Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), not seasonally adjusted Food Manufacturing (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 4.1 9.1 8.5 0.6 5.0 4.4 0.6 December -3.7 6.0 5.4 0.6 9.7 9.0 0.7 1993 March -2.3 5.5 4.2 1.3 7.8 6.4 1.4 June 2.6 7.9 7.1 0.8 5.3 4.6 0.7 September 4.6 9.6 8.9 0.7 5.0 4.3 0.7 December -4.0 5.6 4.9 0.7 9.6 9.0 0.6 1994 March -3.0 4.8 4.0 0.8 7.8 6.6 1.2 June 2.9 8.2 7.2 1.0 5.3 4.4 0.9 September 4.6 9.2 8.5 0.7 4.6 3.9 0.7 December -3.3 5.6 4.8 0.8 8.9 8.2 0.7 1995 March -2.9 5.0 4.0 1.0 7.9 6.8 1.1 June 3.3 8.2 7.2 1.0 4.9 4.1 0.8 September 3.6 8.9 8.1 0.8 5.3 4.4 0.9 December -2.6 6.3 5.5 0.8 8.9 8.1 0.8 1996 March -2.7 5.4 4.3 1.1 8.1 6.9 1.2 June 1.5 7.0 6.3 0.7 5.5 4.8 0.7 September 3.2 8.5 7.8 0.7 5.3 4.5 0.8 December -2.4 5.8 5.2 0.6 8.2 7.5 0.7 1997 March -2.8 5.1 4.2 0.9 7.9 6.5 1.4 June 2.5 7.3 6.3 1.0 4.8 4.0 0.8 September 3.0 8.2 7.4 0.8 5.2 4.2 1.0 December -2.9 5.7 4.9 0.8 8.6 7.5 1.1 1998 March -2.6 5.1 3.8 1.3 7.7 6.4 1.3 June 2.2 7.0 6.1 0.9 4.8 3.9 0.9 September 3.1 8.0 7.2 0.8 4.9 4.3 0.6 December -2.1 5.6 5.2 0.4 7.7 7.0 0.7 1999 March -2.9 5.2 4.1 1.1 8.1 6.4 1.7 June 2.0 6.7 5.9 0.8 4.7 4.0 0.7 September 3.1 7.8 7.2 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -2.0 5.5 4.8 0.7 7.5 6.8 0.7 2000 March -3.1 4.1 3.5 0.6 7.2 6.1 1.1 June 2.0 6.7 5.8 0.9 4.7 4.1 0.6 September 2.4 6.9 6.3 0.6 4.5 3.9 0.6 December -2.0 5.2 4.7 0.5 7.2 6.5 0.7 2001 March -2.7 4.4 3.8 0.6 7.1 6.0 1.1 June 1.9 6.2 5.6 0.6 4.3 3.7 0.6 September 2.6 6.8 6.3 0.5 4.2 3.7 0.5 December -2.7 4.7 4.2 0.5 7.4 6.5 0.9 2002 March -3.1 3.7 3.2 0.5 6.8 5.9 0.9 June 1.6 6.1 5.5 0.6 4.5 3.8 0.7 September 2.5 6.6 6.1 0.5 4.1 3.5 0.6 December -2.1 4.5 4.1 0.4 6.6 6.1 0.5 2003 March -3.4 3.9 3.3 0.6 7.3 6.3 1.0 June 1.4 5.6 5.0 0.6 4.2 3.7 0.5 September 2.7 6.8 6.2 0.6 4.1 3.5 0.6 December -2.3 4.4 4.0 0.4 6.7 6.2 0.5 2004 March -3.0 3.8 3.4 0.4 6.8 5.6 1.2 June 1.9 6.0 5.3 0.7 4.1 3.4 0.7 September 1.7 6.2 5.7 0.5 4.5 3.7 0.8 December -1.9 4.5 4.1 0.4 6.4 5.9 0.5 2005 March -2.7 3.7 3.2 0.5 6.4 5.4 1.0 June 1.4 5.4 4.9 0.5 4.0 3.6 0.4 September 2.2 6.1 5.7 0.4 3.9 3.4 0.5 December -2.3 4.2 3.8 0.4 6.5 6.0 0.5 2006 March -1.9 3.5 3.1 0.4 5.4 4.8 0.6 June 1.4 5.3 4.8 0.5 3.9 3.5 0.4 September 2.2 6.0 5.6 0.4 3.8 3.4 0.4 December -1.9 4.3 3.9 0.4 6.2 5.8 0.4 2007 March -1.8 3.5 3.1 0.4 5.3 4.8 0.5 June 1.9 5.6 5.1 0.5 3.7 3.3 0.4 September 2.2 5.7 5.3 0.4 3.5 3.2 0.3 December -1.5 4.5 4.2 0.3 6.0 5.6 0.4 2008 March -2.