U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Highlights of women's earnings in 2020

September 2021 | Report 1094

In 2020, women who were full-time wage and salary workers had median usual weekly earnings that were 82 percent of those of male full-time wage and salary workers. In 1979, the first year for which comparable earnings data are available, women’s earnings were 62 percent of men’s. Most of the growth in women’s earnings relative to men’s occurred in the 1980s (when the women’s-to-men’s ratio went from 64 percent to 70 percent) and in the 1990s (when the ratio went from 72 percent to 77 percent). Since 2004, the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratio has remained in the 80 to 83 percent range. (See chart 1 and tables 1 and 12.)

Data on median weekly earnings for 2020 reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the labor market. Comparisons with data on earnings for earlier years should be interpreted with caution. Large declines in employment in 2020, particularly among low-wage workers (who were disproportionately affected by job loss related to the pandemic), resulted in changes in the median earnings distribution. This large and abrupt shift in the earnings distribution during the year manifested as an upward bump in the rate of earnings growth in 2020; however, the underlying rate of growth in workers’ median weekly earnings during the year is more difficult to discern because of the sudden, dramatic shift in the earnings distribution. More information on labor market developments in 2020 is available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm.

chart-1

This report presents earnings data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). The weekly and hourly earnings estimates in this report reflect information collected from one-fourth of the households in the monthly survey and averaged for the calendar year. The data in this report are distinct from the annual earnings estimates for full-time, year-round workers collected separately in the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) to the CPS and published by the U.S. Census Bureau. (See the BLS website for an explanation of the differences in these datasets.)

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization. The earnings estimates referenced throughout this report are medians. The median is the midpoint in the earnings distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median level and half having earnings below.

See the technical notes for more information, including a description of the source of the data and an explanation of the concepts and definitions used in this report.

Earnings of full-time workers

This report highlights data for women and men who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week) in wage and salary jobs, with sections focusing on characteristics, such as age, race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, education, occupation, and more.

Earnings by age group

In 2020, median weekly earnings were $891 for all women age 16 and older. For men age 16 and older, median weekly earnings were $1,082. Women’s median weekly earnings were highest for those between the ages of 35 to 44, with earnings of $978, and those ages 45 to 54, with earnings of $977. Women ages 55 to 64 had earnings that were slightly lower, at $955. For men, earnings were highest for 45- to 54-year-olds, with earnings of $1,260. Men ages 55 to 64 and ages 35 to 44 had earnings that were slightly lower, $1,228 and $1,205, respectively. Young women and men ages 16 to 24 had the lowest earnings ($589 and $622, respectively). (See chart 2 and table 1.)

chart-2

  

In 2020, women’s earnings ranged from 78 percent to 81 percent of men’s among workers age 35 and older. For those under age 35, the earnings differences between women and men were smaller. Women ages 25 to 34 earned 90 percent of what men did, while women ages 16 to 24 earned 95 percent of what men earned. The earnings difference between men and women has historically been smaller for those under age 35 than for those in older age groups. (See tables 1 and 12.)

Women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios have grown substantially for most age groups since 1979. For young workers ages 16 to 24, the gains occurred primarily in the 1980s. For workers ages 25 to 64, the gains continued into the 2000s, but have tapered off in recent years. (See table 12.)

Earnings by race and ethnicity

Asian women and men earned more than their White, Black, and Hispanic counterparts in 2020. Among women, Whites ($905) earned 79 percent as much as Asians ($1,143); Blacks ($764) earned 67 percent; and Hispanics ($705) earned 62 percent. Among men, these earnings differences were even larger: White men ($1,110) earned 77 percent as much as Asian men ($1,447); Black men ($830) earned 57 percent as much; and Hispanic men ($797) earned 55 percent. (See chart 3 and table 1.)

chart-3

Earnings differences between women and men were largest among Asians and among Whites. Asian women earned 79 percent as much as Asian men in 2020, and White women earned 82 percent as much as White men. In comparison, Black women had median earnings that were 92 percent of Black men’s, and Hispanic women’s earnings were 89 percent of Hispanic men’s. (See table 1.)

Women’s earnings have increased considerably since 1979 (the first year for which comparable data for Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics are available), with White women experiencing the greatest earnings growth. From 1979 to 2019, inflation-adjusted median weekly earnings (also called constant-dollar earnings) increased by 39 percent for White women, by 27 percent for Black women, and by 24 percent for Hispanic women. For White and Black women, gains tapered off around 2004 and showed little net growth through 2019. By contrast, Hispanic women’s earnings remained on an upward trend, although substantial earnings growth for them did not begin until the late 1990s. Earnings of White, Black, and Hispanic women increased from 2019 to 2020, but these increases must be interpreted with caution due to the pandemic-related employment declines in 2020. These employment declines, which were most notable among lower paid workers, put upward pressure on median weekly earnings estimates. (See table 18.)

The long-term trend in men’s earnings has been quite different than that for women. Inflation-adjusted earnings for White and Black men trended down from 1979 through the first part of the 1990s, followed by a period of growth that stalled in the early 2000s. For Hispanic men, earnings also declined from 1979 through the mid-1990s, then began to trend up. From 1979 through 2019, inflation-adjusted earnings showed little change on net for White (6 percent), Black (3 percent), and Hispanic (4 percent) men. Median weekly earnings increased from 2019 to 2020 for White, Black, and Hispanic men, but these increases reflect the effects of the pandemic-related employment declines and must be interpreted with caution. (See table 18.)

Between 2000 and 2019, inflation-adjusted earnings for Asian women and men remained on an upward trend, with earnings increasing somewhat less for women than men (26 percent and 31 percent, respectively). (Data for Asians are not available prior to 2000.) Median earnings estimates for Asian men and women both increased sharply from 2019 to 2020, but again, these increases likely reflect the impact of pandemic-related employment declines on the earnings distributions.  (See table 18.)

Earnings by educational attainment

Median weekly earnings vary significantly by educational attainment. Among all workers age 25 and older, the weekly earnings of those without a high school diploma ($619) were 44 percent of those with a bachelor’s degree and higher ($1,421) in 2020. For workers with a high school diploma who had not attended college, median earnings ($781) were 55 percent of those for workers with a bachelor’s degree and higher. Those with some college or an associate’s degree (median weekly earnings of $903) made 64 percent of what workers with a bachelor’s degree and higher made. (See table 1.)

In each educational attainment category, the long-term trend in inflation-adjusted earnings has been more favorable for women than for men. The inflation-adjusted earnings of women without a high school diploma changed little (a 4-percent increase) between 1979 and 2020. By contrast, inflation-adjusted earnings for men declined by 20 percent. For those with a bachelor’s degree or higher, inflation-adjusted earnings for women have increased by 41 percent since 1979, while earnings for men have risen by 25 percent. (Data refer to workers age 25 and older.) (See chart 4 and table 19.)

chart-4

Earnings by occupation

Women and men working full time in management, business, and financial operations occupations had higher median weekly earnings than workers in any other major occupational category in 2020 ($1,274 for women and $1,667 for men). Within this category, the highest earning women were chief executives ($2,051) and computer and information systems managers ($1,910). Men in these two occupation groups earned $2,712 and $2,091, respectively. (See table 2.)

The second-highest paying occupational category for women and men was professional and related occupations ($1,121 for women and $1,532 for men). This is a broad occupational category made up of several distinct job groupings for specialized fields, such as computer science and math, architecture and engineering, law, education, and healthcare. Within this diverse category, women who were pharmacists ($2,160), other physicians ($1,905), and physician assistants ($1,894) had the highest median weekly earnings in 2020. For men, those who were lawyers ($2,324), other physicians ($2,311), and pharmacists ($2,286) earned the most. (See table 2.)

Women and men employed in service occupations earned the least in 2020 ($574 for women and $704 for men). Within this category, women who were employed as fast food and counter workers ($470) and food preparation workers ($489) had the lowest median weekly earnings. For men, those who were employed as fast food and counter workers ($462) and cooks ($512) earned the least. 

Occupational distributions of women and men

The occupational distributions of female and male full-time workers differ considerably. Compared with men, relatively few women work in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations and women are far more concentrated in office and administrative support jobs. (See chart 5 and table 2.)

chart-5

Women also are more likely than men to work in professional and related occupations. In 2020, 33 percent of women worked in professional and related occupations, compared with 21 percent of men. Within the professional category, though, the proportion of women employed in the higher paying jobs is much smaller than the proportion of men employed in them. In 2020, 11 percent of women in professional and related occupations were employed in the relatively high-paying computer (median weekly earnings of $1,423 for women and $1,738 for men) and engineering ($1,382 for women and $1,626 for men) occupations, compared with 48 percent of men. Women were over twice as likely to work in education ($1,026 for women and $1,327 for men) and healthcare ($1,153 for women and $1,506 for men) jobs, which generally pay less than computer and engineering jobs. Sixty-six percent of women in professional occupations worked in education and healthcare jobs in 2020, compared with 29 percent of men. (See table 2.)

Across all occupational categories, the three most common jobs for women were registered nurse ($1,240), elementary and middle school teacher ($1,085), and secretaries and administrative assistants ($777). Collectively, these occupations employed 6.3 million women in 2020, representing 13 percent of women in full-time wage and salary jobs.

Among men, the most common job by far was truck driver (driver/sales workers and truck drivers, $916). In 2020, 2.4 million, or 4 percent, of all male full-wage and salary workers were truck drivers. Although engineering jobs are shown separately by specialty (civil, mechanical, etc.) in this report, if combined, engineer would be the second most common job for men. In 2020, a total of 1.8 million men were employed full time in the 16 designated engineering specialties (median weekly earnings ranging from $1,595 to $1,993). (See table 2.)

Earnings for workers with and without children under 18

In 2020, about one-third of full-time wage and salary workers were parents of children under age 18. (As defined here, “children” include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children under age 18 who live in the household.) Median weekly earnings for mothers of children under age 18 ($909) were higher than the earnings for women without children under 18 ($882). Earnings for fathers of children under 18, at $1,229, were higher than the earnings of $1,005 for men without children under 18. (See table 7.)

Earnings by state of residence

Median weekly earnings and women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios vary by state of residence. (In this report, “state” refers to the 50 states and the District of Columbia.) The differences among the states reflect, in part, variation in the occupations and industries found in each state and differences in the demographic composition of each state’s labor force. Readers should note that sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates. (See the technical notes section for an explanation of sampling error.) Consequently, earnings comparisons between states should be made with caution. Readers also should note that the state estimates are based on workers’ state of residence; their reported earnings are not necessarily from a job located in the same state. (See table 3.)

Weekly work hours of full-time workers

Among full-time workers (that is, those usually working at a job 35 hours or more per week), men are more likely than women to work more than 40 hours per week. In 2020, 23 percent of men who usually work full time worked 41 or more hours per week, compared with 14 percent of women. Women were more likely than men to work 35 to 39 hours per week: 10 percent of women worked such hours in 2020, while 4 percent of men did. A majority of both male (73 percent) and female (76 percent) full-time workers had a 40-hour workweek. Among these workers, women earned 87 percent as much as men. (These percentages are calculated excluding people who usually work 35 or more hours per week and whose hours vary.) (See table 5.)

Earnings of part-time workers

Women are more likely than men to work part time—that is, less than 35 hours per week on a sole or main job. Women who worked part time made up 22 percent of all female wage and salary workers in 2020. In comparison, 11 percent of men in wage and salary jobs worked part time. (See tables 4 and 5.)

Median weekly earnings for female part-timers were $309 in 2020, little different than the $305 median for men. (See table 4.)

Part-time workers are more likely to be under age 25 than full-time workers. Among part-timers, 29 percent of women and 42 percent of men were under age 25 in 2020. Among full-time workers, 8 percent of women and 9 percent of men were under age 25. (See tables 1 and 4.)

Earnings of workers paid by the hour

In 2020, 58 percent of women and 54 percent of men in wage and salary jobs were paid by the hour. Women who were paid hourly rates had median hourly earnings of $15.22 in 2020, which were 86 percent of the $17.75 median for men. (See tables 8 and 11.)

Among workers who were paid hourly rates in 2020, 2 percent of women and 1 percent of men had hourly earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage of $7.25. (See tables 10 and 11.) See the technical notes section for information about BLS estimates of the number of minimum wage workers.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages
Table 1. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages
CharacteristicTotalWomenMenWomen's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Age

Total, 16 years and older

110,387$984$249,476$891$360,911$1,082$582.3

16 to 24 years

9,36460634,17258945,191622494.7

16 to 19 years

1,336497553646411800513690.4

20 to 24 years

8,02762443,63660644,391648593.5

25 years and older

101,0241,029345,304929355,7201,144381.2

25 to 34 years

27,661904412,375852615,287952689.5

35 to 44 years

25,6411,106611,293978714,3481,205981.2

45 to 54 years

23,8141,129610,853977712,9611,260977.5

55 to 64 years

19,0171,09688,683955710,3341,2281177.8

65 years and older

4,890999112,100897122,7901,1151980.4

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

85,1421,003337,091905348,0511,110581.5

Black or African American

14,04479467,33576456,709830992.0

Asian

7,3531,310213,2691,143144,0841,4472079.0

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

19,55875847,863705511,695797588.5

Marital Status

Never married

33,818792315,119765418,699814494.0

Married, spouse present(1)

60,0481,133324,915981435,1321,250578.5

Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)

16,52192969,44285397,0791,0341282.5

Widowed

1,653881201,187816214661,0324779.1

Divorced

11,24598076,41390484,8321,0871283.2

Separated(2)

3,623797111,842710101,7819141377.7

Union Affiliation(3)

Members of unions(4)

12,9871,14455,8171,067107,1711,2161087.7

Represented by unions(5)

14,4861,13856,5291,05797,9571,210987.4

Not represented by a union

95,901958342,947862452,9531,051582.0

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and older

101,0241,029345,304929355,7201,144381.2

Less than a high school diploma

5,69961931,82952563,870674677.9

High school graduates, no college

24,15378139,140671415,013881576.2

Some college or associate degree

25,413903411,677779413,7361,027775.9

Bachelor's degree and higher

45,7591,421522,6581,239523,1001,644875.4

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2020 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Table 2. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by detailed occupation, 2020 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
OccupationTotalWomenMenWomen's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number of workersMedian weekly earningsStandard error of medianNumber of workersMedian weekly earningsStandard error of medianNumber of workersMedian weekly earningsStandard error of median
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total, full-time wage and salary workers

