Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6396 USDL 98-507 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 606-5902 Thursday, December 31, 1998 EXTENDED MASS LAYOFFS IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF 1998 In July through September of 1998, there were 1,215 mass layoff actions by employers that resulted in the separation of 241,212 workers from their jobs for more than 30 days, according to preliminary figures released by the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. For the first 3 quarters of 1998, the total of extended layoff events, at 4,068, and worker separations, at 814,597, were slightly higher than in the corresponding period of 1997 (3,968 and 807,799, respectively). "Seasonal work" accounted for 28 percent of the third-quarter 1998 layoff events and separations, as the growing season ended for certain produce. Layoffs due to internal company restructuring reached the highest level since fourth-quarter 1996. Permanent closure of worksites occurred in 12 percent of all events and affected 40,652 workers, up from 29,872 workers in the same period a year ago. The quarterly series on extended mass layoffs covers layoffs of at least 31-days duration that involve 50 or more individuals from a single establishment filing initial claims for unemployment insurance during a consecutive 5-week period. Data for the third quarter are preliminary and subject to revision. This release also includes revised data for previous quarters. Data are not seasonally adjusted, but earlier surveys suggest that there is a seasonal pattern to layoffs. Thus, comparisons between consecutive quarters should not be used as an indicator of trend. Additional information about the program is provided in the technical note that follows the analysis. Industry Distribution of Extended Layoffs In the private sector during July-September 1998, agriculture accounted for 11 percent of all layoff events and 12 percent of all separations. The layoff activity occurred primarily among farm labor contractors and vegetable and melon workers and was almost entirely due to the end of seasonal work. (See table 1.) Forty-six percent of all layoff events and all separations occurred in manufacturing industries. Layoffs in durable goods industries were most numerous in transportation equipment (mostly in motor vehicles and car bodies and in motor vehicle parts and accessories) and electronic and other electrical equipment (largely in semiconductors). Most worker separations in these industries were due to strike-related plant shutdowns, which were largely responsible for the 48 percent over-the-year increase in separations in manufacturing. In nondurable goods industries, layoffs were most prevalent in food processing and apparel. Cutbacks in construction accounted for 5 percent of events and 4 percent of separations, primarily in heavy construction and special trade contracting. Compared with third-quarter 1997, events and separations in construction declined by 31 and 36 percent, respectively. Services accounted for 18 percent of all layoff events and 15 percent, of all separations, mainly in business services (mostly help supply) and motion pictures (primarily motion picture and video production). Transportation and public utilities accounted for 8 percent of all layoff events and 9 percent of all separations, largely in air transportation and school bus drivers. - 2 - Table A. Selected measures of mass layoff activity ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Period | Layoff events| Separations | Initial claimants --------------------|--------------|--------------|------------------- 1995 | | | April-June..........| 1,724 | 401,789 | 332,731 July-September......| 950 | 191,398 | 154,226 October-December....| 1,761 | 337,537 | 311,748 1996 | | | January-March.......| 1,408 | 266,465 | 224,393 April- June.........| 1,350 | 253,389 | 207,873 July-September......| 1,020 | 227,672 | r200,163 October-December....| 1,915 | 412,729 | r384,429 1997 | | | January-March.......| 1,317 | 252,295 | r253,209 April-June..........| 1,574 | 340,371 | r320,265 July-September......| 1,077 | 213,133 | r216,844 October-December....