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 5.6 4.8 0.8 June 1.4 5.2 4.7 0.5 3.8 3.4 0.4 September 1.8 5.6 5.3 0.3 3.8 3.4 0.4 December -2.4 4.0 3.7 0.3 6.4 6.0 0.4 2009 March -3.0 2.9 2.6 0.3 5.9 5.4 0.5 June 1.9 5.3 4.7 0.6 3.4 3.1 0.3 September 2.4 5.7 5.4 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -2.4 3.6 3.3 0.3 6.0 5.7 0.3 2010 March -2.1 3.0 2.6 0.4 5.1 4.7 0.4 June 2.1 5.2 4.7 0.5 3.1 2.9 0.2 September 2.3 5.6 5.3 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -2.2 4.0 3.6 0.4 6.2 5.8 0.4 2011 March -1.4 3.3 2.9 0.4 4.7 4.2 0.5 June 1.3 4.9 4.3 0.6 3.6 3.2 0.4 September 2.9 6.3 5.9 0.4 3.4 3.1 0.3 December -2.6 3.8 3.4 0.4 6.4 6.0 0.4 2012 March -1.6 3.4 2.9 0.5 5.0 4.5 0.5 June 2.1 5.3 4.8 0.5 3.2 2.8 0.4 September 2.3 5.6 5.2 0.4 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -2.7 3.8 3.4 0.4 6.5 6.1 0.4 2013 March -1.1 3.4 3.0 0.4 4.5 4.0 0.5 June 1.9 5.3 4.7 0.6 3.4 3.1 0.3 September 2.1 5.4 5.1 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -1.9 3.9 3.5 0.4 5.8 5.4 0.4 2014 March -1.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 4.6 4.1 0.5 June 2.1 5.3 4.8 0.5 3.2 2.9 0.3 September 1.6 5.2 4.9 0.3 3.6 3.3 0.3 December -1.7 3.9 3.5 0.4 5.6 5.3 0.3 2015 March -1.2 3.3 3.0 0.3 4.5 4.1 0.4 June 2.3 5.4 5.0 0.4 3.1 2.8 0.3 September 1.9 5.1 4.8 0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 December -1.5 4.1 3.7 0.4 5.6 5.3 0.3 2016 March -0.9 3.5 3.1 0.4 4.4 3.8 0.6 June 2.1 5.4 4.9 0.5 3.3 2.9 0.4 September 1.9 5.3 5.0 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December -0.8 4.1 3.8 0.3 4.9 4.6 0.3 2017 March -0.6 3.5 3.2 0.3 4.1 3.7 0.4 June 2.1 5.2 4.8 0.4 3.1 2.8 0.3 September 1.1 4.6 4.3 0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 December -0.9 3.8 3.5 0.3 4.7 4.4 0.3 2018 March -1.1 3.2 2.8 0.4 4.3 3.9 0.4 June 1.4 4.7 4.3 0.4 3.3 3.0 0.3 September 1.4 4.8 4.4 0.4 3.4 3.1 0.3 December -0.9 3.9 3.6 0.3 4.8 4.4 0.4 2019 March -1.0 3.3 2.9 0.4 4.3 3.8 0.5 June 1.5 4.7 4.3 0.4 3.2 2.9 0.3 September 1.2 4.6 4.3 0.3 3.4 3.1 0.3 December -0.8 3.9 3.6 0.3 4.7 4.4 0.3 2020 March -1.1 3.2 2.8 0.4 4.3 3.8 0.5 June -3.0 3.9 3.5 0.4 6.9 6.2 0.7 September 2.2 5.6 5.1 0.5 3.4 3.1 0.3 December 0.8 4.8 4.3 0.5 4.0 3.8 0.2 2021 March -0.9 3.2 2.9 0.3 4.1 3.7 0.4 June -0.1 4.3 3.9 0.4 4.4 4.1 0.3 September 1.2 5.0 4.6 0.4 3.8 3.5 0.3 December 1.4 5.5 5.0 0.5 4.1 3.8 0.3 2022 March -0.1 3.8 3.4 0.4 3.9 3.5 0.4 June 1.6 4.8 4.3 0.5 3.2 2.9 0.3 September 1.9 5.3 4.9 0.4 3.4 3.0 0.4 December 0.0 4.3 3.8 0.5 4.3 4.0 0.3 2023 March -0.4 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.0 3.6 0.4 June 1.6 5.0 4.5 0.5 3.4 2.9 0.5 September 0.6 4.4 4.0 0.4 3.8 3.3 0.5 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.