Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov:80/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 97-227 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 606-5902 Tuesday, July 15, 1997 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1997 In January through March of 1997, there were 993 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 189,283 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released today by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. (Preliminary figures may not include all states.) A year earlier, employers reported that they had laid off 250,718 workers in 1,354 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" was the major reason cited for the first quarter 1997 layoffs and accounted for one-third of the events and separations. "Contract completion," "slack work," and "reorganization within the company" were cited next most often and together accounted for about 37 percent of the events and separations. Closure of worksites occurred in 23 percent of all events and directly affected over 57,800 workers. The quarterly series on mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration (extended mass layoffs) that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the first quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. The Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly series on mass layoffs. That series covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity --------------------------------------------------------------------- Period |Layoff events | Separations | Initial claimants --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | 1995 | | | April-June.........| 1,670 | 385,644 | r 321,253 July-September.....| 902 | 173,827 | r 146,515 October-December...| 1,716 | 320,750 | r 297,664 1996 | | | January-March......| 1,354 | 250,718 | r 216,257 April-June.........| 1,307 | 237,073 | r 192,577 July-September.....| 985 | 222,419 | r 181,083 October-December(r)| 1,841 | 391,630 | 321,235 1997 | | | January-March(p)...| 993 | 189,283 | 141,287 --------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs Layoffs in agriculture accounted for 9 percent of all layoff events and 7 percent of all separations and occurred primarily among farm labor contractors and crop production workers. (See table 1.) Layoffs in construction accounted for 18 percent of all layoff events and 13 percent of all separations and occurred largely in heavy construction. Manufacturing accounted for 34 percent of layoff events and 32 percent of separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were concentrated in transportation equipment and primary metals. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing and apparel. (See table 2.) Layoffs in the services industry amounted to 14 percent of all layoff events and 20 percent of all separations and took place mostly in motion pictures, help supply, and hotels and motels. Retail trade (mostly in department stores and in catalog and mail-order houses) accounted for 12 percent of all layoff events and 18 percent of all separations. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense related" totaled 3,810 workers in the first quarter. Reasons for Extended Layoff One-third of the separations in the first quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among workers in food processing, miscellaneous retail, and agriculture services. After seasonal layoffs, "contract completed" was the most cited reason for separation and was most frequent in motion pictures, special trade contractors, and highway and street construction. (See table 3.) The largest number of separations due - 3 - to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") occurred in general merchandise stores and food stores. Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the first quarter were concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with 67 percent of the layoff events and 31 percent of all separations involving fewer than 150 workers. Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 33 percent of all separations but comprised only about 5 percent of all layoff events. (See table B.) The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from 66 separations in petroleum and coal products to 1,239 in motion pictures. Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, January-March 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations |---------------------------------------------- Size | Number | Percent | Number | Percent ------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | Total...| 993 | 100.0 | 189,283 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99.........| 422 | 42.5 | 30,605 | 16.2 100-149.......| 246 | 24.8 | 28,967 | 15.3 150-199.......| 80 | 8.1 | 13,562 | 7.2 200-299.......| 122 | 12.3 | 28,042 | 14.8 300-499.......| 69 | 6.9 | 25,298 | 13.4 500-999.......| 33 | 3.3 | 21,649 | 11.4 1,000 or more.| 21 | 2.1 | 41,160 | 21.7 ------------------------------------------------------------- Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 141,287 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the first quarter of 1997. Of these claimants, 14 percent were black, 39 percent were women, 19 percent were Hispanic, and 22 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 4.) About 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 11 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (42,124), followed by Ohio (15,591), Illinois (15,484), and Texas (15,426). These four states accounted for 48 percent of total layoff events and 47 percent of all separations during the first quarter of 1997. (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of seasonal layoffs, California still reported the most laid-off workers (26,238). (At the time these figures were compiled, layoffs from New York, Pennsylvania, and Nebraska were not available.) Over the year, Oregon reported the largest increase (6,363 workers) in laid-off workers, primarily due to more layoffs in food processing. California reported the biggest decrease (13,858 workers), largely in general merchandise stores and food stores. Recall Expectations Fifty-four percent of employers reporting a layoff in the first quarter indicated that they anticipated some type of recall. (See table C.) After excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which 87 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers' recall expectations dropped to 37 percent. Among those establishments expecting a recall, a substantial proportion of employers expected to recall over one- half of the separated employees and to do so in the relatively near term. - 4 - Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, January-March 1997 ----------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events ----------------------------------------------------------- | Anticipate a recall..........| 53.8 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months..............| 76.2 Within 3 months............| 47.8 | Size | | At least half................| 86.9 All workers................| 49.6 ----------------------------------------------------------- Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. - 2 - Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single-unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, fourth quarter 1996 and first quarter 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry IV I IV I IV I IV I 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p Total ( 1 ) ......................... 1,806 984 1,841 993 391,630 189,283 321,235 141,287 Total, private .............................. 1,737 963 1,772 972 374,911 185,636 309,364 137,746 Agriculture .............................. 330 91 336 93 91,384 13,677 45,553 10,996 Nonagriculture ............................ 1,400 871 1,429 878 282,915 171,902 263,169 126,693 Manufacturing ......................... 566 339 575 342 110,373 59,936 106,893 44,500 Durable goods ...................... 264 173 266 173 50,030 27,370 55,927 23,338 Nondurable goods ................... 302 166 309 169 60,343 32,566 50,966 21,162 Nonmanufacturing ...................... 834 532 854 536 172,542 111,966 156,276 82,193 Mining ............................. 18 11 18 12 2,401 1,841 2,312 1,499 Construction ........................ 420 174 425 177 58,318 24,366 65,234 20,979 Transportation and public utilities . 49 51 49 51 7,587 8,703 7,734 6,932 Wholesale and retail trade .......... 122 139 124 139 40,561 35,971 27,894 19,516 Wholesale trade ................. 26 16 26 16 3,681 1,973 3,263 1,540 Retail trade .................... 96 123 98 123 36,880 33,998 24,631 17,976 Finance, insurance, and real estate . 25 19 26 19 5,054 3,346 4,272 2,515 Services ............................ 