| 1,677 | 306,714 | r313,556 1998 | | | January-March(r)....| 1,299 | 199,209 | 243,155 April-June(r).......| 1,554 | 374,176 | 400,579 July-September(p)...| 1,215 | 241,212 | 201,522 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- p=preliminary. r=revised. Layoffs in government establishments accounted for 7 percent of total separations and were most prevalent among elementary and secondary schools, occurring early in the quarter as the school year ended. Reasons for Extended Layoff Twenty-eight percent of the separations and events in the third quarter were due to "seasonal work." These layoffs were largely the result of the end of the growing season and were most numerous among workers in agricultural services (such as farm labor contractors), agricultural production crops (mostly in vegetables and melons and grape crops), and food products (primarily canned fruits and vegetables.) The continuation of strike-related layoffs in transportation equipment manufacturing brought worker separations due to "slack work," "labor dispute," and "material shortage" to 24 percent of all separations. Layoffs due to internal company restructuring ("business ownership change," "bankruptcy," "financial difficulty," and "reorganization") comprised 18 percent of all layoff events and 21 percent of all separations; these 50,041 separations were the most reported since fourth-quarter 1996 (53,443). - 3 - Table B. Distribution of layoff events by size of layoff, July-September 1998 ----------------------------------------------------------------- | Layoff events | Separations Size |-----------------------|------------------------ | Number | Percent | Number | Percent ----------------|-----------|--------- -|------------|----------- Total........| 1,215 | 100.0 | 241,212 | 100.0 | | | | 50-99...........| 483 | 39.8 | 34,355 | 14.2 100-149.........| 263 | 21.6 | 31,411 | 13.0 150-199.........| 135 | 11.1 | 22,511 | 9.3 200-299.........| 162 | 13.3 | 37,767 | 15.7 300-499.........| 97 | 8.0 | 34,982 | 14.5 500-999.........| 58 | 4.8 | 37,706 | 15.6 1,000 or more...| 17 | 1.4 | 42,480 | 17.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Size of Extended Layoff Layoff events during the third quarter continued to be concentrated at the lower end of the layoff-size spectrum, with 61 percent involving fewer than 150 workers. These, however, accounted for only 27 percent of all separations. (See table B.) Separations involving 500 or more workers accounted for one-third of all separations, about the same as a year ago. The average size of layoffs (as measured by separations per layoff event) differed widely by industry, ranging from an average of 86 separations in apparel stores to 1,132 in air transportation. Initial Claimant Characteristics A total of 201,522 initial claimants for unemployment insurance were associated with mass layoffs in the third quarter of 1998. Of these claimants, 15 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 18 percent were Hispanic, and 13 percent were 55 years of age or older. (See table 3.) Over 2 out of 5 claimants were between the ages of 30 to 44. Among the civilian labor force for the same period, 12 percent were black, 46 percent were women, 10 percent were Hispanic, and 12 percent were 55 years of age or older. Thirty-nine percent of the civilian labor force were between the ages of 30 to 44. Geographic Distribution The largest number of worker separations occurred in California (49,677), followed by New York (21,733), Ohio (18,511), Illinois (16,967), Florida (16,781), and Pennsylvania (16,263). These six states accounted for 56 percent of total layoff events and 58 percent of all separations during the third quarter of 1998. (See table 4.) After excluding the substantial impact of "seasonal work," California still reported the most laid-off workers (26,667), primarily in motion pictures. - 4 - Table C. Summary of employer expectations of a recall from layoff, July-September 1998 ------------------------------------------------------------ Nature of recall | Percentage of events -------------------------|---------------------------------- | Anticipate a recall....