the public sector, flexible schedules were more common among federal (34.4 percent) and state government employees (29.7 percent) than among workers in local government (14.0 percent). Local government includes public elementary and secondary schools, and teachers and other school employees tend to work fixed schedules. (See table 2.) Formal flexitime programs Although over 1 in 4 workers can vary their schedules, only about 1 in 10 are enrolled in a formal, employer-sponsored flexitime program. Full- time wage and salary workers in managerial and professional specialty occupations, who were most likely to work flexible schedules, were also the most likely to have a formal flexitime program (15.6 percent). Even so, only about 2 out of 5 managers and professionals with flexible hours participated in a formal flexitime program. Among operators, fabricators, and laborers, just 5.5 percent worked flexible hours as part of a formal flexitime program, mirroring this group's small overall proportion of workers with flexible schedules. (See table 3.) Formal flexitime programs were more common in the public sector than in private-sector industries. Over half the workers in the public sector with flexible schedules had a formal program, reflecting the high proportion of federal workers with formal programs. Nearly three-quarters of federal government workers with flexible schedules participated in a formal flexitime program. In the private sector, only about one-third of those with flexible schedules (10.9 percent of the total employed full time) participated in a formal flexitime program. (See tables 2 and 3.) - 3 - Shift work About 14.5 million full-time wage and salary workers, 14.5 percent of the total, usually worked an alternate shift. By type of shift, 4.8 percent of the total worked evening shifts, 3.3 percent worked night shifts, 2.8 percent worked employer-arranged irregular schedules, and 2.3 percent worked rotating shifts. The proportion of full-time wage and salary workers on alternate shift schedules fell from 18.0 percent in May 1991. (See tables A and 4.) Men were more likely than women to work an alternate shift (16.4 percent and 12.1 percent, respectively). Blacks were more likely than either whites or Hispanics to work such shifts. The prevalence of shift work was greatest among workers in service- oriented occupations, such as protective service (49.0 percent)--which includes police, firefighters, and guards--and food service (40.4 percent), and among those employed as operators, fabricators, and laborers (25.4 percent). Alternative shifts were least common among managers and professionals (6.7 percent), those in administrative support occupations (8.4 percent), and workers in farming, forestry, and fishing occupations (5.6 percent). (See table 5.) In private-sector industries, the percent of workers on alternative shifts was highest in eating and drinking places (46.2 percent) and lowest in construction (2.5 percent) and finance, insurance, and real estate (4.6 percent). Shift work generally was less common in the public sector, averaging only 11.1 percent. One notable exception was the public safety component of local government, where shift work is quite common in law enforcement and firefighting. (See table 5.) Reasons for shift work Over half (53.3 percent) of those working an alternative shift did so because it was the "nature of the job." Other reasons for working a non- daytime schedule included "personal preference" (13.3 percent), "better arrangements for family or child care" (8.9 percent), "better pay" (6.9 percent), and "because it allows time for school" (3.3 percent). Many of those who worked night and evening shifts chose such schedules due to personal preference (21.5 percent and 17.3 percent, respectively) or because these shifts facilitated better arrangements for family or child care (14.9 percent and 12.1 percent, respectively). (See table 6.) Beginning and ending hours The May supplement also provides data on the times people began and ended work. About two-thirds of all full-time wage and salary workers began work between 6:30 A.M. and 9:29 