110,387$984$249,476$891$360,911$1,082$582.3

Management, professional and related occupations

50,0231,356425,9331,164424,0901,578973.8

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

20,8111,46179,7291,2741211,0821,6671776.4

Management occupations

13,5171,54195,7471,347127,7701,7371677.5

Chief executives

1,1572,402323632,051917942,71210975.6

General and operations managers

9831,453232811,241307021,5413780.5

Legislators

11--3--9---

Advertising and promotions managers

46--27--19---

Marketing managers

4831,537802841,4351291991,73217482.9

Sales managers

4951,794851631,411643321,8962274.4

Public relations and fundraising managers

741,34462501,28612325---

Administrative services managers

621,28437541--22---

Facilities managers

1221,31817233--891,38983-

Computer and information systems managers

7032,018711871,910295162,0913291.3

Financial managers

1,2281,492486241,242356031,8803066.1

Compensation and benefits managers

14--13--1---

Human resources managers

2641,644611941,59979701,7486291.5

Training and development managers

47--20--27---

Industrial production managers

2481,55035531,4022381951,5827488.6

Purchasing managers

2211,54446981,441731231,6364688.1

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

2669723655943372129894895.3

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

1098748317--9287475-

Construction managers

6061,57541501,3681335561,5865586.3

Education and childcare administrators

8461,462255601,400292861,5905788.1

Architectural and engineering managers

1552,41335815--1402,402369-

Food service managers

70787731344791303631,0062378.6

Funeral home managers

6--3--4---

Entertainment and recreation managers

34--9--24---

Lodging managers

748886838--36---

Medical and health services managers

6291,555514381,464341921,8398179.6

Natural sciences managers

11--8--3---

Postmasters and mail superintendents

19--10--9---

Property, real estate, and community association managers

4331,140152241,086492091,18210291.9

Social and community service managers

3301,234272401,16324901,58026173.6

Emergency management directors

10--3--7---

Personal service managers, all other

2--1--1---

Managers, all other

3,1201,564231,2991,379221,8211,7492078.8

Business and financial operations occupations

7,2941,363103,9821,209173,3121,5501678.0

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

27--15--12---

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products

9--4--5---

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

1301,053115661,066192641,047115101.8

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products

2191,231461131,138301061,3878782.0

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators

3251,10864203967491221,3363872.4

Compliance officers

2861,372461671,371521191,3739199.9

Cost estimators

1111,4348215--961,45684-

Human resources workers

7391,251295531,174341851,4439781.4

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

671,14373531,0414714---

Training and development specialists

1031,255107601,17122143---

Logisticians

1341,173159501,14042841,2565690.8

Project management specialists

6441,560762951,468383501,6938586.7

Management analysts

6581,629452731,455503841,8566378.4

Meeting, convention, and event planners

921,04932639963229---

Fundraisers

911,47982651,48611826---

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

3581,3261272121,198471451,6087074.5

Business operations specialists, all other

2711,2731121441,086601261,5405870.5

Accountants and auditors

1,4881,298468931,186245951,5203478.0

Property appraisers and assessors

511,22513619--32---

Budget analysts

661,4613132--33---

Credit analysts

20--11--9---

Financial and investment analysts

3101,590501281,488681821,7424685.4

Personal financial advisors

4001,6381161491,2911312511,9003067.9

Insurance underwriters

1011,26164591,1414442---

Financial examiners

21--13--8---

Credit counselors and loan officers

3911,199922221,013291691,49211867.9

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

591,08612533--26---

Tax preparers

44--27--17---

Other financial specialists

801,32819743--37---

Professional and related occupations

29,2131,270616,2041,121513,0081,532973.2

Computer and mathematical occupations

5,0831,633171,2461,423233,8381,7381781.9

Computer and information research scientists

39--9--30---

Computer systems analysts

5291,515291751,413533531,6215187.2

Information security analysts

1252,0785711--1142,08227-

Computer programmers

3881,65342821,5293043071,6737791.4

Software developers

1,7421,920333221,7281061,4202,0042986.2

Software quality assurance analysts and testers

941,69756021--731,977226-

Web developers

781,5543418--601,55132-

Web or digital interface designers

521,1586222--30---

Computer support specialists

5841,147221571,095384271,1632494.2

Database administrators and architects

1071,72510229--781,718139-

Network and computer systems administrators

2351,4383648--1871,46143-

Computer network architects

931,9028810--831,980203-

Computer occupations, all other

7161,394441991,161355171,4563779.7

Actuaries

24--9--15---

Mathematicians

2--1--2---

Operations research analysts

1541,615106731,46058811,78617281.7

Statisticians

531,57212030--24---

Other mathematical science occupations

681,4169130--38---

Architecture and engineering occupations

2,9331,575214671,382352,4661,6262185.0

Architects, except landscape and naval

1361,5374734--1011,54943-

Landscape architects

15--5--11---

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists

38--3--36---

Aerospace engineers

1211,93915014--1071,993154-

Agricultural engineers

6--0--6---

Biomedical engineers

22--10--12---

Chemical engineers

701,86218214--551,90039-

Civil engineers

3701,61154541,588413171,6297197.5

Computer hardware engineers

841,8894118--661,88436-

Electrical and electronics engineers

2431,8644930--2131,86653-

Environmental engineers

26--11--15---

Industrial engineers, including health and safety

2251,5843546--1791,59535-

Marine engineers and naval architects

18--0--18---

Materials engineers

521,5868610--42---

Mechanical engineers

3481,7138631--3171,73629-

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

15--2--13---

Nuclear engineers

9--1--7---

Petroleum engineers

18--2--16---

Engineers, all other

5431,74618831,4631304601,7591883.2

Architectural and civil drafters

34--9--25---

Other drafters

771,1266116--601,13763-

Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians

811,1721623--781,19876-

Other engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters

3401,1196565900282751,1865175.9

Surveying and mapping technicians

43--6--38---

Life, physical, and social science occupations

1,4011,336326661,202317351,4503382.9

Agricultural and food scientists

26--11--15---

Biological scientists

721,1414435--37---

Conservation scientists and foresters

11--3--8---

Medical scientists

1141,612193601,372248532,1036865.2

Life scientists, all other

7--3--4---

Astronomers and physicists

19--9--10---

Atmospheric and space scientists

9--4--5---

Chemists and materials scientists

831,3625034--501,43580-

Environmental scientists and specialists, including health

39--20--19---

Geoscientists and hydrologists, except geographers

43--8--34---

Physical scientists, all other

3241,438491491,325931751,72833976.7

Economists

26--11--15---

Survey researchers

5--3--1---

Clinical and counseling psychologists

8--5--3---

School psychologists

34--29--5---

Other psychologists

631,43560501,30213013---

Sociologists

3--2--1---

Urban and regional planners

47--19--29---

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers

39--15--24---

Agricultural and food science technicians

38--15--24---

Biological technicians

22--15--7---

Chemical technicians

641,0396025--39---

Geoscience and environmental science technicians

18--6--13---

Nuclear technicians

6--0--6---

Social science research assistants

3--1--2---

Other life, physical, and social science technicians

2021,074511111,04735901,1165093.8

Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians

771,44412224--531,42351-

Community and social service occupations

2,1871,003121,484976157031,1033588.5

Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors

9995049829664517---

Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors

2941,080412221,06158721,1334193.6

Marriage and family therapists

22--19--3---

Mental health counselors

861,06641651,0895521---

Rehabilitation counselors

24--13--11---

Counselors, all other

13295656859474647---

Child, family, and school social workers

588942451894227---

Healthcare social workers

701,15227611,139269---

Mental health and substance abuse social workers

19--17--2---

Social workers, all other

5939852150997226841,1706683.1

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

1111,058335897786531,2035481.2

Social and human service assistants

168841741338033635---

Other community and social service specialists

831,03474621,0457622---

Clergy

3531,05563618581142921,1313275.9

Directors, religious activities and education

36--22--14---

Religious workers, all other

38--24--14---

Legal occupations

1,4101,540248121,252375992,2759855.0

Lawyers

8212,0971333511,6651044702,3247971.6

Judicial law clerks

15--11--4---

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

601,85659434--26---

Paralegals and legal assistants

343942222959182348---

Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers

1011,13655769899525---

Legal support workers, all other

711,0425746--25---

Education, training, and library occupations

7,0121,09695,1421,02691,8701,3272477.3

Postsecondary teachers

8911,516374481,384294431,6334884.8

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

41272127411721262---

Elementary and middle school teachers

3,0641,118102,4301,085116341,2581986.2

Secondary school teachers

9141,199225301,149173831,3195487.1

Special education teachers

3011,044212441,03622581,10218894.0

Tutors

42--31--11---

Other teachers and instructors

3761,06140231942301451,31413271.7

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

46--27--19---

Librarians and media collections specialists

1201,0731221001,1275619---

Library technicians

17--14--2---

Teacher assistants

71461712591604111237324082.5

Other educational instruction and library workers

1161,14568851,1089731---

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

1,6811,179258041,128258771,2522190.1

Artists and related workers

871,1166728--591,15255-

Commercial and industrial designers

6--3--3---

Fashion designers

24--16--7---

Floral designers

38--27--11---

Graphic designers

2091,230311191,14035911,39522381.7

Interior designers

741,10753551,02123519---

Merchandise displayers and window trimmers

22--12--10---

Other designers

2711,210661011,1071541701,2346989.7

Actors

10--5--6---

Producers and directors

1231,499135601,548168631,45848106.2

Athletes and sports competitors

21--2--19---

Coaches and scouts

909314936--5494680-

Umpires, referees, and other sports officials

9--1--9---

Dancers and choreographers

4--4--0---

Music directors and composers

16--3--13---

Musicians and singers

12--2--10---

Disc jockeys, except radio disc jockeys

1--0--1---

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

7--3--5---

Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys

18--2--16---

News analysts, reporters, and journalists

621,04414434--29---

Public relations specialists

1281,55340801,45227548---

Editors

571,2374029--28---

Technical writers

531,34711526--28---

Writers and authors

981,25761641,1277735---

Interpreters and translators

44--25--18---

Court reporters and simultaneous captioners

21--18--3---

Media and communication workers, all other

14--6--8---

Broadcast, sound, and lighting technicians

531,001426--47---

Photographers

669903830--36---

Television, video, and film camera operators and editors

40--10--30---

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

3--0--3---

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

7,5041,227105,5841,15371,9211,5062976.6

Chiropractors

9--2--8---

Dentists

582,07913018--41---

Dietitians and nutritionists

831,00961771,019555---

Optometrists

21--10--11---

Pharmacists

2412,222901342,1601421082,2863694.5

Emergency medicine physicians

10--2--8---

Radiologists

20--5--15---

Other physicians

7522,1022383131,905434392,31113482.4

Surgeons

48--16--32---

Physician assistants

1131,91148671,8946947---

Podiatrists

5--1--4---

Audiologists

13--12--1---

Occupational therapists

961,37337851,3573211---

Physical therapists

2091,468601351,45131741,59110991.2

Radiation therapists

11--3--8---

Recreational therapists

11--7--3---

Respiratory therapists

1001,16262711,0933529---

Speech-language pathologists

1521,297451431,272358---

Exercise physiologists

5--4--0---

Therapists, all other

1591,043491309865429---

Veterinarians

551,79516336--19---

Registered nurses

2,7011,262132,3371,240133641,4544185.3

Nurse anesthetists

30--16--15---

Nurse midwives

7--7--0---

Nurse practitioners

1711,872671451,8675126---

Acupuncturists

7--3--4---

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other

1--1--0---

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

2891,0285721194636781,1957579.2

Dental hygienists

961,12563891,083897---

Cardiovascular technologists and technicians

37--25--12---

Diagnostic medical sonographers

731,22787611,20812712---

Radiologic technologists and technicians

2221,103291451,06337771,2344286.1

Magnetic resonance imaging technologists

45--21--24---

Nuclear medicine technologists and medical dosimetrists

39--18--21---

Emergency medical technicians

1348443344--90936148-

Paramedics

651,1635323--43---

Pharmacy technicians

2577231919970019588145986.0

Psychiatric technicians

536587248--5---

Surgical technologists

748753649--25---

Veterinary technologists and technicians

736554365633398---

Dietetic technicians and ophthalmic medical technicians

44--34--10---

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

5008752644586424559643489.6

Medical records specialists

16688830162893294---

Opticians, dispensing

32--27--4---

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians

143888289382537511,12011273.7

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

731,2544243--30---

Service occupations

13,77162137,03257446,740704581.5

Healthcare support occupations

3,21060642,67860045326401593.8

Home health aides

310549142835511427---

Personal care aides

78854312612537121765672694.7

Nursing assistants

966595885158871156892885.3

Orderlies and psychiatric aides

576637230--27---

Occupational therapy assistants and aides

26--21--5---

Physical therapist assistants and aides

589643037--21---

Massage therapists

38--25--14---

Dental assistants

204661181936631911---

Medical assistants

450675144076651744---

Medical transcriptionists

29--24--4---

Pharmacy aides

32--21--11---

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

42--31--12---

Phlebotomists

8661419706121915---

Other healthcare support workers

124682287361518517382483.3

Protective service occupations

2,69098212610768212,0801,0432373.6

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

519769816--34---

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

921,5516311--801,55359-

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers

34--4--30---

First-line supervisors of security workers

6794611624--44---

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

8--0--8---

Firefighters

3201,2333816--3041,25633-

Fire inspectors

21--1--20---

Bailiffs

11--5--5---

Correctional officers and jailers

33790727112743252251,0737369.2

Detectives and criminal investigators

1461,4375739--1071,54453-

Fish and game wardens

5--1--4---

Parking enforcement workers

7--2--5---

Police officers

7421,155211311,074466111,1885490.4

Animal control workers

9--3--7---

Private detectives and investigators

729794035--38---

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers

67365013170583135036801285.7

Crossing guards and flaggers

17--7--10---

Transportation security screeners

40--16--24---

School bus monitors

0--0--0---

Other protective service workers

37--15--22---

Food preparation and serving related occupations

3,35353061,65350651,700570988.8

Chefs and head cooks

3216962657613182637072786.7

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

33560217198583191376362891.7

Cooks

1,026510641650511610512698.6

Food preparation workers

3555109224489101325762684.9

Bartenders

169648557058526997083182.6

Fast food and counter workers

23146819146470198446248101.7

Waiters and waitresses

60051410388497142125635088.3

Food servers, nonrestaurant

8553139605132325---

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

995081548--5054555-

Dishwashers

83528389--7456745-

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

46--36--10---

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

4--1--3---

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

3,13860341,08751152,051651878.5

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

1717382664596371079027166.1

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

108786286--10278531-

Janitors and building cleaners

1,372614744752299256621178.9

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

62950365314976985562089.4

Pest control workers

90749353--8774735-

Landscaping and groundskeeping workers

665605830--6356038-

Tree trimmers and pruners

82666345--7768442-

Other grounds maintenance workers

21--1--20---

Personal care and service occupations

1,38061681,00459183767402479.9

Supervisors of personal care and service workers

9676140607199535---

Animal trainers

34--22--12---

Animal caretakers

10862621865912822---

Gambling services workers

537657626--27---

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

3--1--1---

Other entertainment attendants and related workers

47--15--31---

Embalmers, crematory operators and funeral attendants

8--2--7---

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers

10--2--8---

Barbers

49--11--39---

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

205606191806012224---

Manicurists and pedicurists

11060727845782826---

Skincare specialists

23--20--3---

Other personal appearance workers

5--5--0---

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges

44--16--28---

Tour and travel guides

16--3--13---

Childcare workers

383537263585422425---

Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors

536186433--20---

Recreation workers

8071539516587829---

Residential advisors

17--7--10---

Personal care and service workers, all other

37--22--14---

Sales and office occupations

21,165809412,72974648,435956878.0

Sales and related occupations

8,958880103,96771584,9911,0461768.4

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

2,14185816960733141,1819812274.7

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

7831,226402731,076715101,3385680.4

Cashiers

1,088507780550172845241795.6

Counter and rental clerks

48--21--27---

Parts salespersons

977414620--7775653-

Retail salespersons

1,60370513611603129927792177.4

Advertising sales agents

1201,06689691,05572501,19917188.0

Insurance sales agents

46993131242825372261,16914570.6

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

2001,54513541--1581,88087-

Travel agents

30--23--7---

Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, travel, and financial services

