Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 98-411 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 606-5902 Wednesday, October 7, 1998 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 1998 In April through June of 1998, there were 1,500 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 337,855 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor?s Bureau of Labor Statistics. Layoff activity was slightly lower than in the same quarter a year ago when employers reported that they had laid off 340,371 workers in 1,574 extended layoff events. "Seasonal work" accounted for about one-third of the second-quarter 1998 layoff events and separations and was largely related to the end of the school year. Another 15 percent of the separations were due to "labor dispute," primarily the result of large strike-related layoffs in transportation equipment manufacturing. Permanent closure of worksites occurred in 11 percent of all events and affected 34,010 workers, down from 43,472 workers in the same period a year ago. The quarterly series on extended mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the second quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs In the private sector during April-June 1998, agriculture accounted for 9 percent of all layoff events and 8 percent of all separations. The activity occurred primarily among farm labor contractors, vegetable and melon workers, and crop preparation laborers and was almost entirely due to the cessation of seasonal work. (See table 1.) Thirty-four percent of all layoff events and 47 percent of all separations came from manufacturing industries. Layoffs in durable goods industries were most numerous in transportation equipment (mostly in motor vehicles and car bodies and in motor vehicle parts and accessories) and electronic and other electrical equipment (largely in combustion engines). Most worker separations in these industries were due to strike-related plant shutdowns. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing and apparel. Cutbacks in construction accounted for 10 percent of events and 6 percent of separations, primarily in heavy construction and special trade - 2 contracting. Services accounted for 27 percent of all layoff events and 20 percent of all separations, mainly in social services (mostly child day care services), amusement and recreation services, and business services (primarily help supply). Retail trade accounted for 9 percent of all layoff events and 8 percent of all separations, largely in eating and drinking establishments. Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity --------------------------------------------------------------------- Period | Layoff | Separations | Initial | events | | claimants --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1995 | | | April-June................| 1,724 | 401,789 | 332,731 July-September ...........| 950 | 191,398 | 154,226 October-December..........| 1,761 | 337,537 | 311,748 1996 | | | January-March.............| 1,408 | 266,465 | 224,393 April- June...............| 1,350 | 253,389 | r207,873 July-September............| 1,020 | 227,672 | r200,423 October-December..........| 1,915 | 412,729 | r384,161 1997 | | | January-March.............| 1,317 | 252,295 | r253,424 April-June................| 1,574 | 340,371 | r319,617 July-September............| 1,077 | 213,133 | r216,474 October-December..........| 1,677 | 306,714 | r311,536 1998 | | | January-March(r)..........| 1,289 | 197,858 | 237,528 April-June(p).............