Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 97-31 Media contact: 606-5902 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Thursday, February 6, 1997 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF 1996 In July through September of 1996, there were 947 mass layoff events lasting more than 30 days, resulting in the separation of 198,398 workers from their jobs, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. A year earlier, employers reported that they had laid off 173,827 workers in 902 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" was the major reason cited for the third quarter 1996 layoffs and accounted for 27 percent of the events and 31 percent of the separations. "Slack work," "reorganization within the company," and "contract completion" were cited next most often and together accounted for 40 percent of the events and 32 percent of the separations. Closure of worksites occurred in 24 percent of all events and directly affected over 56,000 workers. The quarterly series on mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration (extended mass layoffs) that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the third quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly series on mass layoffs. This series covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. The monthly series gives users an initial idea of the pattern of extended mass layoffs prior to the more detailed quarterly release. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs Layoffs in agriculture accounted for 10 percent of all events and 14 percent of all separations and occurred primarily in crop production, farm labor contractors, and crop preparation for market. (See table 1.) Manufacturing accounted for 41 percent of the layoff events and 36 percent of all separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were concentrated in transportation equipment, industrial machinery, and electronic equipment. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing and apparel. (See table 2.) - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of extended mass layoff activity -------------------------------------------------------------------- Period |Layoff events | Separations | Initial claimants -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1995 | | | April-June..........| 1,670 | 385,644 | r320,192 July-September......| 902 | 173,827 | r146,159 October-December....| 1,716 | 320,750 | r295,515 1996 | | | January-Marchr......| 1,354 | 250,718 | 215,718 April-Juner.........| 1,306 | 236,946 | 188,498 July-Septemberp.....| 947 | 198,398 | 125,828 -------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised The services and trade industries together accounted for 25 percent of all separations and 26 percent of all layoff events (largely in help supply agencies and department and grocery stores). An additional 9 percent of all separations occurred in government, over half of which were due to local government layoffs in elementary and secondary education. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense related" totaled 3,652 workers in the second quarter. Reasons for Extended Layoff About 30 percent of the separations in the third quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among agricultural workers and school bus operators. After seasonal layoffs, "reorganization within company" was the next most cited reason for separations, which, in combination with "business ownership change," "bankruptcy," and "financial difficulty" -- all internal restructuring -- occurred primarily in department stores, elementary and secondary schools, and commercial banks. (See table 3.) The reported downsizing in school personnel reflects reorganizations due to budget cuts. The next most cited reason was "slack work"; four-fifths of these separations occurred within manufacturing industries. Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the third quarter were concentrated in the smaller end of the layoff-size spectrum, with 62 percent of the layoff events and 26 percent of all separations involving fewer than 150 workers. Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 37 percent of all separations but comprised only about 8 percent of all layoff events. (See table B.) The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from 82 separations in miscellaneous manufacturing industries (jewelry, games, musical instruments, etc.) to 508 in food stores. - 3 - Table B. Distribution of extended layoff events by size of layoff, July-September 1996 ------------------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations Size ---------------------------------------------------- | Number | Percent | Number | Percent ------------------------------------------------------------------- Total......| 947 | 100.0 | 198,398 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99........| 360 | 38.0 | 26,028 | 13.1 100-149......| 228 | 24.1 | 26,605 | 13.4 150-199......| 89 | 9.4 | 14,982 | 7.6 200-299......| 111 | 11.8 | 25,863 | 13.0 300-499......| 88 | 9.3 | 31,517 | 15.9 500-999......| 46 | 4.9 | 31,525 | 15.9 1,000 or more| 25 | 2.6 | 41,878 | 21.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 125,828 initial claims for unemployment insurance were related to extended mass layoffs in the third quarter of 1996. Of these claimants, 18 percent were black, 48 percent were women, 17 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 4.) More than 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 11 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty-one percent of the labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (64,194), Pennsylvania (18,441), Illinois (14,057), Texas (13,331), New York (11,603), Florida (10,898), and New Jersey (9,980). These seven states accounted for 67 percent of total events and 72 percent of all separations during the third quarter of 1996. (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of seasonal layoffs, California (33,157) still reported the most laid-off workers. Over the year, California reported the largest increase (29,877 workers) in the number of laid-off workers, and Ohio and Washington reported the biggest decreases (5,166 and 4,956 workers, respectively). Recall Expectations Over one-half of the employers reporting a layoff in the third quarter indicated that they anticipated some type of employer recall. (See table C.) After excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which about 90 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers' recall expectations dropped to 36 percent. Among all employers expecting a recall, a substantial proportion of - 4 - Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from extended layoff, July-September 1996 ----------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events ----------------------------------------------------------- Anticipate a recall......| 51.3 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months..........| 80.9 Within 3 months........| 58.6 | Size | | At least half............| 85.8 All workers............| 51.9 ----------------------------------------------------------- employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so in the relatively near term. Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. - 2 - Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single-unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1996 Initial Layoff claimants Establishments events Separations for unemployment Industry insurance II III II III II III II III 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total(1)......................... 1,298 932 1,306 947 236,947 198,398 188,498 125,828 Total, private........................ 1,185 855 1,192 870 212,532 179,539 169,106 113,378 Agriculture............................. 93 90 97 92 23,410 27,946 16,098 8,682 Nonagriculture.......................... 1,083 764 1,086 777 187,669 151,213 152,014 104,312 Manufacturing......................... 390 382 391 389 61,490 71,214 56,761 52,188 Durable goods....................... 193 187 194 190 31,485 40,256 29,900 30,639 Nondurable goods.................... 197 195 197 199 30,005 30,958 26,861 21,549 Nonmanufacturing...................... 693 382 695 388 126,179 79,999 95,253 52,124 Mining.............................. 