Technical Information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 06-640 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media Contact: 691-5902 Friday, April 14, 2006 FOREIGN-BORN WORKERS: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS IN 2005 In 2005, foreign-born workers made up about 15 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force age 16 and over, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. The unemployment rate for the foreign born fell to 4.6 percent in 2005, down from 5.5 percent in the prior year. Over the year, the jobless rate of the native born declined from 5.5 to 5.2 percent. This news release compares the labor force characteristics of the foreign born with those of their native-born counterparts. The data on nativity are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 households. The foreign born are persons who reside in the United States but who were born outside the country or one of its outlying areas to parents who were not U.S. citizens. The foreign born include legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and tempo- rary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the numbers of persons in these categories. For further information about the survey, see the Technical Note. Demographic Characteristics The demographic characteristics of the foreign-born labor force differ significantly in many respects from those of the native born. For example, men made up a larger proportion of the foreign-born labor force (60 percent) in 2005 than they did of the native-born labor force (52 percent). Also, the proportion of the foreign-born labor force made up of 25- to 54-year olds is higher than for their native-born counterparts (76 and 68 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) About 49 percent of the foreign-born labor force was Hispanic, and 22 percent was Asian, compared with about 7 and 1 percent, re- spectively, of the native-born labor force. One out of 5 of the foreign-born labor force was white, compared with nearly 4 out of 5 of the native-born labor force. (Data in this release are presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity.) (See table 1.) In terms of educational attainment, 28 percent of the foreign-born labor force 25 years old and over had not completed high school in 2005, compared with about 7 percent of the native-born labor force. About equal proportions of both the foreign and native born had a bachelor's degree and higher (31 and 33 percent, respectively). (See table 1.) On a regional basis, the foreign-born share of the labor force ranged from about a quarter in the West to 7 percent in the Midwest. (See table 6.) - 2 - Labor Force and Unemployment In 2005, foreign-born workers made up about 15 percent of the U.S. civilian labor force, little different from a year earlier. About 22 million, or 67.7 percent, of the foreign born were in the labor force in 2005, about the same proportion as in 2004. The labor force parti- cipation rate of the native born was 65.8 percent in 2005, about un- changed from the prior year. (See table 1.) Over the year, the number of foreign-born labor force participants edged up by 609,000, about a third of the total labor force increase in 2005. Since 2000, the foreign born have accounted for 46 percent of the net gain in the total labor force. Foreign-born men were more likely to be labor force participants (81.3 percent) than their native-born counterparts (71.9 percent). In contrast, 54.1 percent of foreign-born women were labor force participants, compared with 60.1 percent of native-born women. The labor force participation rate of foreign-born women with children under 18 was 58.5 percent in 2005, compared with 73.2 percent for native-born mothers. Among women with children under age 3, the participation rate for the foreign born was 44.2 per- cent, while that for the native born was 62.0 percent. In 2005, participation among both groups of mothers of young children edged up from the prior year. About 96 percent of both foreign- and native-born fathers with children under 3 were in the labor force in 2005. (See table 2.) The unemployment rate of the foreign born declined from 5.5 percent in 2004 to 4.6 percent in 2005. Over the year, the unemployment rate for foreign-born men declined from 5.0 to 4.1 percent, and the rate for foreign-born women declined from 6.3 to 5.4 percent. Among the native born, the unemployment rate