| 1,500 | 337,855 | 260,837 --------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised Layoffs in government establishments accounted for 8 percent of total separations and were most prevalent among elementary and secondary schools, occurring as the school year ended. Business establishments in industries identified as "defense-related" laid off 3,556 workers in the second quarter. Reasons for Extended Layoff Thirty-three percent of the separations and 38 percent of the events in the second quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were largely the result of the end of the school year and were most numerous among workers in local transit (such as school bus drivers), eating and drinking places (largely school cafeterias), and social services (primarily child - 3 - day care facilities). Strike-related layoffs in transportation equipment manufacturing resulted in a large number of worker separations due to "labor dispute" or "material shortage," which together amounted to 19 percent of all separations. Layoffs due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") comprised 12 percent of all layoff events and 10 percent of all separations. Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, April- June 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Size | Layoff events | Separations |-------------------------------------------------- | Number | Percent | Number | Percent ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | Total...........| 1,500 | 100.0 | 337,855 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99...............| 606 | 40.4 | 42,606 | 12.6 100-149.............| 306 | 20.4 | 35,748 | 10.6 150-199.............| 180 | 12.0 | 29,888 | 8.8 200-299.............| 154 | 10.3 | 35,800 | 10.6 300-499.............| 137 | 9.1 | 49,699 | 14.7 500-999.............| 80 | 5.3 | 51,478 | 15.2 1,000 or more.......| 37 | 2.5 | 92,636 | 27.4 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the second quarter continued to be concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with 61 percent involving fewer than 150 workers. These, however, accounted for only 23 percent of all separations. (See table B.) Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for 43 percent of all separations, up from 37 percent a year ago. Layoffs due to the strikes in transportation equipment and to the end of the school year contributed to the high percentage of laid-off workers in the larger size categories. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from an average of 84 separations in paper product manufacturing to 818 in transportation equipment. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 260,837 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the second quarter of 1998. Of these claimants, 19 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 16 percent were Hispanic, and 16 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 3.) Over 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 12 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Forty percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. - 4 - Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (44,063), followed by Michigan (39,753), Illinois (25,718), Florida (25,410), Texas (23,349), and Wisconsin (22,212). These six states accounted for 54 percent of total layoff events and 53 percent of all separations during the second quarter of 1998. (See table 4.) After excluding the substantial impact of "seasonal work," Michigan reported the most laid-off workers (38,634), primarily due to strike-related layoffs in transportation equipment. Over the year, the largest increases in laid-off workers occurred in Michigan (23,262 workers), Wisconsin (16,738), and Indiana (15,032). The largest decrease occurred in California (39,446 workers), primarily in motion pictures and general merchandise stores. Recall Expectations Sixty-eight percent of employers reporting a layoff in the second quarter of 1998 indicated that they anticipated some type of recall, about the same as a year earlier. (See table C.) Excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which 96 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers expected to recall laid-off workers in 47 percent of the events, up slightly from 44 percent a year earlier. Among all establishments expecting a recall, most employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so within 6 months. Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, April-June 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events ----------------------------------------------------------- Anticipate a recall........| 67.7 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months............| 82.5 Within 3 months..........| 54.9 | Size | | At least half..............| 92.2 All workers..............| 68.3 ----------------------------------------------------------- Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. In addition to this quarterly release, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly release on mass layoffs. This covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. - 2 - Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single- unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Industry II I II II I II II I II 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p Total( 1 )................................... 1,574 1,289 1,500 340,371 197,858 337,855 319,617 237,528 260,837 Total, private ........................................ 1,445 1,252 1,427 299,633 191,554 311,186 297,999 230,697 252,050 Agriculture ........................................ 145 166 135 26,928 21,671 23,646 29,049 32,356 16,293 Nonagriculture ...................................... 1,295 1,086 1,290 271,943 169,883 287,318 268,172 198,341 235,456 Manufacturing ................................... 435 441 480 83,555 66,373 146,579 94,357 70,372 121,837 Durable goods ................................ 185 223 259 39,229 31,680 111,219 43,690 33,021 92,979 Lumber and wood products .................. 4 32 6 418 3,730 863 383 5,174 790 Furniture and fixtures .................... 13 8 8 3,441 1,441 1,631 3,032 1,186 1,641 Stone, clay, and glass products ........... 10 24 18 1,560 2,351 2,770 2,128 2,727 2,217 Primary metal industries .................. 13 10 12 2,145 2,043 2,073 2,427 2,229 1,070 Fabricated metal products ................. 23 30 34 3,081 3,786 5,852 3,815 4,011 4,208 Industrial machinery and equipment ........ 33 29 26 6,848 3,960 3,704 9,248 3,757 3,211 Electronic and other electrical equipment . 23 40 49 2,666 5,611 20,945 5,194 6,168 14,094 Transportation equipment .................. 46 34 85 15,750 6,035 69,559 13,638 5,635 62,881 Instruments and related products .......... 9 7 8 1,494 1,524 2,318 1,567 701 1,262 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries .... 11 9 13 1,826 1,199 1,504 2,258 1,433 1,605 Nondurable goods ............................. 250 218 221 44,326 34,693 35,360 50,667 37,351 28,858 Food and kindred products .................. 108 91 83 22,687 13,812 12,728 22,560 18,419 12,877 Tobacco products ........................... ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,103 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 834 Textile mill products ...................... 17 21 21 1,888 4,367 4,167 2,769 4,481 2,621 Apparel and other textile products ......... 54 36 48 8,152 5,413 7,376 13,507 5,318 5,421 Paper and allied products .................. 13 19 8 2,471 2,715 674 1,715 2,088 722 Printing and publishing .................... 18 14 13 2,082 1,573 1,923 3,369 1,756 1,507 Chemicals and allied products .............. 8 9 9 1,254 974 1,413 1,438 934 1,193 Petroleum and coal products ................ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 270 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 238 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products . 15 9 30 2,149 1,996 5,396 2,634 1,275 3,078 Leather and leather products ............... 12 11 3 2,303 1,959 310 1,845 1,721 367 Nonmanufacturing ................................ 860 645 810 188,388 103,510 140,739 173,815 127,969 113,619 Mining ....................................... 8 14 13 2,139 1,518 2,329 2,217 1,341 1,489 Construction .................................. 128 205 137 21,691 23,593 18,102 25,217 29,260 17,242 Transportation and public utilities ........... 111 61 98 25,299 11,005 25,378 22,491 11,214 18,580 Wholesale and retail trade .................... 179 157 159 44,770 28,719 29,208 40,216 30,037 25,363 Wholesale trade ........................... 34 28 32 4,712 3,567 4,240 4,535 2,935 3,025 Retail trade .............................. 145 129 127 40,058 25,152 24,968 35,681 27,102 22,338 Finance, insurance, and real estate ........... 35 30 23 6,804 5,590 4,050 6,224 6,585 2,319 Services ...................................... 399 178 380 87,685 33,085 61,672 77,450 49,532 48,626 Not identified ..................................... 5 - 2 762 - 222 778 - 301 Government ............................................ 129 37 73 40,738 6,304 26,669 21,618 6,831 8,787 Federal ....................................... 8 15 4 1,771 3,091 1,098 1,938 3,259 1,175 State ......................................... 16 10 15 4,782 1,875 2,820 3,186 1,723 1,785 Local ......................................... 105 12 54 34,185 1,338 22,751 16,494 1,849 5,827 1 For second quarter 1998, data on layoffs were reported by employers in all states and the District of Columbia. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 2. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance II I II II I II II I II 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p Reason for separation Total, all reasons ( 1 )......... 1,574 1,289 1,500 340,371 197,858 337,855 319,617 237,528 260,837 Automation ......................... ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 503 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 267 ( 2 ) Bankruptcy ......................... 10 16 23 1,478 3,670 3,514 1,705 3,205 2,330 Business ownership change .......... 31 40 30 6,095 9,886 5,511 4,555 5,609 2,881 Contract cancellation .............. 14 13 19 2,152 2,075 3,351 2,297 1,362 2,413 Contract completion ................ 234 161 205 59,403 26,424 34,668 70,780 50,134 33,531 Domestic relocation ................ 23 18 21 6,489 3,384 3,533 3,581 2,612 2,456 Energy-related ..................... - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) Environment-related ................ - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) Financial difficulty ............... 43 60 30 18,658 11,962 8,948 8,732 10,729 4,894 Import competition ................. 14 15 9 3,185 2,150 1,783 1,836 1,791 1,400 Labor dispute ...................... 13 6 53 8,696 916 50,677 2,371 511 46,433 Material shortage .................. ( 2 ) 7 35 ( 2 ) 1,540 13,627 ( 2 ) 1,148 9,643 Model changeover ................... 5 8 3 1,052 1,745 551 2,485 1,903 1,537 Natural disaster ................... - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - Overseas relocation ................ 13 6 10 2,932 1,093 3,076 5,549 1,067 1,750 Plant or machine repair ............ 5 8 9 889 769 3,987 1,881 867 3,389 Product line discontinued .......... 13 5 11 3,362 845 2,211 2,547 1,770 1,486 Reorganization within company ...... 121 138 94 20,623 22,679 16,981 25,498 24,517 11,485 Seasonal work ...................... 706 460 562 159,856 68,404 109,974 122,961 79,202 79,711 Slack work ......................... 169 158 172 21,706 19,831 32,425 31,022 25,027 26,945 Vacation period .................... 68 ( 2 ) 68 9,563 ( 2 ) 19,950 12,210 ( 2 ) 8,369 Weather-related .................... ( 2 ) 75 19 ( 2 ) 7,634 1,737 ( 2 ) 10,099 2,741 Other .............................. 51 64 83 7,968 8,951 13,260 9,500 9,892 9,609 Not reported ....................... 36 24 40 5,755 2,506 7,130 9,662 4,903 7,341 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, first and second quarters, 1998 Percent of total Total State Layoff events initial Black Hispanic Women Persons age 55 claimants and over I II I II I II I II I II I II 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p Total( 1 )........ 1,289 1,500 237,528 260,837 12.8 18.6 26.5 16.3 41.3 45.7 12.3 15.5 Alabama .............. 17 19 2,531 3,212 36.9 30.8 .2 .6 58.6 37.6 9.3 16.8 Alaska ............... 