| 56.2 | Timeframe | | Within 6 months........| 85.1 Within 3 months......| 66.0 | Size | | At least half..........| 92.4 All workers..........| 72.5 | ------------------------------------------------------------ Over the year, the largest increases in laid-off workers occurred in New York (10,804 workers), Pennsylvania (10,408), and Ohio (9,081). The largest decrease occurred in California (28,965 workers), primarily in motion pictures and agricultural production crops. Recall Expectations Fifty-six percent of employers reporting a layoff in the third quarter of 1998 indicated that they anticipated some type of recall, down from 61 percent a year earlier and the lowest percentage since third-quarter 1996. (See table C.) Excluding layoff events due to "seasonal work" and "vacation period" (in which 96 percent of the employers expected a recall), employers expected to recall laid-off workers in 39 percent of the events, about the same as a year earlier. Among all establishments expecting a recall, most employers expected to recall over one-half of the separated employees and to do so within 6 months. Technical Note The Mass Layoff Statistics (MLS) program is a federal-state program which uses a standardized, automated approach to identifying, describing, and tracking the effects of major job cutbacks, using data from each state's unemployment insurance database. Establishments which have at least 50 initial claims filed against them during a consecutive 5-week period are contacted by the state agency to determine whether these separations are of at least 31 days duration, and, if so, information is obtained on the total number of persons separated and the reasons for these separations. Establishments are identified according to industry classification and location, and unemployment insurance claimants are identified by such demographic factors as age, race, sex, ethnic group, and place of residence. The program yields information on an individual's entire spell of unemployment, to the point when regular unemployment insurance benefits are exhausted. The MLS program was resumed in April 1995; it had been terminated in November 1992 due to lack of funding. However, due to changes in concepts and definitions, data from the resumed program are not comparable to earlier data. In addition to this quarterly release, the Bureau of Labor Statistics also issues a monthly release on mass layoffs. This covers mass layoffs of 50 or more workers beginning in a given month, regardless of the duration. Information on the length of the layoff is obtained later for the quarterly series, which includes only mass layoffs lasting more than 30 days and provides more information on the establishment classification and location and on the demographics of the laid-off workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions Defense-related industries. Industries that have been identified as vulnerable to Department of Defense budget reductions and the elimination of defense weapons systems. "Ordnance and accessories," "aircraft and parts," "shipbuilding and repairing," "guided missiles and space vehicles," "tanks and tank components," and "search and navigation equipment" industries have been identified as defense-related industries based on analysis that at least 50 percent of industry output was consumed by the U.S. Department of Defense. Establishment. A unit at a single physical location at which predominantly one type of economic activity is conducted. Extended layoff event. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment during a 5-week period, with at least 50 workers separated for more than 30 days. Initial claimant. A person who files any notice of unemployment to initiate a request either for a determination of entitlement to and eligibility for compensation, or for a subsequent period of unemployment within a benefit year or period of eligibility. Layoff. The separation of persons from an employer as part of a mass layoff event. (See below.) Such layoffs involve both persons subject to recall and those who are terminated by the establishment. Mass layoff. Fifty or more initial claims for unemployment insurance benefits from an establishment beginning in a given month, regardless of duration. Worksite closure. The full closure of either multi-unit or single- unit establishments or the partial closure of a multi-unit establishment where entire worksites affected by layoffs are closed or planned to be closed. Table 1. Industry distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Industry Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance III II III III II III III II III 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p 1997r 1998r 1998p Total( 1 ) ................................. 