Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 97-154 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 606-5902 Friday, May 9, 1997 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE FOURTH QUARTER OF 1996 In October through December of 1996, there were 1,802 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 397,643 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released today by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Preliminary figures may not include all states.) A year earlier, employers reported that they had laid off 320,750 workers in 1,716 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" was the major reason cited for the fourth- quarter 1996 layoffs and accounted for 50 percent of the events and 52 percent of the separations. "Slack work," "contract completion," and "reorganization within the company" were cited next most often and together accounted for about 30 percent of the events and separations. Closure of worksites occurred in 17 percent of all events and directly affected over 68,000 workers. The quarterly series on mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration (extended mass layoffs) that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the fourth quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly series on mass layoffs. This series covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity -------------------------------------------------------------------- Period |Layoff events | Separations | Initial claimants -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1995 | | | April-June..........| 1,670 | 385,644 | r320,731 July-September......| 902 | 173,827 | r146,343 October-December....| 1,716 | 320,750 | r296,675 1996 | | | January-March.......| 1,354 | 250,718 | r216,048 April-June(r).......| 1,307 | 237,073 | 191,461 July-September(r)...| 985 | 222,419 | 177,136 October-December(p).| 1,802 | 397,643 | 259,876 -------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs Layoffs in agriculture accounted for 19 percent of all layoff events and 23 percent of all separations and occurred primarily among farm labor contractors and crop production workers. (See table 1.) Manufacturing accounted for about 30 percent of both layoff events and separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were concentrated in fabricated metal products and transportation equipment. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing and apparel. (See table 2.) Construction layoffs, amounting to 23 percent of all layoff events and 14 percent of all separations, took place mostly in highway and street construction and other heavy construction companies (such as bridges, tunnels, sewers, etc.). Services (mostly in motion pictures, help supply, and amusement parks) contributed another 15 percent of all separations and 12 percent of all layoff events. Layoffs in trade accounted for another 10 percent of all separations and occurred largely in department stores, catalog and mail-order houses, and grocery stores. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense related" totaled 5,295 workers in the fourth quarter. Reasons for Extended Layoff Over half of the separations in the fourth quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among workers in agriculture, highway and street construction, and food processing. Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, October-December 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations Size ----------------------------------------- | Number | Percent | Number | Percent ---------------------------------------------------------- Total.........| 1,802 | 100.0 | 397,643 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99...........| 646 | 35.8 | 46,716 | 11.7 100-149.........| 405 | 22.5 | 46,644 | 11.7 150-199.........| 209 | 11.6 | 34,829 | 8.8 200-299.........| 238 | 13.2 | 55,352 | 13.9 300-499.........| 174 | 9.7 | 62,489 | 15.7 500-999.........| 75 | 4.2 | 48,924 | 12.3 1,000 or more...| 55 | 3.1 | 102,689 | 25.8 --------------------------------------------------------- - 3 - After seasonal layoffs, "slack work" was the most cited reason for separation and was most frequent among establishments manufacturing fabricated metal products and transportation equipment. (See table 3.) The largest number of separations due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") occurred in department stores and grocery stores. Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the fourth quarter were concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with 58 percent of the layoff events and 23 percent of all separations involving fewer than 150 workers. Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 38 percent of all separations but comprised only about 7 percent of all layoff events. (See table B.) The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from 103 separations in rubber and plastics to 730 in fabricated metals. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 259,876 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the fourth quarter of 1996. Of these claimants, 10 percent were black, 33 percent were women, 26 percent were Hispanic, and 18 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 4.) More than 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 11 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty-one percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, October-December 1996 ----------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events ----------------------------------------------------------- Anticipate a recall.....| 70.7 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months.........| 77.2 Within 3 months.......| 38.1 | Size | | At least half...........| 88.9 All workers...........| 54.1 ----------------------------------------------------------- Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (158,065), followed by Wisconsin (31,245), Illinois (27,227), Pennsylvania (24,427), Ohio (20,781), and Texas (18,260). These six states accounted for 64 percent of total layoff events and 70 percent of all separations during the fourth quarter of 1996. (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of seasonal layoffs, California (55,065) still reported the most laid-off workers. (At the time these figures were compiled, layoffs from New York were not available.) - 4 - Over the year, California reported the largest increase (85,176 workers) in laid-off workers, primarily due to more layoffs in agriculture. Michigan reported the biggest decrease (5,344 workers) with the decline spread across a broad band of industries. Recall Expectations Seventy-one percent of employers reporting a layoff in the fourth quarter indicated that they anticipated some type of recall. (See table C.) After excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which about 93 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers’ recall expectations dropped to 49 percent. Among those establishments expecting a recall, a substantial proportion of employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so in the relatively near term. Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. - 2 - Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single-unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1996 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry III IV III IV III IV III IV 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total (1)............................ 969 1,767 985 1,802 222,419 397,643 177,136 259,876 Total, private ............................. 891 1,702 907 1,737 202,423 381,553 160,791 250,199 Agriculture ............................... 95 328 97 334 30,790 90,606 15,317 41,516 Nonagriculture ............................ 795 1,367 809 1,396 171,253 290,341 145,089 208,063 Manufacturing .......................... 395 555 402 564 75,097 120,892 65,589 87,795 Durable goods ....................... 196 259 199 261 42,727 62,072 38,408 46,760 Nondurable goods .................... 199 296 203 303 32,370 58,820 27,181 41,035 Nonmanufacturing ....................... 400 812 407 832 96,156 169,449 79,500 120,268 Mining .............................. 11 18 11 18 1,464 2,399 1,264 2,129 Construction ........................ 49 406 49 411 8,060 56,565 8,469 50,035 Transportation and public utilities . 59 46 62 46 12,506 7,298 7,473 6,059 Wholesale and retail trade .......... 92 120 93 122 27,529 40,155 17,687 18,907 Wholesale trade .................. 24 26 24 26 3,753 3,680 2,267 2,747 Retail trade ..................... 