200 138 212 138 58,621 37,739 48,830 30,752 Not identified ........................... 7 1 7 1 612 57 642 57 Government .................................. 69 21 69 21 16,719 3,647 11,871 3,541 Federal ............................. 14 10 14 10 2,983 2,119 2,881 1,987 State ............................... 25 5 25 5 5,424 790 4,135 868 Local ............................... 30 6 30 6 8,312 738 4,855 686 1 For the first quarter of 1997, data on layoffs were reported by employers in the District of Columbia and all states, except New York, Pennsylvania, and Nebraska. In addition, layoff data for the fourth quarter of 1996 were not reported by New York. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 2. Manufacturing: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, fourth quarter 1996 and first quarter 1997 Initial claimants for Establishments Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry IV I IV I IV I IV I 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p Total manufacturing ( 1 )............. 566 339 575 342 110,373 59,936 106,893 44,500 Durable goods .............................. 264 173 266 173 50,030 27,370 55,927 23,338 Lumber and wood products ................. 28 26 28 26 2,977 3,277 4,006 3,870 Furniture and fixtures ................... 17 6 17 6 1,858 1,223 2,232 710 Stone, clay, and glass products .......... 25 16 25 16 3,280 1,277 3,375 1,391 Primary metal industries ................. 19 12 19 12 5,465 4,700 5,574 1,813 Fabricated metal products ................ 21 24 21 24 2,588 3,087 3,451 2,528 Industrial machinery and equipment ....... 37 17 37 17 6,872 2,888 7,535 3,530 Electronic and other electrical equipment 34 31 34 31 5,980 4,491 8,394 4,246 Transportation equipment ................. 54 27 56 27 16,611 4,771 17,047 3,875 Instruments and related products ......... 10 5 10 5 1,263 379 1,330 408 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... 19 9 19 9 3,136 1,277 2,983 967 Nondurable goods ........................... 302 166 309 169 60,343 32,566 50,966 21,162 Food and kindred products ................ 132 61 138 61 32,928 15,357 24,541 9,185 Tobacco products ......................... ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 ) 2,151 ( 2 ) 1,053 Textile mill products .................... 19 10 19 12 3,975 2,107 4,549 1,054 Apparel and other textile products ....... 74 43 74 44 10,813 6,890 10,153 5,355 Paper and allied products ................ ( 2 ) 10 ( 2 ) 10 ( 2 ) 1,391 ( 2 ) 891 Printing and publishing .................. 14 8 15 8 3,443 1,185 2,922 903 Chemicals and allied products ............ 11 9 11 9 2,160 1,434 1,461 962 Petroleum and coal products .............. 12 ( 2 ) 12 ( 2 ) 1,983 ( 2 ) 1,883 ( 2 ) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 25 13 25 13 2,567 1,343 2,962 1,177 Leather and leather products ............. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 3. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, fourth quarter 1996 and first quarter 1997 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Reason for separation IV I IV I IV I 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p Total, all reasons ( 1 )........ 1,841 993 391,630 189,283 321,235 141,287 Automation ........................ 3 6 1,290 1,264 1,919 1,209 Bankruptcy ........................ 17 29 3,669 10,541 2,335 5,016 Business ownership change ......... 30 27 9,817 7,722 4,136 4,514 Contract cancellation ............. 18 14 4,560 2,599 2,303 1,108 Contract completed ................ 196 126 46,212 31,963 50,636 31,259 Domestic relocation ............... 18 21 2,474 3,625 1,656 2,137 Environment-related ............... - 3 - 401 - 357 Financial difficulty .............. 42 25 12,168 4,405 8,238 2,925 Import competition ................ 22 16 4,147 2,902 5,005 2,321 Labor dispute ..................... 6 4 5,748 3,763 5,292 639 Material shortage ................. 5 6 408 594 406 477 Model changeover .................. 7 ( 2 ) 2,779 ( 2 ) 2,944 ( 2 ) Natural disaster .................. 6 ( 2 ) 954 ( 2 ) 786 ( 2 ) Overseas relocation ............... 6 9 770 1,328 738 1,020 Plant or machine repair ........... 8 ( 2 ) 1,351 ( 2 ) 1,619 ( 2 ) Product line discontinued ......... 10 6 2,263 910 1,353 1,067 Reorganization within company ..... 126 108 22,796 15,577 24,966 11,975 Seasonal work ..................... 918 332 212,462 62,007 143,204 42,881 Slack work ........................ 