Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 02-355 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, June 28, 2002 EMPLOYMENT SITUATION OF VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS, 2001 Male veterans of the Vietnam era who served in Southeast Asia had an unemployment rate of 3.0 percent in August 2001, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. Their jobless rate was similar to the rate for veterans of that era who served outside the Vietnam war theater and for nonveterans of a similar age. The Vietnam era is defined as the period from February 1961 to May 1975. Of the 8.0 million male veterans of the Vietnam era in August 2001, half actually served in Southeast Asia. About 11 percent of Vietnam-era veterans had a service-connected disability. The survey of veterans was conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau as a special supplement to the August 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS). It was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans Employment and Training Service. For a description of the survey, including definitions of terms used in this release, see the Technical Note. Characteristics of Vietnam-era Veterans As of August 2001, there were 8.0 million male veterans of the Vietnam era; 91 percent were 45 to 64 years of age. Ten percent of male Vietnam- era veterans were black, and about 5 percent were Hispanic. (See tables 1 and 2.) (Information on female veterans and male veterans who served either before or after the Vietnam era also was collected in this special supplement; summaries of the results for these groups are presented later in this release.) Vietnam-theater Veterans About 4.0 million, or half of all male Vietnam-era veterans, reported that they served in Southeast Asia. In August 2001, the labor force participation rate--the proportion of the population that is either employed or unemployed--for male Vietnam-theater veterans was 73.3 percent. This was lower than the rates for Vietnam-era veterans who served outside the Vietnam theater (79.9 percent) and for nonveterans age 45 to 64 (82.2 percent). The unemployment rate for male Vietnam-theater veterans (3.0 percent) was es- sentially the same as the rates for those who served outside the Vietnam theater (3.3 percent) and those aged 45 to 64 who never served in the Armed Forces (3.1 percent). (See table 2.) Disabled Veterans of the Vietnam Era In August 2001, about 11 percent of male Vietnam-era veterans (907,000) reported having a service-connected disability; 73 percent of them had served in the Vietnam war theater. Veterans with a service-connected disability are assigned a disability rating by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Ratings range from 0 to 100 percent, in increments of 10 percent, depending on the severity of the condition. About half of all disabled male Vietnam-era veterans reported a disability rating of less than 30 percent, while 22 percent had a rating of 60 percent or higher. (See table 4.) - 2 - About 61 percent of disabled male Vietnam-era veterans were in the labor force in August 2001. This proportion was much lower than that for non- disabled veterans of that era (78.6 percent). In addition to higher labor force participation rates, nondisabled veterans had a lower unemployment rate than their disabled counterparts, 3.3 percent versus 4.6 percent. Only about 28 percent of Vietnam-era veterans with a disability rating of 60 percent or more were in the labor force. (See table 4.) Among those employed, about 19 percent of the disabled and 6 percent of the nondisabled male Vietnam-era veterans worked for the federal government. (See table 5.) Among employed nonveterans of a similar age, the proportion in federal employment was 2.4 percent. Among those disabled male Vietnam-era veterans who were unemployed or not in the labor force in August 2001, 53 percent reported that their disability currently prevented them from obtaining or keeping a job. (See table 6.) Twelve percent of those currently employed reported that their disability had prevented them from obtaining a job in the past. Veterans of Other Service Periods An estimated 22.7 million men were veterans of the Armed Forces in August 2001. Eight million served during the Vietnam era; about 7.2 million served in other wars, primarily World War II and Korea; and about 7.5 million served during peacetime. Peacetime