Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 98-301 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 606-5902 Tuesday, July 21, 1998 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1998 In January through March of 1998, there were 1,276 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 194,834 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. Layoff activity was lower than in the same quarter a year ago when employers reported that they had laid off 252,295 workers in 1,317 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" accounted for more than one-third of the first quarter 1998 layoff events and separations. "Contract completion," "slack work," and "reorganization within the company" together accounted for about another third of the events and separations. Permanent closure of worksites occurred in 15 percent of all events and affected 36,807 workers. The quarterly series on extended mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the first quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs In the private sector during January-March 1998, agriculture accounted for 13 percent of all layoff events and 11 percent of all separations. This activity occurred primarily among farm labor contractors and was almost entirely due to "seasonal work." (See table 1.) Manufacturing accounted for 35 percent of all layoff events and separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were most numerous in transportation equipment and electronic equipment. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing. - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity --------------------------------------------------------------------- Period | Layoff events| Separations |Initial claimants --------------------|--------------|--------------|------------------ 1995 | | | April-June .........| 1,724 | 401,789 | 332,731 July-September .....| 950 | 191,398 | 154,226 October-December(r) | 1,761 | 337,537 | 311,748 1998 | | | January-March(r)....| 1,408 | 266,465 | 224,393 April-June(r).......| 1,350 | 253,389 | 207,859 July-September(r)...| 1,020 | 227,672 | 200,396 October-December(r).| 1,915 | 412,729 | 383,816 1997 | | | January-March.......| 1,317 | 252,295 | r253,385 April-June….........| 1,574 | 340,371 | r318,725 July-September(r)...| 1,077 | 213,133 | 215,672 October-December(r).| 1,677 | 306,714 | 304,173 1998 | | | January-March(p)....| 1,276 | 194,834 | 169,008 ------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised Layoffs in construction accounted for 16 percent of events and 12 percent of separations, primarily in highway and street construction. Services accounted for 14 percent of all events and 17 percent of all separations and occurred mainly in help supply services and in hotels and motels. Retail trade accounted for 10 percent of layoff events and 13 percent of separations, largely in department stores. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense-related" totaled 1,913 workers in the first quarter. Separations in this series were down from 4,396 in the same quarter of last year. Reasons for Extended Layoff Thirty-five percent of the separations and 36 percent of the events in the first quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among workers in agricultural services (such as farm labor contractors) and in food and kindred products, especially in candy and other confectionery products and canned fruits and vegetables. "Contract completion" accounted for about 13 percent of the separations and was most frequent among establishments in help supply services, heavy construction, and motion picture and video production. "Slack work" accounted for 10 percent of all separations and occurred largely in food processing and transportation equipment manufacturing. Layoffs due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") amounted to 20 percent of all layoff events and 24 percent of all separations and occurred most often in general merchandise stores. (See table 2.) - 3 - Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, January-March 1998 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations |-------------------------|-------------------------- Size | Number | Percent | Number | Percent -----------------|-----------|-------------|-------------|------------- - Total............| 1,276 | 100.0 | 194,834 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99............| 563 | 44.1 | 39,738 | 20.4 100-149..........| 301 | 23.6 | 35,025 | 18.0 150-199..........| 133 | 10.4 | 22,360 | 11.5 200-299..........| 144 | 11.3 | 32,726 | 16.8 300-499..........| 90 | 7.1 | 32,339 | 16.6 500-999..........| 39 | 3.1 | 23,974 | 12.3 1,000 or more....| 6 | .5 | 8,672 | 4.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the first quarter continued to be concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with over 68 percent involving fewer than 150 workers. These, however, accounted for only 38 percent of all separations. (See table B.) Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 17 percent of all separations, down sharply from 31 percent a year ago. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from an average of 82 separations in oil and gas extraction to 321 in motion pictures. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 169,008 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the first quarter of 1998. Of these claimants, 14 percent were black, 41 percent were women, 26 percent were Hispanic, and 13 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 3.) Over 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 12 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (56,744), followed by Illinois (14,137), Ohio (12,890), Texas (10,650), and Pennsylvania (10,419). These five states accounted for 55 percent of total layoff events and 54 percent of all separations during the first quarter of 1998. (See table 4.) After excluding the substantial impact of "seasonal work," California still reported the most laid-off workers (32,263). - 4 - Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, January-March 1998 -------------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events -------------------------|------------------------------------ | Anticipate a recall......| 57.6 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months..........| 78.8 Within 3 months........| 53.3 | Size | | At least half............| 89.7 All workers............| 56.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- Over the year, Michigan (2,994 workers), Kentucky (2,811), and Tennessee (2,615) reported the largest increases in laid-off workers. The largest decrease occurred in California (16,804 workers), primarily in motion pictures and in business services. Recall Expectations Fifty-eight percent of employers reporting a layoff in the first quarter of 1998 indicated that they anticipated some type of recall, about the same as a year earlier. (See table C.) Excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which 87 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers expected to recall laid-off workers in 41 percent of the events, also unchanged from a year earlier. Among all establishments expecting a recall, most employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so within 6 months. Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. In addition to this quarterly release, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly release on mass layoffs. This covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single- unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry I IV I I IV I I IV I 1997r 1997r 1998p 1997r 1997r 1998p 1997r 1997r 1998p Total( 1 )............................. 1,317 1,677 1,276 252,295 306,714 194,834 253,385 304,173 169,008 Total, private ............................... 1,294 1,613 1,239 248,345 293,200 188,531 248,136 290,633 163,380 Agriculture ............................... 152 275 163 23,796 41,137 21,248 24,354 38,589 22,313 Nonagriculture ............................. 1,140 1,337 1,076 224,392 251,836 167,283 223,564 251,555 141,067 Manufacturing ........................... 429 496 437 75,612 93,704 65,628 69,660 87,835 56,656 Durable goods ........................ 212 203 221 33,214 33,829 31,311 34,975 37,281 27,764 Lumber and wood products ........... 28 17 32 3,515 2,368 3,730 4,320 3,242 4,858 Furniture and fixtures ............. 7 8 8 1,397 969 1,441 1,067 1,534 1,048 Stone, clay, and glass products .... 21 27 24 2,013 4,070 2,342 2,350 4,828 2,378 Primary metal industries ........... 18 9 10 5,935 1,433 2,043 3,625 1,620 1,681 Fabricated metal products .......... 28 24 30 3,536 3,000 3,786 3,855 3,325 3,641 Industrial machinery and equipment . 20 29 29 3,454 5,847 3,899 4,232 5,187 2,941 Electronic and other electrical equipment ............. 37 30 39 5,112 5,016 5,411 5,450 4,127 4,583 Transportation equipment ........... 35 37 34 6,041 7,081 6,035 7,592 10,348 4,967 Instruments and related products ... 7 6 6 550 780 1,425 591 550 468 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ....................... 11 16 9 1,661 3,265 1,199 1,893 2,520 1,199 Nondurable goods ..................... 217 293 216 42,398 59,875 34,317 34,685 50,554 28,892 Food and kindred products .......... 81 130 89 20,146 34,267 13,537 15,341 25,085 13,063 Tobacco products ................... 7 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 2,151 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,305 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Textile mill products .............. 14 16 21 2,398 4,325 4,367 1,970 3,514 3,241 Apparel and other textile products . 52 66 36 7,998 9,890 5,323 7,569 10,207 4,732 Paper and allied products .......... 13 15 19 2,013 1,353 2,715 1,687 2,143 1,895 Printing and publishing ............ 11 10 14 1,904 1,908 1,573 2,010 2,384 1,608 Chemicals and allied products ...... 9 9 9 1,441 1,537 974 1,021 1,117 824 Petroleum and coal products ........ 7 21 ( 2 ) 490 2,688 ( 2 ) 1,151 2,799 ( 2 ) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ................ 18 18 9 3,012 2,501 1,996 1,916 1,997 994 Leather and leather products ....... 5 ( 2 ) 11 845 ( 2 ) 1,948 715 ( 2 ) 1,628 Nonmanufacturing ........................ 711 841 639 148,780 158,132 101,655 153,904 163,720 84,411 Mining ............................... 15 22 13 2,520 2,899 1,468 2,130 2,762 1,143 Construction .......................... 241 392 204 35,444 52,539 23,233 42,992 59,325 23,609 Transportation and public utilities ... 64 39 60 13,670 10,858 10,098 14,018 7,625 7,535 Wholesale and retail trade ............ 171 137 156 43,254 34,096 28,594 34,067 27,954 21,724 Wholesale trade ................... 24 36 28 2,770 4,109 3,567 2,987 4,386 2,599 Retail trade ...................... 147 101 128 40,484 29,987 25,027 31,080 23,568 19,125 Finance, insurance, and real estate ... 34 26 29 7,065 4,904 5,428 12,555 4,487 4,007 Services .............................. 186 225 177 46,827 52,836 32,834 48,142 61,567 26,393 Not identified ............................ 2 1 - 157 227 - 218 489 - Government ................................... 23 64 37 3,950 13,514 6,303 5,249 13,540 5,628 Federal .............................. 10 19 15 2,299 2,796 3,091 2,491 4,954 2,550 State ................................ 6 21 10 758 4,904 1,874 1,794 3,713 1,612 Local ................................ 7 24 12 893 5,814 1,338 964 4,873 1,466 1 For first quarter 1998, data on layoffs were reported by employers in all states and the District of Columbia. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 2. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Reason for separation I IV I I IV I I IV I 1997r 1997r 1998p 1997r 1997r 1998p 1997r 1997r 1998p Total, all reasons( 1 )..... 1,317 1,677 1,276 252,295 306,714 194,834 253,385 304,173 169,008 Automation .................... 6 ( 2 ) 3 1,264 ( 2 ) 503 1,247 ( 2 ) 255 Bankruptcy .................... 33 26 16 11,391 6,293 3,670 7,256 3,113 2,987 Business ownership change ..... 33 30 39 8,815 5,796 9,724 6,708 4,344 4,456 Contract cancellation ......... 17 15 13 3,068 2,463 2,075 2,293 1,721 1,255 Contract completion ........... 160 193 160 38,388 37,433 26,213 47,697 57,150 27,948 Domestic relocation ........... 23 11 18 4,303 1,435 3,384 3,103 901 1,994 Environment-related ........... 3 ( 2 ) - 401 ( 2 ) - 379 ( 2 ) - Financial difficulty .......... 38 38 59 6,353 8,613 11,112 5,735 6,206 7,595 Import competition ............ 17 12 15 4,331 2,072 2,150 2,700 2,066 1,655 Labor dispute ................. 4 3 6 3,763 506 916 699 511 471 Material shortage ............. 6 4 7 594 575 1,540 498 544 1,112 Model changeover .............. ( 2 ) 3 8 ( 2 ) 715 1,745 ( 2 ) 2,311 1,803 Natural disaster .............. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Overseas relocation ........... 9 8 6 1,328 3,042 1,093 1,254 1,518 711 Plant or machine repair ....... 3 6 8 295 668 769 486 1,071 698 Product line discontinued ..... 7 16 5 1,006 2,653 845 1,136 2,004 726 Reorganization within company . 