256 136 36,367 21,289 42,373 15,886 Vacation period ................... 3 ( 2 ) 355 ( 2 ) 465 ( 2 ) Weather-related ................... 45 22 4,394 3,774 4,935 3,309 Other ............................. 71 49 12,750 7,816 11,103 6,830 Not reported ...................... 28 48 3,896 5,717 4,823 5,535 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, fourth quarter 1996 and first quarter 1997 Percent of total Total Layoff events initial Black Hispanic Women Persons age 55 claimants origin and over State IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p Total ( 1 ).......... 1,841 993 321,235 141,287 10.1 14.1 25.0 19.4 33.8 38.8 17.6 21.6 Alabama ................. 5 6 754 645 48.7 24.5 .4 .3 55.0 18.6 11.0 16.1 Alaska .................. 11 5 1,449 461 1.2 1.7 9.2 1.3 23.9 21.0 13.0 12.4 Arizona ................. 16 5 1,983 687 2.8 2.9 35.7 72.2 34.5 24.9 9.9 16.9 Arkansas ................ 13 3 2,155 1,327 23.6 30.2 .6 - 59.6 48.5 11.7 12.1 California .............. 593 213 104,681 39,800 4.6 6.7 53.3 38.5 35.6 38.4 11.0 10.6 Colorado ................ 12 8 1,246 685 4.9 8.9 31.1 16.5 28.6 38.5 10.8 10.7 Connecticut ............. 13 6 2,906 622 7.0 16.1 7.8 4.7 36.3 62.7 20.4 12.7 Delaware ................ ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 4.7 - 3.1 - 3.1 - 11.0 - District of Columbia .... - 4 - 475 - 48.4 - 2.3 - 70.3 - 8.0 Florida ................. 62 56 6,832 5,248 19.4 21.1 18.3 31.4 55.2 37.6 17.8 24.2 Georgia ................. 20 17 2,802 2,389 44.6 41.6 1.1 1.1 57.6 51.7 13.6 13.0 Hawaii .................. 7 8 796 922 .6 1.7 .9 .9 22.9 24.9 16.0 22.0 Idaho ................... 9 9 2,087 1,092 .2 .5 44.7 9.7 48.1 36.5 18.4 12.8 Illinois ................ 150 102 27,720 12,417 17.4 18.9 15.7 9.1 24.4 30.2 14.7 14.3 Indiana ................. 34 22 8,537 2,264 12.5 5.9 3.0 2.7 30.5 20.4 10.1 12.8 Iowa .................... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - .7 - - - 66.9 - 21.9 - Kansas .................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 12.7 9.1 7.0 8.2 31.6 5.0 3.2 19.6 Kentucky ................ 7 - 890 - 4.5 - .1 - 65.6 - 11.3 - Louisiana ............... 18 10 2,603 1,348 33.9 46.2 1.5 4.2 15.9 29.1 9.9 11.4 Maine ................... 9 13 2,078 1,384 .2 .5 .2 .2 34.6 38.2 11.5 11.2 Maryland ................ 22 22 4,513 2,801 35.5 31.5 1.2 2.8 18.9 37.0 18.8 17.2 Massachusetts ........... 42 23 6,738 2,359 5.4 7.7 8.8 9.1 47.7 50.4 20.5 15.4 Michigan ................ 63 22 8,582 2,114 9.0 16.1 12.1 2.3 28.4 49.4 13.6 13.5 Minnesota ............... 74 17 10,888 2,159 .6 2.5 1.7 5.0 23.9 37.1 14.7 8.2 Mississippi ............. 11 6 1,550 1,127 59.2 50.7 .2 .3 36.2 32.7 8.9 6.7 Missouri ................ 28 31 3,894 4,100 14.0 7.0 .8 1.0 51.6 60.2 13.6 18.9 Montana ................. 9 2 866 185 - .5 1.0 8.6 12.6 57.8 15.1 11.9 Nebraska ................ - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) Nevada .................. 13 11 3,218 1,601 6.6 11.0 12.7 18.7 17.0 41.3 16.8 13.0 New Hampshire ........... 5 ( 2 ) 587 ( 2 ) .2 - 1.2 - 42.8 64.6 15.3 18.8 New Jersey .............. 57 55 8,956 6,799 17.4 22.9 26.1 22.9 49.7 52.6 19.9 21.8 New Mexico .............. 4 9 649 1,207 1.5 5.3 55.9 52.4 32.8 27.9 10.6 8.4 New York ................ ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) North Carolina .......... 12 27 1,979 2,978 46.9 51.7 1.5 1.3 45.5 53.7 10.4 17.8 North Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio .................... 108 87 21,381 10,679 12.1 10.6 3.6 1.9 27.2 31.9 13.6 12.6 Oklahoma ................ 8 ( 2 ) 919 ( 2 ) 4.1 5.6 1.0 9.3 25.7 46.3 9.2 - Oregon .................. 6 7 715 610 .4 1.3 21.5 21.0 19.2 49.5 13.0 19.2 Pennsylvania ............ 164 ( 1 ) 27,797 ( 1 ) 6.1 ( 1 ) 1.2 ( 1 ) 35.4 ( 1 ) 18.5 ( 1 ) Rhode Island ............ ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 384 5.0 15.4 19.3 12.8 32.7 49.7 15.9 24.2 South Carolina .......... 12 13 2,684 1,584 46.0 56.6 .2 .4 57.0 72.9 - - South Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - - - - - Tennessee ............... 21 8 3,462 802 15.7 10.5 .3 .2 53.6 59.1 14.8 17.3 Texas ................... 65 76 18,006 13,358 10.3 14.5 42.8 35.7 23.5 22.9 83.8 100.0 Utah .................... 9 ( 2 ) 1,175 ( 2 ) .4 .8 12.4 3.4 20.7 36.1 8.9 21.8 Vermont ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia ................ 