A.M., with the greatest concentration during the one-hour period around 8 A.M. (7:30 to 8:29 A.M.). Almost three- fifths usually left work between 3:30 P.M. and 6:29 P.M., with times within the one-hour bracket centered by 5 P.M. (4:30 to 5:29 P.M.) by far the most frequently reported. (See table 7.) TECHNICAL NOTE These data and other information on work schedules were obtained from a supplement to the May 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), principally to gather information on employment and unemployment for the nation. (Data for May 2001 were based on a sample size of 50,000 households.) Respondents to the May 2001 supplement answered questions about flexible and shift sched- ules, the reasons for working particular shifts, the beginning and ending hours of work, formal flexitime programs, home-based work, and other related topics. The data in this release cover the incidence and nature of flexible and shift schedules and pertain to wage and salary workers who usually worked 35 hours or more per week on their principal job. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and for information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Concepts Data on flexible schedules, shift work, and beginning and ending hours of work were obtained from the following questions: Beginning and ending hours of work. At what time of day do you begin work on your (main) job most days? 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M. 2. It varies At what time of day do you end work on your main job most days? 1. __hour __minutes A.M./P.M. 2. It varies Flexible schedules. Do you have flexible work hours that allow you to vary or make changes in the time you begin and end work? 1. Yes 2. No Formal flexitime programs. (If the respondent answers “yes” to the above question on flexible hours, the following question is then asked.) Is your flexible work schedule part of a flexitime or other program offered by your employer? 1. Yes 2. No Shift work. On your (main) job, do you usually work a daytime schedule or some other schedule? 1. A daytime schedule (Anytime between 6 A.M. to 6 P.M.) 2. Some other schedule (If the respondent answers "some other schedule" to the above question, then the following question is asked to determine the shift worked.) Which of the following best describes the hours you usually work at this (main) job? 1. An evening shift (Anytime between 2 P.M. and midnight) 2. A night shift (Anytime between 9 P.M. to 8 A.M.) 3. A rotating shift - one that changes periodically from days to evenings or night 4. A split shift - one consisting of two distinct periods each day 5. An irregular schedule 6. Some other shift Reason for alternative shift. What is the main reason why you work this type of shift? (Interviewer reads all.) 1. Better arrangements for family or child care 2. Better pay 3. Allows time for school 4. Could not get any other job 5. Local transportation or pollution control program 6. Nature of the job 7. Personal preference 8. Some other reason Special notes on May 2001 flexible schedule and shift work data This release focuses on total employed wage and salary workers who worked full time on their main job in May 2001. The previous news release on flexible schedules and shift work (USDL 98-119; March 26, 1998) examined data from a CPS supplement conducted in May 1997. That news release focused on full-time wage and salary workers who were at work during the survey reference week. Unlike total employed data, at work data exclude persons who were employed but absent from work for the entire reference week. Because of this difference in focus, data from this release are not strictly comparable to those presented in USDL 98-119. In switching to a total employed universe, the numbers of persons working a flexible schedule or alternate shift are slightly higher, reflecting the inclusion of persons with a job but not at work during the survey reference week. However, the proportions of full-time wage and salary workers on flexible schedules or working a specific shift were little affected by this change. Data on beginning and ending hours also differ somewhat from those previously published in USDL 98-119, because the wording of the question was changed. In the May 1997 survey, the questions referred to the beginning and ending hours "last week," that is, during the survey reference week. In the May 2001 survey, the question was rephrased to identify usual activity, referring to beginning and ending hours of work "most days." Table 1. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women With flexible With flexible With flexible Characteristic schedules schedules schedules Total(1) Total(1) Total(1) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent of total of total of total Age Total 16 years and over............. 99,631 28,724 28.8 56,066 16,792 30.0 43,566 11,931 27.4 16 to 19 years.......................... 1,761 339 19.2 988 167 16.9 773 171 22.2 20 years and over....................... 97,871 28,385 29.0 55,078 16,625 30.2 42,793 11,760 27.5 20 to 24 years........................ 9,343 2,327 24.9 5,219 1,203 23.0 4,124 1,124 27.2 25 to 34 years........................ 24,552 7,434 30.3 14,058 4,370 31.1 10,494 3,064 29.2 35 to 44 years........................ 28,702 8,578 29.9 16,522 5,120 31.0 12,180 3,458 28.4 45 to 54 years........................ 23,946 6,990 29.2 12,902 4,032 31.2 11,044 2,958 26.8 55 to 64 years........................ 9,971 2,633 26.4 5,531 1,590 28.8 4,440 1,043 23.5 65 years and over..................... 1,357 423 31.2 847 311 36.7 510 112 22.0 16 to 24 years.......................... 11,104 2,665 24.0 6,206 1,370 22.1 4,897 1,295 26.4 25 to 54 years.......................... 77,200 23,002 29.8 43,482 13,521 31.1 33,718 9,481 28.1 55 years and over....................... 11,328 3,056 27.0 6,377 1,901 29.8 4,950 1,155 23.3 Race and Hispanic origin White................................... 82,205 24,647 30.0 47,498 14,734 31.0 34,707 9,913 28.6 Black................................... 12,390 2,629 21.2 5,776 1,209 20.9 6,614 1,420 21.5 Hispanic origin......................... 11,919 2,356 19.8 7,305 1,344 18.4 4,614 1,011 21.9 Marital status Married, spouse present................. 57,728 17,264 29.9 34,939 11,231 32.1 22,789 6,032 26.5 Not married............................. 41,903 11,460 27.3 21,126 5,561 26.3 20,777 5,899 28.4 Never married......................... 24,877 6,817 27.4 14,030 3,736 26.6 10,847 3,081 28.4 Other marital status.................. 17,026 4,643 27.3 7,096 1,825 25.7 9,930 2,818 28.4 Presence and age of children Without own children under 18........... 60,026 16,927 28.2 33,565 9,621 28.7 26,461 7,306 27.6 With own children under 18.............. 39,605 11,796 29.8 22,500 7,171 31.9 17,105 4,625 27.0 With youngest child 6 to 17........... 22,697 6,648 29.3 11,960 3,836 32.1 10,737 2,813 26.2 With youngest child under 6........... 16,908 5,148 30.4 10,540 3,336 31.6 6,368 1,812 28.5 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Table 2. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by sex, occupation, and industry, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Both sexes Men Women With flexible With flexible With flexible Occupation and industry schedules schedules schedules Total(1) Total(1) Total(1) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent of total of total of total Total, 16 years and over..................... 99,631 28,724 28.8 56,066 16,792 30.0 43,566 11,931 27.4 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty........ 32,960 13,326 40.4 16,785 7,954 47.4 16,175 5,372 33.2 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 16,279 7,404 45.5 8,748 4,277 48.9 7,531 3,128 41.5 Professional specialty..................... 16,681 5,922 35.5 8,037 3,678 45.8 8,644 2,244 26.0 Mathematical and computer scientists..... 1,930 1,134 58.7 1,308 770 58.9 623 364 58.4 Natural scientists....................... 461 241 52.4 289 154 53.4 172 87 50.7 Teachers, college and university......... 661 395 59.8 386 251 65.1 275 144 52.3 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 27,607 8,617 31.2 10,493 3,840 36.6 17,113 4,777 27.9 Technicians and related support............ 