Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 96-440 Media contact: 606-5902 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Wednesday, October 23, 1996 MASS LAYOFFS IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF 1996 The U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that, in April through June of 1996, there were 1,247 mass layoff actions by employers, resulting in the separation of 226,449 workers from their jobs. A year earlier, employers reported 1,670 layoff events and 385,644 laid-off workers in the second quarter of 1995. "Seasonal work" was the major reason cited for the second quarter 1996 layoffs accounting for 37 percent of the events and 41 percent of the separations. "Slack work," "reorganization within the company," and "contract completion" were the next most often-cited reasons and together accounted for 36 percent of the events and 33 percent of the separations. Closure of worksites occurred in 26 percent of all events and directly affected over 68,000 workers. The Mass Layoff Statistics program covers layoffs of at least 31 days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5- week period. Data for the second quarter of 1996 are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for the previous four quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to these data. Thus, comparisons of the same quarter in different years can be used as an indicator of trend, rather than comparisons of consecutive quarters. When sufficient years of data have been collected, BLS will examine the feasibility of seasonally adjusting the mass layoff series. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. Industry Distribution of Layoffs Layoffs in agriculture accounted for 8 percent of all events and 10 percent of all separations and occurred primarily in crop production and farm labor contractors. (See table 1.) Manufacturing accounted for nearly one-third of the events and one-fourth of all separations. Layoffs in durable goods industries were concentrated in transportation equipment, industrial machinery, and electronic equipment. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs in food processing and apparel continued to dominate. (See table 2.) - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Period |Layoff events|Separations |Initial claimants --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1995 | | | April-Juner.............| 1,670 | 385,644 | 319,302 July-Septemberr.........| 902 | 173,827 | 144,578 October-Decemberr.......| 1,716 | 320,750 | 294,957 1996 | | | January-Marchr..........| 1,350 | 249,783 | 213,253 April-Junep.............| 1,247 | 226,449 | 139,390 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary r=revised Nearly one-fourth of all separations and layoff events occurred in services (largely in social services and help supply agencies). Layoffs in government accounted for an additional 10 percent of all separations, mostly due to local government layoffs in elementary and secondary education as the school year ended. Layoffs from business establishments in industries identified as "defense related" totaled 4,057 workers in the second quarter. Reasons for Layoff Over 40 percent of the separations in the second quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were most numerous among workers in elementary and secondary schools, school bus drivers, farm labor contractors, and child day care services. Excluding seasonal layoffs, "slack work" was the next most cited reason for layoff and was most frequent in electrical equipment and apparel manufacturing. The largest number of separations due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") occurred in business services, general merchandise stores, and commercial banks. (See table 3.) Size of Layoff Layoff events during the second quarter were concentrated in the lower end of the size spectrum, with two-thirds of the layoff events and one- third of all separations involving fewer than 150 workers. (See table B.) A year earlier, 39 percent of the separations were in layoffs of 500 or more workers. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) ranged from 73 separations in membership organizations, such as civic and social organizations, to 493 in air transportation. - 3 - Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, April-June 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations Size |----------------------------------------------------------- |Number | Percent | Number | Percent -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total.......