17 20 2,881 2,531 42.8 36.1 .3 .2 48.5 45.2 11.3 11.2 Washington .............. 14 10 1,882 1,416 3.5 3.4 21.9 2.8 42.3 52.1 7.7 11.3 West Virginia ........... 12 2 1,347 228 3.0 .4 - - 25.7 1.3 14.2 19.7 Wisconsin ............... 78 47 15,954 9,831 3.6 3.6 9.4 1.7 28.5 46.9 16.1 12.7 Wyoming ................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - - 9.8 41.1 2.2 22.1 12.0 11.6 Puerto Rico ............. 14 15 2,416 2,215 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 59.0 28.0 10.8 13.2 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 5. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, fourth quarter 1996 and first quarter 1997 Establishments Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance State IV I IV I IV I IV I 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p 1996r 1997p Total ( 1 ) .......... 1,806 984 1,841 993 391,630 189,283 321,235 141,287 Alabama ................. 5 5 5 6 1,335 1,038 754 645 Alaska .................. 11 5 11 5 1,417 804 1,449 461 Arizona ................. 16 5 16 5 2,556 782 1,983 687 Arkansas ................ 13 3 13 3 2,260 3,075 2,155 1,327 California .............. 564 211 593 213 158,215 42,124 104,681 39,800 Colorado ................ 12 8 12 8 1,471 1,194 1,246 685 Connecticut ............. 13 6 13 6 6,640 739 2,906 622 Delaware ................ ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - District of Columbia .... - 4 - 4 - 1,748 - 475 Florida ................. 62 56 62 56 6,962 9,910 6,832 5,248 Georgia ................. 20 15 20 17 3,725 7,132 2,802 2,389 Hawaii .................. 7 7 7 8 549 840 796 922 Idaho ................... 9 9 9 9 2,445 1,782 2,087 1,092 Illinois ................ 147 101 150 102 27,769 15,484 27,720 12,417 Indiana ................. 34 22 34 22 5,798 2,163 8,537 2,264 Iowa .................... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - Kansas .................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Kentucky ................ 7 - 7 - 1,133 - 890 - Louisiana ............... 18 10 18 10 2,928 1,731 2,603 1,348 Maine ................... 9 13 9 13 3,247 4,000 2,078 1,384 Maryland ................ 22 22 22 22 4,660 2,845 4,513 2,801 Massachusetts ........... 42 23 42 23 8,384 2,930 6,738 2,359 Michigan ................ 63 22 63 22 8,439 2,089 8,582 2,114 Minnesota ............... 74 17 74 17 11,807 2,535 10,888 2,159 Mississippi ............. 11 6 11 6 2,101 1,496 1,550 1,127 Missouri ................ 28 30 28 31 3,309 4,847 3,894 4,100 Montana ................. 9 ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 1,215 ( 2 ) 866 ( 2 ) Nebraska ................ - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) - ( 1 ) Nevada .................. 13 11 13 11 2,938 1,683 3,218 1,601 New Hampshire ........... 5 ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 640 ( 2 ) 587 ( 2 ) New Jersey .............. 57 55 57 55 10,945 9,374 8,956 6,799 New Mexico .............. 4 9 4 9 2,135 1,304 649 1,207 New York ................ ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) North Carolina .......... 12 27 12 27 3,458 6,407 1,979 2,978 North Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - Ohio .................... 108 87 108 87 20,781 15,591 21,381 10,679 Oklahoma ................ 8 ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) 1,339 ( 2 ) 919 ( 2 ) Oregon .................. 6 7 6 7 1,165 7,497 715 610 Pennsylvania ............ 162 ( 1 ) 164 ( 1 ) 24,427 ( 1 ) 27,797 ( 1 ) Rhode Island ............ ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 340 ( 2 ) 384 South Carolina .......... 12 13 12 13 2,138 1,963 2,684 1,584 South Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - Tennessee ............... 21 8 21 8 2,839 570 3,462 802 Texas ................... 64 75 65 76 18,260 15,426 18,006 13,358 Utah .................... 9 ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 1,454 ( 2 ) 1,175 ( 2 ) Vermont ................. - - - - - - - - Virginia ................ 17 20 17 20 6,417 4,762 2,881 2,531 Washington .............. 14 10 14 10 1,970 3,085 1,882 1,416 West Virginia ........... 12 ( 2 ) 12 ( 2 ) 2,171 ( 2 ) 1,347 ( 2 ) Wisconsin ............... 78 47 78 47 19,008 8,080 15,954 9,831 Wyoming ................. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ............. 14 15 14 15 1,880 2,908 2,416 2,215 1 See footnote 1, table1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.