1,077 1,554 1,215 213,133 374,176 241,212 216,844 400,579 201,522 Total, private ....................................... 1,016 1,478 1,140 202,159 347,187 223,278 206,207 385,276 187,568 Agriculture ....................................... 167 142 124 33,571 24,723 27,251 29,803 23,140 15,782 Nonagriculture ..................................... 847 1,334 1,013 167,264 322,242 195,795 175,511 361,402 171,559 Manufacturing .................................. 379 493 522 70,064 171,856 103,800 73,910 211,263 82,122 Durable goods ............................... 191 268 301 37,336 135,793 63,891 43,600 172,804 51,964 Lumber and wood products ................. 9 8 9 3,115 1,078 1,187 2,357 1,003 899 Furniture and fixtures ................... 14 9 7 1,975 1,791 1,139 1,844 2,621 1,363 Stone, clay, and glass products .......... 8 18 6 893 2,770 1,055 1,021 3,739 610 Primary metal industries ................. 13 13 27 1,549 2,147 5,391 1,395 2,720 4,872 Fabricated metal products ................ 23 34 43 2,524 5,852 5,581 2,636 6,197 5,284 Industrial machinery and equipment ....... 36 26 53 9,062 3,704 9,127 12,538 5,126 7,337 Electronic and other electrical equipment 35 51 68 6,786 21,124 12,770 6,836 21,491 10,536 Transportation equipment ................. 32 88 61 8,921 93,480 24,242 12,386 126,026 18,302 Instruments and related products ......... 8 8 15 1,137 2,320 1,954 1,217 1,983 1,168 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ... 13 13 12 1,374 1,527 1,445 1,370 1,898 1,593 Nondurable goods ............................ 188 225 221 32,728 36,063 39,909 30,310 38,459 30,158 Food and kindred products ................. 68 85 72 13,774 13,104 14,617 13,869 14,949 10,141 Tobacco products .......................... - 3 ( 2 ) - 1,103 ( 2 ) - 843 ( 2 ) Textile mill products ..................... 20 21 23 5,063 4,167 4,697 4,353 3,602 3,749 Apparel and other textile products ........ 49 48 51 5,590 7,376 7,734 5,128 7,699 5,899 Paper and allied products ................. 8 9 17 1,326 739 3,422 1,186 1,011 2,882 Printing and publishing ................... 14 13 8 1,938 1,923 1,451 1,886 1,905 1,256 Chemicals and allied products ............. 7 10 7 1,477 1,563 1,480 1,333 1,373 1,150 Petroleum and coal products ............... ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 270 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 287 ( 2 ) Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 15 30 33 2,175 5,508 5,196 1,636 6,417 4,015 Leather and leather products .............. ( 2 ) 3 8 ( 2 ) 310 1,012 ( 2 ) 373 904 Nonmanufacturing ............................... 468 841 491 97,200 150,386 91,995 101,601 150,139 89,437 Mining ...................................... ( 2 ) 13 24 ( 2 ) 2,329 3,577 ( 2 ) 1,790 3,630 Construction ................................. 90 138 62 14,643 18,208 9,391 18,044 21,778 8,730 Transportation and public utilities .......... 74 103 88 15,736 26,231 20,489 12,472 24,499 19,648 Wholesale and retail trade ................... 82 168 90 13,182 34,814 18,638 13,363 32,626 15,715 Wholesale trade .......................... ( 2 ) 34 26 ( 2 ) 4,487 3,950 ( 2 ) 3,769 2,470 Retail trade ............................. 59 134 64 9,815 30,327 14,688 10,642 28,857 13,245 Finance, insurance, and real estate .......... 29 24 27 4,334 4,126 7,314 4,468 3,569 3,877 Services ..................................... 191 395 200 49,067 64,678 32,586 53,091 65,877 37,837 Not identified .................................... 2 2 3 1,324 222 232 893 734 227 Government ........................................... 