declined from 5.5 to 5.2 percent. (See table 1.) In 2005, the unemployment rate of the foreign born was lower than that of the native born for the first time since the data series began in 1996. Occupation Management, professional, and related occupations made up the largest share of employment for both foreign-born and native-born workers in 2005, 26 and 36 percent, respectively. Foreign-born workers were more likely than their native-born counterparts to be employed in several service occupations, including food preparation and serving related occupations, and building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. Foreign-born workers also were more likely than the native born to be employed in farming, fishing, and forestry; construction and extraction; and production occupa- tions. The foreign born were less likely than the native born to work in sales and office occupations. (See table 4.) Earnings In 2005, the median usual weekly earnings of foreign-born full- time wage and salary workers were $511, compared with $677 for the native born. Among men, median earnings were $523 per week for the foreign born, compared with $760 for the native born; the median for foreign-born women was $487, compared with $596 for the native born. As with the native born, the earnings of foreign- born workers increased with education. The foreign born 25 years of age and over with less than a high school education earned $385 per week in 2005, while those with bachelor's degrees and higher earned 2-1/2 times as much--$960 a week. (See table 5.) - 3 - Technical Note The estimates in this release are based on annual average data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS, which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that provides information on the labor force status, demographics, and other characteristics of the nation's civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and over. In response to the increased demand for statistical information about the foreign born, questions on nativity, citizenship, year of entry into the United States, and the pa- rental nativity of respondents were added to the CPS beginning in January 1994. Prior to 1994, the primary sources of data on the foreign born were the decennial census, two CPS supplements (conducted in April 1983 and November 1989), and, to some extent, information collected by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly known as the Immigration and Naturalization Service). The foreign- and native-born data for 2005 are not strictly comparable with data for 2004 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2005 of revised population controls used in the CPS. The effect of the revised population controls on the foreign- and native-born estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS es- timates was to decrease the December 2004 employment level by 45,000 and the unemployment level by 4,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For additional information, see "Adjustments to Household Survey Population Estimates in January 2005" available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps05adj.pdf. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies de- pending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct infor- mation and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and in- formation on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. - 4 - Concepts and definitions Foreign born. The foreign born are persons residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The foreign-born population includes legally-admitted immigrants, refugees, temporary residents such as students and temporary workers, and undocumented immigrants. The survey data, however, do not separately identify the number of persons in these categories. Native born. The native born are persons born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Race and ethnicity groups. In this release, the data are presented for non-Hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians and for persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. These four groups are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive. Other race groups (including persons who selected more than one race category) are included in the overall totals but are not shown separately because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop statistically reliable estimates. The presentation of the data