veterans include those whose period of service occurred during other armed conflicts such as those in Grenada, Panama, and the Persian Gulf. The relatively low labor force participation rate for male veterans of other wars (15 percent) reflects the fact that nearly all were at least 65 years old. About 9 percent, or 642,000, of the male veterans of other wartime periods reported having a service-connected disability. (See tables 2 and 4.) Seven percent of male peacetime veterans reported a service-connected disability. The labor force participation rate for these disabled veterans (80.4 percent) was essentially the same as for their nondisabled counterparts (79.2 percent). This reflects, in part, the relatively few severely disabled among the peacetime veterans. (See tables 1 and 4.) Female Veterans In August 2001, there were 1.6 million female veterans. Of these veterans, 184,000 served during the Vietnam era, comprising 2 percent of all veterans of that period. The labor force participation rate of female Vietnam-era veterans was 68.1 percent, and their unemployment rate was 5.6 percent. (See table 7.) The participation rate for their nonveteran peers ages 45 to 64 was 66.2 percent, and their unemployment rate was 3.3 percent. About three-fourths of female veterans, or 1.2 million, served in the Armed Forces during peacetime. Their labor force participation and unemployment rates were 74.0 and 2.6 percent, respectively. Seventy-nine percent of female peacetime veterans served after the Vietnam era. About 9 percent of all female veterans had a service-connected disability; their labor force participation rate was 70.2 percent. - 3 - Veterans Recently Discharged from Active Duty Between 1998 and 2001, 724,000 veterans (men and women combined) were discharged from active duty. Among all recently discharged veterans, the labor force participation rate was 87.7 percent, and the unemployment rate was 3.9 percent. (See table 8.) Two-thirds of veterans discharged from active duty between 1998 and 2001 were ages 18 to 34. These young recently discharged veterans had a labor force participation rate of 84.9 percent, and an unemployment rate of 4.4 percent in August 2001. Nonveterans of the same age had a labor force participation rate of 85.7 percent, and an unemployment rate of 6.7 percent. Blacks made up 20 percent of recently discharged veterans. The proportion of recently discharged veterans in the labor force was slightly less for blacks (83.6 percent) than for whites (88.6 percent). The unemployment rate for these black veterans (5.9 percent) was slightly higher than the rate for their white counterparts (3.6 percent). Of those recently discharged, 19 percent were women. (See table 8.) Technical Note The estimates in this release were obtained from a supplement to the August 2001 Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households which provides the national data on employment and unemployment. The CPS is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The supplement, which was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor's Veterans Employment and Training Service, included special questions asked of persons 18 years of age and older regarding their prior service in the Armed Forces and whether they had a service-connected disability. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates will differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Definitions The definitions underlying the data in this release are as follows: Veteran status is provided from responses to the question, "Did you ever serve on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces?" Period of service is provided from answers to the question asked of veterans, "When did you serve?" The following service periods are identified: Vietnam era -- February 1961-May 1975 Korean war -- June 1950-January 1955 World War II -- September 1940-July 1947 World War I -- April 1917-November 1918 Peacetime -- All other periods Vietnam-era veterans are those who served anywhere between August 1964 and May 1975, plus those who were in Southeast Asia between February 28, 1961, and August 4, 1964. Vietnam-theater veterans are those who served in Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia, or in the nearby waters or airspace between February 28, 1961, and May 7, 1975. Presence of service-connected disability is provided by answers to the question, "Has the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or the Department of Defense determined that you have a service-connected disability; that is, a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service?" Effect of service-connected disability on veterans' employment experience is determined by answers to the questions, "Did your service-connected disability ever prevent you from getting or holding a job in the past?" and "Does this disability currently keep you from getting or holding a job?" The first question was asked of all disabled veterans; the second was asked only of those who were either unemployed or not in the labor force. Service-connected disability rating is based on answers to the question, "What is your current service-connected disability rating?" Answers can range from 0 to 100 percent. Ratings are determined from a rating schedule published in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 38, "Pensions, Bonuses, and Veterans Relief," Part 4--"Schedule for Rating Disabilities." The rating schedule is "primarily a guide in the evaluations of disability resulting from all types of diseases and injuries encountered as a result of or incident to military service. The percentage ratings represent, as far as can practicably be determined, the average impairment in earnings capacity resulting from such diseases and injuries and their residual conditions in civil occupations." Part 4 contains a listing of hundreds of possible disorders and assigns ratings of 0 through 100 percent in steps of 10 percent for each, with instructions for rating multiple disorders. Table 1. Employment status of men 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, race, and Hispanic origin, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian Unemployed Not in Veteran status, period of service, noninsti- labor race, and Hispanic origin tutional Percent force population Total of Employed Percent population Number of labor force TOTAL Total, 18 years and over........................ 97,878 74,403 76.0 71,149 3,255 4.4 23,475 Veterans...................................... 22,683 13,148 58.0 12,701 447 3.4 9,535 War veterans................................ 15,193 7,210 47.5 6,976 234 3.2 7,983 Vietnam era............................... 8,007 6,132 76.6 5,938 195 3.2 1,875 Vietnam theater......................... 4,046 2,967 73.3 2,877 90 3.0 1,079 Outside the Vietnam theater............. 3,961 3,165 79.9 3,061 105 3.3 796 Other war veterans........................ 7,186 1,077 15.0 1,038 39 3.6 6,109 Peacetime veterans.......................... 7,490 5,938 79.3 5,725 214 3.6 1,552 Nonveterans................................... 75,195 61,255 81.5 58,448 2,807 4.6 13,940 White Total, 18 years and over........................ 82,251 62,928 76.5 60,623 2,305 3.7 19,323 Veterans...................................... 20,011 11,370 56.8 11,017 353 3.1 8,641 War veterans................................ 13,774 6,473 47.0 6,278 195 3.0 7,301 Vietnam era............................... 7,106 5,474 77.0 5,315 159 2.9 1,632 Vietnam theater......................... 3,542 2,619 73.9 2,539 79 3.0 924 Outside the Vietnam theater............. 3,564 2,856 80.1 2,776 80 2.8 708 Other war veterans........................ 6,667 998 15.0 963 36 3.6 5,669 Peacetime veterans.......................... 6,237 4,898 78.5 4,739 158 3.2 1,340 Nonveterans................................... 62,240 51,557 82.8 49,606 1,952 3.8 10,682 Black Total, 18 years and over........................ 10,881 7,763 71.3 6,999 764 9.8 3,117 Veterans...................................... 2,251 1,495 66.4 1,409 86 5.8 756 War veterans................................ 1,184 618 52.2 584 34 5.5 566 Vietnam era............................... 766 563 73.4 529 33 5.9 204 Vietnam theater......................... 430 299 69.6 291 9 2.9 131 Outside the Vietnam theater............. 336 263 78.3 239 25 9.4 73 Other war veterans........................ 417 55 13.2 55 - - 362 Peacetime veterans.......................... 1,068 877 82.2 825 53 6.0 190 Nonveterans................................... 8,630 6,268 72.6 5,590 678 10.8 2,362 Hispanic origin Total, 18 years and over........................ 10,852 8,883 81.9 8,415 468 5.3 1,969 Veterans...................................... 1,027 720 70.1 693 27 3.8 307 War veterans................................ 581 340 58.6 325 15 4.4 241 Vietnam era............................... 397 308 77.6 293 15 4.8 89 Vietnam theater......................... 260 209 80.5 195 14 6.6 51 Outside the Vietnam theater............. 137 98 72.1 97 1 1.1 38 Other war veterans........................ 184 32 17.6 32 - - 152 Peacetime veterans.......................... 447 380 85.0 368 12 3.2 67 Nonveterans................................... 9,825 8,163 83.1 7,723 441 5.4 1,661 NOTE: Male veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Dash represents zero. Table 2. Employment status of men 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and age, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian Unemployed Not in Veteran status, period of service, noninsti- labor and age tutional Percent force population Total of Employed Percent population Number of labor force VETERANS Total, 18 years and over........................ 22,683 13,148 58.0 12,701 447 3.4 9,535 18 to 24 years.............................. 212 184 86.7 177 7 3.8 28 25 to 34 years.............................. 1,678 1,574 93.8 1,516 58 3.7 104 35 to 44 years.............................. 2,616 2,417 92.4 2,323 94 3.9 199 45 to 54 years.............................. 4,897 4,253 86.8 4,117 136 3.2 644 55 to 64 years.............................. 4,787 3,265 68.2 3,162 103 3.2 1,521 65 years and over........................... 8,493 1,454 17.1 1,406 48 3.3 7,039 War veterans(1) Total, 35 years and over........................ 15,193 7,210 47.5 6,976 234 3.2 7,983 35 to 44 years.............................. 153 135 88.0 126 8 6.2 18 45 to 54 years.............................. 4,139 3,585 86.6 3,473 112 3.1 554 55 to 64 years.............................. 3,304 2,321 70.2 2,243 78 3.3 983 65 years and over........................... 7,597 1,170 15.4 1,134 36 3.1 6,427 Vietnam era(1) Total, 35 years and over........................ 8,007 6,132 76.6 5,938 195 3.2 1,875 35 to 44 years.............................. 153 135 88.0 126 8 6.2 18 45 to 54 years.............................. 4,139 3,585 86.6 3,473 112 3.1 554 55 to 64 years.............................. 3,164 2,272 71.8 2,198 74 3.3 892 65 years and over........................... 551 141 25.6 141 - - 410 Vietnam theater Total, 35 years and over........................ 4,046 2,967 73.3 2,877 90 3.0 1,079 35 to 44 years.............................. 34 30 (2) 30 - - 4 45 to 54 years.............................. 2,049 1,730 84.4 1,680 50 2.9 320 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,581 1,127 71.3 1,088 39 3.5 454 65 years and over........................... 382 81 21.1 80 - - 301 Outside the Vietnam theater Total, 35 years and over........................ 3,961 3,165 79.9 3,061 105 3.3 796 35 to 44 years.............................. 119 105 88.2 97 8 7.9 14 45 to 54 years.............................. 2,090 1,855 88.8 1,793 61 3.3 235 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,583 1,145 72.3 1,110 35 3.1 438 65 years and over........................... 169 61 35.8 61 - - 109 Other war veterans(1) Total, 55 years and over........................ 7,186 1,077 15.0 1,038 39 3.6 6,109 55 to 64 years.............................. 140 49 34.8 45 3 (2) 91 65 years and over........................... 7,046 1,029 14.6 993 36 3.5 6,017 Peacetime veterans Total, 18 years and over........................ 7,490 5,938 79.3 5,725 214 3.6 1,552 18 to 24 years.............................. 212 184 86.7 177 7 3.8 28 25 to 34 years.............................. 1,678 1,574 93.8 1,516 58 3.7 104 35 to 44 years.............................. 2,463 2,282 92.7 2,197 86 3.8 181 45 to 54 years.............................. 758 669 88.2 644 25 3.7 90 55 to 64 years.............................. 1,482 945 63.7 919 25 2.7 538 65 years and over........................... 896 284 31.7 272 12 4.3 612 NONVETERANS Total, 18 years and over........................ 75,195 61,255 81.5 58,448 2,807 4.6 13,940 18 to 24 years.............................. 13,253 10,273 77.5 9,234 1,040 10.1 2,980 25 to 34 years.............................. 16,434 15,173 92.3 14,518 654 4.3 1,261 35 to 44 years.............................. 19,283 17,773 92.2 17,199 574 3.2 1,510 45 to 54 years.............................. 13,937 12,426 89.2 12,049 377 3.0 1,511 55 to 64 years.............................. 6,768 4,585 67.8 4,437 148 3.2 2,182 65 years and over........................... 5,520 1,026 18.6 1,012 14 1.4 4,494 1 Because of the aging of the population, there are no longer any Vietnam-era veterans under 35 years of age or any other war veterans under 55 years of age. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Male veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. Dash represents zero. Table 3. Employed men 18 years and over by occupation, veteran status, and period of service, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted (Percent distribution) Veterans War veterans Nonvet- Occupation Vietnam era Peace- erans Total time Other veterans Total Outside war Total Vietnam the veterans theater Vietnam theater Total, 18 years and over (thousands)..................... 12,701 6,976 5,938 2,877 3,061 1,038 5,725 58,448 Percent............................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Managerial and professional specialty................. 29.8 32.4 32.9 30.1 35.6 29.7 26.7 28.8 Executive, administrative, and managerial.......... 16.6 18.3 18.7 17.9 19.3 16.4 14.6 14.9 Professional specialty............................. 13.2 14.1 14.3 12.2 16.2 13.3 12.1 13.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support.......... 21.2 21.0 20.9 21.9 20.0 21.6 21.4 19.2 Technicians and related support.................... 3.9 2.9 3.4 3.1 3.7 .3 5.0 2.9 Sales occupations.................................. 10.5 11.3 10.7 10.9 10.5 14.8 9.4 10.9 Administrative support, including clerical......... 6.9 6.8 6.8 7.9 5.8 6.4 7.0 5.4 Service occupations................................... 9.4 8.7 7.8 8.5 7.1 14.2 10.1 9.5 Protective service................................. 5.0 4.2 4.1 4.7 3.5 5.3 5.9 2.4 Other service occupations.......................... 4.3 4.5 3.7 3.9 3.6 8.9 4.2 7.1 Precision production, craft, and repair............... 19.1 17.8 19.2 20.3 18.2 9.5 20.7 19.5 Mechanics and repairers............................ 8.0 6.6 7.3 7.1 7.5 2.7 9.7 6.2 Construction trades................................ 7.0 6.9 7.3 7.8 6.8 4.6 7.2 9.2 Other precision production, craft, and repair...... 4.1 4.3 4.6 5.5 3.9 2.2 3.8 4.0 Operators, fabricators, and laborers.................. 17.4 16.1 16.4 16.9 16.0 14.3 18.9 19.1 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors...... 5.3 5.1 5.7 5.5 5.9 1.7 5.6 6.0 Transportation and material moving occupations..... 8.2 7.7 7.5 8.2 6.7 8.9 8.9 7.0 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.4 3.6 4.3 6.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing........................ 3.1 3.9 2.7 2.2 3.2 10.7 2.1 3.9 NOTE: Male veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. Table 4. Employment status of male veterans 18 years and over by period of service, presence of service-connected disability, and reported disability rating, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian Unemployed Not in Period of service, presence of disability, and noninsti- labor reported disability rating tutional Percent force population Total of Employed Percent population Number of labor force VETERANS With service-connected disability............... 2,087 1,058 50.7 1,012 46 4.4 1,029 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 1,058 625 59.0 611 13 2.1 434 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 440 243 55.2 226 17 7.0 197 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 356 85 23.9 74 11 12.4 271 Disability rating not reported............. 232 106 45.4 100 5 5.0 127 Without service-connected disability............ 17,489 10,112 57.8 9,766 346 3.4 7,377 Presence of disability not reported............. 3,107 1,978 63.7 1,923 55 2.8 1,129 War veterans With service-connected disability............... 1,548 625 40.4 595 30 4.8 923 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 760 378 49.7 369 9 2.4 382 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 320 143 44.7 136 7 5.2 177 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 307 58 18.8 47 11 (1) 249 Disability rating not reported............. 161 46 28.6 44 3 (1) 115 Without service-connected disability............ 11,698 5,529 47.3 5,340 188 3.4 6,170 Presence of disability not reported............. 1,946 1,056 54.3 1,041 15 1.5 890 Vietnam era With service-connected disability............... 907 557 61.4 531 26 4.6 350 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 444 335 75.6 330 5 1.5 108 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 191 127 66.4 119 7 5.9 64 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 198 55 27.8 44 11 (1) 143 Disability rating not reported............. 