Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 98-13 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, January 16, 1998 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF 1997 In July through September of 1997, there were 978 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 183,073 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Preliminary figures may not include all states.) In July-September a year earlier, employers reported that they had laid off 226,660 workers in 1,018 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" was the major reason cited for the third- quarter 1997 layoffs and accounted for 37 percent of the events and 40 percent of the separations. "Contract completion," "reorganization within the company," and "slack work" together accounted for 39 percent of the events and 35 percent of the separations. Permanent closure of worksites occurred in 13 percent of all events and affected 27,292 workers. The quarterly series on extended mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the third quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs In the private sector during July-September 1997, agriculture accounted for 17 percent of all layoff events and separations. These occurred primarily among crop production workers and farm labor contractors and were almost entirely due to "seasonal work." (See table 1.) Manufacturing accounted for 36 percent of all layoff events and 33 percent of separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were most numerous in industrial machinery and equipment and in electronic equipment. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing. (See table 2.) - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity ------------------------------------------------------------------- Period |Layoff events|Separations|Initial claimants ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1995 | | | April-June.............| 1,724 | 401,789 | 332,731 July-September.........| 950 | 191,398 | 154,209 October-December.......| 1,761 | 337,895 | 310,758 1996 | | | January-March..........| 1,406 | 266,048 | 224,007 April-June.............| 1,345 | 251,617 | r200,638 July-September(r)......| 1,018 | 226,660 | 195,007 October-December(r)....| 1,908 | 411,428 | 366,052 1997 | | | January-March(r).......| 1,252 | 237,540 | 219,170 April-June(r)..........| 1,539 | 331,397 | 282,535 July-September(p)......| 978 | 183,073 | 138,545 ------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised Layoffs in the services industry accounted for 20 percent of layoff events and 24 percent of separations and took place mostly in business services, motion pictures, and amusement and recreation services. Construction layoffs accounted for 10 percent of all events and 8 percent of all separations and occurred mainly in heavy construction. Transportation and public utilities (largely seasonal layoffs for school bus drivers) accounted for 7 percent of events and 8 percent of separations. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense-related" totaled 1,622 workers in the third quarter. Reasons for Extended Layoff Forty percent of the separations in the third quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among workers in food production (such as agricultural crop production and services and food processing). "Contract completion" was the next most cited reason for separations and was most frequent among establishments in motion pictures, business services, and heavy construction. (See table 3.) Layoffs due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") amounted to 18 percent of all layoff events and 17 percent of all separations and occurred most often among manufacturing industries. Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, July-September 1997 --------------------------------------------------------------- | layoff events | Separations Size |---------------------------------------------- | Number | Percent | Number | Percent --------------------------------------------------------------- Total.......| 978 | 100.0 | 183,073 | 100.0 | | | 50-99...........| 384 | 39.3 | 27,248 | 14.9 100-149.........| 217 | 22.2 | 25,809 | 14.1 150-199.........| 100 | 10.2 | 16,875 | 9.2 200-299.........| 134 | 13.7 | 30,824 | 16.8 300-499.........| 90 | 9.2 | 33,147 | 18.1 500-999.........| 36 | 3.7 | 23,388 | 12.8 1,000 or more...