|1,247 | 100.0 | 226,449 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99.........|..534 | 42.8 | 39,190 | 17.3 100-149.......|..281 | 22.5 | 33,461 | 14.8 150-199.......|..117 | 9.4 | 19,617 | 8.7 200-299.......|..133 | 10.7 | 30,662 | 13.5 300-499.......|..118 | 9.5 | 43,113 | 19.0 500-999.......|.. 46 | 3.7 | 30,381 | 13.4 1,000 or more.|.. 18 | 1.4 | 30,025 | 13.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 139,390 initial claims for unemployment insurance were related to mass layoffs in the second quarter of 1996, down sharply from 319,302 in the second quarter of 1995. Of these claimants, 18 percent were black, 51 percent were women, 16 percent were Hispanic, and 13 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 4.) More than two out of five claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 11 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 9 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (42,232), Texas (22,350), Florida (20,049), Ohio (15,416), Pennsylvania (13,161), and Illinois (12,339). These six states accounted for over half of total separations (55 percent) and events (53 percent) during the second quarter of 1996. (See table 5.) After excluding the substantial impact of seasonal layoffs, California (26,647) still reported the most laid-off workers. Over the year, 39 states and the District of Columbia reported that the number of laid-off workers declined. California reported the largest decrease (35,270 workers), and Arizona reported the largest increase (4,146 workers). Recall Expectations Almost two-thirds of the employers reporting a layoff in the second quarter indicated that they anticipated some type of employer recall. (See table C.) However, after excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" - 4 - Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, April-June 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------- Nature of recall | Percentage of events -------------------------------------------------------------- | Anticipate a recall..................| 62.6 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months......................| 84.9 ...Within 3 months...................| 52.4 | Size | | At least half........................| 1.8 ...All workers.......................| 64.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- and "vacation period" (in which 95 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers' recall expectations dropped to about 40 percent. Among all employers expecting a recall, a substantial proportion of employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so in the relatively near term. --------------------------------------------------------------- | New Series on Mass Layoffs | | The Bureau of Labor Statistics will begin issuing a new | |monthly series on mass layoffs in November 1996. The new | |series will cover mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning | |in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on | |the length of the layoff will be obtained later for the | |quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting | |more than 30 days and more information on the establishment | |classification and location and on the demographics of the | |laid-off workers. The new monthly series will give users an | |initial idea of the pattern of mass layoffs prior to the more | |detailed quarterly release. | --------------------------------------------------------------- - 5 - Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single-unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, first and second quarters, 1996 Initial Layoff claimants Establishments events Separations for unemployment Industry insurance I II I II I II I II 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total(1)......................... 1,344 1,239 1,350 1,247 249,783 226,449 213,253 139,390 Total, private........................ 1,316 1,135 1,322 1,142 244,146 203,361 208,354 127,483 Agriculture............................. 112 92 113 96 19,355 23,313 17,384 10,262 Nonagriculture.......................... 1,193 1,034 1,198 1,037 222,924 178,595 189,167 116,299 Manufacturing......................... 