4971,351591631,101783331,4824474.3

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing

1,0731,275643151,065607581,3784977.3

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters

6--3--3---

Real estate brokers and sales agents

4981,08479283937422151,3524069.3

Sales engineers

37--5--32---

Telemarketers

28--15--13---

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

34--12--23---

Sales and related workers, all other

20695030106838381001,03926280.7

Office and administrative support occupations

12,20778148,76275643,4458681087.1

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

1,12996612734925143951,1452780.8

Switchboard operators, including answering service

8--7--1---

Telephone operators

19--14--6---

Communications equipment operators, all other

8--3--6---

Bill and account collectors

9675819697442927---

Billing and posting clerks

379749153397361540---

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

74182416636809131051,1014473.5

Gambling cage workers

11--6--5---

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

129945931119215918---

Procurement clerks

27--16--11---

Tellers

225639231836342542---

Financial clerks, all other

901,03953589033231---

Brokerage clerks

4--3--2---

Correspondence clerks

3--3--0---

Court, municipal, and license clerks

737777565764448---

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

41--28--13---

Customer service representatives

1,81472181,16069896557711790.5

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

71898425482412717---

File Clerks

138751301067443232---

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

6053469505202610---

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

155711251237102733---

Library assistants, clerical

25--19--6---

Loan interviewers and clerks

135911691038745932---

New accounts clerks

22--14--8---

Order clerks

757044039--36---

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

44--38--6---

Receptionists and information clerks

846642973863691086882492.4

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

818798044--37---

Information and record clerks, all other

8191555578306724---

Cargo and freight agents

16--7--9---

Couriers and messengers

3407792655701192848142686.1

Public safety telecommunicators

10285863607995342---

Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance

1787683795717298490812379.0

Meter readers, utilities

18--1--17---

Postal service clerks

801,0103945--35---

Postal service mail carriers

2901,01738104962251851,0897388.3

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

609775626--34---

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

2431,07264125908351181,2276874.0

Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks

50569613165667163407131693.5

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

5372910223--30---

Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants

170991441589914112---

Legal secretaries and administrative assistants

549144142--12---

Medical secretaries and administrative assistants

638043359800314---

Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive

1,607781101,496777911292910683.6

Data entry keyers

1807101612870013518033187.2

Word processors and typists

32--26--6---

Desktop publishers

0--0--0---

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

221760191847591637---

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

35--17--19---

Office clerks, general

91273610759726111537904191.9

Office machine operators, except computer

12--9--4---

Proofreaders and copy markers

4--2--2---

Statistical assistants

661,27236827--39---

Office and administrative support workers, all other

437867193308752310783643104.7

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

10,69090565386821710,152917674.4

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

7875899187528176006081186.8

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

43--5--39---

Agricultural inspectors

14--8--6---

Animal breeders

0--0--0---

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

41--30--11---

Miscellaneous agricultural workers

6285749137519114915891188.1

Fishing and hunting workers

14--0--14---

Forest and conservation workers

17--7--10---

Logging workers

29--0--29---

Construction and extraction occupations

5,8269067191796265,635910887.5

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

5961,2002217--5791,19923-

Boilermakers

14--0--14---

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons

87749380--8774938-

Carpenters

7568921817--73988918-

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

117770384--11378545-

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers

54782272--5278726-

Construction laborers

1,3437831239--1,30478813-

Construction equipment operators

3289793110--31798030-

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers

131784148--12378716-

Electricians

7351,0243222--7131,03537-

Glaziers

43--2--41---

Insulation workers

49--2--47---

Painters and paperhangers

3166911426--29069514-

Pipelayers

41--1--39---

Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

4441,002178--4361,00418-

Plasterers and stucco masons

24--0--24---

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

3--0--3---

Roofers

146732341--14572932-

Sheet metal workers

103905644--9990563-

Structural iron and steel workers

38--1--36---

Solar photovoltaic installers

18--0--18---

Helpers, construction trades

48--2--46---

Construction and building inspectors

731,1193211--621,11329-

Elevator installers and repairers

17--0--17---

Fence erectors

27--0--27---

Hazardous materials removal workers

26--4--22---

Highway maintenance workers

89846376--8386838-

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

5--0--5---

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

4--0--4---

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

22--0--22---

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil and gas

16--0--16---

Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining

6--0--6---

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

19--1--18---

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

6--0--6---

Underground mining machine operators

35--2--33---

Roustabouts, oil and gas

7--0--7---

Other extraction workers

40--0--40---

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

4,0779847160801183,917991780.8

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

2121,2696321--1911,28350-

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

1429603615--12796540-

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers

1251,1921158--1161,24275-

Avionics technicians

8--0--8---

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

15--0--14---

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

3--0--3---

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility

9--0--9---

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

4--0--4---

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers

23--1--22---

Security and fire alarm systems installers

501,028740--501,02874-

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

1511,164335--1461,17449-

Automotive body and related repairers

1029042742--100975224-

Automotive glass installers and repairers

12--3--10---

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

585855314--58185731-

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

3121,023296--3061,02331-

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics

179999231--17899823-

Small engine mechanics

36--0--36---

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

72665361--7166835-

Control and valve installers and repairers

25--1--24---

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

3821,003296--3771,01129-

Home appliance repairers

24--1--22---

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics

4011,0312523--3771,04924-

Maintenance and repair workers, general

5508951724--52689717-

Maintenance workers, machinery

22--0--22---

Millwrights

621,178421--611,18538-

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

1391,2681562--1361,306167-

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

1551,0311319--1461,076140-

Precision instrument and equipment repairers

621,0855811--521,09853-

Wind turbine service technicians

5--1--4---

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

27--6--22---

Commercial divers

3--0--3---

Locksmiths and safe repairers

19--0--19---

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

3--0--3---

Riggers

6--0--6---

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

16--2--14---

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers

139780498--13181069-

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

14,73874643,243614411,494796477.1

Production occupations

6,82077551,76563085,055841774.9

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

7131,03836122816705911,0992674.2

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

3--1--2---

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

9064010337--5374229-

Engine and other machine assemblers

3--0--3---

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

17--0--17---

Other assemblers and fabricators

82870510263638215657401586.2

Bakers

1315961678584175362121294.0

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers

2217331457642321637541585.1

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

8--1--7---

Food batchmakers

706493138--32---

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

7--5--2---

Food processing workers, all other

1186693044--7474336-

Computer numerically controlled tool programmers and operators

96964386--8997438-

Forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

24--1--23---

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

698213911--5884324-

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

35--6--29---

Other machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

8--2--6---

Machinists

2979232025--27294023-

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters

19--0--19---

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic

9--2--7---

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

37--5--31---

Tool and die makers

37--1--36---

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

4868391716--47184817-

Other metal workers and plastic workers

3387702461622412778163376.2

Prepress technicians and workers

12--3--10---

Printing press operators

1207483025--9575729-

Print binding and finishing workers

16--7--9---

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

9453841605223434---

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

23--15--7---

Sewing machine operators

9757917595841637---

Shoe and leather workers

6--3--2---

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers

31--26--5---

Textile machine setters, operators, and tenders

15--10--5---

Upholsterers

20--2--18---

Other textile, apparel, and furnishings workers

12--2--9---

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

31--1--29---

Furniture finishers

9--6--3---

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

20--3--16---

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

9--1--9---

Other woodworkers

12--0--12---

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers

38--1--37---

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

45--5--40---

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

1169558012--10499071-

Miscellaneous plant and system operators

42--4--38---

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders

501,083363--47---

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers

797662517--6178859-

Cutting workers

546925014--40---

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

22--7--15---

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

10--0--10---

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

68481419266710124189102578.0

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

22--10--12---

Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians

596946736--23---

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

2246202698544321266672781.6

Painting workers

1398494415--12487937-

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

3--2--1---

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

8--2--6---

Etchers and engravers

3--0--3---

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

19--2--17---

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

22--4--18---

Tire builders

0--0--0---

Helpers--production workers

31--9--23---

Other production equipment operators and tenders

5--0--5---

Other production workers

95773915251637137067981979.8

Transportation and material moving occupations

7,91771951,47860056,439759679.1

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers

2229191847--17594367-

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers

1121,9232193--1091,984222-

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists

32--3--29---

Flight attendants

548958141--13---

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

8--1--7---

Bus drivers, school

1056472753622245270812987.9

Bus drivers, transit and intercity

1467833657791418977454102.2

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

2,59289613183666272,4099161472.7

Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs

576062310--47---

Taxi drivers

1577345225--13274362-

Motor vehicle operators, all other

846161715--7064260-

Locomotive engineers and operators

501,489325--45---

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

34--0--34---

Other rail transportation workers

11--2--8---

Sailors and marine oilers

16--0--16---

Ship and boat captains and operators

30--2--28---

Ship engineers

1--0--1---

Parking attendants

44--7--36---

Transportation service attendants

816114511--7061461-

Transportation inspectors

26--6--21---

Passenger attendants

14--11--4---

Other transportation workers

24--7--16---

Crane and tower operators

48--2--46---

Conveyor, dredge, and hoist and winch operators

23--1--22---

Industrial truck and tractor operators

5077111441--46770815-

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

2145801135--17958112-

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

1,587650831959591,268672988.5

Machine feeders and offbearers

11--6--4---

Packers and packagers, hand

436582723154415205604890.1

Stockers and order fillers

1,058593634557611714602895.7

Pumping station operators

17--0--17---

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

70680416--6469838-

Other material moving workers

46--5--41---

Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Median earnings are not shown where employment is less than 50,000. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's are not shown where employment for either women or men is less than 50,000. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2020 annual averages
Table 3. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by state, 2020 annual averages
StateTotalWomenMenWomen's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

United States

110,387$984$249,476$891$360,911$1,082$582.3

Alabama

1,62888715745791218849782980.9

Alaska

2381,02121106913271321,1282780.9

Arizona

2,384932161,073856281,3129911586.4

Arkansas

99584916443771175529172184.1

California

12,5441,063115,401993127,1431,1331487.6

Colorado

2,0081,10324834966241,1741,2371778.1

Connecticut

1,2211,190255361,166376841,2022597.0

Delaware

35894721168838291901,0766577.9

District of Columbia

3111,628271561,506511551,7593885.6

Florida

7,025904103,249831103,7769881284.1

Georgia

3,584891161,716788181,8681,0113377.9

Hawaii

41998025196896242231,1284779.4

Idaho

58886216239731133499662275.7

Illinois

4,2931,030171,951931152,3421,1621880.1

Indiana

2,378903161,050801211,3281,0402877.0

Iowa

1,15993319521854166381,0202883.7

Kansas

1,04488914457810215869622384.2

Kentucky

1,43985017656737167839602376.8

Louisiana

1,45789620693760267641,0243574.2

Maine

45191821206794222451,0363876.6

Maryland

2,2791,149191,1041,074511,1751,2483986.1

Massachusetts

2,4291,239211,1141,115261,3141,3561682.2

Michigan

3,277995111,500897171,7771,1131980.6

Minnesota

2,0401,06220914984161,1261,1471785.8

Mississippi

89476415432675234618782776.9

Missouri

2,09490419979807171,1151,0263078.7

Montana

32587619142771191839552680.7

Nebraska

74293115337843184051,0142983.1

Nevada

1,03588614449791135869911979.8

New Hampshire

5251,05127234954192911,1562482.5

New Jersey

3,1781,163111,4211,041311,7561,2672482.2

New Mexico

61885820275801243439153387.5

New York

6,3121,101142,9341,000113,3781,1831884.5

North Carolina

3,524936141,609837201,9161,0322281.1

North Dakota

28196316127851201551,0652279.9

Ohio

3,852967121,708862152,1441,0522281.9

Oklahoma

1,26584420538753147289421879.9

Oregon

1,3521,02621564936247871,1213983.5

Pennsylvania

4,2951,002111,922884202,3731,1111979.6

Rhode Island

3751,02025163951282121,1123585.5

South Carolina

1,74788318817767229309882377.6

South Dakota

31587713145797181709362085.1

Tennessee

2,284861201,035760181,2499292581.8

Texas

9,882939104,274875135,6081,0061187.0

Utah

1,07494113418782206561,0762672.7

Vermont

21796018108886201091,0595683.7

Virginia

3,1811,130221,4531,002301,7281,2602879.5

Washington

2,6801,109191,139982341,5401,2243380.2

West Virginia

57082916258739143139071681.5

Wisconsin

2,02596618880885181,1451,0232186.5

Wyoming

1959401784795261111,0572375.2

Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: In general, the sampling error for the state estimates is considerably larger than it is for the national estimates; thus, comparisons of state estimates should be made with caution. Data shown are based on workers' state of residence; workers' reported earnings, however, may or may not be from a job located in the same state.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages
Table 4. Median usual weekly earnings of part-time wage and salary workers, by selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages
CharacteristicTotalWomenMenWomen's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Age

Total, 16 years and older

21,616$307$213,911$309$27,705$305$2101.3

16 to 24 years

7,35423924,09523133,259248393.1

16 to 19 years

3,25219721,78619131,466204493.6

20 to 24 years

4,10227632,30926641,793289492.0

25 years and older

14,26236439,81635934,446376595.5

25 to 34 years

3,74335952,40635861,337363998.6

35 to 44 years

2,80038552,09238067083991095.2

45 to 54 years

2,51539951,90539466104151294.9

55 to 64 years

2,79536962,01836177773951491.4

65 years and older

2,40930051,39527871,0143271185.0

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

16,871309210,95231225,9193053102.3

Black or African American

2,65428641,6732816981294695.6

Asian

1,2143288752332124623229103.1

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

3,97130932,42030441,552316596.2

Marital Status

Never married

10,80126725,96826334,833272396.7

Married, spouse present(1)

8,10338545,93037842,173408892.6

Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)

2,71232862,01332156993501191.7

Widowed

54828112448281161002821999.6

Divorced

1,57134181,149333104223601592.5

Separated(2)

59333610415323111773671888.0

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2020 annual averages
Table 5. Median usual weekly earnings of wage and salary workers, by hours usually worked, 2020 annual averages
Hours of workTotalWomenMenWomen's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
weekly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total, 16 years and older

132,174$863$363,462$750$268,711$983$376.3

0 to 34 hours

19,918311212,91631327,0023073102.0

0 to 4 hours

4218792907241301605445.0

5 to 9 hours

986106266910833171014106.9

10 to 14 hours

1,80014621,16614936341404106.4

15 to 19 hours

2,39420921,58921238052034104.4

20 to 24 hours

5,78928723,67929332,1102783105.4

25 to 29 hours

2,87235941,87235641,001364797.8

30 to 34 hours

5,65545143,65045552,0054457102.2

35 hours and over

106,080989247,700896358,3801,088582.4

35 to 39 hours

7,37862974,89264992,4866009108.2

40 hours

78,789926336,343864342,447989487.4

41 hours and over

19,9131,44776,4661,3341513,4481,5011088.9

41 to 44 hours

1,0331,07527398963416361,1452784.1

45 to 48 hours

5,6221,300171,9861,202273,6361,3511389.0

49 to 59 hours

9,1051,546102,8881,443166,2171,5921990.6

60 hours and over

4,1521,607261,1931,478312,9591,6614189.0

Hours vary

6,176622102,84648793,3297481365.1

Usually less than 35 hours

1,69826469952517703282889.0

Usually 35 or more hours

4,307827151,776709142,5319232076.8

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time and part-time workers. Estimates for the "hours vary" groups do not sum to totals because data are not presented for a small number of multiple jobholders whose usual number of hours on the principal job is not identifiable.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages [In thousands]
Table 6. Distribution of full-time wage and salary workers, by usual weekly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages [In thousands]
CharacteristicTotal
employed
Number of workers by usual weekly earnings
Under
$350.00
$350.00
to
$499.99
$500.00
to
$599.99
$600.00
to
$749.99
$750.00
to
$999.99
$1,000.00
to
$1,199.99
$1,200.00
to
$1,999.99
$2,000.00
or
more
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Age

Total, 16 years and older

110,3873,1918,9958,39915,27119,28812,66926,12816,446

16 to 24 years

9,3647252,1321,4812,0521,453644697180

16 to 19 years

1,33623445324522810141314

20 to 24 years

8,0274901,6801,2361,8241,352603666176

25 years and older

101,0242,4666,8636,91813,21917,83512,02625,43116,266

25 to 34 years

27,6616802,1952,3794,5345,7293,4566,0432,646

35 to 44 years

25,6415781,5401,5433,0794,3243,0696,8394,668

45 to 54 years

23,8145251,4401,4012,7893,8832,7166,4864,575

55 to 64 years

19,0174521,2021,2312,2353,1622,2484,9883,499

65 years and older

4,8902304873635827375361,075878

Women, 16 years and older

49,4761,8294,9364,5567,4559,2095,88610,3785,228

16 to 24 years

4,1724001,01269187459327227554

16 to 19 years

53611620490712616130

20 to 24 years

3,63628480860180456725526254

25 years and older

45,3041,4283,9243,8656,5818,6155,61410,1035,174

25 to 34 years

12,3754001,1441,2212,1072,6551,6412,333872

35 to 44 years

11,2933128798701,5402,0891,4032,6841,517

45 to 54 years

10,8533128978521,4771,9511,2572,6581,447

55 to 64 years

8,6832707407481,1751,5891,0742,0021,085

65 years and older

2,100134263173281331240426252

Men, 16 years and older

60,9111,3624,0593,8437,81610,0796,78315,75011,218

16 to 24 years

5,1913241,1207901,177860372422126

16 to 19 years

8001182481551577525184

20 to 24 years

4,3912068716351,021785347404122

25 years and older

55,7201,0382,9393,0536,6389,2206,41115,32811,093

25 to 34 years

15,2872801,0511,1572,4263,0741,8153,7091,774

35 to 44 years

14,3482666616731,5392,2351,6674,1553,151

45 to 54 years

12,9612135435491,3121,9311,4593,8283,127

55 to 64 years

10,3341824624831,0591,5731,1742,9862,414

65 years and older

2,79096224190301406296650626

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

85,1422,3046,4086,27711,36715,04310,03220,79512,917

Women

37,0911,3033,5113,3385,5067,0204,5847,9453,886

Men

48,0511,0012,8972,9395,8618,0235,44812,8509,031

Black or African American

14,0445911,8071,3252,5502,5871,5022,5131,169

Women

7,3353611,0067591,3311,3557651,216542

Men

6,7092308015651,2191,2317371,298627

Asian

7,3531643964047089986952,0341,954

Women

3,26983218233333525324903650

Men

4,084811781713754733711,1311,304

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

19,5588022,4942,3123,7903,5441,8963,2741,447

Women

7,8634421,1931,0881,5291,3477341,091438

Men

11,6953601,3001,2242,2612,1971,1622,1831,009

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2020 annual averages
Table 7. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by marital status and presence and age of own children under 18 years old, 2020 annual averages
CharacteristicNumber of workers (in thousands)Median weekly earningsStandard error of median
 
 
 
 

Women

Total, all marital statuses

49,476$891$3

With children under 18 years old

16,8419096

With children 6 to 17, none younger

10,2879187

With children under 6 years old

6,5548949

With no children under 18 years old

32,6358824

Total, married, spouse present(1)

24,9159814

With children under 18 years old

11,3761,0077

With children 6 to 17, none younger

6,7111,0059

With children under 6 years old

4,6641,01010

With no children under 18 years old

13,5409606

Total, other marital statuses(2)

24,5617954

With children under 18 years old

5,4667276

With children 6 to 17, none younger

3,5767667

With children under 6 years old

1,89065412

With no children under 18 years old

19,0958195

Men

Total, all marital statuses

60,9111,0825

With children under 18 years old

20,8471,2297

With children 6 to 17, none younger

11,3501,28513

With children under 6 years old

9,4961,1619

With no children under 18 years old

40,0641,0054

Total, married, spouse present(1)

35,1321,2505

With children under 18 years old

18,2471,28311

With children 6 to 17, none younger

9,9531,34311

With children under 6 years old

8,2941,23610

With no children under 18 years old

16,8851,2168

Total, other marital statuses(2)

25,7788775

With children under 18 years old

2,59989613

With children 6 to 17, none younger

1,3971,00215

With children under 6 years old

1,20278914

With no children under 18 years old

23,1798745

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Includes people who are never married; widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent.