4 11 4 11 586 1,464 614 1,088 Construction........................ 83 46 83 46 11,951 6,975 9,414 4,688 Transportation and public utilities. 87 56 87 59 17,644 11,826 15,450 5,860 Wholesale and retail trade.......... 163 89 163 90 26,467 25,464 21,486 13,914 Wholesale trade................... 28 23 28 23 3,813 3,565 2,773 1,861 Retail trade...................... 135 66 135 67 22,654 21,899 18,713 12,053 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 37 31 37 32 7,573 8,086 5,952 5,409 Services............................ 319 149 321 150 61,958 26,184 42,337 21,165 Not identified.......................... 9 1 9 1 1,453 380 994 384 Government............................ 113 77 114 77 24,415 18,859 19,392 12,450 Federal............................. 14 13 14 13 2,425 3,140 3,511 2,351 State............................... 23 14 23 14 3,275 1,973 3,751 1,917 Local............................... 76 50 77 50 18,715 13,746 12,130 8,182 1 For the third quarter of 1996, data on layoffs were reported by employers in the District of Columbia and all states, except Michigan and South Dakota. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 2. Manufacturing: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1996 Initial claimants Establishments Layoff events Separations for unemployment Industry insurance II III II III II III II III 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total manufacturing(1)................ 390 382 391 389 61,490 71,214 56,761 52,188 Durable goods........................... 193 187 194 190 31,485 40,256 29,900 30,639 Lumber and wood products.............. 6 5 6 5 576 620 465 564 Furniture and fixtures................ 19 13 19 13 2,751 2,929 1,658 1,427 Stone, clay, and glass products....... 9 11 9 11 1,334 1,661 1,145 1,103 Primary metal industries.............. 15 9 15 9 1,848 2,150 1,894 1,561 Fabricated metal products............. 25 19 26 19 3,627 3,018 3,287 1,891 Industrial machinery and equipment.... 32 39 32 39 7,122 9,968 6,221 10,204 Electronic and other electrical equipment............................ 39 36 39 38 5,692 7,279 6,771 5,000 Transportation equipment.............. 31 32 31 33 6,756 10,387 6,594 6,836 Instruments and related products...... 10 10 10 10 1,183 1,175 1,039 1,009 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 7 13 7 13 596 1,069 826 1,044 Nondurable goods........................ 197 195 197 199 30,005 30,958 26,861 21,549 Tobacco products...................... (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) - Petroleum and coal products........... (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) - Food and kindred products............. 66 61 66 64 12,211 10,643 9,081 7,244 Textile mill products................. 16 22 16 22 2,643 3,658 2,828 2,680 Apparel and other textile products.... 45 53 45 54 6,353 8,343 6,490 5,553 Paper and allied products............. 13 13 13 13 2,016 2,827 1,708 1,553 Printing and publishing............... 18 11 18 11 1,777 1,463 2,570 1,238 Chemicals and allied products......... 9 10 9 10 1,205 1,170 925 875 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................. 13 19 13 19 1,187 2,218 1,219 1,862 Leather and leather products.......... 10 6 10 6 1,237 636 1,126 544 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1996 Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance Reason for separation II III II III II III 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total, all reasons(1)................. 1,306 947 236,947 198,398 188,498 125,828 Automation.............................. 3 3 1,334 1,976 1,220 1,835 Bankruptcy.............................. 23 12 5,207 3,946 2,634 996 Business ownership change............... 31 45 7,288 12,641 4,856 7,904 Contract cancellation................... 18 23 3,473 4,856 3,505 3,259 Contract completed...................... 143 102 28,450 18,349 25,362 13,257 Domestic relocation..................... 13 23 1,435 3,039 1,336 1,903 Environment-related..................... (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Financial difficulty.................... 54 47 9,995 7,978 8,783 5,478 Import competition...................... 