74 40 (1) 37 3 (1) 34 Without service-connected disability............ 5,974 4,694 78.6 4,540 153 3.3 1,281 Presence of disability not reported............. 1,126 882 78.3 867 15 1.7 244 Vietnam theater With service-connected disability............... 659 371 56.3 358 13 3.5 288 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 308 212 68.8 207 5 2.2 96 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 143 92 64.4 87 5 5.1 51 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 146 39 26.7 35 4 (1) 107 Disability rating not reported............. 62 28 (1) 28 - - 34 Without service-connected disability............ 2,776 2,129 76.7 2,059 70 3.3 647 Presence of disability not reported............. 611 468 76.5 461 7 1.5 144 Outside the Vietnam theater With service-connected disability............... 248 186 74.9 173 13 6.8 62 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 136 124 91.0 123 - - 12 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 48 35 (1) 32 3 (1) 14 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 52 16 (1) 9 7 (1) 36 Disability rating not reported............. 11 11 (1) 9 3 (1) - Without service-connected disability............ 3,198 2,565 80.2 2,481 84 3.3 633 Presence of disability not reported............. 515 414 80.5 406 8 2.0 100 Other war veterans With service-connected disability............... 642 68 10.7 64 4 (1) 573 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 317 43 13.6 39 4 (1) 274 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 129 16 12.5 16 - - 113 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 109 3 2.6 3 - - 106 Disability rating not reported............. 87 6 7.4 6 - - 81 Without service-connected disability............ 5,724 835 14.6 800 35 4.2 4,889 Presence of disability not reported............. 820 174 21.2 174 - - 646 Peacetime veterans With service-connected disability............... 539 433 80.4 416 16 3.8 106 Less than 30 percent disability rating..... 298 246 82.6 242 4 1.6 52 30- to 50- percent disability rating....... 119 100 83.5 90 10 9.7 20 60 percent or higher disability rating..... 50 27 (1) 27 - - 22 Disability rating not reported............. 71 60 (1) 57 3 (1) 12 Without service-connected disability............ 5,790 4,583 79.2 4,425 158 3.4 1,207 Presence of disability not reported............. 1,161 922 79.4 883 39 4.3 239 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Male veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." Additional information on periods of service and service-connected disability ratings also appears in the Technical Note of this release. Dash represents zero. Table 5. Employed men 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, presence of service-connected disability, and class of worker, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted Percent distribution by class of worker Nonagricultural wage and salary workers Total Agricultural Veteran status, period of service, and presence employed(1) wage and of disability (thousands) Government salary, Total self-employed, Private and unpaid sector State family workers Total Federal and local All veterans...................................... 12,701 100.0 72.2 17.5 6.3 11.2 10.4 With service-connected disability............. 1,012 100.0 62.6 27.9 14.3 13.6 9.5 Without service-connected disability.......... 9,766 100.0 72.7 17.0 5.6 11.5 10.3 War veterans.................................... 6,976 100.0 68.8 18.5 6.6 11.9 12.7 With service-connected disability........... 595 100.0 55.1 32.4 17.4 14.9 12.5 Without service-connected disability........ 5,340 100.0 70.0 17.3 5.4 11.9 12.6 Vietnam era................................... 5,938 100.0 69.8 19.7 7.5 12.3 10.4 With service-connected disability......... 531 100.0 52.9 35.6 19.4 16.2 11.5 Without service-connected disability...... 4,540 100.0 71.2 18.4 6.1 12.3 10.3 Vietnam theater............................. 2,877 100.0 69.3 21.2 8.3 12.9 9.5 With service-connected disability....... 358 100.0 50.6 36.7 18.7 18.0 12.6 Without service-connected disability.... 2,059 100.0 71.7 19.0 6.7 12.3 9.2 Outside the Vietnam theater................. 3,061 100.0 70.4 18.3 6.6 11.7 11.3 With service-connected disability....... 173 100.0 57.5 33.3 20.9 12.5 9.1 Without service-connected disability.... 2,481 100.0 70.8 18.0 5.6 12.3 11.3 Other war veterans............................ 