Chart 4. Total factor productivity (TFP) in the manufacturing sector, by output measure, 1997–2021 (index, 1997 = 100)
Year	Value-added TFP	Sectoral TFP	Gross TFP
1997	100.00	100.00	100.00
1998	102.05	100.93	100.67
1999	107.07	103.37	102.30
2000	112.57	106.41	104.37
2001	108.78	104.74	103.29
2002	115.11	107.59	105.14
2003	127.15	113.02	108.82
2004	133.29	116.03	110.81
2005	135.29	116.93	111.40
2006	140.82	119.52	113.10
2007	142.51	120.16	113.52
2008	144.30	120.32	113.81
2009	130.81	115.61	110.56
2010	142.01	120.49	113.67
2011	140.06	119.87	113.18
2012	135.38	117.91	111.75
2013	133.83	117.68	111.60
2014	137.56	119.19	112.67
2015	133.73	117.92	111.86
2016	128.83	115.74	110.31
2017	132.80	117.41	111.48
2018	134.52	118.47	112.19
2019	128.86	116.37	110.82
2020	126.77	115.34	110.20
2021	139.65	120.36	113.71
Note: The business cycle periods are 2000–07, 2007–19, and 2019–21. The latter period is an incomplete business cycle. The recession periods are 2007–09 and 2019–20. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics unpublished manufacturing production account.