Variable | United States | New York area | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | DF | t for H0 (parameter = θ0) | Pr > |t| | Sig. levels | Predicted food-at-home expenditures (in dollars) | Estimate | SE | DF | t for H0 (parameter = θ0) | Pr > |t| | Sig. levels | Predicted food-at-home expenditures (in dollars) | |||
Non-SNAP, weekly | SNAP, weekly | Non-SNAP, weekly | SNAP, weekly | |||||||||||||
Intercept |
2.247 | 0.017 | 31,622 | 129.35 | <0.0001 | [3] | $43.20 | $50.91 | 2.244 | 0.072 | 5,579.60 | 31.33 | <0.0001 | [3] | $40.02 | $62.16 |
SNAP status |
0.129 | 0.047 | 6,004 | 2.76 | 0.006 | [3] | [4] | [4] | 0.184 | 0.203 | 451.5 | 0.91 | 0.365 | [4] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × household composition, 1 adult, 1 child |
–0.147 | 0.035 | 102,215 | –4.20 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.347 | 0.143 | 6,728.30 | –2.43 | 0.015 | [2] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × household composition, 1 adult, 2 children |
–0.106 | 0.039 | 104,290 | –2.75 | 0.006 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.176 | 0.16 | 6,415.10 | –1.10 | 0.27 | [4] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × household composition, 2 adults |
–0.077 | 0.024 | 76,156 | –3.16 | 0.002 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.149 | 0.084 | 6,735.70 | –1.78 | 0.075 | [1] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × household composition, 2 adults, 1 child |
–0.160 | 0.031 | 91,575 | –5.23 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.277 | 0.131 | 6,391.70 | –2.11 | 0.035 | [2] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × household composition, 2 adults, 2 children |
–0.108 | 0.032 | 64,841 | –3.37 | 0.001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.432 | 0.126 | 5,796.90 | –3.43 | 0.001 | [3] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × household composition, other |
–0.051 | 0.024 | 30,406 | –2.13 | 0.033 | [2] | [4] | [4] | –0.200 | 0.089 | 4,004.40 | –2.24 | 0.025 | [2] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × age, 16–34 |
0.071 | 0.018 | 104,430 | 3.94 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | 0.056 | 0.076 | 6,717.30 | 0.74 | 0.459 | [4] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × age, 50–61 |
–0.074 | 0.02 | 104,005 | –3.65 | 0.0003 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.140 | 0.078 | 6,773.50 | –1.80 | 0.072 | [1] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × age, 62 and older |
–0.077 | 0.023 | 101,049 | –3.38 | 0.001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.181 | 0.086 | 6,824.50 | –2.11 | 0.035 | [2] | [4] | [4] |
Household composition, 1 adult, 1 child |
0.234 | 0.016 | 97,174 | 15.03 | <0.0001 | [3] | 18.08 | 7.00 | 0.285 | 0.063 | 6,802.20 | 4.53 | <0.0001 | [3] | 21.44 | –5.30 |
Household composition, 1 adult, 2 children |
0.329 | 0.019 | 103,423 | 17.00 | <0.0001 | [3] | 26.86 | 19.25 | 0.198 | 0.079 | 6,834.30 | 2.51 | 0.012 | [2] | 14.14 | 1.93 |
Household composition, 2 adults |
0.24 | 0.008 | 103,928 | 28.62 | <0.0001 | [3] | 18.56 | 13.61 | 0.239 | 0.032 | 6,758.90 | 7.38 | <0.0001 | [3] | 17.55 | 8.42 |
Household composition, 2 adults, 1 child |
0.367 | 0.011 | 102,855 | 33.58 | <0.0001 | [3] | 30.55 | 17.67 | 0.304 | 0.044 | 6,819.00 | 6.84 | <0.0001 | [3] | 23.16 | 2.41 |