on race and ethnicity in this release differs from that which appears in most analyses of CPS labor force data in that persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity are separated from the race groups. Because persons of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity can be of any race, they are usually included in the race groups as well as shown separately in the Hispanic or Latino ethnicity group. The reason for the difference in the data presentation in this release is be- cause about half of the foreign born are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity and they have somewhat different labor force characteristics than the non- Hispanic foreign born. Employed. Employed persons are (a) all those who, during the survey reference week, did any work at all as paid employees, worked in their own business, profession, or on their own farm, or who worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family-operated enterprise; and (b) all those who did not work but had jobs or businesses from which they were temporarily absent due to illness, bad weather, vacation, childcare problems, labor disputes, or personal reasons, whether or not they were paid for the time off and whether or not they were seeking other jobs. Unemployed. The unemployed are persons who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work at that time, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not be looking for work to be classified as unemployed. Civilian labor force. The civilian labor force comprises all persons classified as employed or unemployed. Unemployment rate. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the civilian labor force. Labor force participation rate. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a percent of the population. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. Table 1. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations by selected characteristics, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Civilian labor force Civilian labor force Characteristic Civilian Civilian noninsti- Unemployed noninsti- Unemployed tutional Partici- tutional Partici- popula- Total pation Employed popula- Total pation Employed tion rate Unem- tion rate Unem- Number ploy- Number ploy- ment ment rate rate TOTAL Total 16 years and over...... 223,357 147,401 66.0 139,252 8,149 5.5 226,082 149,320 66.0 141,730 7,591 5.1 Men............................ 107,710 78,980 73.3 74,524 4,456 5.6 109,151 80,033 73.3 75,973 4,059 5.1 Women.......................... 115,647 68,421 59.2 64,728 3,694 5.4 116,931 69,288 59.3 65,757 3,531 5.1 FOREIGN BORN Total 16 years and over...... 31,763 21,433 67.5 20,255 1,178 5.5 32,558 22,042 67.7 21,022 1,020 4.6 Men............................ 15,913 12,905 81.1 12,263 642 5.0 16,321 13,263 81.3 12,720 544 4.1 Women.......................... 15,849 8,528 53.8 7,992 536 6.3 16,236 8,779 54.1 8,302 477 5.4 Age 16 to 24 years................. 4,191 2,497 59.6 2,278 219 8.8 4,168 2,469 59.2 2,277 192 7.8 25 to 34 years................. 7,821 5,988 76.6 5,670 318 5.3 7,902 6,094 77.1 5,824 270 4.4 35 to 44 years................. 7,481 6,085 81.3 5,787 298 4.9 7,620 6,162 80.9 5,930 232 3.8 45 to 54 years................. 5,342 4,305 80.6 4,096 210 4.9 5,578 4,473 80.2 4,285 188 4.2 55 to 64 years................. 3,294 2,050 62.2 1,945 105 5.1 3,499 2,278 65.1 2,163 115 5.1 65 years and over.............. 3,634 507 14.0 479 28 5.5 3,791 566 14.9 542 24 4.2 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (1) White non-Hispanic or Latino... 7,141 4,282 60.0 4,088 194 4.5 7,239 4,351 60.1 4,187 165 3.8 Black non-Hispanic or Latino... 2,360 1,731 73.4 1,595 136 7.9 2,360 1,746 74.0 1,631 115 6.6 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino... 7,062 4,738 67.1 4,530 208 4.4 7,289 4,922 67.5 4,728 194 3.9 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity... 14,878 10,439 70.2 9,808 631 6.0 15,360 10,794 70.3 10,252 541 5.0 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over.... 27,572 18,936 68.7 17,977 959 5.1 28,389 19,573 68.9 18,745 828 4.2 Less than a high school diploma..................... 8,796 5,351 60.8 4,974 377 7.0 9,053 5,545 61.2 5,227 318 5.7 High school graduates, no college (2)................. 6,929 4,707 67.9 4,493 214 4.5 7,106 4,804 67.6 4,599 205 4.3 Some college or associate degree...................... 4,259 3,104 72.9 2,944 161 5.2 4,354 3,181 73.1 3,064 118 3.7 Bachelor's degree and higher(3)................... 