552 369 555 370 96,627 57,529 88,699 42,485 Durable goods....................... 284 181 286 182 50,098 28,965 47,786 21,633 Nondurable goods.................... 268 188 269 188 45,719 28,564 40,913 20,852 Nonmanufacturing...................... 641 665 643 667 126,297 121,066 100,468 73,814 Mining.............................. 19 4 19 4 2,359 586 1,669 609 Construction........................ 177 81 177 81 21,387 11,445 19,059 7,417 Transportation and public utilities. 60 85 60 85 12,109 17,414 9,556 11,298 Wholesale and retail trade.......... 204 160 206 160 50,630 26,204 40,687 17,468 Wholesale trade................... 36 28 36 28 5,191 3,813 4,679 2,362 Retail trade...................... 168 132 170 132 45,439 22,391 36,008 15,106 Finance, insurance, and real estate. 29 35 29 35 5,539 7,125 4,940 4,229 Services............................ 152 300 152 302 34,273 58,292 24,557 32,793 Not identified.......................... 11 9 11 9 1,867 1,453 1,803 922 Government............................ 28 104 28 105 5,637 23,088 4,899 11,907 Federal............................. 11 14 11 14 3,546 2,425 2,371 2,205 State............................... 6 21 6 21 797 3,016 760 2,724 Local............................... 11 69 11 70 1,294 17,647 1,768 6,978 1 Data on layoffs were reported by employers in the District of Columbia and all states, except Michigan and Mississippi. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 2. Manufacturing: Mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, first and second quarters, 1996 Initial claimants Establishments Layoff events Separations for unemployment Industry insurance I II I II I II I II 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total manufacturing(1)................ 552 369 555 370 96,627 57,529 88,699 42,485 Durable goods........................... 284 181 286 182 50,908 28,965 47,786 21,633 Lumber and wood products.............. 37 6 37 6 6,348 576 6,533 414 Furniture and fixtures................ 17 15 17 15 2,334 2,389 2,237 1,119 Stone, clay, and glass products....... 26 9 26 9 3,218 1,334 3,334 846 Primary metal industries.............. 18 15 18 15 2,811 1,848 2,804 1,594 Fabricated metal products............. 31 24 31 25 3,613 3,356 4,672 2,649 Industrial machinery and equipment.... 32 28 33 28 10,015 6,074 4,176 4,976 Electronic and other electrical equipment............................ 52 38 52 38 7,971 5,540 8,115 4,879 Transportation equipment.............. 51 30 52 30 11,372 6,219 13,378 3,732 Instruments and related products...... 11 10 11 10 1,367 1,183 1,507 991 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 9 6 9 6 1,859 446 1,030 433 Nondurable goods........................ 268 188 269 188 45,719 28,564 40,913 20,852 Food and kindred products............. 100 60 100 60 16,601 11,163 14,561 7,609 Tobacco products...................... 6 (2) 6 (2) 1,223 (2) 914 (2) Textile mill products................. 18 16 18 16 4,521 2,643 4,055 2,198 Apparel and other textile products.... 68 43 68 43 11,549 6,035 10,275 4,166 Paper and allied products............. 17 13 17 13 1,544 2,016 2,395 1,615 Printing and publishing............... 20 18 21 18 4,663 1,777 3,583 1,531 Chemicals and allied products......... 11 9 11 9 2,000 1,205 1,480 848 Petroleum and coal products........... 5 (2) 5 (2) 1,058 (2) 1,013 (2) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products............................. 14 12 14 12 1,371 1,112 1,409 1,047 Leather and leather products.......... 9 10 9 10 1,189 1,237 1,228 925 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. Table 3. Reason for separation: Mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, first and second quarters, 1996 Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance Reason for separation I II I II I II 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total, all reasons(1)................. 1,350 1,247 249,783 226,449 213,253 139,390 Automation.............................. 5 3 922 1,334 726 1,215 Bankruptcy.............................. 49 22 7,568 5,151 5,864 2,175 Business ownership change............... 56 29 15,185 6,840 11,526 3,177 Contract cancellation................... 24 18 4,523 3,473 2,690 2,166 Contract completed...................... 104 137 20,512 26,989 18,649 17,504 Domestic relocation..................... 17 13 2,879 1,435 2,120 1,195 Financial difficulty.................... 