1,038 100.0 63.1 11.2 1.6 9.6 25.7 With service-connected disability......... 64 100.0 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Without service-connected disability...... 800 100.0 63.4 11.0 1.3 9.7 25.6 Peacetime veterans.............................. 5,725 100.0 76.2 16.2 5.9 10.3 7.5 With service-connected disability........... 416 100.0 73.3 21.5 9.7 11.8 5.2 Without service-connected disability........ 4,425 100.0 76.0 16.6 5.7 10.9 7.4 Nonveterans....................................... 58,448 100.0 79.4 10.0 1.7 8.3 10.6 1 Includes veterans who did not report presence of disability. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Male veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." Additional information on periods of service and service-connected disability ratings also appears in the Technical Note of this release. Table 6. Disabled male veterans 18 years and over by period of service, disability rating, and effect of disability on jobholding, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted Disabled veterans Unemployed or not in the labor force Period of service and disability rating Percent whose Total disability (thousands) affected Percent whose past job- Total disability holding (thousands) currently affects job- holding All veterans(1)............................................. 2,087 22.6 1,075 34.8 Less than 30 percent disability rating.................. 1,058 11.7 447 14.1 30- to 50- percent disability rating.................... 440 25.0 214 28.7 60 percent or higher disability rating.................. 356 59.2 282 79.3 War veterans.............................................. 1,548 23.5 953 34.0 Less than 30 percent disability rating................ 760 10.7 391 13.1 30- to 50- percent disability rating.................. 320 24.4 185 24.0 60 percent or higher disability rating................ 307 59.2 260 79.0 Vietnam era............................................. 907 26.2 376 53.0 Less than 30 percent disability rating.............. 444 10.8 114 21.9 30- to 50- percent disability rating................ 191 29.0 72 (2) 60 percent or higher disability rating.............. 198 61.3 154 90.9 Vietnam theater....................................... 659 28.4 301 52.4 Less than 30 percent disability rating............ 308 13.4 101 22.8 30- to 50- percent disability rating.............. 143 32.2 55 (2) 60 percent or higher disability rating............ 146 60.5 111 92.3 Outside the Vietnam theater........................... 248 20.2 75 55.5 Less than 30 percent disability rating............ 136 5.1 13 (2) 30- to 50- percent disability rating.............. 48 (2) 16 (2) 60 percent or higher disability rating............ 52 (2) 43 (2) Other war veterans...................................... 642 19.7 577 21.5 Less than 30 percent disability rating.............. 317 10.5 278 9.5 30- to 50- percent disability rating................ 129 17.5 113 15.5 60 percent or higher disability rating.............. 109 55.4 106 61.8 Peacetime veterans........................................ 539 19.9 122 41.2 Less than 30 percent disability rating................ 298 14.1 56 (2) 30- to 50- percent disability rating.................. 119 26.9 29 (2) 60 percent or higher disability rating................ 50 (2) 22 (2) 1 Includes veterans who did not report disability rating, as well as those who did not respond to the question on the effect of disability on jobholding. 2 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Male veterans are men who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are men who have never served in the Armed Forces. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." Additional information on periods of service and service-connected disability ratings also appears in the Technical Note of this release. Table 7. Employment status of women 18 years and over by veteran status and period of service, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian Unemployed Not in Veteran status and period of service noninsti- labor tutional Percent force population Total of Employed Percent population Number of labor force Total, 18 years and over....................... 106,221 64,139 60.4 60,951 3,188 5.0 42,082 Veterans..................................... 1,600 1,052 65.8 1,022 31 2.9 548 War veterans............................... 374 145 38.9 138 7 4.8 228 Vietnam era.............................. 184 126 68.1 118 7 5.6 59 Vietnam theater........................ 