7,587 5,773 76.1 5,566 207 3.6 7,876 6,043 76.7 5,856 188 3.1 NATIVE BORN Total 16 years and over...... 191,594 125,968 65.7 118,997 6,971 5.5 193,525 127,278 65.8 120,708 6,570 5.2 Men............................ 91,797 66,075 72.0 62,261 3,813 5.8 92,830 66,769 71.9 63,254 3,516 5.3 Women.......................... 99,797 59,893 60.0 56,736 3,158 5.3 100,695 60,509 60.1 57,454 3,055 5.0 Age 16 to 24 years................. 32,228 19,771 61.3 17,352 2,419 12.2 32,505 19,821 61.0 17,493 2,328 11.7 25 to 34 years................. 31,118 26,219 84.3 24,753 1,466 5.6 31,162 26,247 84.2 24,856 1,391 5.3 35 to 44 years................. 35,745 30,072 84.1 28,793 1,280 4.3 35,385 29,868 84.4 28,699 1,168 3.9 45 to 54 years................. 35,904 29,452 82.0 28,374 1,079 3.7 36,529 29,930 81.9 28,922 1,008 3.4 55 to 64 years................. 25,625 15,963 62.3 15,386 577 3.6 26,666 16,701 62.6 16,186 515 3.1 65 years and over.............. 30,975 4,490 14.5 4,339 151 3.4 31,278 4,712 15.1 4,552 160 3.4 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (1) White non-Hispanic or Latino... 149,414 98,920 66.2 94,480 4,440 4.5 150,155 99,539 66.3 95,430 4,109 4.1 Black non-Hispanic or Latino... 22,876 14,355 62.8 12,817 1,537 10.7 23,283 14,694 63.1 13,155 1,538 10.5 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino... 2,358 1,455 61.7 1,391 64 4.4 2,444 1,496 61.2 1,434 62 4.2 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity... 13,231 8,833 66.8 8,122 711 8.0 13,773 9,030 65.6 8,380 650 7.2 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over.... 159,366 106,197 66.6 101,645 4,552 4.3 161,019 107,457 66.7 103,215 4,242 3.9 Less than a high school diploma..................... 18,873 7,118 37.7 6,434 684 9.6 18,818 7,135 37.9 6,485 649 9.1 High school graduates, no college (2)................. 52,930 33,128 62.6 31,451 1,676 5.1 53,302 33,392 62.6 31,799 1,593 4.8 Some college or associate degree...................... 43,297 31,334 72.4 30,033 1,301 4.2 43,915 31,793 72.4 30,561 1,232 3.9 Bachelor's degree and higher(3).................. 44,266 34,617 78.2 33,727 891 2.6 44,984 35,137 78.1 34,369 768 2.2 1 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 2 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 3 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 2. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by presence and age of youngest child and sex, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Characteristic Total Men Women Total Men Women FOREIGN BORN With own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 12,740 6,060 6,680 12,781 6,084 6,697 Civilian labor force.................. 9,614 5,710 3,904 9,653 5,737 3,916 Participation rate................ 75.5 94.2 58.4 75.5 94.3 58.5 Employed............................ 9,125 5,474 3,652 9,247 5,547 3,700 Employment-population ratio....... 71.6 90.3 54.7 72.3 91.2 55.2 Unemployed.......................... 489 236 253 406 190 216 Unemployment rate................. 5.1 4.1 6.5 4.2 3.3 5.5 With own children 6 to 17, none younger Civilian noninstitutional population.... 6,268 2,907 3,361 6,353 2,950 3,403 Civilian labor force.................. 5,024 2,715 2,309 5,053 2,750 2,303 Participation rate................ 80.1 93.4 68.7 79.5 93.2 67.7 Employed............................ 4,785 2,605 2,180 4,852 2,658 2,194 Employment-population ratio....... 76.3 89.6 64.9 76.4 90.1 64.5 Unemployed.......................... 238 110 129 201 93 108 Unemployment rate................. 4.7 4.0 5.6 4.0 3.4 4.7 With own children under 6 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 6,472 3,153 3,319 6,428 3,134 3,294 Civilian labor force.................. 4,590 2,995 1,595 4,600 2,987 1,613 Participation rate................ 70.9 95.0 48.1 71.6 95.3 49.0 Employed............................ 4,340 2,869 1,471 4,395 2,889 1,505 Employment-population ratio....... 67.1 91.0 44.3 68.4 92.2 45.7 Unemployed.......................... 250 126 124 206 98 108 Unemployment rate................. 5.5 4.2 7.8 4.5 3.3 6.7 With own children under 3 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 3,789 1,865 1,924 3,732 1,841 1,891 Civilian labor force.................. 2,596 1,778 819 2,595 1,760 835 Participation rate................ 68.5 95.3 42.6 69.5 95.6 44.2 Employed............................ 2,457 1,705 751 2,489 1,711 778 Employment-population ratio....... 