3,757 1,181 31.4 1,863 683 36.7 1,894 498 26.3 Sales occupations.......................... 9,852 4,011 40.7 5,424 2,404 44.3 4,428 1,607 36.3 Sales workers, retail and personal services................................ 3,146 901 28.6 1,346 419 31.1 1,800 482 26.8 Administrative support, including clerical. 13,997 3,426 24.5 3,206 753 23.5 10,791 2,672 24.8 Service occupations.......................... 12,382 2,572 20.8 6,463 1,283 19.9 5,919 1,289 21.8 Private household.......................... 377 132 35.0 5 3 (2) 371 129 34.8 Protective service......................... 2,144 343 16.0 1,773 291 16.4 371 52 14.0 Service, except private household and protective................................ 8,207 1,755 21.4 3,324 698 21.0 4,883 1,057 21.6 Food service............................. 3,036 696 22.9 1,517 367 24.2 1,518 330 21.7 Health service........................... 1,829 304 16.6 222 45 20.5 1,608 258 16.1 Cleaning and building service............ 2,151 326 15.2 1,287 194 15.0 864 133 15.4 Personal service......................... 1,192 429 36.0 299 93 31.1 893 336 37.7 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 12,061 2,209 18.3 11,000 2,026 18.4 1,061 183 17.3 Mechanics and repairers.................... 4,133 827 20.0 3,937 792 20.1 195 35 17.9 Construction trades........................ 4,333 755 17.4 4,232 726 17.2 101 29 (2) Other precision production, craft, and repair.................................... 3,596 628 17.5 2,830 508 18.0 766 119 15.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 14,621 1,999 13.7 11,324 1,689 14.9 3,297 310 9.4 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors................................ 6,220 614 9.9 3,994 457 11.4 2,227 157 7.1 Transportation and material moving......... 4,735 946 20.0 4,380 867 19.8 355 79 22.2 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................. 3,667 439 12.0 2,951 365 12.4 716 74 10.3 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 1,653 342 20.7 1,360 291 21.4 293 51 17.5 Industry Private sector............................... 83,015 24,987 30.1 48,423 14,927 30.8 34,592 10,061 29.1 Goods-producing industries................. 26,021 6,014 23.1 19,626 4,585 23.4 6,395 1,429 22.3 Agriculture.............................. 1,543 343 22.2 1,194 249 20.8 349 94 26.9 Mining................................... 539 121 22.5 470 101 21.5 69 20 (2) Construction............................. 6,133 1,386 22.6 5,590 1,205 21.6 543 181 33.3 Manufacturing............................ 17,805 4,163 23.4 12,372 3,030 24.5 5,433 1,133 20.9 Durable goods.......................... 11,171 2,743 24.6 8,179 2,078 25.4 2,992 666 22.3 Nondurable goods....................... 6,635 1,420 21.4 4,193 953 22.7 2,441 468 19.2 Service-producing industries............... 56,995 18,974 33.3 28,797 10,342 35.9 28,197 8,632 30.6 Transportation and public utilities...... 6,961 2,068 29.7 5,069 1,444 28.5 1,892 624 33.0 Wholesale trade.......................... 4,319 1,528 35.4 3,123 1,121 35.9 1,196 407 34.0 Retail trade............................. 13,038 3,989 30.6 7,042 2,154 30.6 5,995 1,835 30.6 Eating and drinking places............. 3,436 1,045 30.4 1,830 546 29.8 1,605 499 31.1 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 6,645 2,687 40.4 2,614 1,287 49.2 4,031 1,400 34.7 Services................................. 26,031 8,701 33.4 10,949 4,335 39.6 15,082 4,366 28.9 Private households..................... 416 149 35.8 14 7 (2) 402 142 35.4 Business, automobile, and repair....... 6,646 2,473 37.2 4,344 1,640 37.8 2,301 833 36.2 Personal, except private household..... 1,954 609 31.2 823 244 29.6 1,130 365 32.3 Entertainment and recreation........... 1,215 489 40.2 762 303 39.7 453 186 41.1 Professional services.................. 15,777 4,970 31.5 4,984 2,132 42.8 10,794 2,838 26.3 Forestry and fisheries................. 24 11 (2) 22 10 (2) 2 1 (2) Government................................... 16,616 3,736 22.5 7,642 1,865 24.4 8,974 1,871 20.8 Federal.................................... 3,140 1,079 34.4 1,817 584 32.1 1,324 495 37.4 State...................................... 4,868 1,447 29.7 2,125 669 31.5 2,743 779 28.4 Local...................................... 