68 94 69 96 23,776 36,475 15,420 16,160 Finance, insurance, and real estate . 31 25 33 26 8,817 5,054 8,015 3,349 Services ............................ 158 197 159 209 37,780 57,978 36,592 39,789 Not identified ............................ 1 7 1 7 380 606 385 620 Government ................................. 78 65 78 65 19,996 16,090 16,345 9,677 Federal ............................. 13 12 13 12 3,140 2,700 3,573 2,349 State ............................... 15 25 15 25 2,139 5,362 2,653 3,528 Local ............................... 50 28 50 28 14,717 8,028 10,119 3,800 1 For the fourth quarter of 1996, data on layoffs were reported by employers in the District of Columbia and all states, except New York. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 2. Manufacturing: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1996 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry III IV III IV III IV III IV 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total manufacturing (1)................. 395 555 402 564 75,097 120,892 65,744 87,795 Durable goods .............................. 196 259 199 261 42,727 62,072 38,408 46,760 Lumber and wood products ................. 5 27 5 27 620 2,858 583 3,661 Furniture and fixtures ................... 13 17 13 17 2,929 1,858 1,687 1,974 Stone, clay, and glass products .......... 11 25 11 25 1,661 3,280 1,605 2,738 Primary metal industries ................. 10 19 10 19 2,268 5,465 1,789 4,477 Fabricated metal products ................ 21 21 21 21 3,308 15,335 2,598 2,788 Industrial machinery and equipment ....... 41 34 41 34 10,753 6,397 11,084 5,890 Electronic and other electrical equipment 39 34 41 34 8,382 5,921 7,643 6,826 Transportation equipment ................. 33 54 34 56 10,549 16,610 9,033 15,217 Instruments and related products ......... 10 10 10 10 1,185 1,263 1,115 1,071 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... 13 18 13 18 1,072 3,085 1,271 2,118 Nondurable goods ........................... 199 296 203 303 32,370 58,820 27,336 41,035 Food and kindred products ................ 63 129 66 135 11,771 31,707 9,864 19,128 Tobacco products ......................... - (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) Textile mill products .................... 23 19 23 19 3,881 3,975 3,774 3,832 Apparel and other textile products ....... 53 72 54 72 8,344 10,620 6,206 8,628 Paper and allied products ................ 13 (2) 13 (2) 2,827 (2) 2,279 (2) Printing and publishing .................. 11 13 11 14 1,463 3,345 1,447 1,939 Chemicals and allied products ............ 10 11 10 11 1,170 2,160 1,066 1,187 Petroleum and coal products .............. - 12 - 12 - 1,980 - 1,620 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 19 25 19 25 2,218 2,567 1,996 2,550 Leather and leather products ............. 7 (2) 7 (2) 696 (2) 704 (2) 1 See table 1, footnote 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1996 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Reason for separation III IV III IV III IV 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total, all reasons (1)..................... 985 1,802 222,419 397,643 177,136 259,876 Automation ................................... 3 3 1,976 1,290 1,959 1,370 Bankruptcy ................................... 13 17 4,083 3,669 1,270 2,238 Business ownership change .................... 46 26 13,349 9,456 10,571 3,296 Contract cancellation ........................ 23 17 6,034 4,357 4,977 1,670 Contract completed ........................... 106 191 25,905 45,635 25,333 39,337 Domestic relocation .......................... 26 18 3,795 2,474 2,882 1,493 Environment-related .......................... (2) - (2) - (2) - Financial difficulty ......................... 50 42 8,769 12,168 6,663 5,678 Import competition ........................... 17 21 2,605 3,717 1,853 3,160 Labor dispute ................................ 7 6 1,947 5,748 1,900 4,941 Material shortage ............................ (2) 4 (2) 335 (2) 328 Model changeover ............................. 7 7 3,373 2,779 2,624 2,779 Natural disaster ............................. 3 6 402 954 531 772 Overseas relocation .......................... 8 6 1,865 770 1,299 548 Plant or machine repair ...................... 