Note: Children refer to "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Excluded are other related children such as grandchildren, nieces, nephews, and cousins, as well as unrelated children.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages
Table 8. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by selected characteristics, 2020 annual averages
CharacteristicTotalWomenMenWomen's
earnings
as a
percentage
of men's
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
Number
of
workers
(in
thousands)
Median
hourly
earnings
Standard
error
of
median
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Age

Total, 16 years and older

73,305$16.36$0.0536,513$15.22$0.0336,792$17.75$0.0685.7

16 to 24 years

14,05112.690.076,99212.120.037,05913.080.0492.7

16 to 19 years

4,35211.070.062,22610.810.092,12511.600.2593.2

20 to 24 years

9,69913.500.094,76612.980.054,93314.080.0692.2

25 years and older

59,25417.860.0329,52116.500.0829,73419.180.1086.0

25 to 34 years

17,87216.850.058,46015.930.069,41217.560.1390.7

35 to 44 years

13,69118.520.136,68716.950.087,00420.100.0684.3

45 to 54 years

12,67218.900.116,45417.070.116,21821.050.1481.1

55 to 64 years

11,17918.600.175,92617.040.085,25320.150.0784.6

65 years and older

3,84015.840.141,99315.030.081,84716.750.2689.7

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

55,88916.780.0527,25715.310.0628,63217.980.0485.2

Black or African American

10,73815.170.035,84614.950.044,89215.880.0794.1

Asian

3,53317.250.261,85716.560.381,67618.040.1591.8

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

16,22015.200.037,25714.680.098,96316.240.1290.4

Marital Status

Never married

30,23614.810.0214,31513.990.0415,92115.070.0292.8

Married, spouse present(1)

31,84418.880.0715,38217.110.0616,46220.200.0884.7

Widowed, divorced, or separated(2)

11,22516.940.076,81615.800.114,40918.980.1683.2

Widowed

1,36015.390.261,03215.080.1132917.280.8887.3

Divorced

7,26317.810.114,32316.520.192,94019.970.0982.7

Separated(2)

2,60215.420.241,46114.850.071,14117.170.2686.5

Union Affiliation(3)

Members of unions(4)

8,11222.200.213,22219.830.144,89024.780.3080.0

Represented by unions(5)

8,91622.010.103,59719.590.255,31824.170.3381.1

Not represented by a union

64,38915.890.0332,91615.090.0231,47416.910.0489.2

Educational Attainment

Total, 25 years and older

59,25417.860.0329,52116.500.0829,73419.180.1086.0

Less than a high school diploma

5,34514.750.092,11112.870.073,23515.590.2382.6

High school graduates, no college

19,99616.800.068,61215.000.0311,38418.310.1181.9

Some college or associate degree

19,06118.000.0510,01116.600.129,05019.980.0583.1

Bachelor's degree and higher

14,85222.180.178,78821.830.226,06523.040.1894.7

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes
(1) Beginning with data for 2020, includes people in both opposite-sex and same-sex marriages. Prior to 2020, included only people in opposite-sex marriages.
(2) Separated includes people who are married, spouse absent.
(3) Differences in earnings levels between workers with and without union affiliation reflect a variety of factors in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including the distribution of workers by occupation, industry, and geographic region.
(4) Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
(5) Data refer to both union members and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages [In thousands]
Table 9. Distribution of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by hourly earnings and selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages [In thousands]
CharacteristicTotal
employed
Number of workers by hourly earnings
Under
$6.00
$6.00
to
$7.99
$8.00
to
$9.99
$10.00
to
$11.99
$12.00
to
$14.99
$15.00
to
$19.99
$20.00
or
more
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Age

Total, 16 years and older

73,3056737483,5707,38114,56220,35926,013

16 to 24 years

14,0512804101,7292,8814,1913,3281,231

16 to 19 years

4,352832529481,1251,294535115

20 to 24 years

9,6991971587811,7572,8972,7931,116

25 years and older

59,2543933381,8414,49910,37117,03024,782

25 to 34 years

17,8721811175751,4133,4675,9326,188

35 to 44 years

13,69191713639442,2673,6806,276

45 to 54 years

12,67263533338312,0223,3825,987

55 to 64 years

11,17943523468341,7873,0325,085

65 years and older

3,84014452234778291,0061,246

Women, 16 years and older

36,5134864492,2114,3508,2079,94610,863

16 to 24 years

6,9922172459941,5262,1181,408485

16 to 19 years

2,2266114452160364420548

20 to 24 years

4,7661561014739231,4731,203437

25 years and older

29,5212692041,2182,8246,0898,53710,379

25 to 34 years

8,460121703528181,8342,6712,594

35 to 44 years

6,68765472255901,3641,8582,538

45 to 54 years

6,45446282485691,2841,8252,453

55 to 64 years

5,92627292435651,1571,6632,241

65 years and older

1,9931029150283449521552

Men, 16 years and older

36,7921862991,3593,0306,35510,41315,150

16 to 24 years

7,059631657351,3552,0731,920746

16 to 19 years

2,1252210842752165033067

20 to 24 years

4,93341573088341,4241,590679

25 years and older

29,7341241336231,6754,2828,49314,403

25 to 34 years

9,41260462235951,6333,2613,594

35 to 44 years

7,00426241383549021,8223,738

45 to 54 years

6,2181725862637381,5573,534

55 to 64 years

5,25316231022696301,3682,843

65 years and older

1,84751574194379485695

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

55,8895135122,4445,42511,05515,27120,668

Women

27,2573723091,5133,2126,1937,3148,346

Men

28,6321412049312,2134,8627,95712,323

Black or African American

10,738921718501,3852,1663,2072,867

Women

5,846741085388181,2291,7041,374

Men

4,89218633125679361,5031,493

Asian

3,53335121112726839601,460

Women

1,85716758164397495720

Men

1,67619553108286465740

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

16,2201241307971,6524,0394,9634,515

Women

7,25779734889252,1322,0521,507

Men

8,96345573097271,9072,9103,008

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Table 10. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, by selected demographic characteristics, 2020 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
CharacteristicWorkers paid hourly rates
TotalBelow
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage
At
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage
Total at or below
prevailing federal
minimum wage
NumberPercentage of
workers
paid hourly
rates
 
 
 
 
 
 

Age

Total, 16 years and older

73,3058652471,1121.5

16 to 24 years

14,0513761535293.8

16 to 19 years

4,352129932225.1

20 to 24 years

9,699247603073.2

25 years and older

59,254489945831.0

25 to 34 years

17,872216342501.4

35 to 44 years

13,691113171301.0

45 to 54 years

12,6728013930.7

55 to 64 years

11,1796014750.7

65 years and older

3,8402015350.9

Women, 16 years and older

36,5136071367422.0

16 to 24 years

6,992281883695.3

16 to 19 years

2,22689511416.3

20 to 24 years

4,766192372294.8

25 years and older

29,521325483731.3

25 to 34 years

8,460140201601.9

35 to 44 years

6,687818891.3

45 to 54 years

6,454582600.9

55 to 64 years

5,926346400.7

65 years and older

1,9931212241.2

Men, 16 years and older

36,7922581113691.0

16 to 24 years

7,05994651592.3

16 to 19 years

2,1254041813.8

20 to 24 years

4,9335524781.6

25 years and older

29,734164462100.7

25 to 34 years

9,4127614901.0

35 to 44 years

7,004329410.6

45 to 54 years

6,2182211330.5

55 to 64 years

5,253268340.7

65 years and older

1,84784110.6

Race and Hispanic or
Latino Ethnicity

White

55,8896311788101.4

Women

27,257451925442.0

Men

28,632180862660.9

Black or African American

10,738146501961.8

Women

5,846104351392.4

Men

4,8924215571.2

Asian

3,533393431.2

Women

1,857182201.1

Men

1,676221231.4

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

16,220160462051.3

Women

7,257102221241.7

Men

8,9635824820.9

Full- and Part-time Status(1)

Full-time workers

55,669397724680.8

Women

25,156281383181.3

Men

30,514116341500.5

Part-time workers

17,5314621756373.6

Women

11,305323984213.7

Men

6,226139772163.5

Footnotes
(1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes
(1) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data do not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.

Note: See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers. Estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all race groups. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979-2020 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
Table 11. Wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage, 1979-2020 annual averages [Numbers in thousands]
YearTotal
wage
and
salary
workers
Workers paid hourly rates
TotalPercentage
of total
wage
and
salary
workers
Below
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage(1)
At
prevailing
federal
minimum
wage(1)
Total at or below
prevailing federal
minimum wage
NumberPercentage of
workers
paid hourly
rates
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

87,52951,72159.12,9163,9976,91213.4

1980

87,64451,33558.63,0874,6867,77315.1

1981

88,51651,86958.63,5134,3117,82415.1

1982

87,36850,84658.22,3484,1486,49612.8

1983

88,29051,82058.72,0774,2616,33812.2

1984

92,19454,14358.71,8384,1255,96311.0

1985

94,52155,76259.01,6393,8995,5389.9

1986

96,90357,52959.41,5993,4615,0608.8

1987

99,30359,55260.01,4683,2294,6987.9

1988

101,40760,87860.01,3192,6083,9276.5

1989

103,48062,38960.31,3721,7903,1625.1

1990

104,87663,17260.22,1321,0963,2285.1

1991

103,72362,62760.42,3772,9065,2838.4

1992

104,66863,61060.81,9392,9824,9217.7

1993

106,10164,27460.61,7072,6254,3326.7

1994

107,98966,54961.61,9952,1324,1286.2

1995

110,03868,35462.11,6991,9563,6565.3

1996

111,96069,25561.91,8631,8613,7245.4

1997

114,53370,73561.82,9901,7644,7546.7

1998

116,73071,44061.22,8341,5934,4276.2

1999

118,96372,30660.82,1941,1463,3404.6

2000

122,08973,49660.21,7528982,6503.6

2001

122,22973,39260.01,5186562,1743.0

2002

121,82672,50859.51,5795672,1463.0

2003

122,35872,94659.61,5555452,1002.9

2004

123,55473,93959.81,4835202,0032.7

2005

125,88975,60960.11,4034791,8822.5

2006

128,23776,51459.71,2834091,6922.2

2007

129,76775,87358.51,4622671,7292.3

2008

129,37775,30558.21,9402862,2263.0

2009

124,49072,61158.32,5929803,5724.9

2010

124,07372,90258.82,5411,8204,3616.0

2011

125,18773,92659.12,1521,6773,8295.2

2012

127,57775,27659.01,9841,5663,5504.7

2013

129,11075,94858.81,7681,5323,3014.3

2014

131,43177,20758.71,7371,2552,9923.9

2015

133,74378,23258.51,6918702,5613.3

2016

136,10179,88358.71,4517012,1532.7

2017

137,89080,43958.31,2825421,8242.3

2018

140,09981,91558.51,2764341,7112.1

2019

141,73782,28958.11,2113921,6031.9

2020

132,17473,30555.58652471,1121.5

Women

1979

38,12923,32961.22,0702,6444,71420.2

1980

38,94423,62660.72,1042,9905,09521.6

1981

39,67224,29461.22,3942,7785,17221.3

1982

39,77724,36561.31,6512,5614,21217.3

1983

40,43324,98961.81,4922,6034,09516.4

1984

42,17226,00361.71,3482,4993,84714.8

1985

43,50626,86961.81,1982,3563,55413.2

1986

44,96127,86362.01,1922,1253,31711.9

1987

46,36529,07862.71,1051,9463,05110.5

1988

47,49529,82062.81,0081,5422,5508.6

1989

48,69130,70263.19941,0562,0506.7

1990

49,32331,06963.01,4207112,1316.9

1991

49,10530,98863.11,5821,7923,37410.9

1992

49,84231,45463.11,2861,7513,0369.7

1993

50,62631,93763.11,1331,5342,6678.4

1994

51,41933,02164.21,3221,2412,5637.8

1995

52,36933,93464.81,1571,1612,3186.8

1996

53,48834,41864.31,2441,1062,3506.8

1997

54,70835,21464.41,8431,0922,9358.3

1998

55,75735,68064.01,7949652,7607.7

1999

57,05036,23363.51,4267002,1265.9

2000

58,42736,77762.91,1705791,7494.8

2001

58,58236,84862.91,0214091,4303.9

2002

58,55536,50862.39973501,3473.7

2003

59,12237,09362.71,0623321,3943.8

2004

59,40837,13362.51,0133101,3233.6

2005

60,42337,95762.89442901,2343.3

2006

61,42638,32162.48612631,1242.9

2007

62,29938,08261.11,0021811,1833.1

2008

62,53237,97260.71,3021961,4983.9

2009

60,95137,42661.41,6036122,2155.9

2010

60,54237,40461.81,5981,1512,7497.3

2011

60,50237,46961.91,3661,0292,3956.4

2012

61,67938,16361.91,2889992,2876.0

2013

62,31638,40461.61,1489102,0585.4

2014

63,38338,80261.21,1397391,8784.8

2015

64,44539,50061.31,0625401,6024.1

2016

65,51240,31561.59524321,3843.4

2017

66,42140,65861.28293161,1462.8

2018

67,46741,22361.18122671,0782.6

2019

68,38841,37260.58002681,0672.6

2020

63,46236,51357.56071367422.0

Men

1979

49,40028,39257.58461,3532,1997.7

1980

48,70027,70956.99831,6962,6789.7

1981

48,84427,57656.51,1191,5332,6529.6

1982

47,59126,48155.66971,5872,2848.6

1983

47,85626,83156.15851,6582,2438.4

1984

50,02228,14056.34901,6262,1167.5

1985

51,01528,89356.64401,5441,9846.9

1986

51,94229,66657.14081,3361,7435.9

1987

52,93830,47457.63641,2831,6475.4

1988

53,91231,05857.63111,0661,3774.4

1989

54,78931,68757.83797331,1123.5

1990

55,55332,10457.87123851,0973.4

1991

54,61831,63957.97951,1141,9096.0

1992

54,82632,15558.66531,2311,8855.9

1993

55,47532,33758.35731,0911,6645.1

1994

56,57033,52859.36748911,5654.7

1995

57,66934,42059.75427961,3383.9

1996

58,47334,83859.66197551,3743.9

1997

59,82535,52159.41,1476731,8205.1

1998

60,97335,76158.71,0396281,6674.7

1999

61,91436,07358.37684461,2143.4

2000

63,66236,72057.75823199012.5

2001

63,64736,54457.44972477442.0

2002

63,27236,00056.95822177992.2

2003

63,23635,85356.74932137062.0

2004

64,14536,80657.44702106801.8

2005

65,46637,65257.54591896481.7

2006

66,81138,19357.24221465681.5

2007

67,46837,79056.0460865461.4

2008

66,84637,33455.9638907281.9

2009

63,53935,18555.49903681,3583.9

2010

63,53135,49855.99436691,6124.5

2011

64,68636,45756.47856481,4333.9

2012

65,89837,11356.36965671,2633.4

2013

66,79437,54456.26216221,2433.3

2014

68,04838,40556.45985161,1142.9

2015

69,29838,73255.96293309592.5

2016

70,58939,56856.14992707691.9

2017

71,46939,78155.74522266781.7

2018

72,63240,69156.04641686321.6

2019

73,34940,91855.84111255361.3

2020

68,71136,79253.52581113691.0

Footnotes
(1) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Footnotes
(1) Data for 1990-91, 1996-97, and 2007-09 reflect changes in the minimum wage that took place in those years.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. See the technical notes section for information about the federal minimum wage level and estimating the number of minimum wage workers.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020
Table 12. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020
YearTotal,
16 years
and older
16 to 24 years25 years and older
Total16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and older
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1979

62.378.685.276.362.167.558.356.860.677.6

1980

64.280.389.578.162.869.458.356.959.476.4

1981

64.482.691.780.662.670.359.956.858.971.1

1982

65.785.392.982.464.972.161.160.161.470.3

1983

66.588.894.085.565.873.361.559.561.868.8

1984

67.687.993.185.267.174.662.059.461.566.8

1985

68.187.690.785.766.875.163.059.761.065.9

1986

69.589.091.487.566.576.163.960.961.271.5

1987

69.888.387.888.067.376.766.162.362.268.7

1988

70.289.789.890.068.877.768.561.762.370.9

1989

70.190.894.389.770.278.368.362.763.974.3

1990

71.990.190.890.372.179.369.663.863.774.4

1991

74.293.393.693.374.081.070.765.064.568.3

1992

75.894.094.094.374.682.071.965.864.977.9

1993

77.194.892.895.474.883.073.067.467.474.3

1994

76.493.992.594.573.182.972.667.166.076.2

1995

75.590.888.192.472.882.272.667.764.780.0

1996

75.092.588.892.874.183.273.368.965.370.0

1997

74.492.191.690.575.182.974.069.464.777.0

1998

76.391.388.689.475.982.973.670.568.172.6

1999

76.591.091.490.574.481.571.770.067.978.7

2000

76.991.792.592.774.582.471.673.269.175.1

2001

76.490.390.391.975.483.072.573.570.569.0

2002

77.993.994.693.977.684.575.274.671.673.8

2003

79.493.293.193.978.586.976.173.072.771.1

2004

80.493.892.193.878.687.875.672.973.074.6

2005

81.093.292.193.879.489.075.575.574.776.4

2006

80.894.587.694.978.788.277.273.572.977.5

2007

80.292.389.190.378.586.976.574.572.877.8

2008

79.991.187.392.578.288.574.574.975.474.8

2009

80.292.690.792.978.788.777.473.675.376.1

2010

81.295.394.693.880.590.879.976.575.275.7

2011

82.292.588.693.281.092.378.576.075.180.9

2012

80.988.988.589.079.990.278.175.176.277.6

2013

82.188.389.789.881.189.480.276.677.173.7

2014

82.591.591.192.381.689.981.077.276.478.6

2015

81.188.289.489.780.489.681.876.873.773.8

2016

81.994.992.695.680.988.883.377.873.775.5

2017

81.891.287.690.281.388.281.077.578.077.0

2018

81.190.889.492.280.987.079.677.075.077.2

2019

81.589.084.490.480.887.880.177.375.576.5

2020

82.394.790.493.581.289.581.277.577.880.4

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 22.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020
Table 13. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020
YearTotal,
16 years
and older
WhiteBlack or
African
American
AsianHispanic
or
Latino ethnicity
 
 
 
 
 
 