Household composition, 2 adults, 2 children |
0.477 | 0.011 | 98,250 | 42.80 | <0.0001 | [3] | 42.24 | 34.45 | 0.539 | 0.044 | 6,725.30 | 12.33 | <0.0001 | [3] | 47.02 | 10.06 |
Household composition, other |
0.50 | 0.01 | 104,145 | 51.30 | <0.0001 | [3] | 44.95 | 43.93 | 0.536 | 0.038 | 6,823.20 | 14.22 | <0.0001 | [3] | 46.68 | 35.63 |
Age, 16–34 |
–0.109 | 0.006 | 100,734 | –17.41 | <0.0001 | [3] | –6.90 | –2.88 | –0.149 | 0.026 | 6,831.90 | –5.71 | <0.0001 | [3] | –8.67 | –7.82 |
Age, 50–61 |
0.021 | 0.006 | 102,717 | 3.50 | 0.001 | [3] | 1.43 | –3.95 | –0.005 | 0.023 | 6,829.10 | –0.22 | 0.828 | [4] | –0.32 | –11.92 |
Age, 62 and older |
0.006 | 0.007 | 100,401 | 0.83 | 0.406 | [4] | 0.41 | –5.17 | 0.012 | 0.03 | 6,814.50 | 0.39 | 0.697 | [4] | 0.74 | –13.66 |
Single male or single father |
–0.054 | 0.007 | 103,140 | –7.30 | <0.0001 | [3] | –3.55 | –4.02 | –0.056 | 0.031 | 6,783.80 | –1.82 | 0.069 | [1] | –3.43 | –4.79 |
Race, Black |
–0.123 | 0.007 | 102,030 | –18.33 | <0.0001 | [3] | –7.74 | –8.78 | –0.118 | 0.023 | 6,829.30 | –5.09 | <0.0001 | [3] | –6.98 | –9.78 |
Race, Asian |
–0.038 | 0.01 | 102,658 | –3.89 | 0.0001 | [3] | –2.49 | –2.81 | –0.017 | 0.03 | 6,825.10 | –0.57 | 0.566 | [4] | –1.08 | –1.50 |
Race, other |
0.017 | 0.014 | 102,679 | 1.16 | 0.245 | [4] | 1.14 | 1.29 | –0.030 | 0.07 | 6,782.40 | –0.43 | 0.667 | [4] | –1.89 | –2.63 |
Hispanic |
–0.019 | 0.007 | 99,901 | –2.98 | 0.003 | [3] | –1.29 | –1.46 | 0.006 | 0.023 | 6,828.00 | 0.28 | 0.779 | [4] | 0.41 | 0.58 |
Marital status, married |
0.072 | 0.007 | 100,947 | 10.53 | <0.0001 | [3] | 5.10 | 5.75 | 0.070 | 0.026 | 6,822.00 | 2.66 | 0.008 | [3] | 4.63 | 6.42 |
Marital status, divorced or separated |
0.011 | 0.007 | 103,242 | 1.62 | 0.106 | [4] | 0.77 | 0.87 | 0.020 | 0.027 | 6,827.10 | 0.74 | 0.456 | [4] | 1.31 | 1.82 |
Marital status, widowed |
–0.004 | 0.009 | 100,905 | –0.40 | 0.687 | [4] | –0.25 | –0.28 | 0.061 | 0.034 | 6,835.10 | 1.77 | 0.077 | [1] | 4.00 | 5.54 |
Highest education, less than high school |
–0.008 | 0.008 | 102,171 | –1.04 | 0.297 | [4] | –0.54 | –0.61 | –0.021 | 0.029 | 6,831.50 | –0.73 | 0.463 | [4] | –1.33 | –1.85 |
Highest education, some college |
0.012 | 0.006 | 38,468 | 2.15 | 0.032 | [2] | 0.81 | 0.91 | 0.061 | 0.024 | 6,817.30 | 2.58 | 0.010 | [3] | 4.01 | 5.56 |
Highest education, bachelor’s degree |
0.062 | 0.006 | 28,127 | 9.92 | <0.0001 | [3] | 4.30 | 4.86 | 0.062 | 0.024 | 6,741.20 | 2.62 | 0.009 | [3] | 4.13 | 5.72 |
Highest education, more than bachelor’s degree |
0.096 | 0.007 | 16,517 | 13.55 | <0.0001 | [3] | 6.83 | 7.71 | 0.106 | 0.027 | 6,222.90 | 3.9 | <0.0001 | [3] | 7.16 | 9.89 |
Earners, zero |
0.028 | 0.007 | 102,973 | 4.04 | <0.0001 | [3] | 1.90 | 2.15 | –0.033 | 0.028 | 6,195.00 | –1.16 | 0.245 | [4] | –2.07 | –2.88 |
Earners, two |
–0.058 | 0.006 | 94,613 | –10.45 | <0.0001 | [3] | 13.58 | 15.3 | –0.056 | 0.022 | 6,672.80 | –2.50 | 0.012 | [2] | 13.01 | 17.90 |
Earners, three or more |
–0.022 | 0.009 | 100,930 | –2.30 | 0.021 | [2] | 42.48 | 47.53 | –0.093 | 0.036 | 6,262.40 | –2.59 | 0.010 | [3] | 36.54 | 49.50 |
Reason for not working, unable to find work |
–0.012 | 0.017 | 95,640 | –0.74 | 0.458 | [4] | –0.83 | –0.94 | –0.068 | 0.054 | 6,828.20 | –1.26 | 0.207 | [4] | –4.17 | –5.82 |
Reason for not working, disabled |
–0.003 | 0.009 | 102,811 | –0.32 | 0.752 | [4] | –0.19 | –0.22 | 0.018 | 0.038 | 6,798.60 | 0.47 | 0.637 | [4] | 1.15 | 1.59 |
Housing, owner no mortgage |
0.006 | 0.006 | 100,067 | 0.85 | 0.394 | [4] | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.076 | 0.027 | 6,825.10 | 2.85 | 0.004 | [3] | 5.06 | 7.01 |
Housing, owner with mortgage |
0.049 | 0.005 | 88,372 | 8.89 | <0.0001 | [3] | 3.37 | 3.81 | 0.059 | 0.023 | 6,781.00 | 2.62 | 0.009 | [3] | 3.90 | 5.41 |
Housing, other |
–0.020 | 0.013 | 86,538 | –1.55 | 0.121 | [4] | –1.33 | –1.50 | 0.011 | 0.052 | 6,662.80 | 0.22 | 0.828 | [4] | 0.72 | 1.00 |
Vehicles, one |
0.009 | 0.007 | 95,533 | 1.19 | 0.233 | [4] | 0.60 | 0.67 | 0.035 | 0.022 | 6,812.50 | 1.60 | 0.110 | [4] | 2.30 | 3.19 |
Vehicles, two or more |
0.027 | 0.008 | 95,288 | 3.30 | 0.001 | [3] | 1.83 | 2.07 | 0.067 | 0.027 | 6,778.20 | 2.52 | 0.012 | [2] | 4.46 | 6.18 |
Vehicles, unknown |
0.243 | 0.041 | 100,992 | 5.95 | <0.0001 | [3] | 18.89 | 21.24 | 0.217 | 0.174 | 6,717.30 | 1.24 | 0.213 | [4] | 15.66 | 21.51 |
Region, Midwest |
–0.039 | 0.006 | 101,702 | –6.51 | <0.0001 | [3] | –2.57 | –2.91 | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] |
Region, West |
0.007 | 0.006 | 100,455 | 1.07 | 0.286 | [4] | 0.45 | 0.51 | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] |
Region, South |
–0.068 | 0.006 | 104,225 | –11.99 | <0.0001 | [3] | –4.38 | –4.96 | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] |
Region, unknown |
–0.044 | 0.021 | 104,140 | –2.08 | 0.037 | [2] | –2.90 | –3.28 | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] |
Unemployment rate, annual |
0.001 | 0.001 | 103,552 | 1.05 | 0.295 | [4] | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 6,833.80 | 1.29 | 0.196 | [4] | 0.54 | 0.75 |
Period, prerecession |
–0.010 | 0.007 | 23,434 | –1.47 | 0.142 | [4] | –0.67 | –0.76 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 6,797.60 | 1.11 | 0.267 | [4] | 2.03 | 2.82 |
Period, postrecession |
–0.017 | 0.005 | 100,503 | –3.19 | 0.001 | [3] | –1.16 | –1.31 | –0.034 | 0.024 | 6,814.00 | –1.44 | 0.150 | [4] | –2.14 | –2.98 |
Income, all sources other than SNAP, weekly, Box–Cox transformation |
0.066 | 0.002 | 4,147 | 30.42 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | 0.057 | 0.008 | 1,924.50 | 6.77 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] |
Income, SNAP, weekly, Box–Cox transformation |
0.090 | 0.018 | 15,575 | 5.08 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | 0.101 | 0.076 | 346.30 | 1.32 | 0.186 | [4] | [4] | [4] |
SNAP status × income, all sources other than SNAP, weekly, Box–Cox transformation |
–0.045 | 0.006 | 2,147 | –7.36 | <0.0001 | [3] | [4] | [4] | –0.023 | 0.022 | 725.80 | –1.06 | 0.289 | [4] | [4] | [4] |
n |
104,571 | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | 6,888 | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] | [4] |
[1] Statistically significant at 10 percent. [2] Statistically significant at 5 percent. [3] Statistically significant at 1 percent. [4] Data are not applicable. Note: DF = degrees of freedom, n = size of sample population, Pr = probability, SE = standard error, Sig. = significance, SNAP = Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Diary Surveys, Local Area Unemployment Statistics program, and Current Population Survey, 2006–15. |