14 17 2,683 2,634 2,657 1,574 Labor dispute........................... 4 7 2,630 1,947 1,932 1,185 Material shortage....................... 7 2 623 855 709 273 Model changeover........................ (2) 7 (2) 3,373 (2) 2,570 Natural disaster........................ 3 3 1,177 300 325 334 Overseas relocation..................... 7 8 1,010 1,764 675 1,092 Plant or machine repairs................ 6 6 770 2,506 515 570 Product line discontinued............... 7 7 1,193 1,075 977 634 Reorganization within company........... 139 135 25,839 26,914 20,856 19,389 Seasonal work........................... 487 255 98,058 61,067 64,972 31,229 Slack work.............................. 184 145 21,775 19,030 25,693 19,004 Vacation period......................... 48 15 6,196 4,872 5,199 2,648 Weather-related......................... - (2) - (2) - (2) Other................................... 57 56 10,850 15,861 8,320 7,622 Not reported............................ 54 26 6,332 2,770 7,273 2,694 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1996 Percent of total Layoff Total initial events claimants Black Hispanic Women Persons age 55 State Origin and over II III II III II III II III II III II III 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total(1)......... 1,306 947 188,498 125,828 19.0 18.3 17.1 17.0 51.3 48.2 12.8 12.2 Alabama.............. 17 8 1,787 908 52.9 45.9 1.3 .2 54.5 51.7 11.2 14.0 Alaska............... 6 4 836 384 1.9 2.1 9.3 10.7 39.2 25.0 11.7 13.0 Arizona.............. 40 8 5,416 780 1.6 .1 67.4 82.8 37.1 34.7 9.8 10.1 Arkansas............. 12 7 997 632 41.6 12.0 .2 1.7 74.7 52.4 13.4 11.4 California........... 212 256 41,160 33,334 9.1 8.6 42.3 40.7 42.9 48.7 11.4 9.4 Colorado............. 14 - 1,479 - 5.9 - 19.0 - 60.2 - 10.2 - Connecticut.......... 7 11 1,161 1,817 12.7 8.5 4.2 3.7 79.7 34.9 15.2 17.3 Delaware............. (2) (2) (2) (2) 30.7 11.3 7.1 .3 94.5 14.7 27.6 12.6 District of Columbia. - 3 - 982 - 82.8 - 1.8 - 73.3 - 18.6 Florida.............. 104 58 12,176 4,576 29.5 29.2 21.0 26.6 52.1 45.7 15.2 19.6 Georgia.............. 35 16 5,738 2,376 56.8 58.5 1.1 1.1 71.5 63.8 10.0 7.4 Hawaii............... 4 7 277 618 - 4.2 1.4 1.1 42.6 30.3 22.7 12.9 Idaho................ 9 (2) 577 (2) - 2.0 5.4 21.1 57.2 75.0 10.6 9.2 Illinois............. 79 67 11,030 10,963 24.0 26.5 6.4 6.3 45.8 40.5 13.2 10.8 Indiana.............. 14 20 1,775 2,196 11.6 8.7 3.6 1.8 39.1 50.2 11.9 9.5 Iowa................. 3 - 1,236 - 4.8 - 21.7 - 35.9 - 6.6 - Kansas............... 9 - 1,154 - 19.2 - 4.0 - 64.1 - 10.7 - Kentucky............. 3 8 209 589 22.5 10.0 - .3 57.4 39.7 5.7 7.6 Louisiana............ 19 7 2,040 662 60.7 43.1 .7 .3 54.9 39.4 9.3 14.0 Maine................ 9 3 1,807 445 .1 - .2 - 54.2 73.7 11.2 18.0 Maryland............. 12 10 1,175 1,208 45.1 27.3 1.7 2.1 65.1 32.3 13.6 16.6 Massachusetts........ 51 19 8,274 2,005 13.4 6.7 7.6 15.2 57.7 64.4 18.9 14.4 Michigan............. 35 (1) 3,265 (1) 18.9 (1) 3.6 (1) 63.4 (1) 12.5 (1) Minnesota............ 21 6 2,456 590 5.3 4.6 5.0 13.9 48.3 52.0 12.5 8.5 Mississippi.......... 15 8 1,782 810 71.0 73.5 .1 - 59.9 53.8 8.6 7.4 Missouri............. 40 13 7,501 1,432 26.9 15.2 .7 .8 75.0 56.6 16.0 9.6 Montana.............. 8 (2) 550 (2) .4 - 1.5 .8 58.7 10.8 19.6 6.2 Nebraska............. (2) - (2) - - - 7.5 - 24.5 - - - Nevada............... 5 7 500 1,342 23.4 16.5 12.8 15.5 38.6 43.5 9.4 22.0 New Hampshire........ (2) - (2) - 3.0 - - - 13.6 - 1.5 - New Jersey........... 49 48 6,609 6,889 20.7 33.6 16.7 17.1 62.9 62.5 22.2 18.3 New Mexico........... 3 - 389 - .8 - 16.5 - 60.2 - 7.2 - New York............. 24 40 2,620 3,961 13.0 13.5 4.7 7.6 60.7 55.4 14.6 14.9 North Carolina....... 22 22 2,610 2,369 59.6 39.3 .8 .5 61.3 66.9 12.6 9.8 North Dakota......... - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio................. 76 24 10,766 2,151 18.6 10.7 2.3 .7 54.3 40.5 9.4 10.0 Oklahoma............. (2) (2) (2) (2) 8.3 2.2 1.4 2.2 49.0 32.6 11.0 32.6 Oregon............... 4 5 397 480 6.8 2.7 1.5 3.3 57.4 34.8 11.1 13.1 Pennsylvania......... 127 116 18,595 20,541 10.3 12.3 1.6 1.4 51.1 47.8 16.3 15.9 Rhode Island......... 