Chart 3. CPI, PPI, and MPI for new vehicles, PPI for dealership markups, and estimated markup index, January 2019–December 2022
Date	PPI for dealership markups	CPI for new vehicles	PPI for new vehicles	MPI for new vehicles	Estimated markup index
Jan 2019	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Feb 2019	98.40	100.11	99.81	100.00	106.14
Mar 2019	102.47	100.50	99.31	99.90	124.23
Apr 2019	105.96	100.53	99.12	99.71	128.86
May 2019	101.45	100.41	98.99	99.71	128.96
Jun 2019	102.76	100.24	98.87	99.71	128.21
Jul 2019	101.74	99.98	98.68	99.33	126.81
Aug 2019	101.89	99.59	98.36	99.33	125.28
Sep 2019	103.05	99.18	98.17	99.24	120.80
Oct 2019	100.15	99.09	99.81	99.24	85.46
Nov 2019	98.69	99.09	100.13	99.33	79.16
Dec 2019	97.38	99.43	99.75	99.24	93.54
Jan 2020	100.15	100.13	98.87	100.19	125.92
Feb 2020	100.29	100.51	99.24	100.19	125.74
Mar 2020	103.78	100.04	98.30	100.10	135.95
Apr 2020	88.95	99.96	98.93	100.96	121.20
May 2020	100.29	100.11	98.55	100.96	132.05
Jun 2020	121.37	100.03	98.36	100.96	134.40
Jul 2020	135.32	100.51	98.42	100.67	142.80
Aug 2020	135.76	100.24	98.55	100.86	134.70
Sep 2020	135.61	100.21	98.55	101.24	133.99
Oct 2020	137.79	100.61	99.75	101.34	117.49
Nov 2020	136.63	100.68	100.13	101.15	111.25
Dec 2020	128.49	101.38	100.44	101.24	118.94
Jan 2021	125.29	101.58	100.69	101.72	117.73
Feb 2021	132.27	101.67	100.63	101.62	120.90
Mar 2021	141.57	101.54	100.38	101.72	123.38
Apr 2021	173.40	101.93	100.57	101.91	127.34
May 2021	208.58	103.46	101.20	101.91	145.16
Jun 2021	228.05	105.30	101.70	101.91	171.48
Jul 2021	230.39	106.90	101.87	102.01	199.85
Aug 2021	236.74	107.88	102.09	102.01	214.86
Sep 2021	251.60	108.97	102.07	102.01	236.72
Oct 2021	266.32	110.52	102.80	102.39	251.94
Nov 2021	277.28	111.87	102.93	102.48	275.58
Dec 2021	281.33	113.32	102.92	102.48	304.56
Jan 2022	276.72	113.96	103.18	103.15	311.37
Feb 2022	275.92	114.26	103.69	103.25	306.10
Mar 2022	276.19	114.28	103.70	103.25	306.43
Apr 2022	279.50	115.40	104.57	103.53	309.48
May 2022	286.50	116.52	105.11	103.82	319.50
Jun 2022	293.40	117.33	105.48	104.11	327.29
Jul 2022	284.93	118.06	105.76	104.58	335.19
Aug 2022	278.53	118.73	105.86	104.58	345.86
Sep 2022	274.46	119.21	105.94	104.58	353.39
Oct 2022	259.85	119.79	107.14	105.64	338.76
Nov 2022	254.73	119.92	107.26	105.64	338.80
Dec 2022	238.31	119.99	107.64	105.64	332.18
Note: PPI = Producer Price Index; CPI = Consumer Price Index; MPI = Import Price Index. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and author's calculations based on BLS data.