| 17 | 1.7 | 25,782 | 14.1 --------------------------------------------------------------- - 3 - Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the third quarter continued to be concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with over 60 percent involving fewer than 150 workers. These, however, accounted for only 29 percent of all separations. (See table B.) Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 27 percent of all separations, down sharply from 40 percent a year ago. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from an average of 90 separations in trucking and warehousing to 1,132 in personal services. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 138,545 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the third quarter of 1997. Of these claimants, 16 percent were black, 44 percent were women, 22 percent were Hispanic, and 13 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 4.) Over 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 12 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (64,789), followed by Florida (16,058), Texas (11,914), Illinois (11,296), and New York (10,888). These five states accounted for 60 percent of total layoff events and 63 percent of all separations during the third quarter of 1997. (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of "seasonal work," California (30,403) still reported the most laid-off Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, July-September 1997 ----------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events ----------------------------------------------------------- Anticipate a recall.......| 62.2 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months...........| 81.6 Within 3 months.........| 60.5 | Size | | At least half.............| 88.2 All workers.............| 64.0 ----------------------------------------------------------- workers. (At the time these figures were compiled, layoffs from Arkansas, Iowa, Michigan, and Tennessee were not available for the third quarter of 1997.) - 4 - Over the year, Missouri reported the largest increase (7,078 workers) in laid-off workers, primarily due to more layoffs in local passenger transit, followed closely by the increase in Ohio (6,738). California reported the biggest decrease (19,848 workers), with the over-the-year decline occurring mainly in business services. Recall Expectations Sixty-two percent of employers reporting a layoff in the third quarter of 1997 indicated that they anticipated some type of recall, up from 52 percent a year ago. (See table C.) However, excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which 98 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers expected to recall laid-off workers in 39 percent of the events, not very different from 35 percent a year earlier. Among all establishments expecting a recall, a substantial proportion of employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so in the relatively near term. Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. In addition to this quarterly release, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly release on mass layoffs. This covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. - 2 - Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single- unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry II III II III II III II III 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total ( 1 )........................... 1,513 964 1,539 978 331,397 183,073 282,535 138,545 Total, private ................................. 1,394 908 1,418 921 291,789 172,755 262,797 130,592 Agriculture ................................. 138 149 140 153 25,825 30,093 22,817 15,783 Nonagriculture ............................... 1,251 757 1,273 766 265,202 141,338 239,202 114,497 Manufacturing ............................ 416 325 427 331 80,942 57,316 81,511 46,013 Durable goods ......................... 177 152 181 153 37,493 28,354 37,180 24,886 Nondurable goods ...................... 239 173 246 178 43,449 28,962 44,331 21,127 Nonmanufacturing ......................... 835 432 846 435 184,260 84,022 157,691 68,484 Mining ................................ 5 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 1,839 ( 2 ) 1,056 ( 2 ) Construction ........................... 129 88 129 89 21,721 13,039 23,875 12,983 Transportation and public utilities .... 105 65 109 65 24,812 13,848 21,359 9,903 Wholesale and retail trade ............. 