1979

62.361.774.4-71.7

1980

64.263.475.8-73.5

1981

64.463.176.9-75.7

1982

65.764.578.1-75.5

1983

66.565.678.9-78.5

1984

67.666.879.5-77.7

1985

68.167.282.6-77.7

1986

69.567.982.8-80.6

1987

69.868.284.4-82.0

1988

70.268.482.8-84.4

1989

70.169.386.5-85.4

1990

71.971.585.3-87.4

1991

74.273.786.1-90.4

1992

75.875.388.2-89.1

1993

77.176.588.8-90.5

1994

76.474.686.5-88.9

1995

75.573.386.4-87.1

1996

75.073.887.9-88.8

1997

74.474.686.8-85.7

1998

76.376.185.5-86.4

1999

76.575.783.8-85.7

2000

76.975.884.179.987.8

2001

76.475.885.876.988.2

2002

77.977.990.374.988.0

2003

79.479.388.577.588.4

2004

80.479.888.876.487.3

2005

81.080.289.380.687.7

2006

80.880.087.879.387.1

2007

80.279.488.878.191.0

2008

79.979.389.478.089.6

2009

80.279.293.781.889.5

2010

81.280.593.582.690.7

2011

82.282.191.177.490.7

2012

80.980.890.173.088.0

2013

82.181.791.377.391.1

2014

82.581.889.977.989.0

2015

81.180.890.477.789.7

2016

81.981.389.378.488.4

2017

81.881.992.574.887.4

2018

81.181.589.075.585.7

2019

81.581.191.576.785.9

2020

82.381.592.079.088.5

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in table 23. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2020
Table 14. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2020
YearTotal, 25 years and olderLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college or associate degreeBachelor's degree and higher
 
 
 
 
 
 

1979

62.160.360.164.166.7

1980

62.861.461.564.567.9

1981

62.661.261.065.666.9

1982

64.962.863.166.768.8

1983

65.864.863.468.271.2

1984

67.164.964.968.469.4

1985

66.864.365.867.270.2

1986

66.564.866.668.070.6

1987

67.366.068.169.871.4

1988

68.866.668.271.671.4

1989

70.266.867.673.371.9

1990

72.168.868.672.972.2

1991

74.071.669.872.673.6

1992

74.672.970.473.375.1

1993

74.873.971.373.875.8

1994

73.175.170.872.176.8

1995

72.875.570.271.676.2

1996

74.175.170.773.275.2

1997

75.175.370.773.975.0

1998

75.973.970.874.075.3

1999

74.473.469.873.475.7

2000

74.574.971.173.174.1

2001

75.475.472.771.973.7

2002

77.677.274.274.374.2

2003

78.576.775.575.773.6

2004

78.674.975.775.875.2

2005

79.474.975.676.675.7

2006

78.776.373.775.675.1

2007

78.576.774.375.275.0

2008

78.276.173.375.774.3

2009

78.776.475.775.473.1

2010

80.579.876.575.574.1

2011

81.080.976.976.874.9

2012

79.976.076.376.973.0

2013

81.180.078.376.674.8

2014

81.679.177.075.875.7

2015

80.480.477.275.274.9

2016

80.976.877.976.875.2

2017

81.376.576.576.376.4

2018

80.977.375.275.475.1

2019

80.876.775.074.476.0

2020

81.277.976.275.975.4

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older in table 24.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020
Table 15. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020
YearTotal,
16 years
and
older
16 to 24 years25 years and older
Total16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and
older
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1979

64.181.895.075.958.363.355.854.156.987.6

1980

64.884.193.277.058.764.154.954.456.489.2

1981

65.186.196.780.060.366.757.554.156.288.1

1982

67.386.397.081.862.167.757.155.759.088.1

1983

69.487.296.784.462.970.357.656.758.087.6

1984

69.886.096.584.563.771.159.056.959.589.0

1985

70.085.796.387.264.772.460.357.860.488.8

1986

70.285.895.586.766.074.161.459.060.391.3

1987

72.185.993.986.167.274.362.961.362.091.2

1988

73.889.194.487.268.775.666.161.662.492.8

1989

75.490.793.486.969.878.067.063.463.887.1

1990

77.991.093.890.171.879.468.764.366.289.6

1991

78.691.097.991.773.580.470.465.068.992.6

1992

80.391.397.792.576.082.673.166.169.392.6

1993

80.491.797.194.277.383.673.167.369.092.1

1994

80.690.597.091.278.285.573.469.970.794.0

1995

80.890.996.189.376.183.772.670.871.494.2

1996

81.292.197.089.678.283.174.672.172.491.6

1997

80.892.296.691.278.882.775.772.370.598.1

1998

81.890.396.789.177.986.177.475.072.493.2

1999

83.892.796.889.979.483.976.972.776.495.4

2000

83.891.793.893.080.888.376.373.276.894.7

2001

85.290.595.889.779.285.875.076.180.290.4

2002

85.092.596.991.382.185.178.777.680.889.3

2003

84.893.297.691.083.187.579.179.078.490.3

2004

84.693.995.991.781.788.378.479.179.692.5

2005

84.892.696.092.483.289.279.680.280.297.8

2006

84.090.995.790.583.287.680.076.480.693.0

2007

84.889.395.490.481.787.481.579.679.292.2

2008

85.491.296.691.683.087.080.578.281.891.6

2009

85.593.197.192.084.790.680.777.084.592.6

2010

86.093.697.891.785.691.982.979.983.293.8

2011

86.894.697.592.586.792.083.881.582.291.5

2012

86.493.097.992.086.891.583.981.283.190.9

2013

86.692.396.794.087.591.184.981.284.194.9

2014

84.692.496.196.385.787.084.681.281.389.2

2015

85.695.197.593.587.891.085.784.382.189.5

2016

87.097.795.791.987.688.285.883.083.788.1

2017

89.293.597.192.687.292.483.480.981.893.0

2018

87.893.197.695.984.792.282.580.079.992.4

2019

88.695.095.592.086.390.883.083.081.793.5

2020

85.792.793.292.286.090.784.381.184.689.7

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information on historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of workers paid hourly rates in table 25.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020
Table 16. Women's earnings as a percentage of men's, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020
YearTotal,
16 years
and
older
WhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or Latino ethnicity
 
 
 
 
 
 

1979

64.162.572.6-71.8

1980

64.863.674.9-75.1

1981

65.163.872.1-76.4

1982

67.366.075.2-75.6

1983

69.468.079.2-76.1

1984

69.868.679.1-77.0

1985

70.067.882.0-79.4

1986

70.268.878.7-80.8

1987

72.170.980.1-80.2

1988

73.872.780.8-81.1

1989

75.474.083.2-83.0

1990

77.975.684.5-86.1

1991

78.676.686.5-86.9

1992

80.378.687.1-88.3

1993

80.478.989.6-88.6

1994

80.679.787.5-89.3

1995

80.878.487.3-90.9

1996

81.279.688.0-88.8

1997

80.880.387.5-86.3

1998

81.881.886.9-87.6

1999

83.882.383.2-86.6

2000

83.883.088.890.587.3

2001

85.283.889.985.185.6

2002

85.083.892.391.786.1

2003

84.884.091.789.888.5

2004

84.684.091.388.890.2

2005

84.884.291.191.390.1

2006

84.083.688.590.787.6

2007

84.883.790.389.588.5

2008

85.484.589.987.385.1

2009

85.584.889.790.484.6

2010

86.085.092.188.086.2

2011

86.885.993.589.886.8

2012

86.485.392.090.185.4

2013

86.685.794.991.687.5

2014

84.683.394.890.286.6

2015

85.685.992.492.885.8

2016

87.087.292.693.685.2

2017

89.287.894.185.584.1

2018

87.886.391.689.685.3

2019

88.687.393.588.890.1

2020

85.785.294.191.890.4

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The women's-to-men's earnings ratios shown here are calculated from the current-dollar median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates in table 26. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
Table 17. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by age, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
YearTotal, 16 years and older16 to 24 years25 years and older
Total16 to 19 years20 to 24 yearsTotal25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and older
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$803$573$480$620$883$850$933$920$873$660

1980

787562462601859829907895856610

1981

778548441584844811893877847608

1982

780537424568845804915891840654

1983

777524407553851797918911859648

1984

776517402550862798926917871648

1985

791515400552871802933920876683

1986

812525403561885814948941898674

1987

817531406566880814950937884677

1988

812525414561873808949956884681

1989

806523412558863796954954871675

1990

794518403549865784936942881661

1991

792515396541868771926942872708

1992

799501385526869766913947877686

1993

812499379526869772915959871696

1994

809496383520867761931981868666

1995

810494391518863763931985870658

1996

807491395514857763921979881633

1997

811494406518871776934979900634

1998

833508427540911799951987943645

1999

8555314385659228079521,016941629

2000

8695444485789198289431,009935698

2001

8745504475789248459631,016935716

2002

8775504405769328539641,019973724

2003

8745464395679348389691,020999728

2004

8765364245589388309791,021996769

2005

865527422546924810971993985756

2006

864526417544924799963995985750

2007

8705314225639248059629891,005757

2008

870534420563917802969990994776

2009

8945344165619368209881,0131,017827

2010

8885144135409308119801,0041,023813

2011

8725074065279197999659991,016856

2012

8685024025249217999699921,014855

2013

8645064155269217889739831,007892

2014

865522414537918794964984997902

2015

8845324255489408039841,0091,013954

2016

8985404375539558101,0081,0301,027934

2017

9085484485709588161,0181,0321,029960

2018

9135654635949618331,0161,0331,025973

2019

9285884876059818561,0481,0461,029947

2020

9846064976241,0299041,1061,1291,096999

Women

1979

$607$513$440$537$650$663$653$640$630$567

1980

604502435526640655643628616526

1981

600493422523638655652616608518

1982

618496408519659667667651633545

1983

625491392514665675675655638526

1984

631483386507674679695664643521

1985

637485382508680680706671655556

1986

658495385523697692722697670579

1987

662496376528701690736707672570

1988

665496388530707690747715669591

1989

663497398525709687747721673590

1990

667489382518711686751726671578

1991

680494381520719690757740675593

1992

690485372508726693759757682595

1993

696483363512735699770779699593

1994

692478366503730688776780690582

1995

687465364492724682766785682597

1996

689468367491731684763792692550

1997

695471387494745689777798698561

1998

726486396508772718793822758557

1999

737505414534774732783832766576

2000

744519427552778744786851766591

2001

751518422550796751802861786572

2002

763530426556820765824869828620

2003

779523422546824770832859848614

2004

787515402537823771835859845657

2005

777506404526813761825855849653

2006

772508393532807750830848847656

2007

768512398533809747836847850668

2008

769506388536807751822852857678

2009

794513391538831767857861879728

2010

795502400522837771869868875715

2011

789486378505828764847858864766

2012

781470373485821753844843866754

2013

786471390492824741854847867769

2014

787493391512823743854853853810

2015

793492398511832754879873857809

2016

808524419539846761905902876808

2017

813527424543855765908903904826

2018

813538434563856773903903879836

2019

831547432570876798931915891825

2020

891589464606929852978977955897

Men

1979

$973$653$517$703$1,047$983$1,120$1,127$1,040$730

1980

9406254866731,0189431,1021,1021,036688

1981

9325974606491,0199321,0881,0851,033729

1982

9415814396301,0169251,0901,0831,031775

1983

9405534176001,0109211,0971,1021,032764

1984

9335504145951,0059101,1211,1191,045781

1985

9365544215931,0189061,1201,1241,074844

1986

9485574215971,0489101,1291,1451,095810

1987

9485614286001,0419001,1141,1351,081830

1988

9475534325891,0278881,0911,1581,074833

1989

9455474225861,0108771,0951,1491,053794

1990

9275434205749878651,0791,1391,052776

1991

9165304075589728511,0711,1381,046868

1992

9095153965399738461,0541,1511,051764

1993

9035103915369828421,0551,1561,037798

1994

9055103955329988301,0691,1631,045764

1995

9105134135339958291,0561,1591,054746

1996

9185064145299878221,0411,1501,059786

1997

9345114235459928311,0501,1501,079729

1998

9525324475681,0188661,0781,1661,113768

1999

9635554535901,0408991,0931,1881,129732

2000

9675664625961,0459021,0981,1631,109787

2001

9825734685981,0569051,1061,1721,114828

2002

9805644505921,0569051,0951,1651,157841

2003

9805614535811,0498861,0931,1761,166863

2004

9795494375731,0478781,1041,1771,158880

2005

9595434385601,0248551,0921,1331,135855

2006

9565384485601,0268511,0761,1541,161847

2007

9595544475911,0308601,0931,1381,168859

2008

9615554455801,0338481,1021,1371,136907

2009

9905544305791,0568651,1081,1691,167956

2010

9805274225561,0398491,0881,1341,164944

2011

9605254275421,0228271,0781,1291,150947

2012

9655294215451,0288341,0811,1231,136972

2013

9585334345481,0168291,0651,1071,1261,043

2014

9535394295551,0098261,0551,1061,1171,031

2015

9785574455701,0358421,0741,1371,1631,096

2016

9875524525641,0458571,0861,1601,1891,070

2017

9945784856021,0528671,1211,1651,1591,073

2018

1,0035934866101,0588891,1351,1721,1721,082

2019

1,0196145126311,0839081,1631,1831,1801,079

2020

1,0826225136481,1449521,2051,2601,2281,115

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
Table 18. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for full-time wage and salary workers, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
YearTotal, 16 years and olderWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or Latino ethnicity
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$803$827$663-$647

1980

787808637-628

1981

778797644-611

1982

780801633-620

1983

777794648-620

1984

776800640-617

1985

791818637-621

1986

812839658-627

1987

817838657-622

1988

812833662-612

1989

806826644-602

1990

794817634-586

1991

792822647-580

1992

799831648-583

1993

812841653-586

1994

809839643-562

1995

810836648-557

1996

807834638-558

1997

811837645-566

1998

833868678-589

1999

855893693-600

2000

869890715$928602

2001

874894720937611

2002

877899719949612

2003

874897725977621

2004

876902721973626

2005

8658926911,000625

2006

8648887131,009625

2007

8708967121,039630

2008

8708947101,037637

2009

8949157271,064654

2010

8889107271,017636

2011

872894709999633

2012

8688957021,040642

2013

8648937001,049644

2014

8658936991,043650

2015

8849137011,085660

2016

8989307311,101673

2017

9089407201,101692

2018

9139447151,129701

2019

9289567441,188715

2020

9841,0037941,310758

Women

1979

$607$613$563-$523

1980

604610556-517

1981

600605564-521

1982

618625561-525

1983

625630576-533

1984

631638574-531

1985

637646579-529

1986

658665597-545

1987

662670603-548

1988

665671608-549

1989

663675608-543

1990

667680593-536

1991

680693600-543

1992

690702608-548

1993

696710616-554

1994

692707600-529

1995

687702601-516

1996

689705596-521

1997

695716605-513

1998

726745637-537

1999

737752637-542

2000

744757647$825552

2001

751765666826569

2002

763789683817573

2003

779800693843578

2004

787802694842576

2005

777792663883570

2006

772784668900566

2007

768783667915592

2008

769788667907604

2009

794809704942615

2010

795813704919604

2011

789811686866597

2012

781802677870589

2013

786804675912602

2014

787803668920600

2015

793812672958619

2016

808826691973632

2017

813839694954637

2018

813842674966636

2019

8318507131,037650

2020

8919057641,143705

Men

1979

$973$993$757-$730

1980

940961733-703

1981

932959734-688

1982

941969718-695

1983

940960730-680

1984

933955721-683

1985

936961701-680

1986

948980722-676

1987

948983714-668

1988

947981734-650

1989

945974703-636

1990

927952696-613

1991

916941697-600

1992

909933690-615

1993

903927694-612

1994

905948693-594

1995

910958695-592

1996

918956679-586

1997

934960697-598

1998

952979745-621

1999

963994760-632

2000

967998769$1,033629

2001

9821,0107761,073645

2002

9801,0137561,091651

2003

9801,0087831,089654

2004

9791,0057821,102659

2005

9599877421,096649

2006

9569797611,135650

2007

9599867511,171651

2008

9619947471,164673

2009

9901,0227511,151688

2010

9801,0117531,113666

2011

9609877531,119659

2012

9659937511,192669

2013

9589847391,179661

2014

9539817441,182674

2015

9781,0057431,234690

2016

9871,0167751,242715

2017

9941,0257501,275729

2018

1,0031,0337581,279742

2019

1,0191,0497781,352756

2020

1,0821,1108301,447797

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
Table 19. Inflation-adjusted median usual weekly earnings, by educational attainment, for full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
YearTotal,
25 years
and older
Less than a
high school

diploma
High school
graduates, no
college
Some
college or
associate
degree
Bachelor's
degree and
higher
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$883$700$830$940$1,147