64.8 91.4 39.1 66.7 93.0 41.1 Unemployed.......................... 139 72 67 106 49 57 Unemployment rate................. 5.4 4.1 8.2 4.1 2.8 6.8 With no own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 19,023 9,853 9,170 19,777 10,237 9,539 Civilian labor force.................. 11,819 7,195 4,624 12,389 7,526 4,863 Participation rate................ 62.1 73.0 50.4 62.6 73.5 51.0 Employed............................ 11,130 6,789 4,340 11,775 7,173 4,603 Employment-population ratio....... 58.5 68.9 47.3 59.5 70.1 48.2 Unemployed.......................... 690 406 283 614 354 260 Unemployment rate................. 5.8 5.6 6.1 5.0 4.7 5.4 NATIVE BORN With own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 53,136 23,424 29,712 52,845 23,226 29,619 Civilian labor force.................. 43,757 22,053 21,703 43,521 21,852 21,669 Participation rate................ 82.3 94.1 73.0 82.4 94.1 73.2 Employed............................ 41,882 21,342 20,540 41,727 21,202 20,524 Employment-population ratio....... 78.8 91.1 69.1 79.0 91.3 69.3 Unemployed.......................... 1,875 711 1,163 1,794 650 1,145 Unemployment rate................. 4.3 3.2 5.4 4.1 3.0 5.3 With own children 6 to 17, none younger Civilian noninstitutional population.... 30,101 13,279 16,821 30,095 13,252 16,843 Civilian labor force.................. 25,642 12,358 13,284 25,526 12,329 13,197 Participation rate................ 85.2 93.1 79.0 84.8 93.0 78.4 Employed............................ 24,700 11,993 12,707 24,600 11,977 12,623 Employment-population ratio....... 82.1 90.3 75.5 81.7 90.4 74.9 Unemployed.......................... 942 365 577 926 351 574 Unemployment rate................. 3.7 3.0 4.3 3.6 2.9 4.4 With own children under 6 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 23,036 10,145 12,891 22,749 9,974 12,776 Civilian labor force.................. 18,115 9,696 8,419 17,995 9,524 8,472 Participation rate................ 78.6 95.6 65.3 79.1 95.5 66.3 Employed............................ 17,182 9,349 7,833 17,127 9,225 7,901 Employment-population ratio....... 74.6 92.2 60.8 75.3 92.5 61.8 Unemployed.......................... 933 347 586 869 298 570 Unemployment rate................. 5.1 3.6 7.0 4.8 3.1 6.7 With own children under 3 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 13,363 5,941 7,422 13,384 5,910 7,474 Civilian labor force.................. 10,252 5,693 4,559 10,285 5,650 4,635 Participation rate................ 76.7 95.8 61.4 76.8 95.6 62.0 Employed............................ 9,696 5,483 4,212 9,769 5,470 4,299 Employment-population ratio....... 72.6 92.3 56.8 73.0 92.6 57.5 Unemployed.......................... 556 210 346 516 180 336 Unemployment rate................. 5.4 3.7 7.6 5.0 3.2 7.3 With no own children under 18 Civilian noninstitutional population.... 138,458 68,373 70,085 140,680 69,605 71,076 Civilian labor force.................. 82,212 44,021 38,190 83,757 44,917 38,840 Participation rate................ 59.4 64.4 54.5 59.5 64.5 54.6 Employed............................ 77,115 40,919 36,196 78,981 42,051 36,930 Employment-population ratio....... 55.7 59.8 51.6 56.1 60.4 52.0 Unemployed.......................... 5,096 3,102 1,994 4,776 2,866 1,910 Unemployment rate................. 6.2 7.0 5.2 5.7 6.4 4.9 NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 3. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 25 years and over by educational attainment, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Characteristic Less than High Some Less than High Some a high school college Bachelor's a high school college Bachelor's school graduates, or degree and school graduates, or degree and diploma no college associate higher (2) diploma no college associate higher (2) (1) degree (1) degree FOREIGN BORN White non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population.... 899 1,833 1,281 2,474 928 1,869 1,258 2,525 Civilian labor force.................. 298 981 811 1,814 345 988 797 1,862 Participation rate................ 33.2 53.5 63.3 73.3 37.1 52.8 63.4 73.8 Employed............................ 279 948 768 1,747 325 955 766 1,805 Employment-population ratio....... 31.1 51.7 60.0 70.6 35.0 51.1 60.9 71.5 Unemployed.......................... 19 33 43 67 19 33 31 57 Unemployment rate................. 6.4 3.4 5.3 3.7 5.6 3.4 3.9 3.1 Black non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population.... 371 650 451 569 361 641 499 558 Civilian labor force.................. 