5 - 662 - 4.8 - 11.0 - 28.7 - 16.0 - South Carolina....... 27 16 4,485 3,140 54.2 72.0 .3 .1 63.6 63.1 3.3 1.2 South Dakota......... - (1) - (1) - (1) - (1) - (1) - (1) Tennessee............ 22 16 2,452 1,753 23.0 24.0 1.0 .4 56.5 65.3 15.9 11.1 Texas................ 72 50 11,359 6,499 13.3 14.4 31.5 34.4 35.1 33.9 11.2 11.9 Utah................. (2) 6 (2) 584 - .3 5.3 10.8 35.1 58.6 3.5 6.5 Vermont.............. 9 - 983 - .2 - .2 - 43.2 - 6.8 - Virginia............. 18 10 2,787 1,129 28.6 30.7 .1 - 54.6 40.8 10.1 11.3 Washington........... 17 14 1,986 1,345 3.9 3.3 9.3 10.0 47.3 41.9 9.3 8.6 West Virginia........ 6 8 494 766 5.3 .7 - - 39.9 35.0 13.4 11.1 Wisconsin............ 35 19 4,498 3,261 14.6 5.3 3.9 3.7 48.5 46.9 13.4 11.6 Wyoming.............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico.......... 8 (3) 1,059 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 33.3 (3) 11.7 (3) 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 5. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1996 Establishments Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance State II III II III II III II III 1996r 1996 1996r 1996 1996r 1996 1996r 1996 Total(1)......... 1,298 932 1,306 947 236,947 198,398 188,498 125,828 Alabama.............. 17 8 17 8 4,805 1,736 1,787 908 Alaska............... 6 4 6 4 2,253 695 836 384 Arizona.............. 39 8 40 8 9,059 1,959 5,416 780 Arkansas............. 12 7 12 7 1,213 781 997 632 California........... 207 245 212 256 43,053 64,194 41,160 33,334 Colorado............. 14 - 14 - 3,533 - 1,479 - Connecticut.......... 7 11 7 11 1,086 1,972 1,161 1,817 Delaware............. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) District of Columbia. - 3 - 3 - 1,125 - 982 Florida.............. 104 58 104 58 20,449 10,898 12,176 4,576 Georgia.............. 35 16 35 16 7,335 3,159 5,738 2,376 Hawaii............... 4 7 4 7 451 881 277 618 Idaho................ 9 (2) 9 (2) 1,230 (2) 577 (2) Illinois............. 78 66 79 67 12,339 14,057 11,030 10,963 Indiana.............. 14 20 14 20 1,427 3,668 1,775 2,196 Iowa................. 3 - 3 - 1,597 - 1,236 - Kansas............... 9 - 9 - 788 - 1,154 - Kentucky............. 3 8 3 8 681 1,534 209 589 Louisiana............ 19 7 19 7 3,824 1,834 2,040 662 Maine................ 9 3 9 3 2,015 519 1,807 445 Maryland............. 12 9 12 10 1,194 858 1,175 1,208 Massachusetts........ 51 (1) 51 (1) 6,845 (1) 8,274 (1) Michigan............. 35 - 35 - 4,736 - 3,265 - Minnesota............ 21 6 21 6 3,288 992 2,456 590 Mississippi.......... 15 8 15 8 3,966 1,221 1,782 810 Missouri............. 40 13 40 13 5,367 2,034 7,501 1,432 Montana.............. 8 (2) 8 (2) 1,020 (2) 550 (2) Nebraska............. (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) - Nevada............... 5 7 5 7 580 2,059 500 1,342 New Hampshire........ (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) - New Jersey........... 49 48 49 48 8,402 9,980 6,609 6,889 New Mexico........... 3 - 3 - 371 - 389 - New York............. 24 39 24 40 4,673 11,603 2,620 3,961 North Carolina....... 22 22 22 22 4,527 4,267 2,610 2,369 North Dakota......... - - - - - - - - Ohio................. 76 24 76 24 15,416 2,692 10,766 2,151 Oklahoma............. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Oregon............... 4 5 4 5 523 672 397 480 Pennsylvania......... 127 116 127 116 13,161 18,441 18,595 20,541 Rhode Island......... 5 - 5 - 618 - 662 - South Carolina....... 27 16 27 16 4,410 2,412 4,485 3,140 South Dakota......... - (1) - (1) - (1) - (1) Tennessee............ 22 16 22 16 3,311 2,010 2,452 1,753 Texas................ 71 50 72 50 22,350 13,331 11,359 6,499 Utah................. (2) 5 (2) 6 (2) 709 (2) 584 Vermont.............. 9 - 9 - 3,205 - 983 - Virginia............. 18 10 18 10 2,749 1,231 2,787 1,129 Washington........... 17 14 17 14 2,257 1,678 1,986 1,345 West Virginia........ 6 8 6 8 491 831 494 766 Wisconsin............ 35 19 35 19 4,974 3,694 4,498 3,261 Wyoming.............. - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico.......... 8 (3) 8 (3) 1,059 (3) 1,059 (3) 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero.