Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 01-415 http://www.bls.gov/oes/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 691-5902 Wednesday, November 14, 2001 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 2000 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor announces the release of national employment and wage estimates for wage and salary workers from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey. Legal, management, and computer and mathematical occupations are the highest paying occupations. The OES survey is a federal-state cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The OES survey provides estimates of employment, average (mean) and median hourly wages, and mean annual wages for over 750 detailed occupations and for 22 major occupational groups, as defined by the Standard Occupational Classi- fication (SOC) system. (See Technical Note.) Table A displays the number and percentage of detailed occupations within each major occupational group, as well as the level and distribution of employment and the mean hourly wage for each occupational group. The major group with the largest employment is office and administrative support occupations, with almost 18 percent of total employment. The next largest groups are sales and related occupations and production occupations, each with about 10 percent of total employment. The smallest occupational groups in terms of employment are the farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, legal occupations, and life, physical, and social science occupations. The highest paying major groups of occupations are the legal occupations group and the management occupations group. The occupational groups with the lowest mean wages are the food preparation and serving related occupations, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations, and personal care and service occupations. Table B shows that over half of all workers in these latter four groups earn less than $8.50 per hour. Management occupations and legal occupations were the two major groups where at least 20 percent of workers earned more than $43.75 per hour. Workers in the business and financial operations occupations, archi- tecture and engineering occupations, life, physical, and social science occu- pations, community and social services occupations, education, training, and library occupations, healthcare practitioner and technical occupations, and installation, maintenance, and repair occupations groups were concentrated in the middle wage ranges, with over half of employment falling in these ranges. The OES survey estimates for 2000 are based on responses from establish- ments collected for 1999 and 2000, the first two years of SOC-based data collected in this 3-year survey. Employment estimates for 1999 were based on establishment responses for 1999 only and therefore aren't directly comparable with the 2000 survey estimates. - 2 - Table A. Employment and wages by major occupational group, 2000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | Occupations | Employment | Mean Major occupational group |---------------------------------------|hourly | | Percent | |Percent | wage | Number | of total| Number |of total| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total..................| 770 | 100.0 |129,738,980| 100.0 | Management..................| 30 | 3.9 | 7,782,680| 6.0 |$32.78 Business and financial | | | | | operations................| 28 | 3.6 | 4,619,270| 3.6 | 23.30 Computer and mathematical...| 16 | 2.1 | 2,932,810| 2.3 | 27.91 Architecture and | | | | | engineering...............| 35 | 4.5 | 2,575,620| 2.0 | 25.99 Life, physical, and social | | | | | science...................| 39 | 5.1 | 1,038,670| .8 | 22.97 Community and social | | | | | services..................| 14 | 1.8 | 1,469,000| 1.1 | 15.82 Legal ......................| 9 | 1.2 | 890,910| .7 | 33.14 Education, training, and | | | | | library...................| 58 | 7.5 | 7,450,860| 5.7 | 18.22 Arts, design, entertainment,| | | | | sports, and media.........| 37 | 4.8 | 1,513,420| 1.2 | 18.58 Healthcare practitioner and | | | | | technical.................| 46 | 6.0 | 6,041,210| 4.7 | 23.07 Healthcare support..........| 15 | 1.9 | 3,039,430| 2.3 | 10.11 Protective service .........| 20 | 2.6 | 3,009,070| 2.3 | 14.80 Food preparation and serving| | | | | related...................| 16 | 2.1 | 9,955,060| 7.7 | 7.72 Building and grounds | | | | | cleaning and maintenance..| 9 | 1.2 | 4,318,070| 3.3 | 9.41 Personal care and service...| 33 | 4.3 | 2,700,510| 2.1 | 9.86 Sales and related...........| 21 | 2.7 | 13,506,880| 10.4 | 13.46 Office and administrative | | | | | support...................| 56 | 7.3 | 22,936,140| 17.7 | 12.64 Farming, fishing, and | | | | | forestry..................| 13 | 1.7 | 460,700| .4 | 9.07 Construction and extraction.| 58 | 7.5 | 6,187,360| 4.8 | 16.56 Installation, maintenance, | | | | | and repair................| 53 | 6.9 | 5,318,490| 4.1 | 16.23 Production..................| 112 | 14.5 | 12,400,080| 9.6 | 12.72 Transportation and | | | | | material moving ..........| 52 | 6.8 | 9,592,740| 7.4 | 12.32 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- The OES survey estimates presented in this release are benchmarked to a fourth-quarter 2000 reference period. The 1999 wage data have been adjusted to the 2000 reference period by using the over-the-year wage changes in the most applicable national Employment Cost Index series. For further details, see the Technical Note beginning on page 4. The 2000 OES data for states and metropolitan areas will be available on the BLS Web site in late November. The national employment and wage data by industry also will be available on the Web site in late November. - 3 - Table B. Wage distribution by major occupational group, 2000 (Percent distribution) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | Wage range Major |------------------------------------------------------------ occupational |Under|$8.50 |$10.75|$13.50|$17.00|$21.50|$27.25|$34.50| Over group |$8.50| to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$43.75 |Over | |$10.74|$13.49|$16.99|$21.49|$27.24|$34.49|$43.74| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Management.......| 1.8| 2.4| 4.7| 8.4 | 12.0| 15.6| 16.5| 15.3| 23.5 Business and | | | | | | | | | financial | | | | | | | | | operations.....| 2.5| 3.4| 8.3| 16.5 | 21.3| 20.7| 14.4| 7.6| 5.4 Computer and | | | | | | | | | mathematical...| 1.0| 2.1| 4.4| 9.2 | 15.1| 20.9| 21.3| 16.1| 9.9 Architecture and | | | | | | | | | engineering....| 1.1| 2.5| 5.7| 11.0 | 17.0| 22.3| 20.4| 13.3| 6.7 Life, physical, | | | | | | | | | and social | | | | | | | | | science........| 3.7| 5.2| 9.5| 16.0 | 18.9| 18.8| 13.7| 8.0| 6.3 Community and | | | | | | | | | social | | | | | | | | | services.......| 9.9| 13.6| 20.0| 21.0 | 17.6| 11.5| 4.5| 1.3| .5 Legal............| 1.9| 3.4| 7.0| 12.0 | 13.3| 12.2| 10.9| 10.6| 28.7 Education, | | | | | | | | | training, and | | | | | | | | | library........| 14.6| 9.1| 10.7| 16.7 | 18.6| 15.3| 9.0| 3.9| 2.3 Arts, design, | | | | | | | | | entertainment, | | | | | | | | | sports, and | | | | | | | | | media..........| 16.2| 11.4| 12.7| 15.0 | 14.6| 12.6| 8.3| 4.9| 4.3 Healthcare | | | | | | | | | practitioner | | | | | | | | | and technical..| 4.2| 6.4| 10.2| 16.0 | 21.6| 18.9| 9.9| 4.6| 8.3 Healthcare | | | | | | | | | support | 36.1| 30.2| 19.2| 10.2 | 3.2| .7| .2| -| - Protective | | | | | | | | | service........| 24.7| 15.1| 13.5| 13.5 | 14.0| 11.2| 5.7| 1.8| .5 Food preparation | | | | | | | | | and serving | | | | | | | | | related........| 75.2| 13.8| 6.5| 2.9 | 1.1| .3| .1| -| - Building and | | | | | | | | | grounds clean- | | | | | | | | | ing and | | | | | | | | | maintenance....| 52.4| 21.6| 13.3| 7.8 | 3.4| 1.1| .3| .1| - Personal care | | | | | | | | | and service....| 56.9| 18.2| 9.3| 6.6 | 4.3| 2.4| 1.1| .7| .5 Sales and | | | | | | | | | related .......| 44.1| 14.4| 10.4| 9.1 | 7.4| 5.4| 3.7| 2.4| 3.0 Office and | | | | | | | | | administrative | | | | | | | | | support........| 20.2| 22.4| 22.7| 17.4 | 11.6| 3.9| 1.2| .4| .1 Farming, fishing,| | | | | | | | | and forestry...| 63.4| 14.5| 9.2| 6.9 | 3.7| 1.5| .6| .2| - Construction and | | | | | | | | | extraction.....| 9.5| 14.1| 17.5| 18.7 | 17.1| 13.7| 7.1| 1.8| .6 Installation, | | | | | | | | | maintenance, | | | | | | | | | and repair.....| 9.8| 12.8| 16.6| 20.3 | 20.2| 14.0| 4.8| 1.1| .4 Production.......| 24.3| 21.7| 19.7| 15.4 | 9.9| 6.6| 1.9| .5| .1 Transportation | | | | | | | | | and material | | | | | | | | | moving.........| 31.8| 20.0| 16.9| 13.8 | 9.9| 4.8| 1.4| .5| .9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 4 - Technical Note Scope of the survey The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES survey samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. The nationwide response rate for the 2000 survey was 78 percent for establishment units and 70 percent for employment. While estimates can be made from a single year or two years of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation Methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geographical, industrial, and occupational detail. Estimates from the 2000 survey, however, are based only on 2 years of data because of the conversion to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system in 1999. A brief description of this new classification system is provided below. The Occupational Classification System for 2000. In 1999, the OES survey began using the Office of Management and Budget's occupational classification system--the Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC). The SOC system is the first OMB-required occupational classification system for Federal agencies. The OES survey categorizes workers in one of about 770 detailed occupations. Together, these detailed occupations comprise 22 major occupational groups. The major groups of the SOC system are as follows: Management occupations Business and financial operations occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations Healthcare support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations Sales and related occupations Office and administrative support occupations Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES). For more information about the SOC, please see the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/soc/soc_home.htm. - 5 - BLS funds the survey and provides the procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. BLS produces cross industry and 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). BLS releases all cross industry and national estimates, and the SESAs release industry estimates at the state and MSA levels. The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89 and state and local government. This scope covers agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; services; and government workers. Data for the Postal Service (SIC code 43) and federal government are universe counts obtained from the Postal Service and the Office of Personnel Management, respectively. States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows: Size class Number of employees __________________________________ 1 1 to 4 2 5 to 9 3 10 to 19 4 20 to 49 5 50 to 99 6 100 to 249 7 250 and above __________________________________ UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty across a 3-year period. Generally, one-third of the certainty units are sampled each year in each state. There are some states that sample more than one-third of their certainty units during one survey year. - 6 - Concepts Employment is the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 SOC occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are collected primarily from establishments within industries that are the predominant employers of labor in these occupations. Each survey form is structured, however, to allow a respondent to provide information for each detailed occupation employed at the establishment; that is, unlisted occupations can be added to the survey form. Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, employer cost of supplementary benefits, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals used for the 2000 survey are as follows: -------------------------------------------------------- | | Wages Interval |------------------------------------------- | Hourly | Annual ------------|-------------------|----------------------- Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040 Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,679 Range C | $8.50 to $10.74 | $17,680 to $22,359 Range D | $10.75 to $13.49 | $22,360 to $28,079 Range E | $13.50 to $16.99 | $28,080 to $35,359 Range F | $17.00 to $21.49 | $35,360 to $44,719 Range G | $21.50 to $27.24 | $44,720 to $56,679 Range H | $27.25 to $34.49 | $56,680 to $71,759 Range I | $34.50 to $43.74 | $71,760 to $90,999 Range J | $43.75 to $55.49 | $91,000 to $115,439 Range K | $55.50 to $69.99 | $115,440 to $145,599 Range L | $70.00 and over | $145,600 and over -------------------------------------------------------- Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage interval, interval L ($70.00 an hour and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. - 7 - Annual wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work more or less than 2,080 hours per year. There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual amount, but generally do not work the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages. For this reason, the annual salary is directly calculated from reported survey data and only annual wage estimates are reported for these occupations. Occupations that typically have a work year of less than 2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, pilots and flight attendants, and teachers. Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for part-time workers. Estimation methodology The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While estimates can be made from a single year or for 2 years of data, as was done for the 2000 data released here, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geographical, industrial, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating." Wage Updating. As noted above, combining multiple years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of 3 years of data, which covers over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small domains in the population (that is, wage and employment estimates for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata (that is, large employers with 250 or more employment). - 8 - Starting with the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the over-the- year fourth-quarter wage changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index (ECI) to adjust prior year survey data before combining it with the current year data. The wage updating procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of its occupational division and that there are no major geographic or detailed occupational differences--and this may not be the case. The Bureau has conducted research over the past several years on the accuracy of the ECI wage-updating method versus other modeling approaches. Current research results support the continued use of the ECI wage-updating methodology. 2000 OES survey estimates. In 1999, the OES survey began using an occupational coding structure based on OMB's Standard Occupational Classification System. Therefore, 2000 OES survey estimates are based only on 2 years of data collected in the 1999 and 2000 survey. The 2000 estimates use the wage-updating methodology introduced in 1997, which uses the over-the-year fourth-quarter wage changes from the Employment Cost Index to adjust prior years' data before combining them with data from the current year. In addition, the 2000 estimates use the estimation methodology introduced in 1997, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Reliability of the estimates. Statistics based on establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample of the population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimate of a characteristic may differ from the population value of that characteristic. The difference between the sample estimate and the population value will vary depending on the particular sample selected. This variability is measured by the sampling error (SE). If we were to repeat the sampling and estimation process using the same survey design, 90 percent of the intervals from the sample estimate minus 1.6 SE to the sample estimate plus 1.6 SE would include the population value. This interval is called a 90-percent confidence interval. The OES survey produces estimates of the relative standard error (RSE). The RSE is defined as the SE divided by the estimated value as computed from the sample. This statistic provides the user with a measure of the relative precision of the sample estimates. The SE may be obtained by multiplying the RSE by the sample estimate. RSE estimates are produced for both occupational employment and mean wage estimates. The employment RSE values are estimated using a subsample replication technique known as the Jackknife (random group) variance estimation method. The mean wage RSE values are estimated using a variance components model that accounts for both the observed and unobserved components of the wage data. In general, estimates involving many establishments have lower relative standard errors than estimates involving few establishments. If the distributional assump- tions of the models are violated, the resulting confidence interval may not reflect the prescribed level of confidence. - 9 - Future research. The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program, and BLS has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future research are given below. Collection methodology research--This includes research on electronic collection of data from employers as an alternative to the mail questionnaire. Estimation methodology research--An important research effort over the next several years will be the evaluation of the mean wage methodology for the upper open-ended interval. The identification of alternative modeling approaches may produce improved overall accuracy. Additional information The 2000 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table 1, will be available soon on the Internet (http://www.bls.gov/oes/). Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages. The 2000 cross industry data for states and metropolitan areas will be available on the BLS Web site in late November. Industry staffing patterns at the 2- and 3-digit SIC levels also will be available from the Internet beginning in late November. These data will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a bulletin displaying 2000 occupational employment and wage data for selected industries and areas in the spring of 2002. For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone 202-691-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov). Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 2000 Median Occupation Employment Mean wages hourly Hourly Annual(1) wages Management occupations Chief executives 519,890 $50.30 $104,630 $54.72 General and operations managers 2,221,590 33.76 70,220 29.41 Legislators 52,750 13.29 27,650 6.78 Advertising and promotions managers 93,420 29.93 62,260 25.66 Marketing managers 202,100 36.23 75,360 34.25 Sales managers 344,180 35.69 74,230 32.94 Public relations managers 68,000 29.54 61,430 26.22 Administrative services managers 344,440 25.31 52,650 22.63 Computer and information systems managers 283,480 38.58 80,250 37.90 Financial managers 622,890 34.89 72,570 32.22 Human resources managers 224,970 30.49 63,420 28.36 Industrial production managers 205,370 31.55 65,620 29.64 Purchasing managers 126,030 27.64 57,500 25.50 Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 116,680 27.98 58,200 26.07 Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers 5,370 21.07 43,820 18.46 Construction managers 229,200 30.43 63,290 28.00 Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program 49,460 17.47 36,330 14.62 Education administrators, elementary and secondary school 196,390 (2) 68,940 (2) Education administrators, postsecondary 92,280 31.14 64,770 28.60 Engineering managers 242,280 41.08 85,450 40.42 Food service managers 282,290 16.51 34,350 15.25 Funeral directors 26,110 23.40 48,680 19.76 Gaming managers 3,720 27.99 58,220 25.66 Lodging managers 31,890 16.73 34,800 14.79 Medical and health services managers 230,410 29.63 61,640 27.10 Natural sciences managers 38,870 37.91 78,850 36.48 Postmasters and mail superintendents 26,850 22.24 46,260 21.28 Property, real estate, and community association managers 145,340 20.74 43,130 17.32 Social and community service managers 93,460 20.46 42,550 18.81 Business and financial operations occupations Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 6,600 30.81 64,080 27.42 Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 17,910 21.49 44,690 18.06 Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 137,040 20.48 42,590 17.89 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 228,940 21.23 44,160 19.89 Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators 189,700 21.15 44,000 19.75 Insurance appraisers, auto damage 12,320 19.49 40,540 19.23 Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation 126,840 21.22 44,140 19.67 Cost estimators 196,420 23.59 49,070 22.02 Emergency management specialists 10,730 20.73 43,120 18.85 Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists 188,060 20.67 43,000 17.54 Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 84,040 21.37 44,450 20.03 Training and development specialists 197,610 20.95 43,580 19.63 Management analysts 357,610 29.01 60,350 26.46 Meeting and convention planners 32,000 18.49 38,450 17.09 Accountants and auditors 863,320 23.12 48,090 20.91 Appraisers and assessors of real estate 53,560 20.05 41,700 18.41 Budget analysts 63,160 24.56 51,080 23.25 Credit analysts 63,420 21.87 45,490 19.32 Financial analysts 159,490 28.73 59,760 25.20 Personal financial advisors 77,420 32.42 67,430 26.60 Insurance underwriters 96,070 22.83 47,490 20.74 Financial examiners 23,560 28.12 58,480 25.51 Loan counselors 25,500 17.73 36,870 15.46 Loan officers 203,530 22.96 47,760 19.92 Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 67,720 20.47 42,580 19.32 Tax preparers 65,280 14.77 30,720 12.30 Computer and mathematical operations occupations Computer and information scientists, research 25,800 35.30 73,430 33.94 Computer programmers 530,730 29.31 60,970 27.69 Computer software engineers, applications 374,640 33.80 70,300 32.53 Computer software engineers, systems software 264,610 34.08 70,890 33.43 Computer support specialists 522,570 19.08 39,680 17.53 Computer systems analysts 463,300 29.43 61,210 28.53 Database administrators 108,000 26.83 55,810 24.99 Network and computer systems administrators 234,040 25.81 53,690 24.65 Network systems and data communications analysts 119,220 27.83 57,890 26.20 Actuaries 12,890 34.84 72,470 32.02 Mathematicians 3,140 32.58 67,770 33.00 Operations research analysts 59,820 27.74 57,700 25.69 Statisticians 17,520 26.26 54,630 25.00 Mathematical technicians 1,540 20.10 41,800 16.73 Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except landscape and naval 74,390 26.93 56,020 25.24 Landscape architects 17,130 23.61 49,120 20.93 Cartographers and photogrammetrists 7,360 19.98 41,560 18.95 Surveyors 52,750 18.78 39,060 17.64 Aerospace engineers 71,550 33.19 69,040 32.66 Agricultural engineers 2,170 28.29 58,840 26.85 Biomedical engineers 6,600 29.36 61,060 27.63 Chemical engineers 31,530 32.29 67,160 31.71 Civil engineers 207,080 28.07 58,380 26.80 Computer hardware engineers 63,680 33.70 70,100 32.36 Electrical engineers 162,400 31.89 66,320 31.21 Electronics engineers, except computer 123,690 31.97 66,490 31.17 Environmental engineers 48,270 28.70 59,710 27.78 Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors 42,800 27.08 56,340 26.26 Industrial engineers 171,810 28.80 59,900 28.16 Marine engineers and naval architects 4,680 29.57 61,500 29.27 Materials engineers 24,430 29.05 60,420 28.41 Mechanical engineers 207,300 29.26 60,860 28.23 Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 6,690 30.96 64,390 29.24 Nuclear engineers 12,610 37.87 78,770 38.15 Petroleum engineers 10,250 38.42 79,910 37.94 Architectural and civil drafters 92,610 17.84 37,100 16.93 Electrical and electronics drafters 38,470 19.43 40,420 18.37 Mechanical drafters 69,620 19.39 40,330 18.19 Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 19,850 24.00 49,920 23.37 Civil engineering technicians 89,200 17.84 37,110 17.30 Electrical and electronic engineering technicians 244,570 19.81 41,210 19.24 Electro-mechanical technicians 40,770 18.57 38,630 17.38 Environmental engineering technicians 17,530 17.55 36,500 16.35 Industrial engineering technicians 65,220 21.31 44,330 19.67 Mechanical engineering technicians 58,490 19.93 41,460 19.03 Surveying and mapping technicians 51,640 14.61 30,380 13.48 Life, physical, and social science occupations Agricultural and food scientists 21,050 26.29 54,680 25.08 Biochemists and biophysicists 13,440 28.40 59,070 26.07 Microbiologists 15,880 25.50 53,040 23.51 Zoologists and wildlife biologists 11,710 21.94 45,630 21.15 Conservation scientists 12,980 22.99 47,820 22.67 Foresters 9,890 21.62 44,970 20.98 Epidemiologists 2,480 24.82 51,630 23.27 Medical scientists, except epidemiologists 35,570 30.49 63,430 27.79 Astronomers 910 35.37 73,580 35.82 Physicists 8,990 39.90 82,990 40.06 Atmospheric and space scientists 7,290 28.01 58,270 28.13 Chemists 82,320 26.10 54,280 24.07 Materials scientists 8,660 30.28 62,980 29.14 Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 54,860 23.12 48,090 21.24 Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers 21,810 30.01 62,420 27.04 Hydrologists 7,240 27.64 57,490 26.64 Economists 13,680 33.56 69,800 31.17 Market research analysts 99,030 27.21 56,600 24.61 Survey researchers 25,210 16.44 34,180 12.60 Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists 103,120 24.28 50,510 23.23 Industrial-organizational psychologists 1,280 33.22 69,090 32.15 Sociologists 1,360 24.16 50,250 21.96 Urban and regional planners 28,850 23.36 48,590 22.36 Anthropologists and archeologists 4,140 18.87 39,250 17.33 Geographers 660 23.48 48,840 22.45 Historians 1,880 20.25 42,120 19.16 Political scientists 4,250 37.92 78,870 38.96 Agricultural and food science technicians 15,260 14.34 29,820 13.02 Biological technicians 41,660 15.85 32,970 15.16 Chemical technicians 74,240 17.83 37,080 17.05 Geological and petroleum technicians 11,120 19.11 39,760 17.55 Nuclear technicians 4,110 29.79 61,970 28.44 Environmental science and protection technicians, including health 24,630 17.23 35,830 16.26 Forensic science technicians 6,150 18.95 39,410 18.04 Forest and conservation technicians 15,510 15.01 31,210 14.22 Community and social service occupations Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 56,080 14.47 30,100 13.71 Educational, vocational, and school counselors 188,000 21.08 43,850 20.24 Marriage and family therapists 19,420 17.66 36,730 16.66 Mental health counselors 65,780 14.61 30,390 13.25 Rehabilitation counselors 104,850 13.06 27,170 11.75 Child, family, and school social workers 266,570 16.12 33,530 15.13 Medical and public health social workers 103,390 17.50 36,400 16.73 Mental health and substance abuse social workers 79,740 15.50 32,240 14.50 Health educators 43,670 17.61 36,640 16.28 Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 80,500 19.35 40,240 18.34 Social and human service assistants 260,910 11.46 23,840 10.74 Clergy 30,980 16.23 33,760 15.27 Directors, religious activities and education 13,610 14.38 29,900 12.98 Legal occupations Lawyers 489,530 43.90 91,320 42.44 Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers 12,560 31.32 65,150 29.44 Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators 4,850 24.68 51,330 20.70 Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates 25,190 37.85 78,720 41.71 Paralegals and legal assistants 179,330 18.65 38,790 17.00 Court reporters 15,810 20.06 41,730 19.07 Law clerks 29,190 15.17 31,550 13.71 Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 40,000 16.32 33,940 14.40 Education, training, and library occupations Business teachers, postsecondary 61,860 (2) 58,160 (2) Computer science teachers, postsecondary 27,770 (2) 51,260 (2) Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary 37,660 (2) 51,410 (2) Architecture teachers, postsecondary 4,620 (2) 52,680 (2) Engineering teachers, postsecondary 26,940 (2) 67,540 (2) Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 10,720 (2) 62,540 (2) Biological science teachers, postsecondary 36,910 (2) 61,460 (2) Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary 1,980 (2) 60,950 (2) Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary 8,000 (2) 60,080 (2) Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 16,020 (2) 56,550 (2) Environmental science teachers, postsecondary 3,530 (2) 58,180 (2) Physics teachers, postsecondary 11,880 (2) 62,740 (2) Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary 4,400 (2) 58,620 (2) Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 4,070 (2) 56,990 (2) Economics teachers, postsecondary 11,530 (2) 63,860 (2) Geography teachers, postsecondary 3,570 (2) 56,670 (2) Political science teachers, postsecondary 10,820 (2) 56,920 (2) Psychology teachers, postsecondary 24,000 (2) 55,170 (2) Sociology teachers, postsecondary 13,760 (2) 50,890 (2) Health specialties teachers, postsecondary 78,680 (2) 67,140 (2) Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary 35,870 (2) 49,130 (2) Education teachers, postsecondary 41,180 (2) 48,310 (2) Library science teachers, postsecondary 4,160 (2) 52,140 (2) Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 8,480 (2) 44,760 (2) Law teachers, postsecondary 9,500 (2) 75,530 (2) Social work teachers, postsecondary 6,570 (2) 50,970 (2) Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 55,160 (2) 49,170 (2) Communications teachers, postsecondary 18,450 (2) 48,900 (2) English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 50,560 (2) 47,790 (2) Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 18,380 (2) 48,150 (2) History teachers, postsecondary 16,630 (2) 52,280 (2) Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 14,000 (2) 50,070 (2) Graduate teaching assistants 129,270 (2) 24,170 (2) Home economics teachers, postsecondary 4,380 (2) 50,350 (2) Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary 14,050 (2) 43,810 (2) Vocational education teachers, postsecondary 115,080 19.61 40,790 18.35 Preschool teachers, except special education 357,220 9.66 20,100 8.56 Kindergarten teachers, except special education 155,530 (2) 40,230 (2) Elementary school teachers, except special education 1,409,140 (2) 41,980 (2) Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education 561,200 (2) 41,890 (2) Vocational education teachers, middle school 19,010 (2) 40,810 (2) Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education 933,800 (2) 43,030 (2) Vocational education teachers, secondary school 103,200 (2) 43,240 (2) Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school 208,970 (2) 43,700 (2) Special education teachers, middle school 87,790 (2) 41,730 (2) Special education teachers, secondary school 116,760 (2) 44,100 (2) Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors 53,250 17.45 36,300 16.12 Self-enrichment education teachers 125,960 14.94 31,070 13.44 Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 18,100 17.88 37,190 15.90 Librarians 139,460 20.54 42,730 20.05 Library technicians 100,690 11.65 24,230 11.14 Audio-visual collections specialists 8,740 17.11 35,590 16.00 Farm and home management advisors 10,290 18.45 38,370 17.45 Instructional coordinators 77,100 22.27 46,320 21.27 Teacher assistants 1,159,110 (2) 18,770 (2) Art, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Art directors 20,560 30.30 63,020 27.35 Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators 11,930 17.20 35,770 15.00 Multi-media artists and animators 31,120 21.47 44,650 19.77 Commercial and industrial designers 33,910 24.55 51,060 23.45 Fashion designers 10,460 27.04 56,240 23.33 Floral designers 71,280 9.29 19,330 8.83 Graphic designers 133,630 18.25 37,970 16.62 Interior designers 30,680 19.55 40,670 17.57 Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 51,240 11.19 23,280 10.06 Set and exhibit designers 8,470 16.26 33,810 15.11 Actors 63,500 (2) 41,570 (2) Producers and directors 46,750 (2) 48,740 (2) Athletes and sports competitors 9,920 (2) 62,960 (2) Coaches and scouts 68,220 (2) 33,470 (2) Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 7,820 (2) 23,280 (2) Dancers 20,900 13.44 27,950 10.80 Choreographers 10,860 15.42 32,080 12.99 Music directors and composers 6,660 (2) 36,900 (2) Musicians and singers 52,180 (2) 44,520 (2) Announcers 49,770 13.13 27,320 9.52 News analysts, reporters and correspondents 65,930 18.04 37,510 14.00 Public relations specialists 128,570 21.01 43,700 19.03 Editors 104,210 21.32 44,350 18.93 Technical writers 50,700 24.07 50,060 22.98 Writers and authors 41,410 22.81 47,440 20.32 Interpreters and translators 16,780 16.13 33,550 14.95 Audio and video equipment technicians 34,110 17.72 36,860 14.57 Broadcast technicians 33,560 15.89 33,060 12.96 Radio operators 3,060 15.89 33,050 14.07 Sound engineering technicians 10,380 25.56 53,170 18.98 Photographers 65,360 13.18 27,420 10.72 Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture 20,970 16.28 33,860 13.40 Film and video editors 10,990 19.81 41,200 16.42 Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations Chiropractors 16,740 35.96 74,790 32.23 Dentists 90,090 54.24 112,820 62.04 Dietitians and nutritionists 43,030 18.76 39,020 18.48 Optometrists 23,880 40.86 84,980 39.84 Pharmacists 212,660 33.39 69,440 34.11 Anesthesiologists 24,350 62.35 129,680 (3) Family and general practitioners 132,620 51.82 107,780 54.89 Internists, general 50,450 59.22 123,180 68.46 Obstetricians and gynecologists 18,240 64.16 133,450 (3) Pediatricians, general 25,580 56.26 117,020 60.56 Psychiatrists 21,280 51.95 108,060 57.04 Surgeons 48,770 66.06 137,400 (3) Physician assistants 55,490 29.17 60,680 29.76 Podiatrists 7,870 48.59 101,070 51.71 Registered nurses 2,189,670 22.31 46,410 21.56 Audiologists 11,530 22.92 47,670 21.56 Occupational therapists 75,150 24.10 50,140 23.77 Physical therapists 120,410 27.62 57,450 26.35 Radiation therapists 13,100 25.59 53,230 22.82 Recreational therapists 26,940 14.23 29,590 13.77 Respiratory therapists 82,670 18.37 38,220 18.11 Speech-language pathologists 82,850 23.31 48,480 22.42 Veterinarians 40,270 32.99 68,620 29.28 Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 144,530 19.84 41,260 19.48 Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 146,060 13.93 28,970 13.24 Dental hygienists 148,460 24.99 51,980 24.68 Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 40,080 16.81 34,960 16.03 Diagnostic medical sonographers 31,760 22.03 45,820 21.55 Nuclear medicine technologists 18,030 21.56 44,850 21.22 Radiologic technologists and technicians 172,080 17.93 37,290 17.31 Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 165,530 11.89 24,740 10.80 Dietetic technicians 28,010 10.98 22,830 10.26 Pharmacy technicians 190,940 10.38 21,600 9.93 Psychiatric technicians 53,350 12.53 26,060 11.74 Respiratory therapy technicians 28,230 16.46 34,230 15.80 Surgical technologists 68,590 14.26 29,660 13.95 Veterinary technologists and technicians 50,370 10.93 22,730 10.41 Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 679,470 14.65 30,470 14.15 Medical records and health information technicians 143,870 11.74 24,430 10.94 Opticians, dispensing 66,580 12.67 26,360 11.75 Orthotists and prosthetists 4,750 24.32 50,590 21.99 Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians 32,390 21.34 44,380 20.55 Athletic trainers 13,820 (2) 33,650 (2) Healthcare support occupations Home health aides 561,120 8.71 18,110 8.23 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,273,460 9.18 19,100 8.89 Psychiatric aides 57,680 10.79 22,440 10.45 Occupational therapist assistants 15,910 16.76 34,860 16.51 Occupational therapist aides 8,890 11.21 23,330 9.96 Physical therapist assistants 44,120 16.52 34,370 16.29 Physical therapist aides 34,620 10.06 20,930 9.46 Massage therapists 24,620 15.51 32,270 13.07 Dental assistants 250,870 12.86 26,740 12.49 Medical assistants 330,830 11.46 23,840 11.06 Medical equipment preparers 32,760 10.68 22,200 10.16 Medical transcriptionists 97,330 12.37 25,720 12.15 Pharmacy aides 59,890 9.10 18,930 8.52 Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 55,210 8.55 17,790 8.00 Protective service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers 29,380 21.33 44,370 20.14 First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives 113,740 27.84 57,900 27.50 First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers 59,500 25.47 52,990 24.99 Fire fighters 251,060 16.95 35,260 16.43 Fire inspectors and investigators 11,900 20.58 42,800 20.01 Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 1,040 15.82 32,910 15.45 Bailiffs 14,000 15.85 32,960 14.99 Correctional officers and jailers 405,360 15.71 32,680 14.99 Detectives and criminal investigators 87,090 23.96 49,830 23.50 Fish and game wardens 7,730 21.14 43,970 19.20 Parking enforcement workers 8,040 12.67 26,360 12.37 Police and sheriff's patrol officers 571,210 19.52 40,590 19.13 Transit and railroad police 5,760 19.98 41,560 19.41 Animal control workers 8,060 11.76 24,450 11.06 Private detectives and investigators 28,700 14.74 30,650 12.86 Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators 11,550 10.82 22,510 10.20 Security guards 1,104,400 9.36 19,470 8.45 Crossing guards 72,830 9.19 19,110 8.37 Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks 122,860 13.73 28,550 12.07 First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers 624,180 11.83 24,600 10.91 Cooks, fast food 527,500 6.78 14,100 6.53 Cooks, institution and cafeteria 414,100 8.68 18,060 8.22 Cooks, restaurant 642,060 9.08 18,880 8.72 Cooks, short order 192,030 7.92 16,480 7.55 Food preparation workers 847,810 7.78 16,180 7.38 Bartenders 379,990 7.77 16,150 6.86 Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 2,159,940 6.84 14,240 6.52 Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 445,480 7.23 15,030 6.72 Waiters and waitresses 2,008,760 7.09 14,750 6.42 Food servers, nonrestaurant 199,600 7.77 16,170 7.07 Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 435,500 6.95 14,460 6.53 Shampooers 13,140 6.97 14,490 6.58 Skin care specialists 13,420 11.26 23,420 9.65 Baggage porters and bellhops 55,450 9.78 20,350 7.80 Concierges 17,960 10.78 22,420 9.72 Tour guides and escorts 30,480 9.59 19,940 8.50 Travel guides 5,200 14.90 30,990 12.12 Flight attendants 126,380 (2) 45,220 (2) Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 23,550 9.46 19,680 8.48 Child care workers 398,090 7.86 16,350 7.43 Personal and home care aides 371,280 7.67 15,960 7.50 Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors 157,230 13.82 28,750 10.96 Recreation workers 245,720 9.32 19,380 8.24 Residential advisors 42,630 10.38 21,600 9.65 Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers 1,269,870 15.47 32,170 13.23 First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers 322,560 27.33 56,850 23.54 Cashiers 3,338,840 7.56 15,730 6.95 Gaming change persons and booth cashiers 38,770 9.06 18,850 8.79 Counter and rental clerks 420,510 8.98 18,670 7.87 Parts salespersons 255,300 12.12 25,210 10.85 Retail salespersons 3,964,680 9.74 20,260 8.02 Advertising sales agents 151,140 21.62 44,960 17.24 Insurance sales agents 240,830 23.13 48,100 18.63 Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 269,310 33.85 70,410 26.96 Travel agents 124,030 12.79 26,600 12.09 Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products 373,630 28.19 58,630 25.30 Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products 1,379,860 22.49 46,770 19.40 Demonstrators and product promoters 102,650 11.76 24,460 9.51 Models 3,590 11.05 22,990 9.17 Real estate brokers 31,120 28.89 60,080 22.93 Real estate sales agents 108,880 18.25 37,950 13.29 Sales engineers 88,240 29.54 61,450 27.17 Telemarketers 461,890 10.32 21,460 9.06 Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 33,830 14.05 29,220 11.56 Office and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers 1,394,640 18.95 39,410 17.51 Switchboard operators, including answering service 243,100 10.05 20,900 9.71 Telephone operators 52,150 13.32 27,710 13.46 Bill and account collectors 387,870 12.82 26,670 12.17 Billing and posting clerks and machine operators 492,040 12.25 25,480 11.81 Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,663,530 12.96 26,950 12.34 Gaming cage workers 21,070 10.40 21,620 9.99 Payroll and timekeeping clerks 191,310 13.57 28,220 13.07 Procurement clerks 75,960 13.64 28,380 13.33 Tellers 492,950 9.40 19,540 9.21 Brokerage clerks 80,150 16.19 33,680 14.93 Correspondence clerks 38,560 12.09 25,150 11.61 Court, municipal, and license clerks 97,630 13.36 27,780 12.57 Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 82,980 12.70 26,420 11.81 Customer service representatives 1,907,890 12.75 26,530 11.83 Eligibility interviewers, government programs 106,570 14.54 30,230 13.65 File clerks 264,720 9.49 19,730 8.99 Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 175,150 8.22 17,100 7.87 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 156,340 10.75 22,360 10.02 Library assistants, clerical 95,100 9.32 19,380 8.65 Loan interviewers and clerks 140,040 13.40 27,870 12.70 New accounts clerks 88,390 11.71 24,370 11.10 Order clerks 351,580 12.08 25,130 11.35 Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 172,070 14.13 29,400 13.63 Receptionists and information clerks 1,054,300 9.99 20,780 9.63 Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 199,700 12.57 26,140 10.87 Cargo and freight agents 64,320 14.63 30,440 13.73 Couriers and messengers 130,210 9.63 20,030 8.96 Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers 82,050 12.83 26,680 12.38 Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 167,180 14.62 30,410 13.66 Meter readers, utilities 48,950 14.02 29,150 13.32 Postal service clerks 80,730 18.31 38,080 18.75 Postal service mail carriers 354,980 17.71 36,830 18.47 Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 231,770 14.81 30,810 15.42 Production, planning, and expediting clerks 330,120 15.64 32,520 14.71 Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 864,530 11.22 23,340 10.52 Stock clerks and order fillers 1,771,780 9.93 20,650 8.75 Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 79,480 12.62 26,250 11.36 Executive secretaries and administrative assistants 1,369,960 15.63 32,520 14.95 Legal secretaries 270,670 17.00 35,370 16.70 Medical secretaries 283,150 11.76 24,460 11.26 Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,698,080 11.98 24,910 11.47 Computer operators 186,460 14.15 29,430 13.30 Data entry keyers 458,720 10.66 22,170 10.24 Word processors and typists 257,020 12.22 25,420 11.88 Desktop publishers 35,460 15.72 32,700 14.71 Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 266,650 14.72 30,620 13.47 Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 182,460 9.96 20,710 9.54 Office clerks, general 2,674,710 10.72 22,290 10.16 Office machine operators, except computer 86,380 10.77 22,400 10.00 Proofreaders and copy markers 27,800 11.89 24,730 10.76 Statistical assistants 22,050 14.22 29,570 13.40 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 21,350 16.72 34,780 15.43 Farm labor contractors 8,290 8.95 18,620 6.82 Agricultural inspectors 12,210 14.72 30,620 13.75 Animal breeders 1,680 12.11 25,200 10.28 Graders and sorters, agricultural products 56,210 8.00 16,640 7.11 Agricultural equipment operators 23,230 8.66 18,020 7.68 Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse 215,150 7.21 15,000 6.64 Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 36,270 8.18 17,010 7.61 Forest and conservation workers 9,990 10.45 21,730 8.97 Fallers 9,910 14.59 30,350 12.33 Logging equipment operators 34,180 12.47 25,930 12.07 Log graders and scalers 5,470 13.81 28,730 13.07 Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers 502,010 22.95 47,740 21.53 Boilermakers 25,280 18.26 37,980 17.80 Brickmasons and blockmasons 108,590 19.78 41,140 19.37 Stonemasons 10,100 15.57 32,380 14.98 Carpenters 858,890 16.88 35,100 15.69 Carpet installers 38,010 15.88 33,030 14.46 Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 12,300 15.90 33,070 14.81 Floor sanders and finishers 7,610 14.95 31,100 13.17 Tile and marble setters 27,870 17.58 36,580 16.49 Cement masons and concrete finishers 169,550 14.92 31,020 13.50 Terrazzo workers and finishers 4,510 15.76 32,790 15.06 Construction laborers 821,210 12.95 26,940 11.15 Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 56,330 14.47 30,090 12.88 Pile-driver operators 4,320 19.99 41,570 19.85 Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 333,200 17.39 36,170 15.99 Drywall and ceiling tile installers 118,280 17.11 35,580 15.80 Tapers 35,440 18.60 38,680 17.81 Electricians 640,260 20.29 42,210 19.29 Glaziers 46,160 15.56 32,360 14.32 Insulation workers 54,710 14.86 30,910 13.05 Painters, construction and maintenance 261,040 14.24 29,610 13.10 Paperhangers 10,690 15.62 32,490 15.33 Pipelayers 59,560 14.53 30,220 13.20 Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 437,140 19.31 40,170 18.19 Plasterers and stucco masons 45,150 16.91 35,170 16.00 Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 27,010 18.17 37,800 16.78 Roofers 114,410 15.22 31,670 13.95 Sheet metal workers 218,020 16.85 35,050 15.31 Structural iron and steel workers 81,710 18.82 39,140 17.92 Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters 58,090 12.39 25,780 10.95 Helpers--carpenters 99,170 10.37 21,570 9.91 Helpers--electricians 112,820 10.93 22,740 10.27 Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons 26,910 10.28 21,380 9.28 Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 85,320 10.79 22,450 10.21 Helpers--roofers 24,160 9.77 20,320 9.35 Construction and building inspectors 68,690 19.10 39,730 18.63 Elevator installers and repairers 25,100 22.23 46,240 22.78 Fence erectors 18,370 12.02 25,010 10.53 Hazardous materials removal workers 34,070 15.21 31,630 13.71 Highway maintenance workers 145,790 13.21 27,480 12.82 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 9,940 14.84 30,870 14.93 Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 15,040 13.91 28,930 13.02 Segmental pavers 2,680 13.48 28,050 12.46 Derrick operators, oil and gas 15,540 13.42 27,910 12.41 Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 15,500 15.99 33,270 14.83 Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 11,020 13.34 27,750 12.12 Earth drillers, except oil and gas 19,860 15.39 32,010 14.68 Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 4,680 16.15 33,590 15.84 Continuous mining machine operators 9,480 16.05 33,380 15.64 Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 6,710 16.68 34,690 16.65 Rock splitters, quarry 2,600 13.10 27,250 12.43 Roof bolters, mining 3,460 17.19 35,760 17.21 Roustabouts, oil and gas 38,590 10.88 22,640 9.83 Helpers--extraction workers 30,760 11.72 24,380 10.99 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers 421,740 22.39 46,560 21.27 Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 142,390 15.80 32,860 15.08 Radio mechanics 7,110 16.73 34,800 15.86 Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers 192,470 20.44 42,520 21.17 Avionics technicians 15,360 20.00 41,600 19.86 Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 36,620 16.38 34,070 15.80 Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 15,930 17.16 35,690 16.93 Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 81,760 17.88 37,190 17.75 Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay 19,300 22.35 46,490 23.34 Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 12,480 12.71 26,440 12.06 Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 29,550 13.55 28,190 12.72 Security and fire alarm systems installers 38,810 15.92 33,100 14.66 Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 135,730 19.49 40,550 19.50 Automotive body and related repairers 168,170 16.21 33,710 15.00 Automotive glass installers and repairers 21,240 13.03 27,090 12.46 Automotive service technicians and mechanics 692,570 14.80 30,780 13.70 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 258,800 15.97 33,210 15.55 Farm equipment mechanics 37,010 12.83 26,690 12.38 Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 118,300 16.73 34,790 16.32 Rail car repairers 10,620 15.85 32,960 16.19 Motorboat mechanics 19,040 13.49 28,060 12.82 Motorcycle mechanics 11,720 12.90 26,820 12.07 Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 25,760 11.86 24,670 11.43 Bicycle repairers 7,940 9.04 18,810 8.67 Recreational vehicle service technicians 12,200 12.79 26,610 12.20 Tire repairers and changers 88,530 9.66 20,100 9.02 Mechanical door repairers 10,460 14.41 29,980 13.77 Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door 34,910 19.66 40,890 19.87 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 197,930 16.43 34,180 15.76 Home appliance repairers 33,910 14.80 30,790 13.87 Industrial machinery mechanics 192,180 18.02 37,490 17.30 Maintenance and repair workers, general 1,216,250 14.14 29,420 13.39 Maintenance workers, machinery 107,500 15.47 32,170 14.89 Millwrights 75,940 19.42 40,400 19.33 Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 3,640 16.64 34,620 16.82 Electrical power-line installers and repairers 96,200 21.39 44,490 22.01 Telecommunications line installers and repairers 168,480 18.29 38,050 18.32 Camera and photographic equipment repairers 5,080 14.53 30,230 13.94 Medical equipment repairers 22,020 18.02 37,470 16.99 Musical instrument repairers and tuners 5,620 17.26 35,900 15.10 Watch repairers 4,000 13.12 27,290 12.08 Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 35,480 12.74 26,510 12.33 Commercial divers 2,920 21.13 43,940 15.47 Fabric menders, except garment 2,390 12.75 26,530 10.85 Locksmiths and safe repairers 13,150 14.29 29,720 13.22 Manufactured building and mobile home installers 13,410 11.06 23,010 10.43 Riggers 14,640 15.90 33,060 15.42 Signal and track switch repairers 5,540 18.94 39,400 19.25 Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 146,870 10.88 22,620 9.98 Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers 769,540 20.68 43,020 19.39 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 32,680 18.34 38,150 19.64 Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 53,050 10.55 21,940 9.77 Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 367,150 11.03 22,950 10.31 Electromechanical equipment assemblers 72,550 11.81 24,560 11.16 Engine and other machine assemblers 66,090 14.09 29,320 13.47 Structural metal fabricators and fitters 101,490 13.70 28,490 13.11 Fiberglass laminators and fabricators 46,700 11.75 24,430 10.82 Team assemblers 1,306,430 11.29 23,490 10.32 Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators 11,020 11.66 24,250 10.78 Bakers 156,100 10.12 21,050 9.48 Butchers and meat cutters 134,250 12.35 25,690 11.60 Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers 148,100 8.51 17,710 8.06 Slaughterers and meat packers 118,900 9.29 19,330 9.33 Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 19,140 12.10 25,170 10.91 Food batchmakers 67,320 10.71 22,280 10.09 Food cooking machine operators and tenders 36,020 10.49 21,830 9.92 Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic 162,360 13.84 28,780 13.17 Numerical tool and process control programmers 22,460 18.12 37,690 17.70 Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 114,210 12.03 25,030 11.66 Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 53,950 13.30 27,660 12.11 Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 49,710 13.39 27,850 12.85 Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 351,050 11.67 24,280 11.03 Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 71,490 12.97 26,990 12.25 Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 124,080 12.42 25,820 11.71 Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 84,020 14.27 29,680 13.77 Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35,610 14.00 29,130 13.25 Machinists 420,320 15.20 31,610 14.78 Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders 19,770 14.12 29,370 13.47 Pourers and casters, metal 15,660 13.38 27,840 12.67 Model makers, metal and plastic 10,540 17.10 35,570 16.07 Patternmakers, metal and plastic 8,290 15.88 33,040 14.83 Foundry mold and coremakers 34,130 12.45 25,900 11.88 Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 158,280 11.36 23,630 10.40 Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 109,950 14.11 29,350 12.96 Tool and die makers 131,080 20.07 41,740 19.76 Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers 413,720 13.98 29,080 13.13 Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders 69,670 14.30 29,730 13.09 Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35,840 13.47 28,020 12.64 Lay-out workers, metal and plastic 16,770 15.22 31,650 14.27 Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 54,760 11.82 24,580 11.23 Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 28,360 14.22 29,580 13.22 Bindery workers 102,020 11.14 23,180 10.05 Bookbinders 9,080 12.89 26,810 11.42 Job printers 50,070 14.37 29,880 13.61 Prepress technicians and workers 104,920 15.31 31,840 14.57 Printing machine operators 214,880 14.47 30,090 13.57 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 216,630 7.99 16,630 7.59 Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 100,190 8.14 16,940 7.77 Sewing machine operators 362,010 8.39 17,450 7.80 Shoe and leather workers and repairers 12,210 9.07 18,860 8.32 Shoe machine operators and tenders 8,070 9.17 19,060 8.89 Sewers, hand 24,240 9.09 18,900 8.09 Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers 32,840 11.20 23,300 10.14 Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 38,350 9.49 19,750 9.42 Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 39,730 9.74 20,260 9.23 Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 69,110 10.45 21,730 10.32 Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders 82,320 10.12 21,040 9.89 Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers 36,350 12.68 26,380 12.66 Fabric and apparel patternmakers 14,890 14.32 29,790 11.57 Upholsterers 42,410 12.30 25,580 11.42 Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 132,630 11.60 24,140 10.83 Furniture finishers 36,870 10.95 22,770 10.34 Model makers, wood 4,900 13.31 27,680 11.70 Patternmakers, wood 5,420 14.50 30,160 13.59 Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 54,330 10.71 22,290 10.23 Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 99,410 10.44 21,710 10.00 Nuclear power reactor operators 2,550 28.41 59,100 27.51 Power distributors and dispatchers 15,050 23.65 49,190 23.35 Power plant operators 34,720 21.79 45,330 22.16 Stationary engineers and boiler operators 56,330 19.94 41,470 19.43 Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 87,760 15.60 32,450 15.09 Chemical plant and system operators 62,450 19.31 40,160 19.59 Gas plant operators 12,890 21.47 44,660 21.50 Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers 31,230 21.15 43,980 21.72 Chemical equipment operators and tenders 60,380 17.46 36,310 17.21 Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders 36,110 13.77 28,650 13.09 Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders 45,010 12.60 26,200 11.99 Grinding and polishing workers, hand 48,610 11.53 23,990 10.48 Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders 111,480 13.05 27,150 12.58 Cutters and trimmers, hand 34,340 11.07 23,030 9.78 Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders 82,450 11.98 24,920 11.48 Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders 76,370 12.57 26,150 11.94 Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 31,800 13.60 28,300 13.13 Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 571,220 13.47 28,010 12.22 Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 31,030 13.91 28,930 12.66 Dental laboratory technicians 40,580 14.04 29,200 12.94 Medical appliance technicians 11,480 13.44 27,950 11.97 Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 36,980 10.45 21,740 9.88 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 370,080 10.43 21,700 9.45 Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders 103,650 12.09 25,140 11.37 Painters, transportation equipment 43,270 15.82 32,910 14.64 Painting, coating, and decorating workers 33,940 10.48 21,810 9.55 Photographic process workers 26,650 10.65 22,140 9.44 Photographic processing machine operators 51,950 9.39 19,540 8.39 Semiconductor processors 67,000 13.06 27,170 12.23 Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 34,220 11.14 23,170 10.49 Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 18,440 11.10 23,100 10.17 Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 7,410 10.58 22,010 9.70 Etchers and engravers 11,060 11.42 23,740 10.12 Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 40,260 11.83 24,620 11.24 Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 121,300 13.32 27,700 12.75 Tire builders 15,790 16.30 33,910 17.56 Helpers--production workers 533,720 9.30 19,350 8.66 Transportation and material moving occupations Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 9,960 19.57 40,710 18.19 First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 146,790 17.75 36,910 16.73 First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators 186,710 20.73 43,120 19.37 Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 94,820 (2) 99,770 (2) Commercial pilots 18,040 (2) 51,370 (2) Air traffic controllers 23,350 38.20 79,460 39.67 Airfield operations specialists 4,580 17.31 36,000 15.42 Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 15,700 9.46 19,680 8.57 Bus drivers, transit and intercity 175,470 13.10 27,250 12.36 Bus drivers, school 457,050 10.31 21,430 10.05 Driver/sales workers 373,660 11.08 23,060 9.79 Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,577,070 15.78 32,810 15.25 Truck drivers, light or delivery services 1,033,220 11.84 24,620 10.74 Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 130,200 9.10 18,920 8.19 Locomotive engineers 29,390 21.20 44,090 21.26 Locomotive firers 1,040 20.93 43,540 23.02 Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 4,020 19.22 39,980 17.69 Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 16,830 20.16 41,930 18.82 Railroad conductors and yardmasters 40,380 20.11 41,840 18.86 Subway and street car operators 3,190 19.74 41,060 20.10 Sailors and marine oilers 30,090 13.94 29,000 13.52 Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 21,080 23.30 48,450 22.84 Motorboat operators 3,540 14.61 30,400 13.83 Ship engineers 7,370 23.12 48,100 22.85 Bridge and lock tenders 4,790 14.60 30,370 15.59 Parking lot attendants 116,930 7.69 15,990 7.15 Service station attendants 106,010 7.87 16,370 7.35 Traffic technicians 4,590 16.19 33,670 14.82 Transportation inspectors 26,520 21.25 44,200 21.68 Conveyor operators and tenders 62,250 11.50 23,920 10.70 Crane and tower operators 55,770 16.99 35,340 15.89 Dredge operators 3,100 14.32 29,790 13.38 Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators 70,080 16.10 33,480 14.94 Loading machine operators, underground mining 2,680 14.22 29,570 13.87 Hoist and winch operators 9,280 16.02 33,320 14.40 Industrial truck and tractor operators 615,390 12.54 26,090 11.74 Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 301,330 8.36 17,380 7.55 Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,120,640 9.84 20,460 9.04 Machine feeders and offbearers 213,950 10.43 21,690 9.69 Packers and packagers, hand 1,020,640 8.19 17,030 7.53 Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 6,510 20.05 41,700 20.32 Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 13,730 18.00 37,440 17.16 Wellhead pumpers 9,790 16.04 33,360 16.35 Refuse and recyclable material collectors 118,910 12.51 26,020 11.83 Shuttle car operators 3,060 17.30 35,980 17.97 Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 17,480 15.62 32,490 13.78 (1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. (2) Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available. (3) Represents a wage above $70.01 per hour.