220 495 364 487 219 490 407 468 Participation rate................ 59.4 76.1 80.7 85.6 60.7 76.5 81.5 83.9 Employed............................ 198 463 332 463 203 458 382 452 Employment-population ratio....... 53.4 71.1 73.7 81.3 56.1 71.5 76.6 80.9 Unemployed.......................... 22 32 31 25 17 32 25 17 Unemployment rate................. 10.1 6.5 8.6 5.0 7.5 6.5 6.1 3.6 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population.... 874 1,291 986 3,163 857 1,332 998 3,385 Civilian labor force.................. 390 862 727 2,394 402 845 725 2,606 Participation rate................ 44.6 66.8 73.8 75.7 46.9 63.5 72.7 77.0 Employed............................ 366 819 688 2,321 378 804 702 2,524 Employment-population ratio....... 41.9 63.4 69.8 73.4 44.1 60.4 70.3 74.6 Unemployed.......................... 24 43 40 72 24 41 23 82 Unemployment rate................. 6.1 5.0 5.4 3.0 5.9 4.9 3.2 3.2 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population.... 6,618 3,088 1,474 1,280 6,870 3,207 1,534 1,309 Civilian labor force.................. 4,422 2,315 1,147 997 4,558 2,437 1,202 1,026 Participation rate................ 66.8 75.0 77.9 77.9 66.4 76.0 78.3 78.4 Employed............................ 4,111 2,209 1,102 957 4,301 2,340 1,164 997 Employment-population ratio....... 62.1 71.5 74.8 74.8 62.6 72.9 75.9 76.2 Unemployed.......................... 311 105 46 40 257 98 38 29 Unemployment rate................. 7.0 4.6 4.0 4.0 5.6 4.0 3.1 2.9 NATIVE BORN White non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population.... 12,622 42,042 34,302 38,440 12,313 42,100 34,792 38,847 Civilian labor force.................. 4,546 25,719 24,536 29,797 4,479 25,768 24,879 30,102 Participation rate................ 36.0 61.2 71.5 77.5 36.4 61.2 71.5 77.5 Employed............................ 4,193 24,615 23,681 29,079 4,157 24,740 24,058 29,490 Employment-population ratio....... 33.2 58.5 69.0 75.6 33.8 58.8 69.1 75.9 Unemployed.......................... 353 1,103 854 718 322 1,027 821 612 Unemployment rate................. 7.8 4.3 3.5 2.4 7.2 4.0 3.3 2.0 Black non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population.... 3,391 6,600 5,068 3,097 3,464 6,778 5,039 3,211 Civilian labor force.................. 1,228 4,400 3,768 2,554 1,277 4,538 3,780 2,617 Participation rate................ 36.2 66.7 74.4 82.5 36.9 66.9 75.0 81.5 Employed............................ 1,025 4,004 3,483 2,451 1,077 4,135 3,518 2,528 Employment-population ratio....... 30.2 60.7 68.7 79.1 31.1 61.0 69.8 78.7 Unemployed.......................... 203 396 285 104 200 403 263 89 Unemployment rate................. 16.5 9.0 7.6 4.1 15.7 8.9 6.9 3.4 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino Civilian noninstitutional population.... 142 320 381 807 158 303 380 859 Civilian labor force.................. 55 174 259 640 57 162 257 680 Participation rate................ 38.4 54.6 68.0 79.2 36.3 53.5 67.8 79.2 Employed............................ 52 170 252 624 56 158 249 664 Employment-population ratio....... 36.8 53.2 65.9 77.3 35.3 52.0 65.5 77.3 Unemployed.......................... 2 4 8 16 2 5 9 17 Unemployment rate................. 4.2 2.4 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.8 3.4 2.4 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity Civilian noninstitutional population.... 2,297 3,084 2,590 1,406 2,455 3,182 2,735 1,504 Civilian labor force.................. 1,131 2,251 2,075 1,207 1,163 2,313 2,164 1,272 Participation rate................ 49.2 73.0 80.1 85.9 47.4 72.7 79.1 84.5 Employed............................ 1,024 2,120 1,966 1,170 1,066 2,195 2,064 1,235 Employment-population ratio....... 44.6 68.8 75.9 83.3 43.4 69.0 75.5 82.1 Unemployed.......................... 106 131 109 37 97 118 100 36 Unemployment rate................. 9.4 5.8 5.2 3.1 8.4 5.1 4.6 2.9 1 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 2 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2004 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 4. Employed foreign-born and native-born persons 16 years and over by occupation and sex, 2005 annual averages (Percent distribution) Foreign born Native born Occupation Total Men Women Total Men Women Total employed (thousands)......................... 21,022 12,720 8,302 120,708 63,254 57,454 Percent............................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Management, professional, and related occupations...... 26.2 23.9 29.6 36.2 33.7 39.1 Management, business, and financial operations occupations......................................... 9.5 9.2 10.0 15.3 16.7 13.7 Management occupations............................. 6.6 7.2 5.7 11.0 13.1 8.7 Business and financial operations occupations...... 2.9 2.0 4.3 4.3 3.6 5.0 Professional and related occupations................. 16.7 14.7 19.6 21.0 16.9 25.4 Computer and mathematical occupations.............. 3.2 3.9 2.1 2.1 3.0 1.2 Architecture and engineering occupations........... 2.2 3.0 .9 1.9 3.2 .5 Life, physical, and social science occupations..... 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 .9 Community and social services occupations.......... .9 .8 1.2 1.6 1.2 2.1 Legal occupations.................................. .5 .3 .6 1.3 1.2 1.3 Education, training, and library occupations....... 3.2 1.9 5.2 6.2 3.0 9.7 Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations....................................... 1.2 1.1 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.1 Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations....................................... 4.3 2.6 7.1 4.8 2.3 7.6 Service occupations.................................... 22.8 17.8 30.4 15.2 12.0 18.7 Healthcare support occupations....................... 2.6 .6 5.6 2.1 .4 4.0 Protective service occupations....................... .9 1.1 .5 2.2 3.3 1.1 Food preparation and serving related occupations..... 7.8 7.6 8.1 4.8 3.5 6.1 Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations......................................... 8.1 7.0 9.7 2.9 3.5 2.3 Personal care and service occupations................ 3.5 1.4 6.7 3.1 1.3 5.2 Sales and office occupations........................... 18.0 12.9 25.9 26.7 18.3 35.9 Sales and related occupations........................ 9.1 8.0 11.0 12.0 11.6 12.5 Office and administrative support occupations........ 8.9 5.0 14.9 14.6 6.6 23.4 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations......................................... 16.0 25.2 1.9 9.9 18.1 1.0 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations........... 1.8 2.3 1.0 .5 .7 .2 Construction and extraction occupations.............. 11.1 17.9 .6 5.6 10.4 .4 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.... 3.2 5.1 .3 3.8 6.9 .3 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations......................................... 17.0 20.1 12.3 12.0 18.0 5.4 Production occupations............................... 10.0 10.4 9.3 6.0 8.2 3.6 Transportation and material moving occupations....... 7.0 9.6 3.0 6.0 9.7 1.8 NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers for the foreign born and native born by selected characteristics, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Foreign born Native born Earnings Foreign born Native born Earnings of of Characteristic foreign foreign born as born as Median Median percent Median Median percent Number weekly Number weekly of Number weekly Number weekly of earnings earnings native earnings earnings native born (1) born (1) Total, 16 years and over......... 15,580 $502 85,644 $664 75.6 16,340 $511 87,220 $677 75.6 Men................................ 9,902 518 47,099 749 69.1 10,396 523 48,011 760 68.9 Women.............................. 5,678 473 38,545 585 81.0 5,945 487 39,210 596 81.7 Age 16 to 24 years..................... 1,551 341 9,325 397 85.8 1,578 353 9,529 404 87.3 25 to 34 years..................... 4,631 491 20,126 624 78.7 4,831 495 20,181 633 78.3 35 to 44 years..................... 4,538 540 22,323 741 72.9 4,700 587 22,403 755 77.8 45 to 54 years..................... 3,187 565 21,799 764 73.9 3,352 563 22,299 772 73.0 55 to 64 years..................... 1,409 607 10,523 740 82.0 1,582 607 11,192 757 80.2 65 years and over.................. 264 552 1,548 562 98.2 297 494 1,616 578 85.4 Race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity (2) White non-Hispanic or Latino ...... 2,852 731 66,563 702 104.1 2,978 733 67,458 720 101.8 Black non-Hispanic or Latino ...... 1,268 533 10,374 529 100.8 1,326 521 10,671 521 100.0 Asian non-Hispanic or Latino ...... 3,383 699 1,009 738 94.8 3,541 747 1,041 777 96.1 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity....... 7,899 402 6,163 539 74.5 8,331 412 6,343 555 74.2 Educational attainment Total, 25 years and over........ 14,029 524 76,319 710 73.7 14,762 543 77,691 724 74.9 Less than a high school diploma.... 