Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 98-137 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, April 10, 1998 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE FOURTH QUARTER OF 1997 In October through December of 1997, there were 1,637 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 297,247 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. Layoff activity was lower than in the same quarter a year ago when employers reported that they had laid off 412,486 workers in 1,913 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" was the major reason cited for the fourth-quarter 1997 layoffs and accounted for 53 percent of the events and 56 percent of the separations. "Contract completion," and "slack work" together accounted for 22 percent of the events and 19 percent of the separations. Permanent closure of worksites occurred in 9 percent of all events and affected 35,244 workers. The quarterly series on extended mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the third quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs In the private sector during October-December 1997, agriculture accounted for 17 percent of all layoff events and 14 percent of all separations. This activity occurred primarily among farm labor contractors and was almost entirely due to "seasonal work." (See table 1.) Manufacturing accounted for 31 percent of all layoff events and 32 percent of all separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were most numerous in transportation equipment and industrial machinery and equipment. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing and apparel products. (See table 2.) - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Period |Layoff events| Separations| Iniitial claimants ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1995 | | | April-June ..............| 1,724 | 401,789 | 332,731 July-September ..........| 950 | 191,398 | r154,226 October-December (r).....| 1,760 | 337,437 | 311,567 1996 | | | January-March ...........| 1,406 | r266,170 | r224,078 April-June...............| 1,345 | r252,309 | r202,311 July-September...........| 1,018 | r227,234 | r198,584 October-December (r).....| 1,913 | 412,486 | 375,338 1997 | | | January-March (r)........| 1,317 | 252,295 | 245,610 April-June (r)...........| 1,574 | 340,371 | 306,750 July-September (r).......| 1,078 | 213,263 | 208,037 October-December (p).....| 1,637 | 297,247 | 226,722 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r=revised. p=preliminary. Layoffs in construction accounted for 24 percent of all events and 18 percent of all separations and occurred mainly in highway and street construction. Services accounted for 14 percent of layoff events and 17 percent of separations, with activity mostly in amusement and recreation services and in business services. Retail trade accounted for 6 percent of events and 10 percent of separations, largely in catalog and mail-order houses. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense-related" totaled 1,943 workers in the fourth quarter. This was the lowest level of separations in this series since data collection began in the second quarter of 1995. Reasons for Extended Layoff "Seasonal work" as a reason for layoff typically peaks in the fourth quarter. In 1997, 56 percent of the separations in the fourth quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among workers in agricultural services (such as farm labor contractors) and in food and kindred products, especially in canned and frozen fruits and vegetables. "Contract completion" was the next most cited single reason for separations (12 percent) and was most frequent among establishments in heavy construction, help supply services, and motion picture and video production. (See table 3.) Layoffs due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") amounted to 12 percent of all layoff events and 13 percent of all separations and occurred most often among manufacturing industries. - 3 - Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, October-December 1997 ----------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations Size |-------------------------------------------- | Number | Percent | Number | Percent ----------------------------------------------------------- Total......| 1,637 | 100.0 | 297,247 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99.........| 678 | 41.4 | 48,413 | 16.3 100-149.......| 361 | 22.1 | 42,079 | 14.2 150-199.......| 182 | 11.1 | 29,970 | 10.1 200-299.......| 192 | 11.7 | 43,645 | 14.7 300-499.......| 138 | 8.4 | 50,535 | 17.0 500-999.......| 62 | 3.8 | 40,192 | 13.5 1,000 or more.| 24 | 1.5 | 42,413 | 14.3 ----------------------------------------------------------- Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the fourth quarter continued to be concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with over 63 percent involving fewer than 150 workers. These, however, accounted for only 30 percent of all separations. (See table B.) Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 28 percent of all separations, down slightly from 36 percent a year ago. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from an average of 55 separations in membership organizations to 884 in miscellaneous retail stores. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 226,722 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the fourth quarter of 1997. Of these claimants, 10 percent were black, 37 percent were women, 26 percent were Hispanic, and 14 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 4.) Over 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 12 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (79,781), followed by Wisconsin (22,871), Illinois (20,823), Ohio (19,838), and Pennsylvania (14,325). These five states accounted for 52 percent of total layoff events and 53 percent of all separations during the fourth quarter of 1997. (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of "seasonal work," California still reported the most laid-off workers (29,699). - 4 - Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, October-December 1997 ----------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events | Anticipate a recall.........| 71.3 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months.............| 80.4 Within 3 months...........| 38.8 | Size | | At least half...............| 92.0 All workers...............| 56.0 ----------------------------------------------------------- Over the year, Florida reported the largest increase (4,607 workers) in laid-off workers, primarily in air transportation. California reported the biggest decrease (79,492 workers), with the over-the-year decline occurring mainly in agricultural services and agricultural crop production. Recall Expectations Seventy-one percent of employers reporting a layoff in the fourth quarter of 1997 indicated that they anticipated some type of recall, about the same as a year earlier. (See table C.) However, excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which 95 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers expected to recall laid-off workers in 44 percent of the events, not very different from 47 percent a year earlier. Among all establishments expecting a recall, most employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so within 6 months. Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. In addition to this quarterly release, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly release on mass layoffs. This covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. - 2 - Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single- unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry III IV III IV III IV III IV 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total ( 1 )................................. 1,057 1,619 1,077 1,637 213,263 297,247 208,037 226,722 Total private ................................. 997 1,560 1,016 1,575 202,289 284,274 197,657 216,793 Agriculture ................................ 159 271 167 272 33,571 40,123 26,926 32,508 Nonagriculture .............................. 836 1,288 847 1,302 167,394 243,924 169,844 183,797 Manufacturing ........................... 373 480 379 483 70,194 92,003 69,778 68,630 Durable goods ........................ 190 196 191 196 37,466 32,859 41,008 28,025 Nondurable goods ..................... 183 284 188 287 32,728 59,144 28,770 40,605 Nonmanufacturing ........................ 463 808 468 819 97,200 151,921 100,066 115,167 Mining ............................... ( 2 ) 21 ( 2 ) 21 ( 2 ) 2,699 ( 2 ) 2,157 Construction .......................... 89 378 90 378 14,643 50,233 17,961 44,296 Transportation and public utilities.... 73 38 74 39 15,736 10,726 11,707 5,684 Wholesale and retail trade ............ 82 133 82 136 13,182 33,828 13,036 18,759 Wholesale trade ................... 23 34 23 35 3,367 4,034 2,627 3,402 Retail trade ...................... 59 99 59 101 9,815 29,794 10,409 15,357 Finance, insurance, and real estate.... ( 2 ) 26 ( 2 ) 26 ( 2 ) 4,904 ( 2 ) 3,369 Services .............................. 188 212 191 219 49,067 49,531 52,833 40,902 Not identified ............................. 2 1 2 1 1,324 227 887 488 Government .................................... 60 59 61 62 10,974 12,973 10,380 9,929 Federal ............................... 19 16 20 17 4,402 2,255 5,470 2,920 State ................................. 11 21 11 21 1,425 4,904 1,351 2,962 Local ................................. 30 22 30 24 5,147 5,814 3,559 4,047 1 For the fourth quarter 1997, data on layoffs were reported by employers in all states and the District of Columbia. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 2. Manufacturing: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry III IV III IV III IV III IV 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total manufacturing ( 1 )......................... 373 480 379 483 70,194 92,003 69,778 68,630 Durable goods ....................................... 190 196 191 196 37,466 32,859 41,008 28,025 Lumber and wood products ........................ 9 17 9 17 3,115 2,368 2,357 2,479 Furniture and fixtures .......................... 14 7 14 7 1,975 909 1,812 1,431 Stone, clay, and glass products ................. 8 26 8 26 893 3,870 1,012 3,494 Primary metal industries ........................ 13 9 13 9 1,549 1,433 1,395 1,388 Fabricated metal products ....................... 23 23 23 23 2,524 2,947 2,573 2,686 Industrial machinery and equipment .............. 35 27 36 27 9,062 5,573 11,418 4,327 Electronic and other electrical equipment ....... 35 29 35 29 6,916 4,933 6,416 3,039 Transportation equipment ........................ 32 37 32 37 8,921 7,081 11,672 6,411 Instruments and related products ................ 8 6 8 6 1,137 780 983 545 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries .......... 13 15 13 15 1,374 2,965 1,370 2,225 Nondurable goods .................................... 183 284 188 287 32,728 59,144 28,770 40,605 Food and kindred products ....................... 67 128 68 128 13,774 33,971 12,451 19,382 Tobacco products ................................ - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) Textile mill products ........................... 18 14 20 15 5,063 4,145 4,353 2,881 Apparel and other textile products .............. 48 65 49 66 5,590 9,890 5,128 9,410 Paper and allied products ....................... 8 15 8 15 1,326 1,353 1,065 1,770 Printing and publishing ......................... 13 8 14 8 1,938 1,728 1,886 1,181 Chemicals and allied products ................... 7 9 7 9 1,477 1,537 1,333 1,016 Petroleum and coal products ..................... ( 2 ) 19 ( 2 ) 20 ( 2 ) 2,613 ( 2 ) 2,371 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ...... 15 18 15 18 2,175 2,501 1,635 1,546 Leather and leather products .................... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Reason for separation III IV III IV III IV 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total, all reasons ( 1 )................... 1,077 1,637 213,263 297,247 208,037 226,722 Automation ................................... - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) Bankruptcy ................................... 11 26 2,375 6,293 1,832 2,686 Business ownership change .................... 28 29 4,735 5,496 3,738 3,295 Contract cancellation ........................ 15 15 4,130 2,463 2,119 1,436 Contract completed ........................... 176 189 42,026 35,755 56,608 39,828 Domestic relocation .......................... 19 11 3,014 1,435 2,359 771 Environment-related .......................... - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) Financial difficulty ......................... 34 38 6,108 8,515 5,514 4,905 Import competition ........................... 23 12 2,905 2,072 2,891 1,714 Labor dispute ................................ 12 3 3,184 506 3,639 506 Material shortage ............................ ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 775 ( 2 ) 618 Model changeover ............................. 9 3 3,800 714 2,672 332 Natural disaster ............................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Overseas relocation .......................... 8 8 3,133 3,042 1,485 1,273 Plant or machine repair ...................... 5 6 510 668 831 895 Product line discontinued .................... 10 15 2,604 2,533 5,762 1,691 Reorganization within company ................ 120 104 20,206 16,996 20,615 13,125 Seasonal work ................................ 387 870 80,880 167,768 64,841 110,290 Slack work ................................... 120 167 16,358 21,515 18,104 23,807 Vacation period .............................. 19 ( 2 ) 2,576 ( 2 ) 2,064 ( 2 ) Weather-related .............................. - 33 - 3,788 - 3,202 Other ........................................ 37 62 8,935 11,153 6,999 10,922 Not reported ................................. 40 35 5,374 4,381 5,565 3,988 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1997 Percent of total Total Layoff events initial Black Hispanic Women Persons age 55 claimants origin and over State III IV III IV III IV III IV III IV III IV 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total ( 1 )................ 1,077 1,637 208,037 226,722 14.5 9.6 24.1 25.8 42.0 36.9 12.9 13.8 Alabama .................... 3 - 319 - 59.2 - .3 - 58.3 - 10.0 - Alaska ..................... ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 864 .4 1.9 19.4 9.8 25.4 26.5 15.5 13.7 Arizona .................... 20 12 3,164 1,388 2.9 .1 59.6 62.2 47.8 21.6 10.7 12.6 Arkansas ................... 10 11 1,109 1,725 28.0 22.7 .7 1.3 59.2 59.7 10.2 12.2 California ................. 316 469 81,274 72,931 6.1 5.1 42.4 52.3 39.0 36.4 12.3 10.4 Colorado ................... ( 2 ) 12 ( 2 ) 1,140 10.7 3.5 22.9 28.9 67.8 29.2 15.4 13.6 Connecticut ................ 3 16 635 1,459 34.5 8.4 8.3 16.0 34.2 31.8 7.2 23.1 Delaware ................... - - - - - - - - - - - - District of Columbia ....... - - - - - - - - - - - - Florida .................... 95 66 9,409 5,171 31.3 17.2 26.4 22.5 45.7 58.7 19.1 20.8 Georgia .................... 23 26 3,020 2,803 53.9 48.8 1.7 1.5 56.5 58.2 12.3 16.1 Hawaii ..................... 5 5 451 556 6.9 - 1.6 .2 52.1 65.1 16.6 20.3 Idaho ...................... 6 12 917 2,061 .5 .4 37.4 35.2 67.9 39.2 18.2 17.0 Illinois ................... 61 129 10,939 15,716 25.4 13.8 11.5 17.1 46.6 25.3 11.6 14.0 Indiana .................... 14 34 2,264 4,271 6.1 6.0 1.4 2.5 55.5 25.5 15.1 13.9 Iowa ....................... 4 4 421 534 8.6 1.7 5.5 .7 30.6 27.3 15.9 12.0 Kansas ..................... 3 7 266 808 12.0 6.2 5.6 8.4 68.8 15.7 6.4 17.6 Kentucky ................... 5 7 381 769 2.1 4.8 - - 36.7 60.3 23.1 11.4 Louisiana .................. 7 13 2,248 2,243 43.6 39.2 .6 1.9 47.1 33.1 7.5 13.4 Maine ...................... 5 10 485 975 - .3 .2 .1 26.6 26.2 15.5 12.5 Maryland ................... 12 13 1,634 1,101 31.7 29.1 .7 .2 36.1 13.1 18.8 27.5 Massachusetts .............. 22 43 4,489 4,728 8.1 7.0 5.9 11.1 44.7 52.1 16.1 22.5 Michigan ................... 34 69 6,459 7,473 16.8 15.3 1.8 12.1 35.3 38.4 9.7 12.5 Minnesota .................. 10 72 1,598 8,756 4.9 .8 2.9 6.5 55.6 23.2 12.9 15.5 Mississippi ................ 7 5 819 450 52.6 73.6 .4 .2 43.5 55.3 5.5 10.0 Missouri ................... 33 36 4,264 4,306 26.6 13.6 .8 1.0 66.5 48.9 13.3 20.1 Montana .................... ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 515 1.9 .4 1.9 2.3 84.9 5.6 8.5 17.3 Nebraska ................... - - - - - - - - - - - - Nevada ..................... 4 8 625 1,968 5.1 7.4 18.1 18.3 29.8 43.0 16.0 21.5 New Hampshire .............. ( 2 ) 4 68 310 - - - 1.3 2.9 25.5 26.5 21.0 New Jersey ................. 38 50 5,121 7,053 26.9 15.1 17.5 25.7 54.8 53.9 18.9 19.9 New Mexico ................. ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 670 1.8 1.3 64.8 62.1 68.5 38.5 13.9 12.1 New York ................... 61 47 7,250 5,144 14.6 10.0 8.6 8.0 42.7 30.0 20.0 16.4 North Carolina ............. 15 21 1,664 2,422 37.3 45.3 1.0 4.0 61.1 48.8 9.0 11.7 North Dakota ............... - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio ....................... 42 96 12,083 12,440 13.0 10.0 3.4 3.7 33.3 28.1 10.5 13.3 Oklahoma ................... 5 4 717 580 20.6 6.6 2.1 2.9 48.0 35.9 8.6 13.1 Oregon ..................... ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 414 1.5 .5 57.4 68.6 69.1 61.8 20.6 11.6 Pennsylvania ............... 51 86 8,898 17,401 7.8 6.6 2.0 1.2 46.2 42.2 20.2 17.9 Rhode Island ............... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1.7 6.8 3.4 1.1 69.0 55.7 15.5 34.1 South Carolina ............. 12 10 2,716 1,037 47.6 63.4 .8 .2 52.1 80.3 - - South Dakota ............... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 1.0 - 15.4 - 23.0 - 6.1 - Tennessee .................. 15 20 2,981 2,302 27.2 21.9 .8 .5 52.8 50.8 10.9 22.0 Texas ...................... 76 69 19,762 12,350 19.1 12.9 30.2 47.0 33.0 40.3 10.9 9.1 Utah ....................... ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 969 2.3 .6 9.7 9.7 53.6 17.1 9.7 8.3 Vermont .................... - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia ................... 9 17 3,348 2,706 18.5 20.0 .1 .1 42.9 46.1 13.1 15.6 Washington ................. 15 25 1,233 2,537 1.1 2.2 26.6 23.6 57.0 29.3 17.9 15.2 West Virginia .............. 5 5 552 514 1.4 1.9 - - 22.3 3.7 10.9 13.2 Wisconsin .................. 18 74 2,804 13,074 4.6 3.3 1.7 11.0 38.8 30.9 10.1 14.7 Wyoming .................... - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ................ 20 19 4,333 2,222 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 55.4 55.8 11.1 11.3 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 5. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance State III IV III IV III IV III IV 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p 1997r 1997p Total ( 1 ) ............... 1,057 1,619 1,077 1,637 213,263 297,247 208,037 226,722 Alabama .................... 3 - 3 - 1,050 - 319 - Alaska ..................... ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 1,375 ( 2 ) 864 Arizona .................... 20 12 20 12 2,527 1,374 3,164 1,388 Arkansas ................... 10 11 10 11 1,301 1,970 1,109 1,725 California ................. 302 456 316 469 78,642 79,781 81,274 72,931 Colorado ................... ( 2 ) 12 ( 2 ) 12 ( 2 ) 1,971 ( 2 ) 1,140 Connecticut ................ 3 16 3 16 1,000 3,499 635 1,459 Delaware ................... - - - - - - - - District of Columbia ....... - - - - - - - - Florida .................... 95 66 95 66 16,623 11,569 9,409 5,171 Georgia .................... 23 26 23 26 3,430 4,062 3,020 2,803 Hawaii ..................... 5 5 5 5 1,253 1,760 451 556 Idaho ...................... 6 12 6 12 845 2,430 917 2,061 Illinois ................... 60 129 61 129 11,759 20,823 10,939 15,716 Indiana .................... 14 33 14 34 1,602 4,792 2,264 4,271 Iowa ....................... 4 4 4 4 400 500 421 534 Kansas ..................... 3 7 3 7 372 1,029 266 808 Kentucky ................... 5 6 5 7 855 1,847 381 769 Louisiana .................. 7 13 7 13 3,859 3,413 2,248 2,243 Maine ...................... 5 10 5 10 559 4,275 485 975 Maryland ................... 12 13 12 13 1,530 1,101 1,634 1,101 Massachusetts .............. 22 43 22 43 5,295 6,251 4,489 4,728 Michigan ................... 34 69 34 69 6,884 8,231 6,459 7,473 Minnesota .................. 10 72 10 72 1,510 12,873 1,598 8,756 Mississippi ................ 7 5 7 5 924 730 819 450 Missouri ................... 30 34 33 36 9,112 5,747 4,264 4,306 Montana .................... ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 464 ( 2 ) 515 Nebraska ................... - - - - - - - - Nevada ..................... 4 8 4 8 365 2,705 625 1,968 New Hampshire .............. ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 400 ( 2 ) 310 New Jersey ................. 38 50 38 50 4,364 12,580 5,121 7,053 New Mexico ................. ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 2,766 ( 2 ) 670 New York ................... 61 47 61 47 10,929 10,315 7,250 5,144 North Carolina ............. 13 21 15 21 3,054 5,184 1,664 2,422 North Dakota ............... - - - - - - - - Ohio ....................... 42 96 42 96 9,430 19,838 12,083 12,440 Oklahoma ................... 5 4 5 4 782 675 717 580 Oregon ..................... ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 1,306 ( 2 ) 414 Pennsylvania ............... 51 86 51 86 5,855 14,325 8,898 17,401 Rhode Island ............... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) South Carolina ............. 12 10 12 10 1,323 907 2,716 1,037 South Dakota ............... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - Tennessee .................. 15 20 15 20 3,757 1,837 2,981 2,302 Texas ...................... 76 69 76 69 11,917 10,284 19,762 12,350 Utah ....................... ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 955 ( 2 ) 969 Vermont .................... - - - - - - - - Virginia ................... 9 17 9 17 2,083 4,174 3,348 2,706 Washington ................. 15 25 15 25 1,497 3,394 1,233 2,537 West Virginia .............. 5 5 5 5 754 514 552 514 Wisconsin .................. 18 74 18 74 2,751 22,871 2,804 13,074 Wyoming .................... - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ................ 20 19 20 19 3,600 2,845 4,333 2,222 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.