4 6 356 804 .8 3.4 .3 13.4 9.3 47.1 13.2 15.9 Arizona .............. 10 14 2,375 2,675 1.3 .3 83.9 97.4 30.5 25.9 12.0 10.1 Arkansas ............. ( 2 ) 10 ( 2 ) 1,293 20.7 28.3 - .8 71.7 58.5 15.2 9.0 California ........... 403 301 104,340 44,586 6.4 7.5 44.7 40.4 40.0 45.1 10.2 12.2 Colorado ............. 12 10 1,898 989 5.9 3.0 18.3 24.6 54.0 63.4 8.8 12.8 Connecticut .......... 6 7 939 809 23.7 21.3 6.6 14.7 47.8 75.3 19.0 19.3 Delaware ............. - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 27.4 - 1.8 - 93.3 - 32.9 District of Columbia . ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 32.8 85.5 24.1 8.4 48.3 76.5 15.5 19.3 Florida .............. 49 137 6,384 12,338 18.8 30.6 20.0 32.4 44.9 52.9 19.8 19.6 Georgia .............. 26 27 3,085 4,822 62.8 50.6 1.0 1.2 66.0 47.3 14.1 14.2 Hawaii ............... 6 13 705 1,290 .3 .5 1.7 .8 54.8 48.7 28.8 18.5 Idaho ................ 5 15 346 1,559 .6 .3 4.9 19.7 32.1 56.3 8.1 15.2 Illinois ............. 83 106 12,835 18,593 20.8 22.7 14.8 9.1 39.6 52.2 13.6 15.3 Indiana .............. 15 34 2,061 10,248 8.7 12.2 1.9 2.5 40.7 39.7 13.6 15.8 Iowa ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - Kansas ............... - 3 - 2,814 - 15.7 - 2.9 - 20.6 - 14.9 Kentucky ............. 9 9 1,413 1,275 8.4 5.9 .1 .1 68.2 41.7 9.3 11.1 Louisiana ............ 13 12 2,013 3,692 48.5 42.3 1.2 2.4 51.9 43.4 10.1 16.3 Maine ................ 10 11 1,457 1,421 .3 .4 .1 .1 49.2 40.7 13.7 8.4 Maryland ............. 7 8 887 2,913 43.5 41.5 .3 3.2 33.1 27.8 18.9 23.3 Massachusetts ........ 17 22 2,990 2,567 6.7 10.0 20.2 8.5 50.5 63.1 17.3 22.4 Michigan ............. 42 98 5,661 40,173 18.6 24.0 4.7 2.8 37.1 27.3 13.4 13.8 Minnesota ............ 20 23 2,133 2,540 2.7 3.5 3.0 1.9 26.9 47.4 15.3 18.3 Mississippi .......... 11 7 1,406 673 46.1 51.4 - 1.2 57.4 55.1 13.9 16.2 Missouri ............. 33 52 3,240 11,440 14.3 25.7 1.7 1.0 56.3 61.3 14.0 19.5 Montana .............. ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 ) 510 .3 .4 3.2 1.6 9.1 56.7 18.5 19.4 Nebraska ............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Nevada ............... 8 8 1,363 930 10.9 15.4 18.0 18.7 24.7 37.1 15.5 13.5 New Hampshire ........ ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) 677 - .3 .6 .3 11.3 64.3 20.1 18.3 New Jersey ........... 57 72 7,121 11,974 18.9 17.9 22.0 14.2 45.8 64.3 18.7 31.5 New Mexico ........... 6 17 571 1,607 2.1 1.7 55.7 48.7 20.5 57.7 14.5 11.4 New York ............. 25 23 2,938 2,623 12.4 16.5 7.1 16.2 44.7 49.0 12.6 14.4 North Carolina ....... 30 22 4,974 3,172 50.6 48.9 1.0 1.3 57.6 54.7 14.5 17.7 North Dakota ......... - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio ................. 86 84 12,357 10,344 10.8 14.3 2.2 1.5 34.1 50.8 10.2 12.7 Oklahoma ............. 9 ( 2 ) 961 ( 2 ) 6.8 15.7 2.6 4.6 28.8 3.4 12.2 18.3 Oregon ............... 4 ( 2 ) 321 ( 2 ) - .3 12.5 46.4 10.9 57.4 18.7 21.0 Pennsylvania ......... 78 70 16,271 12,083 8.3 8.3 1.4 1.5 40.7 61.6 18.4 17.1 Rhode Island ......... 3 ( 2 ) 408 ( 2 ) 15.2 5.4 25.0 2.2 60.0 62.0 26.5 19.6 South Carolina ....... 8 13 936 1,193 56.1 77.8 .3 .9 56.6 79.1 4.8 3.0 South Dakota ......... - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - - - 1.4 - 11.6 - 7.2 Tennessee ............ 21 4 2,395 318 22.3 16.7 .4 .6 42.4 61.0 16.6 7.9 Texas ................ 54 122 13,448 21,082 17.7 19.1 43.6 40.5 32.7 42.8 9.4 11.5 Utah ................. ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) 801 5.5 .5 38.2 6.6 48.5 58.3 2.4 6.9 Vermont .............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia ............. 27 23 3,609 3,035 37.1 44.8 .3 .2 53.6 60.1 10.9 15.0 Washington ........... 25 24 2,519 2,759 3.8 2.7 14.3 15.8 38.6 49.6 17.4 19.2 West Virginia ........ 4 6 548 523 1.1 4.6 - - 26.5 33.8 20.3 14.7 Wisconsin ............ 38 41 6,859 11,022 5.7 12.3 2.6 4.0 42.6 50.2 11.9 16.2 Wyoming .............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico .......... 