Chart 5. National- and local-level labor market concentration indexes, 2002–23
Year National-by-industry-group index MSA-by-industry-group index National-by-industry-group level MSA-by-industry-group level

2002

100.0 100.0 127 1,273

2003

106.3 99.5 135 1,266

2004

108.7 98.4 138 1,252

2005

115.0 97.3 146 1,238

2006

116.5 96.3 148 1,226

2007

117.3 95.0 149 1,209

2008

122.0 95.7 155 1,218

2009

133.1 97.6 169 1,242

2010

133.1 97.8 169 1,245

2011

128.3 96.4 163 1,227

2012

132.3 96.0 168 1,222

2013

125.2 94.8 159 1,207

2014

127.6 94.1 162 1,198

2015

127.6 93.3 162 1,188

2016

129.1 92.9 164 1,182

2017

128.3 92.6 163 1,179

2018

127.6 92.7 162 1,180

2019

129.1 92.8 164 1,181

2020

148.0 97.6 188 1,242

2021

148.8 96.0 189 1,222

2022

145.7 94.1 185 1,198

2023

145.7 93.2 185 1,186

Note: HHI = Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. MSA = metropolitan statistical area. Market concentration is measured by HHI. Chart excludes public employment. HHIs are averaged across labor markets and weighted by annual average employment.