61 76 75 10,974 26,989 17,934 10,637 15,303 13,954 Federal ...................................... 20 4 13 4,402 1,098 3,234 5,621 1,569 3,119 State ........................................ 11 15 8 1,425 2,820 1,610 1,455 3,511 1,334 Local ........................................ 30 57 54 5,147 23,071 13,090 3,561 10,223 9,501 1 For third quarter 1998, data on layoffs were reported by employers in all states and the District of Columbia. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 2. Reason for separation: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance Reason for separation III II III III II III III II III 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p 1997r 1998r 1998p Total, all reasons( 1 )................. 1,077 1,554 1,215 213,133 374,176 241,212 216,844 400,579 201,522 Automation ................................ - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - Bankruptcy ................................ 11 23 20 2,375 3,514 8,373 1,832 2,535 3,411 Business ownership change ................. 28 33 33 4,735 8,639 8,647 3,738 4,496 3,063 Contract cancellation ..................... 15 20 12 4,130 3,471 2,349 2,119 3,319 2,514 Contract completion ....................... 176 208 140 42,026 35,167 25,147 56,765 50,178 33,451 Domestic relocation ....................... 19 20 23 3,014 3,481 3,466 2,411 2,686 2,635 Energy-related ............................ - ( 2 ) 11 - ( 2 ) 1,944 - ( 2 ) 2,356 Environment-related ....................... - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) Financial difficulty ...................... 34 30 29 6,108 8,948 7,818 5,514 6,100 3,793 Import competition ........................ 23 9 26 2,905 1,783 4,711 2,893 1,571 3,551 Labor dispute ............................. 12 51 15 3,184 49,336 10,926 3,917 70,719 6,461 Material shortage ......................... ( 2 ) 36 32 ( 2 ) 13,692 4,486 ( 2 ) 17,387 4,765 Model changeover .......................... 9 3 ( 2 ) 3,800 551 ( 2 ) 2,672 16,811 ( 2 ) Natural disaster .......................... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) Overseas relocation ....................... 8 10 11 3,133 3,076 3,520 1,485 2,258 2,358 Plant or machine repair ................... 5 9 5 510 3,987 1,190 840 4,258 747 Product line discontinued ................. 10 11 10 2,604 2,211 1,413 5,766 2,632 1,123 Reorganization within company ............. 120 96 139 20,206 16,992 25,203 21,017 15,047 20,303 Seasonal work ............................. 387 584 342 80,880 114,061 67,236 69,832 98,920 49,964 Slack work ................................ 120 186 218 16,228 59,978 41,606 20,435 58,205 39,528 Vacation period ........................... 19 75 22 2,576 21,269 2,619 2,064 12,357 2,700 Weather-related ........................... - 19 ( 2 ) - 1,737 ( 2 ) - 2,818 ( 2 ) Other ..................................... 37 87 73 8,935 14,184 11,952 7,389 17,032 10,779 Not reported .............................. 40 40 47 5,374 7,138 7,503 5,756 10,468 7,163 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 3. State and selected claimant characteristics: Extended mass layoff events and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, second and third quarters, 1998 Percent of total Total Layoff events initial Hispanic Persons age 55 claimants Black origin Women and over State II III II III II III II III II III II III 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p 1998r 1998p Total( 1 )........... 1,554 1,215 400,579 201,522 18.9 15.0 14.7 18.3 41.6 45.8 15.6 13.3 Alabama ................. 19 11 3,959 1,881 30.7 27.9 1.4 .1 34.9 37.2 16.7 11.3 Alaska .................. 6 ( 2 ) 904 ( 2 ) 3.7 .5 12.6 14.8 49.4 43.9 16.7 11.1 Arizona ................. 37 15 5,861 1,938 1.2 1.2 72.8 78.8 37.7 33.4 10.9 10.3 Arkansas ................ 10 11 1,686 1,468 27.4 20.6 1.2 6.1 57.2 57.7 9.5 10.1 California .............. 304 282 66,456 53,627 9.2 6.9 37.2 39.8 45.8 42.1 12.0 10.6 Colorado ................ 10 6 996 667 3.0 7.2 24.6 15.1 63.7 58.3 12.9 10.3 Connecticut ............. 7 7 974 609 21.0 14.9 14.9 6.1 74.2 31.9 18.8 18.2 Delaware ................ ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 28.8 - 1.6 - 92.9 - 32.6 - District of Columbia .... ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 91.1 - 4.0 - 64.6 - 13.3 - Florida ................. 137 67 17,868 7,245 32.2 30.7 32.9 19.4 52.6 41.3 18.9 22.7 Georgia ................. 27 17 7,129 1,765 50.0 49.5 1.2 .9 43.2 57.1 16.2 11.4 Hawaii .................. 13 8 1,379 793 .5 - .7 4.3 49.2 47.8 18.8 16.0 Idaho ................... 15 11 1,584 1,305 .3 .5 19.4 33.1 56.8 57.7 15.2 16.8 Illinois ................ 106 56 22,588 8,961 25.0 24.2 8.7 10.4 52.7 53.1 14.6 14.2 Indiana ................. 34 28 16,019 4,318 11.5 6.0 2.3 2.7 35.4 43.0 16.9 10.3 Iowa .................... - - - - - - - - - - - - Kansas .................. 5 ( 2 ) 3,965 ( 2 ) 13.7 9.4 2.6 .8 19.8 63.3 15.8 14.1 Kentucky ................ 9 9 1,436 954 5.5 9.5 .1 - 43.2 57.9 11.4 12.6 Louisiana ............... 12 12 4,392 1,976 39.9 53.3 2.2 1.0 40.2 53.2 16.8 7.8 Maine ................... 11 9 1,524 1,806 .4 .3 .1 .2 40.4 37.5 8.5 11.1 Maryland ................ 8 5 3,035 452 42.0 31.2 3.1 1.1 29.0 41.8 23.2 30.5 Massachusetts ........... 22 21 3,387 2,984 12.6 10.7 9.6 8.7 61.1 60.7 19.9 19.0 Michigan ................ 98 76 76,138 14,555 25.0 16.5 2.7 1.6 24.8 46.8 14.8 8.0 Minnesota ............... 23 7 3,783 801 3.0 8.0 2.0 9.2 48.6 58.9 17.4 14.0 Mississippi ............. 7 16 696 1,564 51.4 60.7 1.1 .2 54.7 58.4 15.8 11.8 Missouri ................ 53 25 13,232 4,523 24.2 21.3 1.0 1.4 57.7 71.1 18.7 15.5 Montana ................. 7 ( 2 ) 525 ( 2 ) .4 1.3 1.7 1.3 57.7 45.7 19.4 13.2 Nebraska ................ - ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - 2.8 - 50.5 - 26.6 - 10.7 Nevada .................. 8 4 1,445 528 15.3 13.6 19.3 20.1 35.6 45.5 14.2 20.6 New Hampshire ........... 5 ( 2 ) 1,056 ( 2 ) .2 2.4 .3 5.5 59.8 74.8 15.9 11.0 New Jersey .............. 73 37 15,036 4,611 20.3 30.2 13.9 22.1 61.0 66.0 30.1 19.5 New Mexico .............. 17 6 1,814 842 1.8 2.1 47.3 51.8 58.2 63.1 11.4 5.2 New York ................ 23 115 3,345 19,636 14.3 19.1 13.7 9.1 43.9 59.5 14.0 19.2 North Carolina .......... 22 14 3,515 1,410 47.5 42.8 1.3 2.0 54.6 66.3 17.6 9.5 North Dakota ............ - - - - - - - - - - - - Ohio .................... 85 67 34,724 16,479 15.4 13.6 2.6 2.1 33.0 34.4 18.0 14.1 Oklahoma ................ 4 12 6,080 1,160 16.1 6.8 4.1 4.3 4.5 27.2 19.3 10.9 Oregon .................. 22 9 3,114 994 1.5 .8 15.1 12.4 62.1 32.8 20.8 18.5 Pennsylvania ............ 70 94 16,493 18,557 8.3 10.0 1.4 1.6 58.6 40.4 16.4 16.8 Rhode Island ............ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 5.4 6.6 2.2 11.1 62.0 47.2 19.6 21.2 South Carolina .......... 13 13 1,721 1,949 71.7 56.6 .6 .3 72.6 62.9 3.0 6.9 South Dakota ............ ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) - - - 1.0 - 11.5 - 12.5 - Tennessee ............... 4 ( 2 ) 342 ( 2 ) 15.8 14.6 .6 - 59.1 65.3 7.6 23.2 Texas ................... 122 71 28,813 12,114 18.5 15.5 38.7 44.5 38.5 31.5 11.1 8.8 Utah .................... 6 5 1,029 463 .6 .6 7.7 6.5 59.9 40.0 6.3 8.9 Vermont ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - Virginia ................ 23 12 3,503 1,356 43.4 42.8 .3 .8 60.1 66.4 15.3 12.7 Washington .............. 24 17 3,594 2,623 2.7 2.8 14.9 9.1 48.4 55.2 18.5 15.6 West Virginia ........... 6 5 572 385 4.4 .3 - - 32.5 60.3 14.9 11.2 Wisconsin ............... 42 22 13,676 2,567 12.0 9.6 3.7 3.2 47.1 29.0 15.6 11.6 Wyoming ................. - - - - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ............. 10 14 2,431 1,641 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 45.6 59.9 8.0 10.0 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. 3 Data are not available. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero. Table 4. State distribution: Extended mass layoff events, separations, and initial claimants for unemployment insurance, selected quarters, 1997 and 1998 Initial claimants for Layoff events Separations unemployment insurance State III II III III II III III II III 1997 1998r 1998p 1997 1998r 1998p 1997r 1998r 1998p Total( 1 )............... 1,077 1,554 1,215 213,133 374,176 241,212 216,844 400,579 201,522 Alabama ..................... 