137 108 135 20,499 17,415 21,923 29,469 16,492 17,492 Seasonal work ................. 471 889 459 90,827 173,047 68,095 84,344 145,397 59,481 Slack work .................... 200 172 156 30,933 21,851 19,646 32,639 31,286 19,663 Vacation period ............... 3 3 ( 2 ) 901 659 ( 2 ) 3,111 546 ( 2 ) Weather-related ............... 28 34 72 4,591 3,841 7,385 4,265 4,355 7,750 Other ......................... 61 66 64 11,765 12,228 8,806 10,341 14,884 7,747 Not reported .................. 55 36 23 6,674 4,489 2,349 7,506 6,224 2,327 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, fourth quarter 1997 and first quarter 1998 Percent of total Total State Layoff events initial Black Hispanic Women Persons age 55 claimants origin and over IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I 1997r 1998p 1997r 1998p 1997r 1998p 1997r 1998p 1997r 1998p 1997r 1998p Total( 1 ).......... 1,677 1,276 304,173 169,008 10.0 13.7 24.5 25.7 36.8 41.2 13.5 12.7 Alabama .............. 5 17 624 2,292 33.8 36.9 .5 .2 29.5 58.0 13.5 9.5 Alaska ............... 8 4 1,000 356 1.9 .8 9.1 .3 26.7 9.3 13.9 13.2 Arizona .............. 13 10 1,750 1,350 .1 2.3 50.5 73.4 26.8 26.5 11.8 14.5 Arkansas ............. 11 ( 2 ) 1,896 ( 2 ) 23.6 22.6 1.2 - 60.3 70.2 12.8 15.5 California ........... 474 398 101,329 59,994 5.3 5.5 48.0 52.0 37.2 39.0 10.3 10.6 Colorado ............. 23 12 2,435 1,760 2.7 6.3 29.3 16.8 26.0 52.6 13.9 8.4 Connecticut .......... 16 6 1,918 651 8.1 22.1 15.1 5.5 29.9 43.8 22.7 19.5 Delaware ............. - - - - - - - - - - - - District of Columbia . - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 33.3 - 24.6 - 49.1 - 15.8 Florida .............. 74 47 6,798 4,520 17.2 20.8 20.4 17.7 55.8 44.6 20.7 21.1 Georgia .............. 26 26 3,610 2,733 50.2 62.6 1.3 1.0 59.5 66.6 15.6 14.2 Hawaii ............... 5 5 666 544 .2 .4 .2 2.2 59.5 62.9 19.2 27.9 Idaho ................ 13 5 2,609 341 .4 .6 36.1 5.0 41.1 32.3 17.4 7.6 Illinois ............. 129 83 20,452 10,901 15.4 20.8 16.1 15.1 25.1 40.4 13.5 14.2 Indiana .............. 34 15 4,910 1,455 6.9 6.3 3.1 2.2 25.4 41.8 13.7 10.2 Iowa ................. ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 2.7 - .6 - 32.5 - 11.6 - Kansas ............... 8 - 1,057 - 6.0 - 12.3 - 15.6 - 18.0 - Kentucky ............. 7 9 810 1,323 4.8 6.5 - .2 59.5 66.8 11.0 9.8 Louisiana ............ 13 13 2,475 1,949 38.7 48.8 1.7 1.3 31.6 53.0 13.4 10.3 Maine ................ 10 10 2,012 1,296 .5 .2 .2 .1 38.7 47.5 13.2 13.0 Maryland ............. 13 7 1,469 881 28.9 43.6 .1 .3 10.6 33.4 24.0 19.0 Massachusetts ........ 43 17 6,366 1,507 9.0 9.4 10.6 9.2 51.3 57.1 21.5 17.2 Michigan ............. 69 42 12,629 5,004 16.5 17.1 9.3 4.1 34.3 35.9 12.3 13.5 Minnesota ............ 72 20 10,567 1,846 .8 2.7 6.2 3.2 24.0 29.2 15.2 15.4 Mississippi .......... 5 11 516 1,276 73.8 44.8 .2 - 57.0 56.9 10.7 12.2 Missouri ............. 36 32 5,449 3,142 12.3 14.5 1.0 1.8 48.8 56.3 21.3 14.3 Montana .............. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) .4 .5 2.3 2.9 5.6 8.3 17.2 18.5 Nebraska ............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Nevada ............... 8 8 2,481 1,058 6.5 10.6 17.4 17.7 39.3 24.9 20.6 15.3 New Hampshire ........ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - - 1.0 .6 20.9 11.6 21.9 20.0 New Jersey ........... 50 57 9,550 6,213 15.9 18.2 23.7 22.4 53.3 44.2 19.1 18.7 New Mexico ........... 5 6 789 511 1.3 1.8 66.3 56.9 40.1 19.4 14.3 15.3 New York ............. 47 25 6,373 2,562 9.7 12.8 7.2 7.8 29.2 43.9 16.0 13.2 North Carolina ....... 21 30 3,030 3,982 45.4 46.7 3.4 1.1 47.5 57.3 12.5 13.6 North Dakota ......... - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio ................. 96 86 17,309 9,819 11.7 10.0 3.7 2.1 30.1 31.2 12.8 9.9 Oklahoma ............. ( 2 ) 9 ( 2 ) 752 8.7 7.7 2.9 2.8 38.4 32.7 13.1 13.4 Oregon ............... ( 2 ) 4 ( 2 ) 320 .6 - 67.9 12.2 64.6 10.9 10.8 18.8 Pennsylvania ......... 86 78 21,345 12,507 6.2 8.1 1.2 1.2 40.9 39.9 17.1 18.0 Rhode Island ......... ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 283 6.7 13.1 1.1 28.3 55.1 66.1 33.7 26.9 South Carolina ....... 10 8 1,116 881 61.8 54.6 .2 .3 79.6 55.2 .1 4.1 South Dakota ......... - - - - - - - - - - - - Tennessee ............ 21 21 3,767 2,040 27.6 23.9 .6 .5 49.7 44.1 22.1 17.5 Texas ................ 