49 52 10,245 9,739 9,243 6,848 Import competition...................... 20 14 4,347 2,683 2,713 1,505 Labor dispute........................... 9 4 2,515 2,630 2,878 650 Material shortage....................... 6 6 871 428 613 524 Natural disaster........................ 5 3 1,216 1,177 747 234 Overseas relocation..................... 5 7 681 1,010 825 583 Plant or machine repairs................ 4 5 618 470 590 363 Product line discontinued............... 11 7 1,506 1,193 1,175 903 Reorganization within company........... 169 138 37,357 25,687 28,178 17,086 Seasonal work........................... 399 462 77,235 93,448 57,971 48,051 Slack work.............................. 233 176 33,085 21,012 40,613 19,650 Vacation period......................... 3 48 268 6,196 228 4,263 Weather-related......................... 50 - 5,213 - 5,250 - Other................................... 79 50 13,926 9,319 11,187 5,580 Not reported............................ 53 53 9,111 6,235 9,467 5,718 1 See footnote 1, table 1. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State and selected claimant characteristics: Mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, first and second quarters, 1996 Percent of total Layoff Total initial events claimants Black Hispanic Women Persons age 55 State Origin and over I II I II I II I II I II I II 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total(1)......... 1,350 1,247 213,253 139,390 13.6 18.3 17.9 16.0 42.4 51.4 12.2 13.3 Alabama.............. 7 17 812 1,362 38.9 57.0 .4 1.2 53.4 58.7 10.5 10.6 Alaska............... 4 6 375 820 .8 2.0 1.6 9.4 14.1 38.4 6.4 12.0 Arizona.............. 13 40 2,658 4,984 .5 1.3 79.6 68.1 22.6 36.8 11.1 9.7 Arkansas............. 6 12 746 860 31.0 40.9 - .2 39.3 73.7 9.8 13.3 California........... 274 207 51,590 25,107 6.5 8.5 46.5 39.6 44.2 45.3 11.2 11.5 Colorado............. 16 14 2,108 1,478 5.3 5.9 18.3 19.0 34.6 60.2 13.9 10.2 Connecticut.......... 10 7 1,876 882 20.3 11.7 4.7 3.9 55.5 79.1 15.1 15.3 Delaware............. (2) (2) (2) (2) 20.3 31.9 1.7 6.0 71.2 94.0 11.9 28.4 District of Columbia. - - - - - - - - - - - - Florida.............. 47 103 7,433 8,700 19.2 27.9 23.4 22.0 43.8 50.5 16.8 16.8 Georgia.............. 23 35 2,619 3,912 52.4 59.5 .6 1.1 54.0 75.4 11.4 10.9 Hawaii............... 10 4 1,065 277 1.6 - .8 1.4 31.3 42.6 19.8 22.7 Idaho................ 12 9 1,310 542 .5 - 19.9 5.7 35.3 57.7 11.6 10.1 Illinois............. 113 79 16,533 9,269 19.0 22.9 9.5 6.5 34.5 44.7 12.9 13.2 Indiana.............. 42 14 5,143 1,427 7.2 10.9 4.9 2.9 33.5 40.6 8.8 12.5 Iowa................. 5 3 860 1,218 .3 4.6 - 21.9 62.4 36.0 13.5 6.5 Kansas............... 14 9 1,424 770 16.9 21.2 8.8 4.3 51.5 57.0 11.0 9.2 Kentucky............. (2) 3 (2) 209 7.7 22.5 - - 44.2 57.4 32.7 5.7 Louisiana............ 13 19 1,989 1,432 44.4 62.9 3.2 .6 27.9 60.6 8.8 10.0 Maine................ 11 9 1,783 1,407 .3 - .1 .1 50.9 54.5 9.6 11.4 Maryland............. 35 12 4,063 1,139 31.7 45.9 1.2 1.8 45.3 65.7 15.1 13.5 Massachusetts........ 24 50 4,530 5,665 7.2 12.1 9.3 7.2 52.4 59.0 14.3 20.8 Michigan............. 35 (1) 4,237 (1) 11.6 (1) 3.0 (1) 40.6 (1) 11.2 (1) Minnesota............ 21 21 3,109 2,146 1.2 5.7 2.1 5.0 29.4 47.5 11.1 12.6 Mississippi.......... 12 (1) 1,305 (1) 43.2 (1) .1 (1) 49.7 (1) 9.9 (1) Missouri............. 42 40 4,671 4,915 12.4 31.5 .5 .7 47.4 73.0 11.6 17.3 Montana.............. 4 8 288 537 .3 .4 4.2 1.5 13.2 58.5 12.8 19.7 Nebraska............. (2) (2) (2) (2) - - - 7.5 18.8 24.5 18.8 - Nevada............... 8 5 1,018 443 2.8 22.3 12.3 12.9 26.1 36.8 10.8 9.0 New Hampshire........ (2) (2) (2) (2) - 3.3 - - 32.6 13.3 21.2 1.7 New Jersey........... 62 49 9,144 5,172 21.0 20.5 18.2 18.0 45.7 63.1 18.5 23.2 New Mexico........... - (2) - (2) - .9 - 24.6 - 81.3 - 8.0 New York............. 32 24 3,784 2,607 9.0 12.9 6.9 4.8 42.0 60.8 13.6 14.7 North Carolina....... 35 22 5,248 2,610 51.0 59.6 1.0 .8 61.9 61.3 15.1 12.6 North Dakota......... - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio................. 85 76 16,769 8,018 11.6 16.4 1.7 2.4 37.6 53.9 9.9 10.1 Oklahoma............. (2) (2) (2) (2) 15.5 7.9 2.6 1.4 56.0 46.8 4.1 11.5 Oregon............... 6 4 497 369 2.2 6.5 19.5 1.6 32.2 57.2 11.3 10.6 Pennsylvania......... 112 127 18,649 15,057 6.7 10.1 1.6 1.6 35.2 52.3 15.5 16.7 Rhode Island......... (2) 5 (2) 540 7.6 5.4 15.2 12.4 36.3 30.7 12.9 17.8 South Carolina....... 