8,608 1,209 14.0 3,701 613 16.6 4,907 597 12.2 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Table 3. Flexible schedules: Full-time wage and salary workers by formal flexitime program status, occupation, and industry, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) With a formal flexitime Occupation and industry program Total(1) With flexible schedules Number Percent of total employed Total, 16 years and over..................... 99,631 28,724 11,037 11.1 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty........ 32,960 13,326 5,130 15.6 Executive, administrative, and managerial.. 16,279 7,404 2,748 16.9 Professional specialty..................... 16,681 5,922 2,382 14.3 Mathematical and computer scientists..... 1,930 1,134 571 29.6 Natural scientists....................... 461 241 143 31.1 Teachers, college and university......... 661 395 85 12.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support. 27,607 8,617 3,336 12.1 Technicians and related support............ 3,757 1,181 519 13.8 Sales occupations.......................... 9,852 4,011 1,182 12.0 Sales workers, retail and personal services................................ 3,146 901 358 11.4 Administrative support, including clerical. 13,997 3,426 1,635 11.7 Service occupations.......................... 12,382 2,572 982 7.9 Private household.......................... 377 132 39 10.4 Protective service......................... 2,144 343 178 8.3 Service, except private household and protective................................ 8,207 1,755 662 8.1 Food service............................. 3,036 696 220 7.3 Health service........................... 1,829 304 152 8.3 Cleaning and building service............ 2,151 326 112 5.2 Personal service......................... 1,192 429 177 14.9 Precision production, craft, and repair...... 12,061 2,209 787 6.5 Mechanics and repairers.................... 4,133 827 289 7.0 Construction trades........................ 4,333 755 256 5.9 Other precision production, craft, and repair.................................... 3,596 628 243 6.8 Operators, fabricators, and laborers......... 14,621 1,999 803 5.5 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors................................ 6,220 614 290 4.7 Transportation and material moving......... 4,735 946 319 6.7 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................. 3,667 439 194 5.3 Farming, forestry, and fishing............... 1,653 342 102 6.2 Industry Private sector............................... 83,015 24,987 9,053 10.9 Goods-producing industries................. 26,021 6,014 2,334 9.0 Agriculture.............................. 1,543 343 105 6.8 Mining................................... 539 121 57 10.6 Construction............................. 6,133 1,386 435 7.1 Manufacturing............................ 17,805 4,163 1,737 9.8 Durable goods.......................... 11,171 2,743 1,193 10.7 Nondurable goods....................... 6,635 1,420 545 8.2 Service-producing industries............... 56,995 18,974 6,719 11.8 Transportation and public utilities...... 6,961 2,068 805 11.6 Wholesale trade.......................... 4,319 1,528 433 10.0 Retail trade............................. 13,038 3,989 1,331 10.2 Eating and drinking places............. 3,436 1,045 319 9.3 Finance, insurance, and real estate...... 6,645 2,687 1,090 16.4 Services................................. 26,031 8,701 3,060 11.8 Private households..................... 416 149 49 11.7 Business, automobile, and repair....... 6,646 2,473 967 14.5 Personal, except private household..... 1,954 609 232 11.9 Entertainment and recreation........... 1,215 489 197 16.2 Professional services.................. 15,777 4,970 1,613 10.2 Forestry and fisheries................. 24 11 3 (2) Government................................... 16,616 3,736 1,984 11.9 Federal.................................... 3,140 1,079 778 24.8 State...................................... 4,868 1,447 730 15.0 Local...................................... 8,608 1,209 475 5.5 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on flexible schedules. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Table 4. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by selected characteristics, May 2001 (Percent distribution) Shift workers Total Regular Characteristic workers(1) daytime Employer- (thousands) schedule Total Evening Night Rotating Split arranged Other shift shift shift shift irregular shift schedule Age and sex Total 16 years and over.................... 99,631 84.8 14.5 4.8 3.3 2.3 0.4 2.8 0.7 16 to 19 years............................... 1,761 70.2 28.8 13.5 5.4 3.4 .3 5.3 1.0 20 years and over............................ 97,871 85.1 14.3 4.7 3.3 2.3 .5 2.8 .7 20 to 24 years............................. 9,343 77.8 21.3 8.7 4.7 3.3 .4 3.5 .8 25 to 34 years............................. 24,552 84.9 14.4 4.9 3.3 2.3 .6 2.4 .8 35 to 44 years............................. 28,702 86.2 13.2 3.7 3.3 2.3 .4 2.8 .6 45 to 54 years............................. 23,946 86.3 13.1 4.1 2.9 2.3 .3 2.6 .8 55 to 64 years............................. 9,971 86.3 13.2 4.5 3.1 1.7 .4 2.8 .6 65 years and over.......................... 1,357 84.9 15.0 3.9 2.1 1.7 1.3 5.5 .5 16 to 24 years............................... 11,104 76.6 22.5 9.4 4.8 3.3 .3 3.8 .8 25 to 54 years............................... 77,200 85.8 13.5 4.2 3.2 2.3 .4 2.6 .7 55 years and over............................ 11,328 86.1 13.4 4.4 3.0 1.7 .5 3.1 .6 Men.......................................... 56,066 82.9 16.4 5.2 3.6 2.8 .5 3.3 .9 Women........................................ 43,566 87.3 12.1 4.3 3.0 1.8 .4 2.1 .5 Race and Hispanic origin White........................................ 82,205 85.8 13.6 4.4 3.0 2.2 .4 2.8 .7 Black........................................ 12,390 79.3 19.7 7.0 5.0 3.3 .5 3.2 .6 Hispanic origin.............................. 11,919 84.3 14.8 5.8 3.4 2.0 .5 2.5 .5 Marital status and presence and age of children Men: Married, spouse present.................... 34,939 85.3 14.2 4.2 3.2 2.5 .4 3.1 .8 Not married................................ 21,126 78.9 20.1 7.0 4.4 3.2 .6 3.8 1.0 Never married............................ 14,030 78.8 20.2 7.1 4.5 3.2 .6 3.8 1.0 Other marital status..................... 7,096 78.9 19.8 6.8 4.2 3.1 .6 3.8 1.0 Without own children under 18.............. 33,565 81.6 17.5 5.7 3.7 2.9 .6 3.7 .9 With own children under 18................. 22,500 84.8 14.8 4.5 3.6 2.6 .5 2.8 .8 With youngest child 6 to 17.............. 11,960 85.0 14.7 4.2 3.6 2.9 .5 2.9 .7 With youngest child under 6.............. 10,540 84.6 14.8 4.9 3.5 2.3 .4 2.8 .8 Women: Married, spouse present.................... 22,789 90.6 9.0 3.0 2.6 1.2 .2 1.7 .4 Not married................................ 20,777 83.7 15.5 5.8 3.4 2.3 .5 2.6 .7 Never married............................ 10,847 83.3 15.9 6.3 3.0 2.7 .6 2.6 .6 Other marital status..................... 9,930 84.2 15.0 5.4 3.8 1.9 .4 2.7 .7 Without own children under 18.............. 26,461 86.6 12.7 4.6 2.8 1.9 .4 2.4 .6 With own children under 18................. 17,105 88.4 11.0 3.9 3.3 1.6 0.3 1.7 0.3 With youngest child 6 to 17.............. 10,737 89.3 10.0 3.0 3.1 1.5 .3 1.7 .3 With youngest child under 6.............. 6,368 86.9 12.8 5.5 3.4 1.6 .3 1.7 .3 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Own children include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Table 5. Shift usually worked: Full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, May 2001 (Percent distribution) Shift workers Total Regular Occupation and industry workers(1) daytime Employer- (thousands) schedule Total Evening Night Rotating Split arranged Other shift shift shift shift irregular shift schedule Total, 16 years and over.................... 99,631 84.8 14.5 4.8 3.3 2.3 0.4 2.8 0.7 Occupation Managerial and professional specialty....... 32,960 92.8 6.7 1.7 1.2 1.1 .3 2.2 .3 Executive, administrative, and managerial. 16,279 93.9 5.6 1.6 .7 1.0 .2 1.8 .3 Professional specialty.................... 16,681 91.7 7.8 1.7 1.7 1.1 .3 2.5 .4 Mathematical and computer scientists.... 1,930 96.7 2.3 .5 .7 .2 - .7 .2 Natural scientists...................... 