3 19 11 1,050 4,081 2,682 328 3,959 1,881 Alaska ...................... ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 6,237 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 904 ( 2 ) Arizona ..................... 20 37 15 2,527 5,766 1,846 3,897 5,861 1,938 Arkansas .................... 10 10 11 1,301 2,220 2,044 1,109 1,686 1,468 California .................. 316 304 282 78,642 48,404 49,677 86,405 66,456 53,627 Colorado .................... ( 2 ) 10 6 ( 2 ) 1,044 688 ( 2 ) 996 667 Connecticut ................. 3 7 7 1,000 1,701 1,417 645 974 609 Delaware .................... - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - District of Columbia ........ - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - Florida ..................... 95 137 67 16,623 25,434 16,781 9,786 17,868 7,245 Georgia ..................... 23 27 17 3,430 7,229 5,847 3,020 7,129 1,765 Hawaii ...................... 5 13 8 1,253 1,493 793 451 1,379 793 Idaho ....................... 6 15 11 845 1,998 1,540 917 1,584 1,305 Illinois .................... 61 106 56 11,629 26,021 16,967 10,939 22,588 8,961 Indiana ..................... 14 34 28 1,602 17,059 5,692 2,924 16,019 4,318 Iowa ........................ 4 - - 400 - - 421 - - Kansas ...................... 3 5 ( 2 ) 372 3,425 ( 2 ) 370 3,965 ( 2 ) Kentucky .................... 5 9 9 855 1,993 1,216 381 1,436 954 Louisiana ................... 7 12 12 3,859 4,944 2,279 2,248 4,392 1,976 Maine ....................... 5 11 9 559 2,336 1,483 485 1,524 1,806 Maryland .................... 12 8 5 1,530 3,761 499 1,634 3,035 452 Massachusetts ............... 22 22 21 5,295 4,432 4,492 4,489 3,387 2,984 Michigan .................... 34 98 76 6,884 39,753 14,794 6,459 76,138 14,555 Minnesota ................... 10 23 7 1,510 3,108 1,950 1,849 3,783 801 Mississippi ................. 7 7 16 924 1,370 3,347 819 696 1,564 Missouri .................... 33 53 25 9,112 14,599 6,948 4,264 13,232 4,523 Montana ..................... ( 2 ) 7 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 481 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 525 ( 2 ) Nebraska .................... - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) - - ( 2 ) Nevada ...................... 4 8 4 365 1,197 773 685 1,445 528 New Hampshire ............... ( 2 ) 5 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,715 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1,056 ( 2 ) New Jersey .................. 38 73 37 4,364 15,422 6,689 5,121 15,036 4,611 New Mexico .................. ( 2 ) 17 6 ( 2 ) 3,086 1,627 ( 2 ) 1,814 842 New York .................... 61 23 115 10,929 4,077 21,733 7,250 3,345 19,636 North Carolina .............. 15 22 14 3,054 5,456 3,056 1,687 3,515 1,410 North Dakota ................ - - - - - - - - - Ohio ........................ 42 85 67 9,430 37,733 18,511 12,083 34,724 16,479 Oklahoma .................... 5 4 12 782 4,318 1,362 717 6,080 1,160 Oregon ...................... ( 2 ) 22 9 ( 2 ) 3,032 1,301 ( 2 ) 3,114 994 Pennsylvania ................ 51 70 94 5,855 10,133 16,263 8,898 16,493 18,557 Rhode Island ................ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) South Carolina .............. 12 13 13 1,323 1,199 1,467 2,716 1,721 1,949 South Dakota ................ ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - ( 2 ) ( 2 ) - Tennessee ................... 15 4 ( 2 ) 3,757 264 ( 2 ) 4,085 342 ( 2 ) Texas ....................... 76 122 71 11,917 23,349 12,964 19,762 28,813 12,114 Utah ........................ ( 2 ) 6 5 ( 2 ) 1,735 820 ( 2 ) 1,029 463 Vermont ..................... - - - - - - - - - Virginia .................... 9 23 12 2,083 3,817 1,683 3,348 3,503 1,356 Washington .................. 15 24 17 1,497 4,623 4,463 1,233 3,594 2,623 West Virginia ............... 5 6 5 754 662 385 552 572 385 Wisconsin ................... 18 42 22 2,751 22,287 2,304 3,149 13,676 2,567 Wyoming ..................... - - - - - - - - - Puerto Rico ................. 20 10 14 3,600 2,443 3,466 4,333 2,431 1,641 1 See footnote 1, table 1. 2 Data do not meet BLS or state agency disclosure standards. r = revised. p = preliminary. NOTE: Dash represents zero.