6 8 2,506 1,351 787 1,478 Product line discontinued .................... 7 10 1,075 2,263 937 1,203 Reorganization within company ................ 143 122 29,604 22,267 26,523 19,557 Seasonal work ................................ 263 900 68,126 208,690 44,391 115,908 Slack work ................................... 149 254 19,531 48,859 23,918 37,243 Vacation period .............................. 15 3 4,873 355 2,676 292 Weather-related .............................. (2) 45 (2) 4,394 (2) 3,953 Other ........................................ 62 71 18,225 12,718 11,590 9,489 Not reported ................................. 26 25 2,876 3,394 3,086 3,143 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary NOTE: Dash represents zero.Table 4. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1996 Percent of total Total initial Hispanic Persons age 55 Layoff events claimants Black origin Women and over State III IV III IV III IV III IV III IV III IV 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total (1)............ 985 1,802 177,136 259,876 16.6 9.7 19.3 26.4 46.6 33.2 13.0 17.7 Alabama ................. 8 5 1,323 684 50.3 49.9 .2 .3 59.6 55.4 12.6 11.1 Alaska .................. 4 11 384 1,209 2.1 1.2 10.7 10.0 25.0 26.2 13.0 13.5 Arizona ................. 9 11 898 1,421 1.3 2.3 74.4 27.2 37.5 32.8 10.7 9.9 Arkansas ................ 7 13 663 1,732 11.9 23.8 1.7 .6 52.5 57.2 11.3 10.1 California .............. 275 591 62,275 88,865 8.2 4.3 40.2 55.7 45.6 35.1 11.1 11.1 Colorado ................ - 11 - 1,188 - 5.0 - 30.5 - 29.9 - 10.8 Connecticut ............. 11 13 2,481 2,523 10.3 7.1 3.2 8.0 34.3 36.1 19.1 20.1 Delaware ................ (2) (2) (2) (2) 11.1 4.8 .3 3.2 14.9 3.2 12.5 11.1 District of Columbia .... 3 - 1,425 - 83.2 - 2.2 - 68.3 - 17.3 - Florida ................. 58 61 5,452 4,903 27.1 19.1 26.4 17.5 46.2 58.8 18.7 17.5 Georgia ................. 16 20 2,827 2,413 57.8 44.8 1.2 1.2 63.0 57.3 7.2 13.8 Hawaii .................. 7 7 838 625 4.3 .6 1.4 .6 24.1 21.4 13.1 17.0 Idaho ................... (2) 4 (2) 421 1.9 .2 20.3 25.4 75.3 24.9 9.5 8.6 Illinois ................ 67 150 12,238 22,885 26.9 16.7 6.4 15.8 40.5 22.8 11.1 14.9 Indiana ................. 20 34 3,451 5,956 7.9 10.5 1.9 2.8 43.2 31.4 11.1 10.0 Iowa .................... - (2) - (2) - .7 - - - 66.9 - 21.9 Kansas .................. - (2) - (2) - 13.3 - 7.3 - 32.7 - 3.3 Kentucky ................ 8 7 597 823 9.9 4.7 .5 .1 39.7 64.6 7.5 11.7 Louisiana ............... 7 17 1,293 1,844 44.0 33.0 .5 1.8 31.9 14.5 11.1 9.8 Maine ................... 4 9 806 1,056 - - - .3 67.5 25.7 23.7 11.5 Maryland ................ 10 22 1,217 3,633 27.3 35.5 2.1 1.3 32.3 20.3 16.7 19.2 Massachusetts ........... 19 41 2,881 4,558 5.8 4.9 15.6 9.9 60.8 44.2 14.6 20.7 Michigan ................ 17 47 2,492 5,727 18.5 8.8 1.1 15.0 54.3 32.8 13.4 13.7 Minnesota ............... 6 72 1,638 8,197 4.2 .7 5.2 1.9 38.5 19.3 12.1 14.7 Mississippi ............. 8 11 885 1,466 72.3 57.6 .2 .2 56.6 35.3 7.2 9.1 Missouri ................ 13 27 1,499 2,880 15.5 12.9 .9 .7 55.5 52.0 9.3 14.0 Montana ................. (2) 9 (2) 832 - - .7 1.0 11.1 12.5 5.9 15.3 Nebraska ................ - - - - - - - - - - - - Nevada .................. 7 13 1,549 1,973 16.4 5.9 15.1 11.1 44.3 19.8 21.2 17.8 New Hampshire ........... - 5 - 469 - .2 - 1.1 - 41.8 - 16.8 New Jersey .............. 48 56 8,589 7,010 32.5 16.9 16.4 25.8 61.0 50.9 17.5 20.5 New Mexico .............. - 4 - 437 - 2.1 - 46.0 - 34.8 - 6.4 New York ................ 40 (1) 3,961 (1) 13.5 (1) 7.6 (1) 55.4 (1) 14.9 (1) North Carolina .......... 22 12 2,723 1,821 35.6 47.1 .4 1.6 66.5 45.2 11.1 9.8 North Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio .................... 24 108 3,895 14,756 11.7 11.1 1.1 3.8 34.0 25.6 11.3 14.4 Oklahoma ................ (2) 8 (2) 804 2.4 3.4 1.6 1.1 34.9 22.8 30.2 9.2 Oregon .................. 5 6 746 678 2.0 .4 4.2 22.4 31.4 19.0 16.0 13.3 Pennsylvania ............ 116 164 24,874 27,797 11.8 6.1 1.3 1.2 46.7 35.4 16.3 18.5 Rhode Island ............ - (2) - (2) - 5.4 - 17.3 - 29.4 - 16.2 South Carolina .......... 16 12 3,328 2,293 71.0 46.4 .1 .2 62.3 57.9 1.1 - South Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - - - - - Tennessee ............... 