461 98.5 1.3 .6 - - - .7 - Teachers, college and university........ 661 92.5 7.5 1.6 .4 .8 .5 4.0 .1 Technical, sales, and administrative support 27,607 87.7 11.8 3.8 2.2 2.0 .3 2.8 .6 Technicians and related support........... 3,757 83.9 15.6 3.8 4.2 2.4 .1 3.8 1.4 Sales occupations......................... 9,852 84.3 15.2 4.1 1.3 3.6 .3 5.2 .5 Sales workers, retail and personal services............................... 3,146 72.9 26.4 8.9 2.5 6.2 .4 7.4 .9 Administrative support, including clerical 13,997 91.1 8.4 3.6 2.4 .7 .4 .9 .4 Service occupations......................... 12,382 68.0 30.9 12.1 5.7 4.8 1.1 5.0 2.1 Private household......................... 377 82.8 15.6 1.0 .5 .7 .7 9.4 3.3 Protective service........................ 2,144 49.8 49.0 12.4 9.7 12.3 1.1 8.1 5.4 Service, except private household and protective............................... 8,207 66.9 32.0 14.5 5.9 3.9 1.3 4.7 1.5 Food service............................ 3,036 58.2 40.4 18.9 4.2 5.8 1.6 7.0 2.3 Health service.......................... 1,829 68.7 30.3 11.4 8.9 4.0 1.5 3.0 1.6 Cleaning and building service........... 2,151 72.7 26.4 15.3 7.0 1.4 .4 1.9 .2 Personal service........................ 1,192 75.9 23.6 7.1 3.5 3.1 1.7 6.7 1.5 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,061 87.4 12.0 4.0 3.6 2.3 .3 1.3 .5 Mechanics and repairers................... 4,133 86.7 12.5 4.5 4.1 1.8 .3 1.4 .4 Construction trades....................... 4,333 95.4 4.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 .1 1.0 - Other precision production, craft, and repair................................... 3,596 78.5 20.9 7.1 6.2 4.4 .4 1.5 1.3 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 14,621 73.6 25.4 8.4 8.0 3.7 .6 3.8 .8 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... 6,220 70.6 28.4 12.0 10.0 4.4 .4 1.3 .3 Transportation and material moving........ 4,735 75.1 23.6 4.5 4.6 4.2 1.0 8.0 1.1 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................. 3,667 76.7 22.6 7.3 8.9 1.9 .6 2.4 1.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,653 93.5 5.6 2.3 .8 .7 .5 1.0 .3 Industry Private sector.............................. 83,015 84.1 15.2 5.1 3.5 2.4 0.5 3.0 0.6 Goods-producing industries................ 26,021 85.1 14.3 5.3 4.5 2.5 .3 1.3 .4 Agriculture............................. 1,543 92.2 7.1 2.1 1.2 1.1 .6 2.0 .1 Mining.................................. 539 74.4 25.6 2.4 4.6 11.3 .6 4.1 2.5 Construction............................ 6,133 96.7 2.5 .3 .4 .4 - 1.2 - Manufacturing........................... 17,805 80.7 18.7 7.4 6.2 3.0 .3 1.2 .4 Durable goods......................... 11,171 83.4 16.0 7.6 4.9 1.9 .3 .9 .4 Nondurable goods...................... 6,635 76.3 23.2 7.1 8.4 4.9 .4 1.8 .4 Service-producing industries.............. 56,995 83.7 15.6 5.0 3.0 2.3 .5 3.8 .8 Transportation and public utilities..... 6,961 78.2 20.7 4.9 3.5 3.8 1.0 6.3 1.1 Wholesale trade......................... 4,319 92.0 7.7 2.2 2.0 .6 - 2.1 .6 Retail trade............................ 13,038 73.0 26.1 8.8 4.1 4.8 .9 6.3 1.1 Eating and drinking places............ 3,436 52.8 46.2 18.6 5.0 8.0 1.8 9.9 2.4 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 6,645 94.8 4.6 1.7 .5 .4 .2 1.6 .2 Services................................ 26,031 86.3 13.0 4.5 3.2 1.4 .4 2.8 .7 Private households.................... 416 78.5 20.1 .9 1.2 1.9 .7 11.3 4.0 Business, automobile, and repair...... 6,646 88.7 10.5 4.4 3.2 .7 .2 1.7 .4 Personal, except private household.... 1,954 79.3 19.6 9.1 2.1 1.9 .5 4.8 .9 Entertainment and recreation.......... 1,215 71.0 29.0 10.2 4.2 5.2 1.1 6.8 1.2 Professional services................. 15,777 87.6 11.8 3.6 3.3 1.3 .5 2.5 .6 Forestry and fisheries................ 24 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Government.................................. 16,616 88.3 11.1 3.4 2.5 2.2 .4 1.6 1.0 Federal................................... 3,140 87.2 12.1 3.7 4.9 1.9 .2 .8 .6 State..................................... 4,868 89.8 9.6 3.4 2.5 1.5 .5 1.3 .4 Local..................................... 8,608 87.9 11.6 3.3 1.6 2.6 .3 2.1 1.6 1 Includes persons who did not provide information on shift usually worked. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Dash represents zero. Table 6. Full-time wage and salary shift workers by reason for working a non-daytime schedule, May 2001 (Percent distribution) Total Employer- Reason for working a non-daytime schedule shift Evening Night Rotating Split arranged Other workers shift shift shift shift irregular shift (1) schedule Number(2)(thousands)..................... 14,461 4,816 3,318 2,315 446 2,804 706 Percent(2)............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Better arrangements for family or child care.................................... 8.9 12.1 14.9 3.0 7.1 2.5 5.8 Better pay................................. 6.9 7.8 11.2 5.7 4.5 2.6 4.1 Allows time for school..................... 3.3 6.1 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.2 .8 Could not get any other job................ 6.6 9.1 8.9 3.4 4.6 3.2 3.6 Nature of the job.......................... 53.3 38.9 32.0 76.8 65.1 79.5 67.2 Personal preference........................ 13.3 17.3 21.5 3.3 10.2 6.4 10.0 Some other reason.......................... 6.2 7.2 7.2 4.8 5.9 4.2 8.5 1 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did not report the shift worked. 2 Includes persons who worked a non-daytime schedule, but did not report a reason. NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated. Table 7. Beginning and ending hours: Full-time wage and salary workers, May 2001 (Numbers in thousands) Beginning time Ending time Time Number of Percent Number of Percent workers workers Total, 16 years and over................ 99,631 100.0 99,631 100.0 AM 12:30 to 1:29......................... 80 .1 481 .5 1:30 to 2:29.......................... 140 .1 353 .4 2:30 to 3:29.......................... 193 .2 274 .3 3:30 to 4:29.......................... 484 .5 203 .2 4:30 to 5:29.......................... 1,754 1.8 289 .3 5:30 to 6:29.......................... 6,720 6.7 564 .6 5:30 to 5:59........................ 863 .9 82 .1 6:00 to 6:29........................ 5,857 5.9 482 .5 6:30 to 7:29.......................... 20,268 20.3 1,520 1.5 6:30 to 6:59........................ 3,197 3.2 214 .2 7:00 to 7:29........................ 17,071 17.1 1,306 1.3 7:30 to 8:29.......................... 32,086 32.2 636 .6 7:30 to 7:59........................ 8,439 8.5 226 .2 8:00 to 8:29........................ 23,646 23.7 410 .4 8:30 to 9:29.......................... 13,356 13.4 195 .2 8:30 to 8:59........................ 6,036 6.1 102 .1 9:00 to 9:29........................ 7,320 7.3 93 .1 9:30 to 10:29......................... 2,226 2.2 81 .1 10:30 to 11:29........................ 670 .7 91 .1 11:30 AM to 12:29 PM.................... 447 .4 199 .2 PM 12:30 to 1:29......................... 405 .4 474 .5 1:30 to 2:29.......................... 849 .9 1,849 1.9 2:30 to 3:29.......................... 1,917 1.9 7,610 7.6 2:30 to 2:59........................ 363 .4 1,903 1.9 3:00 to 3:29........................ 1,554 1.6 5,707 5.7 3:30 to 4:29.......................... 1,293 1.3 16,876 16.9 3:30 to 3:59........................ 452 .5 6,373 6.4 4:00 to 4:29........................ 841 .8 10,504 10.5 4:30 to 5:29.......................... 528 .5 28,536 28.6 4:30 to 4:59........................ 152 .2 7,667 7.7 5:00 to 5:29........................ 376 .4 20,868 20.9 5:30 to 6:29.......................... 445 .4 12,066 12.1 5:30 to 5:59........................ 64 .1 4,870 4.9 6:00 to 6:29........................ 381 .4 7,196 7.2 6:30 to 7:29.......................... 624 .6 4,407 4.4 7:30 to 8:29.......................... 500 .5 1,877 1.9 8:30 to 9:29.......................... 317 .3 1,007 1.0 9:30 to 10:29......................... 522 .5 953 1.0 10:30 to 11:29........................ 982 1.0 1,805 1.8 11:30 PM to 12:29 AM.................... 349 0.3 1,400 1.4 Time varies............................. 11,078 11.1 14,454 14.5 Actual time not available............... 1,393 1.4 1,429 1.4 NOTE: Data relate to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers and exclude all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses were incorporated.