1980

8596677999131,129

1981

8446587848881,115

1982

8456417809071,132

1983

8516357729011,144

1984

8626267699101,157

1985

8716217669171,163

1986

8856297789251,188

1987

8806207779191,231

1988

8736087769071,234

1989

8636007589131,230

1990

8655847449171,229

1991

8685717389091,238

1992

8695647318781,263

1993

8695567358741,265

1994

8675327308651,270

1995

8635237318601,264

1996

8575227308531,249

1997

8715187448631,256

1998

9115377638891,307

1999

9225397639031,340

2000

9195467628991,344

2001

9245607629051,350

2002

9325607729081,358

2003

9345597819011,360

2004

9385517889081,354

2005

9245437748901,345

2006

9245397668911,337

2007

9245367568811,342

2008

9175467458701,343

2009

9365497578781,375

2010

9305287448731,360

2011

9195207368521,326

2012

9215327378461,316

2013

9215267258331,330

2014

9185347318331,305

2015

9405397418331,344

2016

9555447468401,358

2017

9585497528431,351

2018

9615707538521,365

2019

9815997558661,384

2020

1,0296197819031,421

Women

1979

$650$507$617$703$880

1980

640492604694871

1981

638479595699871

1982

659475610708894

1983

665484610715916

1984

674476617726929

1985

680464616729952

1986

697471627747986

1987

7014676297581,017

1988

7074666297591,023

1989

7094676147661,024

1990

7114626077611,031

1991

7194656107601,045

1992

7264656127391,078

1993

7354656147471,081

1994

7304456087331,099

1995

7244436027231,090

1996

7314426017281,082

1997

7454446107401,084

1998

7724516317581,126

1999

7744526317601,153

2000

7784596337621,140

2001

7964636507621,152

2002

8204696617841,167

2003

8244646697901,173

2004

8234596707931,181

2005

8134536557801,173

2006

8074616447751,165

2007

8094626417621,166

2008

8074556277571,151

2009

8314626557621,173

2010

8374616467591,172

2011

8284566397441,151

2012

8214366347451,131

2013

8244456387321,161

2014

8234476327231,148

2015

8324576407261,163

2016

8464566467421,188

2017

8554726447391,194

2018

8564846357391,180

2019

8765006417461,210

2020

9295256717791,239

Men

1979

$1,047$840$1,027$1,097$1,320

1980

1,0188029821,0751,282

1981

1,0197849751,0661,301

1982

1,0167579661,0621,300

1983

1,0107479631,0471,285

1984

1,0057339501,0621,338

1985

1,0187229361,0851,356

1986

1,0487269411,0971,398

1987

1,0417079241,0851,426

1988

1,0277009221,0611,432

1989

1,0106999091,0441,424

1990

9876728841,0441,428

1991

9726498741,0461,420

1992

9736378691,0071,436

1993

9826308621,0121,427

1994

9985938601,0171,432

1995

9955878581,0081,430

1996

9875888509951,440

1997

9925898631,0021,445

1998

1,0186108901,0241,495

1999

1,0406159031,0361,522

2000

1,0456128911,0421,538

2001

1,0566148931,0601,565

2002

1,0566088901,0551,573

2003

1,0496058861,0441,595

2004

1,0476138861,0451,570

2005

1,0246048661,0171,550

2006

1,0266048731,0241,551

2007

1,0306028621,0141,556

2008

1,0335998541,0001,548

2009

1,0566058661,0101,605

2010

1,0395788441,0051,581

2011

1,0225638309691,536

2012

1,0285748319681,549

2013

1,0165578159551,553

2014

1,0095668229541,515

2015

1,0355688309651,552

2016

1,0455948309671,579

2017

1,0526178429681,564

2018

1,0586268449801,571

2019

1,0836528541,0031,592

2020

1,1446748811,0271,644

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
Table 20. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by age, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
YearTotal, 16 years and older16 to 24 years25 years and older
Total16 to 19 years20 to 24 yearsTotal25 to 34 years35 to 44 years45 to 54 years55 to 64 years65 years and older
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$14.80$11.63$10.33$13.40$17.03$17.33$17.63$17.20$16.57$10.77

1980

14.4711.149.6712.8816.6717.0017.3016.9716.1910.69

1981

14.1110.889.8112.6316.4116.6816.9916.4715.9210.74

1982

13.9510.479.3012.0416.2316.4117.0816.5915.7910.65

1983

13.8710.128.9611.6416.2516.1317.1516.7015.9110.92

1984

13.889.958.6911.4816.2916.1217.0716.8615.7611.02

1985

13.869.798.4411.3616.2115.9117.2216.9415.8910.90

1986

14.039.988.3911.4516.3615.8617.6217.4916.2211.24

1987

14.1310.028.3211.3816.2915.7017.3417.1616.2011.09

1988

14.2010.118.5011.3516.3315.6817.2417.2215.7811.03

1989

14.1210.008.5311.4116.0415.4317.2917.0115.8010.95

1990

13.939.948.6511.3915.7215.2216.9916.9415.4511.08

1991

13.949.788.7211.1515.7614.9417.0416.9315.2211.04

1992

14.019.758.5810.9415.8414.8317.0217.2815.3911.14

1993

13.939.758.5010.8815.8414.6417.0117.4515.7511.31

1994

13.889.748.5110.7815.8114.5217.1917.3715.6311.07

1995

13.829.818.5310.8615.8414.7416.9517.1415.5711.25

1996

13.849.798.5211.0215.8514.5316.7116.8715.4711.15

1997

14.119.928.8911.1515.9214.5816.7117.1015.6911.11

1998

14.4910.489.3611.5316.1315.3717.2917.4516.0511.78

1999

14.8410.709.4712.0616.3115.5517.1717.6516.1711.99

2000

14.9510.929.6712.1716.4115.3517.1217.8316.3212.14

2001

14.9411.289.9112.2916.7215.6517.5517.8416.6712.51

2002

15.1111.279.9712.2217.0715.8417.5817.9817.1013.09

2003

15.3011.149.7712.2117.0015.8717.5718.2917.1912.96

2004

15.1110.969.6212.0616.8015.6217.7118.1717.2813.21

2005

14.8610.729.3611.8316.5715.6217.4117.9017.2013.19

2006

15.1410.609.3111.7916.6515.3817.3618.0617.1613.06

2007

14.9610.839.4712.0916.4715.0817.4318.0117.1612.98

2008

14.7310.699.4511.7616.6415.0617.3317.9217.1113.12

2009

15.0410.769.5811.8116.8215.2417.6417.9617.7813.89

2010

14.8610.589.5111.3316.6214.9017.3717.8117.7113.73

2011

14.6610.359.3011.0816.2914.6617.1017.3017.3814.06

2012

14.4610.239.1510.9616.1014.4916.7917.0317.3913.80

2013

14.4010.209.1210.9516.1514.3416.6816.8917.3913.89

2014

14.3810.459.2210.9216.1914.3716.5316.8416.8114.25

2015

14.6910.779.6711.0816.3014.8616.5717.3117.3914.30

2016

15.1010.929.9211.6416.3215.1017.0117.5717.4814.85

2017

15.4511.2810.3411.9916.5315.6617.0017.6617.7615.12

2018

15.4511.5110.3412.3316.6115.5717.4617.5517.7914.79

2019

15.5412.0910.3312.6917.0716.0917.7317.7318.0715.21

2020

16.3612.6911.0713.5017.8616.8518.5218.9018.6015.84

Women

1979

$12.07$10.63$10.10$11.73$13.00$13.47$13.23$12.80$12.50$10.40

1980

11.8610.369.4311.3812.7313.3312.8812.7012.2510.15

1981

11.7310.169.6411.2112.8513.4013.0712.5812.1410.16

1982

11.919.779.1710.8312.9713.4113.1312.7912.4010.16

1983

11.919.488.8110.5712.9813.5013.1812.8812.5810.32

1984

11.839.368.5510.3813.0513.3313.3613.1212.5510.40

1985

11.799.228.3010.4813.1713.3113.5913.2412.5510.18

1986

12.069.308.2610.6613.4613.4613.8713.5513.0110.70

1987

12.239.218.1010.6813.4513.4113.8613.7113.1710.59

1988

12.329.458.2510.6513.5913.4214.2613.9012.8310.80

1989

12.349.478.2810.5713.7013.4914.3413.9412.8910.38

1990

12.419.548.3810.7313.6213.5114.2013.8012.9710.50

1991

12.559.448.6210.6113.6413.3614.3714.1412.9210.71

1992

12.639.368.5110.4713.8813.5214.5014.4113.0710.83

1993

12.609.338.3710.5513.9313.4714.4414.4813.3810.94

1994

12.569.228.3710.3613.9513.4814.6314.6613.5510.81

1995

12.629.298.3610.3013.8213.4014.6014.7513.4210.91

1996

12.739.368.3910.3113.8913.2814.6514.7313.2910.63

1997

12.819.608.7410.5614.1113.2314.7414.9413.4011.02

1998

13.119.949.2011.0414.5414.0115.3815.5714.0911.48

1999

13.4610.289.3111.2514.8414.1715.3115.5014.5311.68

2000

13.6710.569.4011.7614.9214.6215.1315.3514.8411.87

2001

14.1310.639.6911.7314.9614.5715.3115.9115.2311.94

2002

14.2710.759.8111.7015.4514.6015.8416.1315.6012.60

2003

14.2210.719.6611.5515.5314.8215.7516.6315.5912.47

2004

13.9710.599.4211.4315.4314.5915.7316.4115.8912.58

2005

13.6910.369.1911.2915.3814.4215.7216.1115.7513.04

2006

13.7110.289.1511.3515.2814.2515.5115.7815.6012.83

2007

13.7410.209.2711.2615.0814.0315.4716.0815.3112.70

2008

13.8410.169.2911.0415.0414.1215.5315.8615.6612.69

2009

14.2210.379.4611.1115.4314.4615.7215.8316.4313.43

2010

14.0710.259.4110.8015.3214.3215.6016.0516.2713.29

2011

13.8210.079.1810.5715.1113.9815.5015.8716.1813.56

2012

13.559.929.0610.3614.8813.7315.2115.5916.2313.38

2013

13.509.949.0110.4714.8813.6215.3315.5216.1813.61

2014

13.3310.009.0710.6914.7713.4015.3215.4715.5313.64

2015

13.7310.439.5610.8715.2114.0915.4416.1716.1413.84

2016

14.0310.799.7811.0615.3514.1115.9116.1516.2914.05

2017

14.3210.8610.1311.6215.6614.7815.7616.0116.0614.66

2018

14.4911.2710.2212.0415.5115.0915.6915.6716.1014.20

2019

15.0311.7310.2112.2215.7715.2816.0916.1616.3814.96

2020

15.2212.1210.8112.9816.5015.9316.9517.0717.0415.03

Men

1979

$18.83$13.00$10.63$15.47$22.30$21.27$23.73$23.67$21.97$11.87

1980

18.3212.3110.1214.7721.6820.8123.4523.3621.7411.38

1981

18.0011.819.9714.0021.3220.0822.7423.2621.5911.53

1982

17.7011.329.4613.2320.8819.8222.9722.9521.0311.52

1983

17.1710.879.1112.5320.6219.2122.8822.7321.6911.79

1984

16.9510.888.8612.2920.4818.7622.6423.0721.1011.69

1985

16.8510.768.6212.0220.3418.3922.5322.9220.7811.47

1986

17.1710.848.6412.2920.4118.1722.6022.9621.5811.72

1987

16.9710.728.6212.4020.0018.0322.0522.3621.2211.62

1988

16.6910.618.7312.2219.7917.7421.5622.5520.5511.65

1989

16.3610.448.8712.1619.6217.2921.3921.9820.2011.92

1990

15.9310.488.9411.9118.9617.0120.6721.4519.6011.71

1991

15.9710.378.8111.5818.5516.6220.4121.7718.7411.56

1992

15.7410.258.7111.3218.2616.3719.8421.8118.8611.71

1993

15.6810.188.6211.2018.0216.1119.7521.5019.4011.88

1994

15.6010.198.6311.3717.8315.7719.9320.9719.1711.51

1995

15.6210.228.7011.5418.1616.0120.1220.8518.8011.59

1996

15.6810.168.6511.5217.7615.9819.6220.4318.3711.60

1997

15.8510.409.0511.5817.9016.0019.4720.6519.0211.23

1998

16.0211.009.5212.3918.6616.2719.8720.7619.4612.32

1999

16.0611.099.6312.5118.6916.8819.9121.3119.0212.24

2000

16.3011.5110.0212.6518.4616.5519.8220.9719.3212.53

2001

16.6011.7410.1213.0818.8916.9820.4120.8918.9913.20

2002

16.8011.6210.1312.8118.8317.1620.1420.7819.3114.11

2003

16.7711.489.9012.6918.6916.9419.9321.0619.8713.81

2004

16.5111.289.8212.4618.8716.5220.0520.7619.9713.60

2005

16.1511.189.5812.2218.4716.1619.7620.0919.6413.33

2006

16.3211.319.5612.5518.3716.2519.3820.6419.3613.80

2007

16.2111.439.7212.4718.4616.0618.9920.2119.3413.78

2008

16.2211.139.6112.0518.1116.2319.3020.2719.1613.86

2009

16.6411.159.7312.0818.2215.9619.4720.5419.4614.51

2010

16.3610.959.6211.7717.8815.5818.8220.0819.5614.17

2011

15.9210.659.4111.4217.4315.2018.4919.4719.6914.82

2012

15.6810.679.2511.2717.1415.0118.1419.2019.5314.72

2013

15.5910.779.3211.1417.0014.9418.0519.1219.2414.34

2014

15.7410.829.4411.1117.2415.4018.1119.0519.1015.30

2015

16.0310.969.8011.6317.3315.4918.0119.1819.6615.46

2016

16.1411.0510.2312.0317.5316.0018.5519.4519.4715.94

2017

16.0511.6110.4312.5417.9516.0018.8919.7919.6415.77

2018

16.5112.1010.4612.5618.3116.3619.0119.5820.1615.36

2019

16.9612.3510.6913.2818.2716.8319.3919.4720.0416.00

2020

17.7513.0811.6014.0819.1817.5620.1021.0520.1516.75

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
Table 21. Inflation-adjusted median hourly earnings, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, for wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, 1979-2020 annual averages [In constant 2020 dollars]
YearTotal,
16 years
and
older
WhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or Latino ethnicity
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$14.80$15.03$13.70-$13.60

1980

14.4714.6513.33-13.33

1981

14.1114.1913.42-13.18

1982

13.9514.1313.07-12.95

1983

13.8714.0412.78-12.63

1984

13.8814.0512.76-12.55

1985

13.8614.0212.64-12.57

1986

14.0314.2113.12-12.78

1987

14.1314.3213.08-12.71

1988

14.2014.3712.97-12.55

1989

14.1214.3012.99-12.26

1990

13.9314.1213.12-12.10

1991

13.9414.1413.01-12.01

1992

14.0114.1912.81-12.07

1993

13.9314.1112.71-12.09

1994

13.8814.0612.63-12.01

1995

13.8214.0812.96-11.84

1996

13.8414.1212.78-11.81

1997

14.1114.3212.92-11.92

1998

14.4914.6813.36-12.61

1999

14.8415.1713.79-12.57

2000

14.9515.0214.09$15.1912.88

2001

14.9415.0414.3415.7613.28

2002

15.1115.4514.3314.9513.30

2003

15.3015.4714.3215.6813.77

2004

15.1115.2914.0015.2513.48

2005

14.8615.2513.5115.9513.21

2006

15.1415.2613.7216.1313.02

2007

14.9615.1213.6315.2912.82

2008

14.7315.1113.4915.6713.22

2009

15.0415.3114.0715.9113.35

2010

14.8615.1514.0015.7212.94

2011

14.6614.8913.6015.4012.75

2012

14.4614.7313.3814.9512.56

2013

14.4014.6413.2515.1712.53

2014

14.3814.8513.0015.3212.94

2015

14.6915.1613.1815.5113.16

2016

15.1015.3613.4715.9513.69

2017

15.4515.7213.6215.9013.90

2018

15.4515.6314.0615.7114.42

2019

15.5416.0414.8416.3315.04

2020

16.3616.7815.1717.2515.20

Women

1979

$12.07$12.07$11.83-$11.47

1980

11.8611.8911.65-11.35

1981

11.7311.7311.48-11.23

1982

11.9111.9111.60-11.19

1983

11.9111.9411.71-10.97

1984

11.8311.8611.60-11.07

1985

11.7911.8211.59-11.08

1986

12.0612.1011.70-11.31

1987

12.2312.2711.79-11.16

1988

12.3212.3611.84-11.14

1989

12.3412.3811.88-11.17

1990

12.4112.4512.00-11.18

1991

12.5512.5712.17-11.12

1992

12.6312.6912.05-11.20

1993

12.6012.6712.16-11.17

1994

12.5612.7212.01-11.09

1995

12.6212.7612.05-11.17

1996

12.7312.8311.86-11.15

1997

12.8112.9012.24-11.00

1998

13.1113.2612.58-11.50

1999

13.4613.6012.66-11.62

2000

13.6713.7113.36$14.7411.90

2001

14.1314.2713.4214.7712.14

2002

14.2714.3413.6414.5712.32

2003

14.2214.2613.9815.0612.52

2004

13.9714.0213.6414.5212.42

2005

13.6913.9413.1915.4612.19

2006

13.7113.8613.0115.3812.23

2007

13.7413.8413.0814.8112.27

2008

13.8414.1012.9914.7612.13

2009

14.2214.3013.3115.3212.20

2010

14.0714.1313.3214.7612.02

2011

13.8213.9013.0114.7611.82

2012

13.5513.6512.6914.4111.54

2013

13.5013.6012.8514.5211.68

2014

13.3313.5412.6614.4711.73

2015

13.7314.0112.7915.0812.11

2016

14.0314.2413.0415.1812.72

2017

14.3214.6513.2515.0312.77

2018

14.4914.7113.4215.4113.20

2019

15.0315.1114.1715.4813.91

2020

15.2215.3114.9516.5614.68

Men

1979

$18.83$19.30$16.30-$15.97

1980

18.3218.7115.56-15.11

1981

18.0018.3815.92-14.71

1982

17.7018.0415.43-14.81

1983

17.1717.5414.79-14.42

1984

16.9517.2914.67-14.38

1985

16.8517.4314.14-13.95

1986

17.1717.6014.86-14.00

1987

16.9717.3114.72-13.91

1988

16.6917.0014.64-13.73

1989

16.3616.7314.28-13.45

1990

15.9316.4714.20-12.99

1991

15.9716.3914.07-12.79

1992

15.7416.1313.83-12.69

1993

15.6816.0513.58-12.60

1994

15.6015.9613.73-12.43

1995

15.6216.2813.81-12.28

1996

15.6816.1313.48-12.55

1997

15.8516.0613.98-12.74

1998

16.0216.2114.47-13.12

1999

16.0616.5315.22-13.41

2000

16.3016.5215.05$16.2713.63

2001

16.6017.0214.9317.3614.18

2002

16.8017.1114.7815.9014.31

2003

16.7716.9715.2516.7714.15

2004

16.5116.7014.9516.3513.76

2005

16.1516.5614.4816.9313.53

2006

16.3216.5814.7016.9613.95

2007

16.2116.5514.4816.5513.85

2008

16.2216.6914.4516.9014.25

2009

16.6416.8714.8416.9414.41

2010

16.3616.6114.4616.7813.95

2011

15.9216.1713.9116.4413.62

2012

15.6816.0113.7915.9913.51

2013

15.5915.8613.5415.8613.35

2014

15.7416.2613.3616.0413.54

2015

16.0316.3213.8416.2514.12

2016

16.1416.3214.0916.2214.92

2017

16.0516.6714.0917.5815.17

2018

16.5117.0414.6617.2115.47

2019

16.9617.3115.1617.4315.44

2020

17.7517.9815.8818.0416.24

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. The Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) is used to convert current dollars to constant (inflation-adjusted) dollars. See the technical notes section. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
Table 22. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by age, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
YearTotal,
16 years
and older
16 to 24 years25 years and older
Total16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and older
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$241$172$144$186$265$255$280$276$262$198

1980

262187154200286276302298285203

1981

284200161213308296326320309222

1982

302208164220327311354345325253

1983

313211164223343321370367346261

1984

326217169231362335389385366272

1985

344224174240379349406400381297

1986

359232178248391360419416397298

1987

374243186259403373435429405310

1988

385249196266414383450453419323

1989

399259204276427394472472431334

1990

412269209285449407486489457343

1991

426277213291467415498507469381

1992

440276212290479422503522483378

1993

459282214297491436517542492393

1994

467286221300500439537566501384

1995

479292231306510451550582514389

1996

490298240312520463559594535384

1997

503306252321540481579607558393

1998

523319268339572502597620592405

1999

549341281363592518611652604404

2000

576361297383609549625669620463

2001

596375305394630576657693638488

2002

608381305399646591668706674502

2003

620387311402662594687723708516

2004

638390309406683604713743725560

2005

651397318411696610731748742569

2006

671409324423718621748773765583

2007

695424337450738643769790803605

2008

722443349467761666804822825644

2009

739442344464774678817838841684

2010

747432347454782682824844860684

2011

756440352457797693837866881742

2012

768444356464815707858878897757

2013

776454373472827708874883904801

2014

791477378491839726881899911824

2015

809487389501860735900923927873

2016

832501405513885751934955952866

2017

860519424540907773964977974909

2018

8865484495769328089861,002994944

2019

9175814815989698461,0351,0331,017936

2020

9846064976241,0299041,1061,1291,096999

Women

1979

$182$154$132$161$195$199$196$192$189$170

1980

201167145175213218214209205175

1981

219180154191233239238225222189

1982

239192158201255258258252245211

1983

252198158207268272272264257212

1984

265203162213283285292279270219

1985

277211166221296296307292285242

1986

291219170231308306319308296256

1987

303227172242321316337324308261

1988

315235184251335327354339317280

1989

328246197260351340370357333292

1990

346254198269369356390377348300

1991

366266205280387371407398363319

1992

380267205280400382418417376328

1993

393273205289415395435440395335

1994

399276211290421397448450398336

1995

406275215291428403453464403353

1996

418284223298444415463481420334

1997

431292240306462427482495433348

1998

456305249319485451498516476350

1999

473324266343497470503534492370

2000

493344283366516493521564508392

2001

512353288375543512547587536390

2002

529367295385568530571602574430

2003

552371299387584546590609601435

2004

573375293391599561608625615478

2005

585381304396612573621644639492

2006

600395305413627583645659658510

2007

614409318426646597668677679534

2008

638420322445670623682707711563

2009

657424323445687634709712727602

2010

669422336439704648731730736601

2011

684421328438718662734744749664

2012

691416330429727666747746766667

2013

706423350442740665767761779691

2014

719451357468752679781780780740

2015

726450364468761690804799784740

2016

749486388500784705839836812749

2017

770499402514810724860855856782

2018

789522421546830750876876853811

2019

821540427563865788920904880815

2020

891589464606929852978977955897

Men

1979

$292$196$155$211$314$295$336$338$312$219

1980

313208162224339314367367345229

1981

340218168237372340397396377266

1982

364225170244393358422419399300

1983

379223168242407371442444416308

1984

392231174250422382471470439328

1985

407241183258443394487489467367

1986

419246186264463402499506484358

1987

434257196275477412510520495380

1988

449262205279487421517549509395

1989

468271209290500434542569521393

1990

481282218298512449560591546403

1991

493285219300523458576612563467

1992

501284218297536466581634579421

1993

510288221303555476596653586451

1994

522294228307576479617671603441

1995

538303244315588490624685623441

1996

557307251321599499632698643477

1997

579317262338615515651713669452

1998

598334281357639544677732699482

1999

618356291379668577702763725470

2000

641375306395693598728771735522

2001

670391319408720617754799760565

2002

679391312410732627759807802583

2003

695398321412744628775834827612

2004

713400318417762639804857843641

2005

722409330422771644822853855644

2006

743418348435797661836897902658

2007

766443357472823687873909933686

2008

798461369481857704915944943753

2009

819458356479873715916967965791

2010

824443355468874714915954979794

2011

832455370470886717935979997821

2012

8544683734829107389579941,005860

2013

8604793904929127449569941,011937

2014

8714933925079227559641,0111,021942

2015

8955104075229477709831,0401,0641,003

2016

9155124195239697941,0071,0751,102992

2017

9415474595709968211,0621,1031,0981,016

2018

9735754715921,0268621,1011,1371,1371,050

2019

1,0076075066231,0708971,1491,1691,1661,066

2020

1,0826225136481,1449521,2051,2601,2281,115

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
Table 23. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
YearTotal,
16 years
and older
WhiteBlack or
African
American
AsianHispanic
or
Latino ethnicity
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$241$248$199-$194

1980

262269212-209

1981

284291235-223

1982

302310245-240

1983

313320261-250

1984

326336269-259

1985

344356277-270

1986

359371291-277

1987

374384301-285

1988

385395314-290

1989

399409319-298

1990

412424329-304

1991

426442348-312

1992

440458357-321

1993

459475369-331

1994

467484371-324

1995

479494383-329

1996

490506387-339

1997

503519400-351

1998

523545426-370

1999

549573445-385

2000

576590474$615399

2001

596610491639417

2002

608623498658424

2003

620636514693440

2004

638657525708456

2005

651672520753471

2006

671690554784486

2007

695716569830503

2008

722742589861529

2009

739757601880541

2010

747765611855535

2011

756775615866549

2012

768792621920568

2013

776802629942578

2014

791816639953594

2015

809835641993604

2016

8328626781,021624

2017

8608906821,043655

2018

8869166941,095680

2019

9179457351,174706

2020

9841,0037941,310758

Women

1979

$182$184$169-$157

1980

201203185-172

1981

219221206-190

1982

239242217-203

1983

252254232-215

1984

265268241-223

1985

277281252-230

1986

291294264-241

1987

303307276-251

1988

315318288-260

1989

328334301-269

1990

346353308-278

1991

366373323-292

1992

380387335-302

1993

393401348-313

1994

399408346-305

1995

406415355-305

1996

418428362-316

1997

431444375-318

1998

456468400-337

1999

473483409-348

2000

493502429$547366

2001

512522454563388

2002

529547473566397

2003

552567491598410

2004

573584505613419

2005

585596499665429

2006

600609519699440

2007

614626533731473

2008

638654554753501

2009

657669582779509

2010

669684592773508

2011

684703595751518

2012

691710599770521

2013

706722606819541

2014

719734611841548

2015

726743615877566

2016

749766641902586

2017

770795657903603

2018

789817654937617

2019

8218407041,025642

2020

8919057641,143705

Men

1979

$292$298$227-$219

1980

313320244-234

1981

340350268-251

1982

364375278-269

1983

379387294-274

1984

392401303-287

1985

407418305-296

1986

419433319-299

1987

434450327-306

1988

449465348-308

1989

468482348-315

1990

481494361-318

1991

493506375-323

1992

501514380-339

1993

510524392-346

1994

522547400-343

1995

538566411-350

1996

557580412-356

1997

579595432-371

1998

598615468-390

1999

618638488-406

2000

641662510$685417

2001

670689529732440

2002

679702524756451

2003

695715555772464

2004

713732569802480

2005

722743559825489

2006

743761591882505

2007

766788600936520

2008

798825620966559

2009

819845621952569

2010

824850633936560

2011

832856653970571

2012

8548796651,055592

2013

8608846641,059594

2014

8718976801,080616

2015

8959206801,129631

2016

9159427181,151663

2017

9419717101,207690

2018

9731,0027351,241720

2019

1,0071,0367691,336747

2020

1,0821,1108301,447797

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
Table 24. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers 25 years and older, by educational attainment, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
YearTotal, 25 years and olderLess than a high school diplomaHigh school graduates, no collegeSome college or associate degreeBachelor's degree and higher
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$265$210$249$282$344

1980

286222266304376

1981

308240286324407

1982

327248302351438

1983

343256311363461

1984

362263323382486

1985

379270333399506

1986

391278344409525

1987

403284356421564

1988

414288368430585

1989

427297375452609

1990

449303386476638

1991

467307397489666

1992

479311403484696

1993

491314415494715

1994

500307421499733

1995

510309432508747

1996

520317443518758

1997

540321461535779

1998

572337479558821

1999

592346490580860

2000

609362505596891

2001

630382520617921

2002

646388535629941

2003

662396554639964

2004

683401574661986

2005

6964095836701,013

2006

7184195956921,039

2007

7384286047041,072

2008

7614536187221,115

2009

7744546267261,137

2010

7824446267341,144

2011

7974516387391,150

2012

8154716527491,165

2013

8274726517481,194

2014

8394886687611,193

2015

8604936787621,230

2016

8855046927791,259

2017

9075207127981,279

2018

9325537308261,324

2019

9695927468561,367

2020

1,0296197819031,421

Women

1979

$195$152$185$211$264

1980

213164201231290

1981

233175217255318

1982

255184236274346

1983

268195246288369

1984

283200259305390

1985

296202268317414

1986

308208277330436

1987

321214288347466

1988

335221298360485

1989

351231304379507

1990

369240315395535

1991

387250328409562

1992

400256337407594

1993

415263347422611

1994

421257351423634

1995

428262356427644

1996

444268365442657

1997

462275378459672

1998

485283396476707

1999

497290405488740

2000

516304420505756

2001

543316443520786

2002

568325458543809

2003

584329474560832

2004

599334488577860

2005

612341493587883

2006

627358500602905

2007

646369512609932

2008

670378520628955

2009

687382542630970

2010

704388543638986

2011

718395554645998

2012

7273865616591,001

2013

7404005736571,043

2014

7524095786611,049

2015

7614185866641,064

2016

7844235996881,101

2017

8104476107001,131

2018

8304696167171,145

2019

8654946337371,195

2020

9295256717791,239

Men

1979

$314$252$308$329$396

1980

339267327358427

1981

372286356389475

1982

393293374411503

1983

407301388422518

1984

422308399446562

1985

443314407472590

1986

463321416485618

1987

477324423497653

1988

487332437503679

1989

500346450517705

1990

512349459542741

1991

523349470563764

1992

536351479555791

1993

555356487572806

1994

576342496587826

1995

588347507596845

1996

599357516604874

1997

615365535621896

1998

639383559643939

1999

668395580665977

2000

6934065916911,020

2001

7204196097231,067

2002

7324216177311,090

2003

7444296287401,131

2004

7624466457611,143

2005

7714556527661,167

2006

7974696787961,205

2007

8234816898101,243

2008

8574977098301,285

2009

8735007168351,327

2010

8744867108451,330

2011

8864887208401,332

2012

9105087358571,371

2013

9125007328581,395

2014

9225177518721,385

2015

9475207598831,420

2016

9695517698961,464

2017

9965847979171,481

2018

1,0266078199511,524

2019

1,0706448449911,573

2020

1,1446748811,0271,644

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
Table 25. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by age, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
YearTotal,
16 years
and
older
16 to 24 years25 years and older
Total16 to 19
years
20 to 24
years
Total25 to 34
years
35 to 44
years
45 to 54
years
55 to 64
years
65 years
and
older
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$4.44$3.49$3.10$4.02$5.11$5.20$5.29$5.16$4.97$3.23