16 21 1,833 2,400 24.3 14.5 .4 .3 65.4 53.2 11.0 14.5 Texas ................... 50 65 7,625 15,744 15.3 10.2 34.4 42.0 34.8 23.0 18.1 81.5 Utah .................... 6 9 589 909 .3 .3 10.7 10.8 58.4 19.9 6.6 7.9 Vermont ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia ................ 10 17 1,437 2,083 27.3 43.3 - .3 41.4 45.3 12.2 9.5 Washington .............. 14 14 1,504 1,837 3.9 3.3 9.2 22.4 44.8 42.2 9.4 7.2 West Virginia ........... 8 12 768 1,050 .7 2.8 - - 34.9 24.6 11.1 13.7 Wisconsin ............... 19 75 3,585 11,023 5.7 2.9 3.7 9.7 48.0 26.7 12.6 14.9 Wyoming ................. - (2) - (2) - - - 9.0 - 1.5 - 11.9 Puerto Rico ............. 6 14 691 1,629 (3) (3) (3) (3) 60.8 60.7 7.1 12.5 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 5. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, third and fourth quarters, 1996 Establishments Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance State III IV III IV III IV III IV 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total (1)............ 969 1,767 985 1,802 222,419 397,643 177,136 259,876 Alabama ................. 8 5 8 5 1,736 1,335 1,323 684 Alaska .................. 4 11 4 11 695 1,417 384 1,209 Arizona ................. 9 11 9 11 2,091 1,835 898 1,421 Arkansas ................ 7 13 7 13 781 2,260 663 1,732 California .............. 263 562 275 591 84,687 158,065 62,275 88,865 Colorado ................ - 11 - 11 - 1,377 - 1,188 Connecticut ............. 11 13 11 13 1,972 6,634 2,481 2,523 Delaware ................ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) District of Columbia .... 3 - 3 - 1,125 - 1,425 - Florida ................. 58 61 58 61 10,914 6,735 5,452 4,903 Georgia ................. 16 20 16 20 3,159 3,725 2,827 2,413 Hawaii .................. 7 7 7 7 881 549 838 625 Idaho ................... (2) 4 (2) 4 (2) 622 (2) 421 Illinois ................ 66 147 67 150 14,057 27,227 12,238 22,885 Indiana ................. 20 34 20 34 3,668 5,798 3,451 5,956 Iowa .................... - (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) Kansas .................. - (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) Kentucky ................ 8 7 8 7 1,534 1,133 597 823 Louisiana ............... 7 17 7 17 1,834 2,855 1,293 1,844 Maine ................... 4 9 4 9 570 3,247 806 1,056 Maryland ................ 9 22 10 22 858 4,660 1,217 3,633 Massachusetts ........... 19 41 19 41 3,039 8,278 2,881 4,558 Michigan ................ 17 47 17 47 3,021 6,574 2,492 5,727 Minnesota ............... 6 72 6 72 992 11,488 1,638 8,197 Mississippi ............. 8 11 8 11 1,221 2,101 885 1,466 Missouri ................ 13 27 13 27 2,034 3,169 1,499 2,880 Montana ................. (2) 9 (2) 9 (2) 1,215 (2) 832 Nebraska ................ - - - - - - - - Nevada .................. 7 13 7 13 2,059 2,938 1,549 1,973 New Hampshire ........... - 5 - 5 - 640 - 469 New Jersey .............. 48 56 48 56 10,185 10,787 8,589 7,010 New Mexico .............. - 4 - 4 - 2,135 - 437 New York ................ 39 (1) 40 (1) 11,603 (1) 3,961 (1) North Carolina .......... 22 12 22 12 4,267 3,458 2,723 1,821 North Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - Ohio .................... 24 108 24 108 2,692 20,781 3,895 14,756 Oklahoma ................ (2) 8 (2) 8 (2) 1,339 (2) 804 Oregon .................. 5 6 5 6 672 1,165 746 678 Pennsylvania ............ 116 162 116 164 18,441 24,427 24,874 27,797 Rhode Island ............ - (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) South Carolina .......... 16 12 16 12 2,412 2,138 3,328 2,293 South Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - Tennessee ............... 16 21 16 21 2,010 2,839 1,833 2,400 Texas ................... 50 64 50 65 13,331 18,260 7,625 15,744 Utah .................... 5 9 6 9 709 1,454 589 909 Vermont ................. - - - - - - - - Virginia ................ 10 17 10 17 1,231 6,417 1,437 2,083 Washington .............. 14 14 14 14 1,678 1,970 1,504 1,837 West Virginia ........... 8 12 8 12 831 2,171 768 1,050 Wisconsin ............... 19 75 19 75 3,694 31,245 3,585 11,023 Wyoming ................. - (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) Puerto Rico ............. 6 14 6 14 534 1,880 691 1,629 1 See footnote 1, table1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.