4,094 373 4,439 433 86.2 4,305 385 4,557 442 87.0 High school graduates, no college (3)................... 3,486 478 23,655 586 81.5 3,589 496 23,926 594 83.4 Some college or associate degree... 2,216 595 22,630 668 89.0 2,316 592 23,155 679 87.2 Bachelor's degree and higher (4)... 4,234 943 25,595 994 94.9 4,553 960 26,053 1,023 93.8 1 These figures are computed using unrounded medians and may differ slightly from percents computed using the rounded medians displayed in this table. 2 Data for race/ethnicity groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. 3 Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. 4 Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees. NOTE: Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information. Table 6. Employment status of the foreign-born and native-born populations 16 years and over by census regions and divisions, 2004-05 annual averages (Numbers in thousands) 2004 2005 Civilian labor force Civilian labor force Census regions and Civilian Civilian divisions noninsti- noninsti- tutional Unemployed tutional Unemployed popula- Partici- popula- Partici- tion Total pation Employed Unem- tion Total pation Employed Unem- rate Number ploy- rate Number ploy- ment ment rate rate FOREIGN BORN Northeast......... 7,030 4,666 66.4 4,409 258 5.5 7,236 4,817 66.6 4,588 229 4.8 New England..... 1,371 933 68.0 884 49 5.2 1,450 996 68.6 946 50 5.0 Middle Atlantic....... 5,659 3,734 66.0 3,525 209 5.6 5,785 3,822 66.1 3,642 180 4.7 South............. 9,402 6,485 69.0 6,177 308 4.8 9,675 6,715 69.4 6,444 272 4.0 South Atlantic....... 5,682 3,930 69.2 3,741 190 4.8 5,879 4,073 69.3 3,920 152 3.7 East South Central........ 433 313 72.3 307 6 2.0 505 354 70.2 335 19 5.4 West South Central........ 3,286 2,241 68.2 2,129 113 5.0 3,291 2,288 69.5 2,188 100 4.4 Midwest........... 3,460 2,364 68.3 2,226 138 5.8 3,517 2,398 68.2 2,274 124 5.2 East North Central........ 2,636 1,759 66.7 1,658 101 5.7 2,671 1,802 67.5 1,706 96 5.3 West North Central........ 824 605 73.4 568 37 6.2 846 596 70.5 568 28 4.7 West.............. 11,870 7,918 66.7 7,444 474 6.0 12,131 8,111 66.9 7,716 395 4.9 Mountain........ 1,897 1,308 69.0 1,244 64 4.9 1,972 1,344 68.1 1,289 55 4.1 Pacific......... 9,974 6,610 66.3 6,200 410 6.2 10,158 6,767 66.6 6,427 340 5.0 NATIVE BORN Northeast......... 35,520 22,956 64.6 21,738 1,218 5.3 35,409 22,903 64.7 21,796 1,108 4.8 New England..... 9,800 6,603 67.4 6,288 315 4.8 9,763 6,572 67.3 6,261 311 4.7 Middle Atlantic....... 25,721 16,353 63.6 15,450 903 5.5 25,646 16,332 63.7 15,535 797 4.9 South............. 70,414 45,150 64.1 42,747 2,403 5.3 71,597 46,084 64.4 43,740 2,344 5.1 South Atlantic....... 36,308 23,330 64.3 22,206 1,125 4.8 36,968 23,909 64.7 22,797 1,112 4.7 East South Central........ 12,914 8,032 62.2 7,581 451 5.6 13,021 8,024 61.6 7,574 450 5.6 West South Central........ 21,192 13,787 65.1 12,960 827 6.0 21,608 14,151 65.5 13,369 783 5.5 Midwest........... 46,829 32,028 68.4 30,196 1,831 5.7 47,205 32,193 68.2 30,440 1,753 5.4 East North Central........ 32,559 21,837 67.1 20,502 1,335 6.1 32,777 21,944 66.9 20,661 1,283 5.8 West North Central........ 14,270 10,190 71.4 9,695 496 4.9 14,428 10,249 71.0 9,780 470 4.6 West.............. 38,830 25,835 66.5 24,316 1,519 5.9 39,313 26,097 66.4 24,732 1,365 5.2 Mountain........ 12,838 8,724 68.0 8,277 448 5.1 13,167 8,919 67.7 8,500 418 4.7 Pacific......... 25,992 17,111 65.8 16,040 1,071 6.3 26,146 17,178 65.7 16,231 947 5.5 NOTE: The states (plus the District of Columbia) that comprise the census divisions are: New England (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont); Middle Atlantic (New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania); South Atlantic (Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia); East South Central (Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee); West South Central Division (Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas); East North Central (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin); West North Central (Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota); Mountain (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming); Pacific (Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington). Due to the introduction of revised population controls in January 2005, estimated levels for 2005 are not strictly comparable with those for 2004. See the Technical Note for further information.