43 28 (1) 28 - - 15 Outside the Vietnam theater............ 141 98 69.1 91 7 7.2 44 Other war veterans....................... 190 20 10.5 20 - - 170 Peacetime veterans......................... 1,226 907 74.0 883 24 2.6 319 With service-connected disability.......... 150 105 70.2 101 4 4.0 45 Without service-connected disability....... 1,155 743 64.3 727 16 2.2 412 Presence of disability not reported........ 295 204 69.2 193 10 5.1 91 Nonveterans.................................. 104,621 63,087 60.3 59,929 3,157 5.0 41,534 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Female veterans are women who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Nonveterans are women who have never served in the Armed Forces. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. A service-connected disability is a health condition or impairment caused or made worse by military service. The associated disability rating, which can range from 0 to 100 percent, is determined from a rating schedule published in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, "Title 38." Additional information on periods of service and service-connected disability ratings also appears in the Technical Note of this release. Dash represents zero. Table 8. Employment status of veterans 18 years and over by year of discharge from the Armed Forces, sex, race, and Hispanic origin, August 2001, not seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Civilian labor force Civilian Year of discharge, sex, race, noninsti- Employed Unemployed Not in and Hispanic origin tutional Percent labor population Total of force population Percent Percent Total of Number of population labor force TOTAL Prior to 1968............... 9,353 2,704 28.9 2,608 27.9 95 3.5 6,650 1968 to 1977................ 4,554 3,576 78.5 3,465 76.1 111 3.1 977 1978 to 1987................ 2,248 1,935 86.1 1,861 82.8 74 3.8 314 1988 to 1997................ 2,722 2,472 90.8 2,384 87.6 88 3.6 250 1998 to 2001................ 724 635 87.7 611 84.3 24 3.9 89 Year not available.......... 4,682 2,878 61.5 2,794 59.7 85 2.9 1,803 Men Prior to 1968............... 9,115 2,653 29.1 2,560 28.1 93 3.5 6,462 1968 to 1977................ 4,452 3,506 78.8 3,398 76.3 108 3.1 946 1978 to 1987................ 1,944 1,702 87.5 1,634 84.1 67 4.0 242 1988 to 1997................ 2,284 2,120 92.8 2,037 89.2 83 3.9 164 1998 to 2001................ 590 545 92.3 522 88.5 23 4.2 45 Year not available.......... 4,298 2,623 61.0 2,550 59.3 73 2.8 1,676 Women Prior to 1968............... 239 51 21.2 48 20.2 2 (1) 188 1968 to 1977................ 102 70 69.0 67 65.8 3 (1) 32 1978 to 1987................ 304 233 76.6 227 74.4 7 2.8 71 1988 to 1997................ 438 352 80.5 347 79.3 5 1.5 85 1998 to 2001................ 134 90 67.3 89 66.0 2 1.9 44 Year not available.......... 383 255 66.7 244 63.7 11 4.4 128 White Prior to 1968............... 8,728 2,535 29.0 2,447 28.0 88 3.5 6,192 1968 to 1977................ 4,090 3,225 78.8 3,130 76.5 94 2.9 866 1978 to 1987................ 1,847 1,584 85.7 1,532 82.9 52 3.3 263 1988 to 1997................ 2,164 1,984 91.7 1,923 88.9 61 3.1 180 1998 to 2001................ 548 485 88.6 468 85.4 17 3.6 62 Year not available.......... 3,882 2,339 60.3 2,280 58.7 59 2.5 1,542 Black Prior to 1968............... 507 133 26.2 129 25.4 4 3.1 374 1968 to 1977................ 394 300 76.2 284 72.0 16 5.5 94 1978 to 1987................ 349 304 87.1 285 81.6 19 6.4 45 1988 to 1997................ 474 410 86.6 384 81.1 26 6.4 63 1998 to 2001................ 143 120 83.6 113 78.6 7 5.9 24 Year not available.......... 698 463 66.4 440 63.0 23 5.0 235 Hispanic origin Prior to 1968............... 238 76 31.9 72 30.4 4 4.7 162 1968 to 1977................ 199 147 74.1 134 67.2 14 9.3 51 1978 to 1987................ 161 150 93.3 146 90.7 4 2.9 11 1988 to 1997................ 163 143 87.7 141 86.9 1 .8 20 1998 to 2001................ 59 45 (1) 42 (1) 3 (1) 15 Year not available.......... 302 212 70.4 209 69.1 4 1.8 89 1 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Veterans are men and women who served in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam era, the Korean war, World Wars I and II, and all other service periods. Information on specific periods of service appears in the Technical Note of this release. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Dash represents zero.