Figure 4. Nativity of U.S. civilian labor force in creative IT occupations in metropolitan IT clusters excluding Silicon Valley, IT industries, 2005–14 average
Occupation	Percent native origin	Percent naturalized citizens	Percent noncitizens
All creative IT occupations	65.9	10.3	23.8
Computer programmers	72.9	9.3	17.8
Computer scientists and systems analysts, network systems analysts, and web developers	79.6	7.8	12.6
Software developers, applications and systems software	56.5	11.5	32.0
Computer and information systems managers	76.9	10.0	13.1
Computer hardware engineers	64.7	12.0	23.4
Note: Because of rounding, percentages may not add up to 100. Source: IPUMS-USA and authors' calculations.