171 73 178 73 44,107 11,933 35,203 8,776 Wholesale trade .................... 31 20 33 20 4,352 2,961 3,594 1,952 Retail trade ....................... 140 53 145 53 39,755 8,972 31,609 6,824 Finance, insurance, and real estate .... 35 ( 2 ) 35 ( 2 ) 6,804 ( 2 ) 5,540 ( 2 ) Services ............................... 390 179 390 181 84,977 41,136 70,658 33,694 Not identified .............................. 5 2 5 2 762 1,324 778 312 Government ..................................... 119 56 121 57 39,608 10,318 19,738 7,953 Federal ................................ 6 17 7 18 1,665 4,038 1,833 3,915 State .................................. 15 10 15 10 4,566 1,332 2,989 1,141 Local .................................. 98 29 99 29 33,377 4,948 14,916 2,897 1 For third quarter 1997, data on layoffs were reported by employers in the District of Columbia and all states, except Arkansas, Iowa, Michigan, and Tennessee. In addition, layoff data for second quarter 1997 were not reported by Iowa. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 2. Manufacturing: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry II III II III II III II III 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total manufacturing ( 1 )................... 416 325 427 331 80,942 57,316 81,511 46,013 Durable goods .................................... 177 152 181 153 37,493 28,354 37,180 24,886 Lumber and wood products ..................... 4 9 4 9 418 3,115 383 1,997 Furniture and fixtures ....................... 12 11 12 11 2,519 1,663 1,580 1,316 Stone, clay, and glass products .............. 10 7 10 7 1,560 790 2,128 724 Primary metal industries ..................... 13 11 13 11 2,145 1,404 2,179 992 Fabricated metal products .................... 21 15 22 15 2,932 1,509 3,280 1,317 Industrial machinery and equipment ........... 30 27 31 28 6,186 6,801 7,582 8,010 Electronic and other electrical equipment .... 23 31 23 31 2,666 6,135 4,673 5,154 Transportation equipment ..................... 45 23 47 23 15,860 4,896 12,248 3,706 Instruments and related products ............. 8 5 8 5 1,381 667 1,247 464 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ....... 11 13 11 13 1,826 1,374 1,880 1,206 Nondurable goods ................................. 239 173 246 178 43,449 28,962 44,331 21,127 Food and kindred products .................... 104 61 107 62 22,495 11,373 20,378 7,796 Tobacco products ............................. ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - Textile mill products ........................ 16 18 16 20 1,688 4,425 2,263 3,628 Apparel and other textile products ........... 51 49 53 50 8,082 5,686 11,073 4,637 Paper and allied products .................... 13 7 13 7 2,471 1,111 1,451 645 Printing and publishing ...................... 18 12 18 13 2,082 1,858 3,261 1,255 Chemicals and allied products ................ 8 7 8 7 1,254 1,477 1,417 1,262 Petroleum and coal products .................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ... 15 13 15 13 2,034 1,811 2,556 1,191 Leather and leather products ................. 9 ( 2 ) 11 ( 2 ) 2,003 ( 2 ) 1,102 ( 2 ) 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1997 Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance Reason for separation II III II III II III 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total, all reasons ( 1 )......... 1,539 978 331,397 183,073 282,535 138,545 Automation ......................... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - Bankruptcy ......................... 8 11 878 2,375 700 1,648 Business ownership change .......... 31 26 6,042 4,461 4,465 3,242 Contract cancellation .............. 14 15 2,152 4,061 2,297 1,883 Contract completed ................. 227 171 56,191 33,176 63,701 35,678 Domestic relocation ................ 21 14 5,909 2,274 2,775 1,500 Financial difficulty ............... 41 34 18,485 6,084 8,314 3,874 Import competition ................. 14 21 3,185 2,641 1,836 2,206 Labor dispute ...................... 13 10 8,696 2,926 2,069 3,179 Material shortage .................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Model changeover ................... 5 7 1,052 1,025 2,452 839 Natural disaster ................... - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) Overseas relocation ................ 12 8 2,732 2,495 5,446 1,096 Plant or machine repair ............ 5 4 889 407 1,866 646 Product line discontinued .......... 12 10 3,162 2,604 2,019 1,292 Reorganization within company ...... 