69 54 15,902 10,635 13.8 18.4 46.2 44.3 38.1 35.0 8.7 9.5 Utah ................. 8 ( 2 ) 1,290 ( 2 ) .5 5.8 13.2 39.0 19.6 48.7 8.6 2.6 Vermont .............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia ............. 17 27 3,225 2,967 19.8 40.2 .1 .4 44.1 55.2 15.3 10.3 Washington ........... 25 25 2,791 2,339 2.1 4.0 22.8 13.3 28.5 37.2 15.5 17.4 West Virginia ........ 5 4 555 449 1.8 1.3 - - 4.9 31.6 12.8 18.9 Wisconsin ............ 81 34 18,467 5,830 3.4 5.5 11.1 2.7 31.1 43.4 15.5 11.3 Wyoming .............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico .......... 19 16 3,019 2,854 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 53.2 57.3 10.9 8.8 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance I IV I I IV I I IV I State 1997r 1997r 1998p 1997r 1997r 1998p 1997r 1997r 1998p Total( 1 ).......... 1,317 1,677 1,276 252,295 306,714 194,834 253,385 304,173 169,008 Alabama .............. 6 5 17 1,038 631 3,028 674 624 2,292 Alaska ............... 5 8 4 804 1,375 570 541 1,000 356 Arizona .............. 14 13 10 3,817 1,574 1,345 3,251 1,750 1,350 Arkansas ............. 3 11 ( 2 ) 3,075 1,970 ( 2 ) 1,562 1,896 ( 2 ) California ........... 371 474 398 73,548 83,579 56,744 86,793 101,329 59,994 Colorado ............. 8 23 12 1,194 3,497 2,210 696 2,435 1,760 Connecticut .......... 6 16 6 739 3,499 969 1,172 1,918 651 Delaware ............. - - - - - - - - - District of Columbia . 4 - ( 2 ) 1,761 - ( 2 ) 749 - ( 2 ) Florida .............. 56 74 47 9,910 12,299 8,325 7,985 6,798 4,520 Georgia .............. 17 26 26 7,132 4,062 3,938 2,820 3,610 2,733 Hawaii ............... 8 5 5 840 1,760 584 938 666 544 Idaho ................ 9 13 5 1,782 2,505 780 1,151 2,609 341 Illinois ............. 102 129 83 15,484 21,642 14,137 14,154 20,452 10,901 Indiana .............. 26 34 15 2,772 4,793 2,377 3,189 4,910 1,455 Iowa ................. - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - Kansas ............... ( 2 ) 8 - ( 2 ) 1,082 - ( 2 ) 1,057 - Kentucky ............. 9 7 9 2,811 1,847 2,811 1,323 810 1,323 Louisiana ............ 17 13 13 3,824 3,413 2,220 3,984 2,475 1,949 Maine ................ 13 10 10 4,000 4,275 2,106 1,433 2,012 1,296 Maryland ............. 22 13 7 2,845 1,101 881 2,973 1,469 881 Massachusetts ........ 23 43 17 2,930 6,251 2,442 2,595 6,366 1,507 Michigan ............. 22 69 42 2,089 8,231 5,083 2,523 12,629 5,004 Minnesota ............ 17 72 20 2,550 12,873 2,971 2,421 10,567 1,846 Mississippi .......... 6 5 11 1,496 730 2,085 1,129 516 1,276 Missouri ............. 31 36 32 4,847 5,747 3,450 4,100 5,449 3,142 Montana .............. ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Nebraska ............. - - - - - - - - - Nevada ............... 11 8 8 1,683 2,705 1,129 1,957 2,481 1,058 New Hampshire ........ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) New Jersey ........... 55 50 57 9,441 12,674 7,677 8,036 9,550 6,213 New Mexico ........... 9 5 6 1,260 2,766 542 1,335 789 511 New York ............. 54 47 25 11,611 10,315 3,050 19,305 6,373 2,562 North Carolina ....... 27 21 30 6,407 5,234 7,599 3,401 3,030 3,982 North Dakota ......... - - - - - - - - - Ohio ................. 87 96 86 16,746 19,838 12,890 12,894 17,309 9,819 Oklahoma ............. 4 ( 2 ) 9 385 ( 2 ) 1,015 327 ( 2 ) 752 Oregon ............... 7 ( 2 ) 4 7,497 ( 2 ) 490 1,542 ( 2 ) 320 Pennsylvania ......... 87 86 78 11,268 14,325 10,419 18,694 21,345 12,507 Rhode Island ......... 3 ( 2 ) 3 340 ( 2 ) 534 427 ( 2 ) 283 South Carolina ....... 13 10 8 1,963 907 613 2,290 1,116 881 South Dakota ......... - - - - - - - - - Tennessee ............ 8 21 21 570 2,228 3,185 1,321 3,767 2,040 Texas ................ 76 69 54 15,776 10,308 10,650 16,788 15,902 10,635 Utah ................. ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 955 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,290 ( 2 ) Vermont .............. - - - - - - - - - Virginia ............. 20 17 27 4,762 4,174 7,068 3,152 3,225 2,967 Washington ........... 10 25 25 3,085 3,325 3,225 1,438 2,791 2,339 West Virginia ........ ( 2 ) 5 4 ( 2 ) 514 449 ( 2 ) 555 449 Wisconsin ............ 49 81 34 9,179 24,015 4,308 12,333 18,467 5,830 Wyoming .............. ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - Puerto Rico .......... 15 19 16 2,908 2,845 2,945 2,694 3,019 2,854 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.