23 27 5,339 3,317 43.5 57.4 .3 .2 57.4 64.1 2.1 2.8 South Dakota......... (2) - (2) - - - 2.7 - 68.1 - 16.2 - Tennessee............ 23 22 3,271 2,100 16.4 21.9 .5 1.0 57.7 57.9 13.1 16.7 Texas................ 60 72 9,252 9,694 13.1 12.4 39.5 30.8 49.8 34.4 9.5 11.4 Utah................. (2) (2) (2) (2) 1.4 - 11.6 5.3 20.3 35.1 3.6 3.5 Vermont.............. - 9 - 911 - - - .2 - 42.8 - 6.8 Virginia............. 16 18 2,921 2,517 30.3 27.3 .2 .2 36.2 52.3 9.4 10.1 Washington........... 14 17 1,666 1,884 2.7 3.6 7.9 9.2 41.2 46.4 12.2 9.0 West Virginia........ 9 6 787 491 2.9 5.3 - - 35.2 39.7 9.8 13.4 Wisconsin............ 59 34 11,151 3,953 4.2 15.2 2.4 4.3 41.3 48.9 12.8 14.0 Wyoming.............. - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico.......... 7 8 982 1,059 (3) (3) (3) (3) 54.5 33.3 6.0 11.7 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 5. State distribution: Mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, first and second quarters, 1996 Establishments Layoff events Separations Initial claimants for unemployment insurance State I II I II I II I II 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p 1996r 1996p Total(1)......... 1,344 1,239 1,350 1,247 249,783 226,449 213,253 139,390 Alabama.............. 7 17 7 17 1,624 4,805 812 1,362 Alaska............... 4 6 4 6 994 2,253 375 820 Arizona.............. 13 39 13 40 3,573 9,059 2,658 4,984 Arkansas............. 6 12 6 12 799 1,213 746 860 California........... 273 202 274 207 55,982 42,232 51,590 25,107 Colorado............. 16 14 16 14 5,159 3,533 2,108 1,478 Connecticut.......... 10 7 10 7 2,674 1,086 1,876 882 Delaware............. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) District of Columbia. - - - - - - - - Florida.............. 47 103 47 103 14,018 20,049 7,433 8,700 Georgia.............. 23 35 23 35 3,187 7,335 2,619 3,912 Hawaii............... 10 4 10 4 1,053 451 1,065 277 Idaho................ 12 9 12 9 1,859 1,230 1,310 542 Illinois............. 113 78 113 79 15,767 12,339 16,533 9,269 Indiana.............. 41 14 42 14 5,040 1,427 5,143 1,427 Iowa................. 5 3 5 3 815 1,597 860 1,218 Kansas............... 14 9 14 9 1,843 788 1,424 770 Kentucky............. (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 681 (2) 209 Louisiana............ 13 19 13 19 1,474 3,824 1,989 1,432 Maine................ 11 9 11 9 4,620 2,015 1,783 1,407 Maryland............. 33 12 35 12 2,477 1,194 4,063 1,139 Massachusetts........ 24 50 24 50 4,584 6,574 4,530 5,665 Michigan............. 35 (1) 35 (1) 4,461 (1) 4,237 (1) Minnesota............ 21 21 21 21 3,214 3,288 3,109 2,146 Mississippi.......... 12 (1) 12 (1) 1,782 (1) 1,305 (1) Missouri............. 42 40 42 40 5,198 5,367 4,671 4,915 Montana.............. 4 8 4 8 289 1,020 288 537 Nebraska............. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Nevada............... 8 5 8 5 956 580 1,018 443 New Hampshire........ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) New Jersey........... 62 49 62 49 11,730 8,402 9,144 5,172 New Mexico........... - (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) New York............. 32 24 32 24 5,768 4,673 3,784 2,607 North Carolina....... 35 22 35 22 8,484 4,527 5,248 2,610 North Dakota......... - - - - - - - - Ohio................. 85 76 85 76 19,165 15,416 16,769 8,018 Oklahoma............. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Oregon............... 6 4 6 4 1,134 523 497 369 Pennsylvania......... 112 127 112 127 15,281 13,161 18,649 15,057 Rhode Island......... (2) 5 (2) 5 (2) 618 (2) 540 South Carolina....... 23 27 23 27 5,502 4,410 5,339 3,317 South Dakota......... (2) - (2) - (2) - (2) - Tennessee............ 23 22 23 22 3,903 3,311 3,271 2,100 Texas................ 58 71 60 72 16,837 22,350 9,252 9,694 Utah................. (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Vermont.............. - 9 - 9 - 3,205 - 911 Virginia............. 16 18 16 18 2,024 2,749 2,921 2,517 Washington........... 14 17 14 17 1,866 2,257 1,666 1,884 West Virginia........ 9 6 9 6 1,015 491 787 491 Wisconsin............ 59 34 59 34 12,149 4,845 11,151 3,953 Wyoming.............. - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico.......... 7 8 7 8 662 1,059 982 1,059 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or State agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.