118 108 19,799 18,449 21,240 15,031 Seasonal work ...................... 691 364 156,879 73,882 110,970 44,723 Slack work ......................... 169 102 21,897 12,917 29,421 12,715 Vacation period .................... 66 18 9,322 2,495 9,813 1,791 Weather-related .................... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - Other .............................. 51 28 7,863 7,119 7,102 4,024 Not reported ....................... 36 23 5,755 3,272 5,606 2,798 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1997 Percent of total Total Layoff events initial Hispanic Persons age 55 claimants Black origin Women and over State II III II III II III II III II III II III 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total ( 1 ) ....... 1,539 978 282,535 138,545 17.0 15.7 22.2 22.5 51.5 44.4 22.1 12.7 Alabama ............... 14 3 2,388 319 55.3 59.2 1.3 .3 40.8 58.3 11.4 10.0 Alaska ................ 8 ( 2 ) 1,081 ( 2 ) 3.0 .5 12.4 20.9 43.0 24.0 15.6 13.3 Arizona ............... 13 9 2,274 1,141 .1 2.1 80.8 66.2 26.5 42.0 8.0 7.3 Arkansas .............. 14 ( 1 ) 1,267 ( 1 ) 30.7 ( 1 ) 1.4 ( 1 ) 73.6 ( 1 ) 12.9 ( 1 ) California ............ 344 296 82,235 47,407 8.5 6.7 39.2 41.2 46.2 40.4 11.7 11.0 Colorado .............. 11 ( 2 ) 1,515 ( 2 ) 5.5 10.7 21.3 22.9 69.8 67.8 13.1 15.4 Connecticut ........... 12 3 2,042 496 11.5 34.5 6.2 7.7 38.9 32.7 16.3 6.3 Delaware .............. - - - - - - - - - - - - District of Columbia .. - - - - - - - - - - - - Florida ............... 120 89 15,601 7,831 29.6 32.1 30.3 26.5 50.6 44.9 20.2 19.7 Georgia ............... 22 23 3,859 2,533 65.0 52.9 1.1 1.7 73.1 56.0 11.2 12.1 Hawaii ................ 4 5 391 445 - 7.0 .5 1.6 71.6 52.4 20.7 16.6 Idaho ................. 9 6 1,248 917 .6 .5 24.1 37.4 56.8 67.9 13.6 18.2 Illinois .............. 106 61 20,129 8,875 23.8 24.0 7.4 11.4 53.2 48.9 15.4 11.4 Indiana ............... 18 14 3,481 1,505 13.0 8.0 3.2 1.5 57.1 56.2 13.0 13.2 Iowa .................. ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Kansas ................ 9 3 1,467 258 16.7 12.0 3.5 5.8 67.5 68.6 12.3 5.8 Kentucky .............. 7 5 492 378 7.1 2.1 .4 - 76.0 37.0 8.3 23.3 Louisiana ............. 19 8 2,486 1,190 44.4 54.9 1.0 .4 43.7 66.2 9.5 5.3 Maine ................. 10 5 1,342 448 .1 - - .2 36.3 26.8 11.3 15.0 Maryland .............. 21 12 2,852 1,501 53.4 31.6 1.1 .7 57.3 38.5 17.5 18.6 Massachusetts ......... 35 22 5,345 3,753 9.2 8.4 8.6 6.0 65.3 44.0 21.0 14.8 Michigan .............. 51 ( 1 ) 5,121 ( 1 ) 19.4 ( 1 ) 4.3 ( 1 ) 57.3 ( 1 ) 12.6 ( 1 ) Minnesota ............. 22 9 2,762 1,173 5.5 5.7 1.8 2.9 55.1 60.4 17.9 12.9 Mississippi ........... 6 7 1,403 785 61.0 52.2 .2 .4 35.2 44.1 12.5 5.7 Missouri .............. 72 33 8,990 3,940 25.7 26.5 .6 .8 69.6 66.8 20.4 13.3 Montana ............... 8 ( 2 ) 641 ( 2 ) .6 1.9 1.9 1.9 51.2 84.9 15.6 8.5 Nebraska .............. ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 10.7 - 1.2 - 7.1 - 31.0 - Nevada ................ 7 4 1,199 407 17.2 4.4 20.4 16.0 36.6 34.2 14.8 18.7 New Hampshire ......... - (2) - (2) - - - - - 2.9 - 26.5 New Jersey ............ 80 38 14,840 3,707 20.5 27.6 18.1 18.4 67.6 59.3 27.7 20.6 New Mexico ............ 14 (2) 1,861 (2) 1.5 1.8 55.8 64.8 69.7 68.5 10.6 13.9 New York .............. 40 61 6,084 6,882 11.8 14.9 6.8 8.8 49.5 43.2 17.8 17.9 North Carolina ........ 22 15 3,017 1,493 51.3 36.9 1.4 1.1 53.6 64.1 16.4 8.7 North Dakota .......... - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio .................. 74 42 12,980 6,623 15.7 13.8 1.7 1.4 54.1 45.9 11.8 9.1 Oklahoma .............. 3 6 506 682 4.0 19.9 3.0 2.9 34.6 45.6 13.6 10.1 Oregon ................ 4 ( 2 ) 406 ( 2 ) 1.2 1.5 1.5 57.4 66.3 69.1 7.1 20.6 Pennsylvania .......... 122 51 28,216 7,454 9.7 8.5 1.4 2.3 46.6 49.3 16.0 20.3 Rhode Island .......... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1.3 1.8 39.8 3.6 71.4 69.1 23.4 14.5 South Carolina ........ 18 12 2,452 2,326 58.3 49.7 .6 .6 77.0 53.1 - - South Dakota .......... - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 1.0 - 15.4 - 23.0 - 6.1 Tennessee ............. 19 ( 1 ) 2,239 ( 1 ) 24.9 ( 1 ) .3 ( 1 ) 73.2 ( 1 ) 20.6 ( 1 ) Texas ................. 101 76 28,048 15,731 15.7 18.7 53.0 29.4 45.9 33.1 86.1 10.9 Utah .................. 6 ( 2 ) 808 ( 2 ) .9 2.3 7.7 10.0 59.2 54.2 6.9 9.4 Vermont ............... - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia .............. 16 9 2,531 2,635 47.6 19.4 .3 - 53.0 44.5 17.2 13.1 Washington ............ 14 15 1,779 1,200 4.2 1.1 6.3 27.3 38.1 58.2 16.0 17.9 West Virginia ......... 4 5 277 509 7.6 1.4 - - 83.8 22.6 11.6 10.4 Wisconsin ............. 37 18 4,492 2,351 15.4 5.0 1.8 1.7 54.7 42.0 17.9 10.0 Wyoming ............... - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ........... 19 20 3,709 3,600 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 50.3 54.4 11.1 10.8 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 5. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for State Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance II III II III II III II III 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total ( 1 ) ............. 1,513 964 1,539 978 331,397 183,073 282,535 138,545 Alabama ..................... 14 3 14 3 3,475 1,050 2,388 319 Alaska ...................... 8 ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 3,521 ( 2 ) 1,081 ( 2 ) Arizona ..................... 13 9 13 9 2,796 1,110 2,274 1,141 Arkansas .................... 14 ( 1 ) 14 ( 1 ) 1,404 ( 1 ) 1,267 ( 1 ) California .................. 336 288 344 296 81,081 64,789 82,235 47,407 Colorado .................... 11 ( 2 ) 11 ( 2 ) 7,478 ( 2 ) 1,515 ( 2 ) Connecticut ................. 12 3 12 3 2,425 1,000 2,042 496 Delaware .................... - - - - - - - - District of Columbia ........ - - - - - - - - Florida ..................... 120 89 120 89 41,073 16,058 15,601 7,831 Georgia ..................... 22 23 22 23 5,164 3,430 3,859 2,533 Hawaii ...................... 4 5 4 5 628 1,253 391 445 Idaho ....................... 9 6 9 6 1,517 845 1,248 917 Illinois .................... 106 60 106 61 20,899 11,296 20,129 8,875 Indiana ..................... 18 14 18 14 2,021 1,601 3,481 1,505 Iowa ........................ ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) Kansas ...................... 9 3 9 3 1,292 372 1,467 258 Kentucky .................... 7 5 7 5 1,315 855 492 378 Louisiana ................... 19 8 19 8 2,835 2,605 2,486 1,190 Maine ....................... 10 5 10 5 2,157 559 1,342 448 Maryland .................... 21 12 21 12 2,784 1,530 2,852 1,501 Massachusetts ............... 35 22 35 22 4,913 5,295 5,345 3,753 Michigan .................... 51 ( 1 ) 51 ( 1 ) 16,491 ( 1 ) 5121 ( 1 ) Minnesota ................... 22 9 22 9 3,484 1,145 2,762 1,173 Mississippi ................. 6 7 6 7 1,584 924 1,403 785 Missouri .................... 55 30 72 33 14,743 9,112 8,990 3,940 Montana ..................... 8 ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 1,436 ( 2 ) 641 ( 2 ) Nebraska .................... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - Nevada ...................... 7 4 7 4 694 365 1,199 407 New Hampshire ............... - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) New Jersey .................. 79 38 80 38 13,523 4,364 14,840 3,707 New Mexico .................. 14 ( 2 ) 14 ( 2 ) 2,436 ( 2 ) 1,861 ( 2 ) New York .................... 40 61 40 61 12,002 10,888 6,084 6,882 North Carolina .............. 22 13 22 15 5,656 3,054 3,017 1,493 North Dakota ................ - - - - - - - - Ohio ........................ 74 42 74 42 11,475 9,430 12,980 6,623 Oklahoma .................... 3 6 3 6 655 896 506 682 Oregon ...................... 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 1,561 ( 2 ) 406 ( 2 ) Pennsylvania ................ 122 51 122 51 16,682 5,855 28,216 7,454 Rhode Island ................ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) South Carolina .............. 18 12 18 12 1,873 1,323 2,452 2,326 South Dakota ................ - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) Tennessee ................... 19 ( 1 ) 19 ( 1 ) 1,630 ( 1 ) 2,239 ( 1 ) Texas ....................... 101 76 101 76 23,187 11,914 28,048 15,731 Utah ........................ 6 ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) 1,897 ( 2 ) 808 ( 2 ) Vermont ..................... - - - - - - - - Virginia .................... 16 9 16 9 3,257 2,083 2,531 2,635 Washington .................. 14 15 14 15 1,999 1,497 1,779 1,200 West Virginia ............... 4 5 4 5 242 754 277 509 Wisconsin ................... 37 18 37 18 5,474 2,751 4,492 2,351 Wyoming ..................... - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ................. 19 20 19 20 3,201 3,600 3,709 3,600 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.