16 10 3,975 1,843 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 55.0 49.7 7.7 7.8 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance State II I II II I II II I II 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p Total( 1 )........... 1,574 1,289 1,500 340,371 197,858 337,855 319,617 237,528 260,837 Alabama ............... 14 17 19 3,475 3,028 4,081 2,390 2,531 3,212 Alaska ................ 8 4 6 3,521 570 6,237 1,081 356 804 Arizona ............... 24 10 14 5,241 1,345 1,923 4,754 2,375 2,675 Arkansas .............. 14 ( 2 ) 10 1,404 ( 2 ) 2,220 1,517 ( 2 ) 1,293 California ............ 347 403 301 83,509 57,243 44,063 97,652 104,340 44,586 Colorado .............. 11 12 10 7,478 2,210 1,044 1,515 1,898 989 Connecticut ........... 12 6 7 2,425 969 1,701 2,723 939 809 Delaware .............. - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) District of Columbia .. - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Florida ............... 120 49 137 41,073 9,459 25,410 16,665 6,384 12,338 Georgia ............... 22 26 27 5,164 3,938 7,229 3,859 3,085 4,822 Hawaii ................ 4 6 13 628 884 1,493 391 705 1,290 Idaho ................. 9 5 15 1,517 780 1,998 1,248 346 1,559 Illinois .............. 106 83 106 20,899 14,294 25,718 20,129 12,835 18,593 Indiana ............... 18 15 34 2,021 2,377 17,053 7,115 2,061 10,248 Iowa .................. 6 - - 1,752 - - 3,875 - - Kansas ................ 9 - 3 1,292 - 2,875 1,575 - 2,814 Kentucky .............. 7 9 9 1,315 2,811 1,993 492 1,413 1,275 Louisiana ............. 20 13 12 2,889 2,220 4,944 2,407 2,013 3,692 Maine ................. 10 10 11 2,157 2,106 2,336 1,530 1,457 1,421 Maryland .............. 21 7 8 2,784 881 3,761 2,852 887 2,913 Massachusetts ......... 35 17 22 4,913 2,532 4,432 5,345 2,990 2,567 Michigan .............. 51 42 98 16,491 5,083 39,753 8,937 5,661 40,173 Minnesota ............. 22 20 23 3,484 2,971 3,108 2,906 2,133 2,540 Mississippi ........... 6 11 7 1,584 2,085 1,370 1,403 1,406 673 Missouri .............. 72 33 52 14,743 3,525 14,284 8,990 3,240 11,440 Montana ............... 8 ( 2 ) 7 1,436 ( 2 ) 481 641 ( 2 ) 510 Nebraska .............. ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - Nevada ................ 7 8 8 694 1,129 1,197 1,252 1,363 930 New Hampshire ......... - ( 2 ) 5 - ( 2 ) 1,715 - ( 2 ) 677 New Jersey ............ 80 57 72 13,523 7,677 15,235 14,861 7,121 11,974 New Mexico ............ 14 6 17 2,436 555 3,086 1,861 571 1,607 New York .............. 48 25 23 13,572 3,050 4,077 6,459 2,938 2,623 North Carolina ........ 22 30 22 5,656 7,599 5,456 3,017 4,974 3,172 North Dakota .......... - - - - - - - - - Ohio .................. 74 86 84 11,475 12,890 14,339 13,030 12,357 10,344 Oklahoma .............. 5 9 ( 2 ) 875 1,015 ( 2 ) 2,098 961 ( 2 ) Oregon ................ 4 4 ( 2 ) 1,561 490 ( 2 ) 406 321 ( 2 ) Pennsylvania .......... 122 78 70 16,682 10,419 10,133 28,982 16,271 12,083 Rhode Island .......... ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 534 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 408 ( 2 ) South Carolina ........ 18 8 13 1,873 613 1,199 2,452 936 1,193 South Dakota .......... - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) Tennessee ............. 23 21 4 2,135 3,185 264 3,819 2,395 318 Texas ................. 101 54 122 23,187 10,759 23,349 28,048 13,448 21,082 Utah .................. 6 ( 2 ) 6 1,897 ( 2 ) 1,735 808 ( 2 ) 801 Vermont ............... - - - - - - - - - Virginia .............. 16 27 23 3,257 7,068 3,817 2,531 3,609 3,035 Washington ............ 14 25 24 1,999 3,225 4,623 1,779 2,519 2,759 West Virginia ......... 4 4 6 242 449 662 277 548 523 Wisconsin ............. 37 38 41 5,474 4,944 22,212 5,557 6,859 11,022 Wyoming ............... - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ........... 19 16 10 3,201 2,945 2,443 3,709 3,975 1,843 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. p = preliminary. r = revised. NOTE: Dash represents zero.