1980

4.823.713.224.295.555.665.765.655.393.56

1981

5.153.973.584.615.996.096.206.015.813.92

1982

5.404.053.604.666.286.356.616.426.114.12

1983

5.594.083.614.696.556.506.916.736.414.40

1984

5.834.183.654.826.846.777.177.086.624.63

1985

6.034.263.674.947.056.927.497.376.914.74

1986

6.204.413.715.067.237.017.797.737.174.97

1987

6.474.593.815.217.467.197.947.867.425.08

1988

6.734.794.035.387.747.438.178.167.485.23

1989

6.994.954.225.657.947.648.568.427.825.42

1990

7.235.164.495.918.167.908.828.798.025.75

1991

7.505.264.696.008.488.049.179.118.195.94

1992

7.725.374.736.038.738.179.389.528.486.14

1993

7.875.514.806.158.958.279.619.868.906.39

1994

8.015.624.916.229.128.389.9210.029.026.39

1995

8.175.805.046.429.368.7110.0210.139.206.65

1996

8.405.945.176.699.628.8210.1410.249.396.77

1997

8.756.155.516.919.879.0410.3610.609.736.89

1998

9.106.585.887.2410.139.6510.8610.9610.087.40

1999

9.536.876.087.7410.479.9811.0211.3310.387.70

2000

9.917.246.418.0710.8810.1811.3511.8210.828.05

2001

10.197.696.768.3811.4010.6711.9712.1711.378.53

2002

10.477.816.918.4711.8310.9812.1812.4611.859.07

2003

10.857.906.938.6612.0511.2512.4612.9712.199.19

2004

11.007.987.008.7812.2311.3712.8913.2312.589.62

2005

11.198.077.058.9112.4811.7613.1113.4812.959.93

2006

11.768.247.239.1612.9411.9513.4914.0313.3310.15

2007

11.958.657.579.6613.1612.0513.9314.3913.7110.37

2008

12.238.877.849.7613.8112.5014.3814.8714.2010.89

2009

12.448.907.929.7713.9112.6014.5914.8514.7011.49

2010

12.508.908.009.5313.9812.5314.6114.9814.8911.55

2011

12.718.978.069.6114.1212.7114.8315.0015.0712.19

2012

12.809.058.109.7014.2512.8214.8615.0715.3912.21

2013

12.939.168.199.8314.5012.8814.9815.1715.6212.47

2014

13.149.558.439.9814.8013.1315.1115.3915.3613.02

2015

13.449.858.8510.1414.9113.6015.1615.8415.9113.08

2016

14.0010.129.2010.7915.1314.0015.7716.2916.2013.77

2017

14.6310.689.7911.3515.6514.8316.1016.7216.8214.32

2018

14.9911.1610.0311.9616.1115.1016.9417.0217.2614.35

2019

15.3511.9410.2112.5416.8715.9017.5217.5217.8515.03

2020

16.3612.6911.0713.5017.8616.8518.5218.9018.6015.84

Women

1979

$3.62$3.19$3.03$3.52$3.90$4.04$3.97$3.84$3.75$3.12

1980

3.953.453.143.794.244.444.294.234.083.38

1981

4.283.713.524.094.694.894.774.594.433.71

1982

4.613.783.554.195.025.195.084.954.803.93

1983

4.803.823.554.265.235.445.315.195.074.16

1984

4.973.933.594.365.485.605.615.515.274.37

1985

5.134.013.614.565.735.795.915.765.464.43

1986

5.334.113.654.715.955.956.135.995.754.73

1987

5.604.223.714.896.166.146.356.286.034.85

1988

5.844.483.915.056.446.366.766.596.085.12

1989

6.114.694.105.236.786.687.106.906.385.14

1990

6.444.954.355.577.077.017.377.166.735.45

1991

6.755.084.645.717.347.197.737.616.955.76

1992

6.965.164.695.777.657.457.997.947.205.97

1993

7.125.274.735.967.877.618.168.187.566.18

1994

7.255.324.835.988.057.788.448.467.826.24

1995

7.465.494.946.098.177.928.638.727.936.45

1996

7.735.685.096.268.438.068.898.948.076.45

1997

7.945.955.426.558.758.209.149.268.316.83

1998

8.236.245.786.939.138.809.669.788.857.21

1999

8.646.605.987.229.539.109.839.959.337.50

2000

9.067.006.237.809.899.6910.0310.189.847.87

2001

9.647.256.618.0010.209.9410.4410.8510.398.14

2002

9.897.456.808.1110.7110.1210.9811.1810.818.73

2003

10.087.596.858.1911.0110.5111.1711.7911.058.84

2004

10.177.716.868.3211.2310.6211.4511.9511.579.16

2005

10.317.806.928.5011.5810.8611.8412.1311.869.82

2006

10.657.997.118.8211.8711.0712.0512.2612.129.97

2007

10.988.157.419.0012.0511.2112.3612.8512.2310.15

2008

11.498.437.719.1612.4811.7212.8913.1613.0010.53

2009

11.768.587.829.1912.7611.9613.0013.0913.5911.11

2010

11.838.627.919.0812.8812.0413.1213.5013.6811.18

2011

11.988.737.969.1613.1012.1213.4413.7614.0311.76

2012

11.998.788.029.1713.1712.1513.4613.8014.3611.84

2013

12.128.938.099.4013.3612.2313.7713.9414.5312.22

2014

12.189.148.299.7713.5012.2514.0014.1414.1912.47

2015

12.569.548.759.9513.9212.8914.1314.8014.7712.66

2016

13.0110.009.0710.2514.2313.0814.7514.9715.1013.02

2017

13.5610.289.5911.0014.8314.0014.9215.1615.2113.88

2018

14.0610.939.9111.6815.0414.6415.2215.2015.6213.77

2019

14.8511.5910.0912.0715.5815.1015.9015.9716.1814.78

2020

15.2212.1210.8112.9816.5015.9316.9517.0717.0415.03

Men

1979

$5.65$3.90$3.19$4.64$6.69$6.38$7.12$7.10$6.59$3.56

1980

6.104.103.374.927.226.937.817.787.243.79

1981

6.574.313.645.117.787.338.308.497.884.21

1982

6.854.383.665.128.087.678.898.888.144.46

1983

6.924.383.675.058.317.749.229.168.744.75

1984

7.124.573.725.168.607.889.519.698.864.91

1985

7.334.683.755.238.858.009.809.979.044.99

1986

7.594.793.825.439.028.039.9910.159.545.18

1987

7.774.913.955.689.168.2610.1010.249.725.32

1988

7.915.034.145.799.388.4110.2210.699.745.52

1989

8.105.174.396.029.718.5610.5910.8810.005.90

1990

8.275.444.646.189.848.8310.7311.1310.176.08

1991

8.595.584.746.239.988.9410.9811.7110.086.22

1992

8.675.654.806.2410.069.0210.9312.0210.396.45

1993

8.865.754.876.3310.189.1011.1612.1510.966.71

1994

9.005.884.986.5610.299.1011.5012.1011.066.64

1995

9.236.045.146.8210.739.4611.8912.3211.116.85

1996

9.526.175.256.9910.789.7011.9112.4011.157.04

1997

9.836.455.617.1811.109.9212.0712.8011.796.96

1998

10.066.915.987.7811.7210.2212.4813.0412.227.74

1999

10.317.126.188.0312.0010.8412.7813.6812.217.86

2000

10.817.636.648.3912.2410.9713.1413.9012.818.31

2001

11.328.016.908.9212.8811.5813.9214.2512.959.00

2002

11.648.057.028.8813.0511.8913.9614.4013.389.78

2003

11.898.147.029.0013.2512.0114.1314.9314.099.79

2004

12.028.217.159.0713.7412.0314.6015.1114.549.90

2005

12.168.427.219.2013.9112.1714.8815.1314.7910.04

2006

12.688.797.439.7514.2712.6315.0616.0415.0410.72

2007

12.959.137.779.9614.7512.8315.1716.1515.4511.01

2008

13.469.247.9810.0015.0313.4716.0216.8215.9011.50

2009

13.769.228.059.9915.0713.2016.1016.9916.0912.00

2010

13.769.218.099.9015.0413.1015.8316.8916.4511.92

2011

13.809.238.169.9015.1113.1816.0316.8817.0712.85

2012

13.889.448.199.9715.1713.2816.0516.9917.2813.03

2013

14.009.678.3710.0015.2713.4216.2117.1717.2812.88

2014

14.399.898.6310.1515.7614.0816.5517.4117.4613.98

2015

14.6710.038.9710.6415.8614.1716.4817.5517.9914.15

2016

14.9610.249.4811.1516.2514.8317.2018.0318.0514.78

2017

15.2010.999.8811.8817.0015.1517.8918.7418.6014.93

2018

16.0111.7410.1512.1817.7615.8718.4418.9919.5614.90

2019

16.7612.2010.5613.1218.0516.6319.1619.2419.8015.81

2020

17.7513.0811.6014.0819.1817.5620.1021.0520.1516.75

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
Table 26. Median hourly earnings of wage and salary workers paid hourly rates, by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979-2020 annual averages [In current dollars]
YearTotal,
16 years
and
older
WhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or Latino ethnicity
 
 
 
 
 
 

Total

1979

$4.44$4.51$4.11-$4.08

1980

4.824.884.44-4.44

1981

5.155.184.90-4.81

1982

5.405.475.06-5.01

1983

5.595.665.15-5.09

1984

5.835.905.36-5.27

1985

6.036.105.50-5.47

1986

6.206.285.80-5.65

1987

6.476.565.99-5.82

1988

6.736.816.15-5.95

1989

6.997.086.43-6.07

1990

7.237.336.81-6.28

1991

7.507.617.00-6.46

1992

7.727.827.06-6.65

1993

7.877.977.18-6.83

1994

8.018.117.29-6.93

1995

8.178.327.66-7.00

1996

8.408.577.76-7.17

1997

8.758.888.01-7.39

1998

9.109.228.39-7.92

1999

9.539.748.85-8.07

2000

9.919.969.34$10.078.54

2001

10.1910.269.7810.759.06

2002

10.4710.719.9310.369.22

2003

10.8510.9710.1511.129.76

2004

11.0011.1310.1911.109.81

2005

11.1911.4810.1712.019.95

2006

11.7611.8610.6612.5310.12

2007

11.9512.0810.8912.2210.24

2008

12.2312.5411.2013.0110.97

2009

12.4412.6611.6413.1611.04

2010

12.5012.7411.7713.2210.88

2011

12.7112.9111.7913.3511.05

2012

12.8013.0411.8413.2311.12

2013

12.9313.1511.9013.6211.25

2014

13.1413.5711.8814.0011.83

2015

13.4413.8712.0614.1912.04

2016

14.0014.2412.4914.7912.69

2017

14.6314.8912.9015.0613.16

2018

14.9915.1613.6415.2413.99

2019

15.3515.8514.6616.1314.86

2020

16.3616.7815.1717.2515.20

Women

1979

$3.62$3.62$3.55-$3.44

1980

3.953.963.88-3.78

1981

4.284.284.19-4.10

1982

4.614.614.49-4.33

1983

4.804.814.72-4.42

1984

4.974.984.87-4.65

1985

5.135.145.04-4.82

1986

5.335.355.17-5.00

1987

5.605.625.40-5.11

1988

5.845.865.61-5.28

1989

6.116.135.88-5.53

1990

6.446.466.23-5.80

1991

6.756.766.55-5.98

1992

6.966.996.64-6.17

1993

7.127.166.87-6.31

1994

7.257.346.93-6.40

1995

7.467.547.12-6.60

1996

7.737.797.20-6.77

1997

7.948.007.59-6.82

1998

8.238.337.90-7.22

1999

8.648.738.13-7.46

2000

9.069.098.86$9.777.89

2001

9.649.739.1510.078.28

2002

9.899.949.4510.108.54

2003

10.0810.119.9110.688.88

2004

10.1710.219.9310.579.04

2005

10.3110.509.9311.649.18

2006

10.6510.7710.1111.959.50

2007

10.9811.0610.4511.839.80

2008

11.4911.7010.7812.2510.07

2009

11.7611.8311.0112.6710.09

2010

11.8311.8811.2012.4110.11

2011

11.9812.0511.2812.8010.25

2012

11.9912.0811.2312.7510.21

2013

12.1212.2111.5413.0410.49

2014

12.1812.3811.5713.2310.72

2015

12.5612.8211.7013.8011.08

2016

13.0113.2012.0914.0711.79

2017

13.5613.8712.5514.2312.09

2018

14.0614.2713.0214.9512.80

2019

14.8514.9314.0015.2913.74

2020

15.2215.3114.9516.5614.68

Men

1979

$5.65$5.79$4.89-$4.79

1980

6.106.235.18-5.03

1981

6.576.715.81-5.37

1982

6.856.985.97-5.73

1983

6.927.075.96-5.81

1984

7.127.266.16-6.04

1985

7.337.586.15-6.07

1986

7.597.786.57-6.19

1987

7.777.936.74-6.37

1988

7.918.066.94-6.51

1989

8.108.287.07-6.66

1990

8.278.557.37-6.74

1991

8.598.827.57-6.88

1992

8.678.897.62-6.99

1993

8.869.077.67-7.12

1994

9.009.217.92-7.17

1995

9.239.628.16-7.26

1996

9.529.798.18-7.62

1997

9.839.968.67-7.90

1998

10.0610.189.09-8.24

1999

10.3110.619.77-8.61

2000

10.8110.959.98$10.799.04

2001

11.3211.6110.1811.849.67

2002

11.6411.8610.2411.029.92

2003

11.8912.0310.8111.8910.03

2004

12.0212.1610.8811.9010.02

2005

12.1612.4710.9012.7510.19

2006

12.6812.8811.4213.1810.84

2007

12.9513.2211.5713.2211.07

2008

13.4613.8511.9914.0311.83

2009

13.7613.9512.2714.0111.92

2010

13.7613.9712.1614.1111.73

2011

13.8014.0212.0614.2511.81

2012

13.8814.1712.2014.1511.96

2013

14.0014.2412.1614.2411.99

2014

14.3914.8612.2114.6612.38

2015

14.6714.9312.6614.8712.92

2016

14.9615.1313.0615.0413.83

2017

15.2015.7913.3416.6514.37

2018

16.0116.5314.2216.6915.01

2019

16.7617.1014.9817.2215.25

2020

17.7517.9815.8818.0416.24

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Note: The comparability of historical labor force data has been affected at various times by methodological and other changes in the Current Population Survey (CPS). Information about historical comparability is online at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#comp. As of 2003, estimates for the race groups shown (White, Black or African American, and Asian) include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian data for 2000-2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders. As of 2003, Asians constitute a separate category. Data for Asians were not tabulated prior to 2000. People of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race; estimates for the race groups include Hispanics. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provide information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau using a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 eligible households representing all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The survey data on earnings are based on one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers, both incorporated and unincorporated, are excluded from the data presented in this report.

The earnings comparisons in this report are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can help explain earnings differences. This includes the direct comparisons of earnings levels among demographic groups and the women’s-to-men’s earnings ratios (that is, women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s) shown in the tables. For example, the overall ratio of women’s-to-men’s earnings for full-time workers presented here is not controlled for differences in important determinants of earnings such as age, occupation, and educational attainment. The earnings comparisons in this report are not restricted to workers with otherwise comparable characteristics and comparable jobs. Even controlling for one of the factors may not fully explain earnings differences. Comparisons of women’s and men’s earnings by detailed occupation, for example, are not simultaneously controlled for differences in key factors such as age, job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be used without permission. Information in this report will be made available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice telephone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

Concepts and definitions

The principal concepts and definitions used in this report are described briefly below.

Wage and salary workers are people age 16 and older who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payments in kind, or piece rates on their sole or principal job. This group includes employees in both the public and private sectors. All self-employed workers are excluded whether or not their businesses are incorporated.

Full-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Part-time workers are defined for the purpose of these estimates as those who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) does not define full- or part-time employment.

Usual weekly earnings reflect earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Before 1994, survey respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, or other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is determined by each respondent’s own understanding of the term. If the respondent asks for a definition of “usual,” interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.

Median earnings reflect the midpoint in a given earnings distribution, with half of the workers having earnings above the median and the other half having earnings below the median. This applies to both usual weekly and hourly earnings estimates.

The BLS procedure for estimating the median of a weekly earnings distribution places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into a $50-wide interval that is centered around a multiple of $50. Similarly, for hourly earnings, medians are calculated based on earnings distributions using $0.50-wide intervals that are centered around multiples of $0.50. In both cases, the median is calculated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.

Changes over time in the medians for specific groups may not necessarily be consistent with the movements estimated for the overall median boundary. The most common reasons for this possible anomaly are as follows:

There could be a change in the relative weights of the subgroups. For example, the median earnings of 16- to 24-year-olds, and 25 years and older may rise. However, if the lower earning 16-to-24 age group accounts for a greatly increased share of the total, the overall median could actually fall.

There could be a large change in the shape of the distribution of reported earnings, particularly near a median boundary. This change could be caused by survey observations that are clustered at rounded values, such as $700 or $800. An estimate lying in a $50-wide centered interval containing such a cluster tends to change more slowly than one in other intervals. Consider, for example, the calculation of the median for a multipeaked earnings distribution that shifts over time. As this distribution shifts, the median does not necessarily move at the same rate. Specifically, the median takes relatively more time to move through a frequently reported earnings interval, but once above the upper limit of such an interval, it can move relatively quickly to the next frequently reported interval. BLS procedures for estimating medians mitigate such irregular movements; however, users should be cautious of these effects when evaluating short-term changes in the medians and in ratios of the medians.

Workers paid hourly rates are employed wage and salary workers who report that they are paid by the hour on their job. Typically, workers who are paid an hourly wage have made up approximately 60 percent of all wage and salary workers. Estimates of workers paid by the hour include both full- and part-time workers unless otherwise specified.

Hourly earnings data are for wage and salary workers who are paid by the hour and pertain to earnings from a person’s sole or principal job. Hourly earnings for hourly paid workers do not include overtime pay, commissions, or tips received.

Workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage include only workers who are paid hourly rates. Salaried workers and other nonhourly paid workers are excluded, even though some have earnings that, if converted to hourly rates, would be at or below the federal minimum wage.

The estimates of workers paid at or below the federal minimum wage in this report are based solely on whether the hourly wage they report (which does not include overtime pay, tips, or commissions) is at or below the federal minimum wage. Some respondents might round hourly earnings when answering survey questions. As a result, some workers might report having hourly earnings above or below the federal minimum wage when, in fact, they earn the minimum wage.

Some workers who reported earnings below the prevailing federal minimum wage may not be covered by federal or state minimum wage laws because of exclusions and exemptions in the statutes. Thus, the presence of workers with hourly earnings below the federal minimum wage does not necessarily indicate violations of the federal Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) or state statutes in cases where such standards apply. The CPS does not include questions on whether workers are covered by the minimum wage provisions of the FLSA or by individual state or local minimum wage laws.

The estimates presented in this report likely understate the actual number of workers with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage. BLS does not routinely estimate the hourly earnings of workers not paid by the hour because there are data quality concerns associated with constructing such an estimate.

Regular collection of earnings data in the basic CPS began in 1979. The prevailing federal minimum wage from 1979 to the present is as follows, with the last change occurring in 2009.

Federal minimum wage

Effective date

$2.90

January 1, 1979

$3.10

January 1, 1980

$3.35

January 1, 1981

$3.80

April 1, 1990

$4.25

April 1, 1991

$4.75

October 1, 1996

$5.15

September 1, 1997

$5.85

July 24, 2007

$6.55

July 24, 2008

$7.25

July 24, 2009

When the minimum wage has increased during a given year, the annual average estimates of the number of minimum wage workers reflect both minimum wage levels in effect during the year. For example, data for 2007 reflect the number of workers who earned the federal minimum wage of $5.15 for January to July and the number of workers who earned the minimum wage of $5.85 for August to December.

Race is reported by the household survey respondent. In accordance with the Office of Management and Budget standards, White, Black or African American, and Asian are terms used to describe a person’s race. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. People who identify more than one race are tabulated separately in the category Two or More Races. Before 2003, people identified one group as their main race. For more information on the 2003 changes to questions on race, see “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003.” Data for other race groups—American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders—and for people of Two or More Races are included in totals but not separately identified in this report because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of acceptable reliability.

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity refers to people who identified themselves in the survey process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. People who identify themselves as Hispanic or Latino ethnicity may be of any race and are included in estimates for the race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) in addition to being shown separately.

Married, spouse present refers to people in either opposite-sex or same-sex marriages living together in the same household, even though one spouse may be temporarily absent on business, on vacation, on a visit, in a hospital, or for other reasons.

Other marital status refers to people who never married; and those who are widowed; divorced; separated; and married, spouse absent. Separated includes people with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other people permanently or temporarily separated because of marital discord. Married, spouse absent, includes married people living apart because either the husband or wife was employed and living at a considerable distance from home, was serving away from home in the Armed Forces, had moved to another area, or had a different place of residence for any other reason except those listed in the separated definition above.

Inflation-adjusted earnings shown in this report use the Consumer Price Index research series using current methods (CPI-U-RS) to convert current dollars to constant, or inflation-adjusted, dollars. BLS has made numerous improvements to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over the years. Although these improvements make the CPI more accurate, the histories of official CPI series are not adjusted to reflect the improvements. Because many researchers need a historical series that measures price change consistently over time, BLS developed the CPI-U-RS to provide an estimate of the CPI that incorporates most of the methodological improvements made since 1978 into the entire series. For further information, see the CPI research series webpage.

This report uses the most recent version of the CPI-U-RS available at the time of production. Users should note that the CPI-U-RS is subject to periodic revision. As a result, the rate of inflation incorporated into the inflation-adjusted median earnings estimates in this report may differ from the rate used in previous reports in this series or in other publications.

Reliability

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.645 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

Readers should be aware that because of sampling error, apparent differences between estimates for two or more groups or categories may not be statistically significant, and therefore not meaningfully different from one another. Standard errors are shown with many of the median earnings estimates in this report to help readers evaluate differences in earnings estimates.

The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information on all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. Further information about the reliability of data from the CPS is available on the CPS Technical Documentation page of the BLS website.