Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), not seasonally adjusted Manufacturing (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 0.0 4.9 4.2 0.7 4.9 4.2 0.7 December -0.8 4.5 3.9 0.6 5.3 4.6 0.7 1993 March -0.8 5.2 4.1 1.1 6.0 4.7 1.3 June 1.2 5.5 4.8 0.7 4.3 3.6 0.7 September 0.2 4.9 4.3 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -0.3 4.6 4.0 0.6 4.9 4.3 0.6 1994 March -0.7 4.9 4.0 0.9 5.6 4.5 1.1 June 2.2 6.1 5.2 0.9 3.9 3.1 0.8 September 0.9 5.1 4.5 0.6 4.2 3.7 0.5 December 0.1 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.6 4.0 0.6 1995 March -0.2 5.1 4.2 0.9 5.3 4.4 0.9 June 1.2 5.4 4.6 0.8 4.2 3.6 0.6 September -0.1 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.8 4.1 0.7 December -0.4 4.5 3.9 0.6 4.9 4.3 0.6 1996 March -1.1 4.8 3.9 0.9 5.9 4.9 1.0 June 1.4 5.6 4.8 0.8 4.2 3.6 0.6 September 0.0 4.6 4.0 0.6 4.6 3.9 0.7 December -0.1 4.5 4.0 0.5 4.6 4.0 0.6 1997 March -0.4 4.9 4.0 0.9 5.3 4.3 1.0 June 1.7 5.7 4.8 0.9 4.0 3.3 0.7 September 0.2 4.9 4.2 0.7 4.7 3.9 0.8 December 0.3 4.9 4.1 0.8 4.6 3.8 0.8 1998 March -0.2 5.2 4.0 1.2 5.4 4.2 1.2 June 0.9 5.3 4.4 0.9 4.4 3.6 0.8 September -0.4 4.3 3.7 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -0.6 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.8 4.2 0.6 1999 March -1.4 4.7 3.8 0.9 6.1 4.8 1.3 June 0.9 5.2 4.4 0.8 4.3 3.6 0.7 September -0.2 4.5 3.9 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -0.1 4.4 3.8 0.6 4.5 3.9 0.6 2000 March -0.7 4.7 3.8 0.9 5.4 4.3 1.1 June 1.0 5.1 4.5 0.6 4.1 3.5 0.6 September -0.9 4.1 3.6 0.5 5.0 4.3 0.7 December -0.7 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.9 4.3 0.6 2001 March -2.4 4.2 3.5 0.7 6.6 5.5 1.1 June -1.5 4.1 3.6 0.5 5.6 4.9 0.7 September -2.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 6.0 5.2 0.8 December -2.8 3.4 2.9 0.5 6.2 5.5 0.7 2002 March -2.4 4.1 3.4 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 June 0.1 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.6 3.8 0.8 September -1.2 3.7 3.2 0.5 4.9 4.2 0.7 December -1.6 3.5 3.1 0.4 5.1 4.5 0.6 2003 March -2.2 4.0 3.4 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 June -0.4 4.1 3.6 0.5 4.5 3.9 0.6 September -1.0 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.6 4.0 0.6 December -0.7 3.7 3.3 0.4 4.4 3.9 0.5 2004 March -0.6 4.4 3.8 0.6 5.0 4.1 0.9 June 1.2 4.8 4.3 0.5 3.6 3.0 0.6 September -0.1 3.9 3.5 0.4 4.0 3.4 0.6 December -0.6 3.7 3.3 0.4 4.3 3.7 0.6 2005 March -0.8 4.0 3.5 0.5 4.8 3.9 0.9 June 0.8 4.5 4.0 0.5 3.7 3.2 0.5 September -0.3 3.8 3.4 0.4 4.1 3.6 0.5 December -0.1 3.9 3.5 0.4 4.0 3.6 0.4 2006 March -0.7 3.7 3.3 0.4 4.4 3.8 0.6 June 1.0 4.4 4.0 0.4 3.4 3.0 0.4 September -0.9 3.4 3.1 0.3 4.3 3.8 0.5 December -0.8 3.5 3.2 0.3 4.3 3.9 0.4 2007 March -1.2 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.8 4.2 0.6 June 0.8 4.3 3.9 0.4 3.5 3.1 0.4 September -0.8 3.2 2.9 0.3 4.0 3.6 0.4 December -0.7 3.4 3.1 0.3 4.1 3.7 0.4 2008 March -1.7 3.4 3.0 0.4 5.1 4.4 0.7 June 0.3 4.0 3.6 0.4 3.7 3.3 0.4 September -1.6 3.1 2.8 0.3 4.7 4.3 0.4 December -3.5 2.7 2.4 0.3 6.2 5.7 0.5 2009 March -6.4 2.3 2.0 0.3 8.7 8.0 0.7 June -3.1 3.5 3.1 0.4 6.6 6.0 0.6 September -0.9 3.9 3.6 0.3 4.8 4.2 0.6 December -1.2 3.3 3.0 0.3 4.5 4.1 0.4 2010 March -1.1 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.7 4.0 0.7 June 1.8 4.8 4.4 0.4 3.0 2.6 0.4 September 0.3 3.7 3.4 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December -0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 3.8 3.4 0.4 2011 March 0.0 3.7 3.3 0.4 3.7 3.2 0.5 June 1.7 4.5 4.1 0.4 2.8 2.4 0.4 September 0.4 3.8 3.5 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December -0.2 3.4 3.1 0.3 3.6 3.3 0.3 2012 March 0.0 3.6 3.2 0.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 June 1.8 4.4 4.0 0.4 2.6 2.3 0.3 September 0.0 3.3 3.0 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 2013 March -0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 June 1.3 4.1 3.7 0.4 2.8 2.4 0.4 September -0.1 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 December 0.0 3.3 3.0 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 2014 March -0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 June 1.5 4.1 3.8 0.3 2.6 2.3 0.3 September 0.1 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.1 2.8 0.3 December 0.3 3.4 3.1 0.3 3.1 2.8 0.3 2015 March -0.7 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.7 3.2 0.5 June 1.2 4.0 3.7 0.3 2.8 2.5 0.3 September -0.2 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -0.4 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 2016 March -0.8 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.8 3.3 0.5 June 0.9 3.9 3.6 0.3 3.0 2.7 0.3 September -0.4 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.5 3.1 0.4 December -0.1 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 2017 March -0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.5 3.0 0.5 June 1.4 4.1 3.8 0.3 2.7 2.4 0.3 September -0.4 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December 0.5 3.5 3.2 0.3 3.0 2.7 0.3 2018 March 0.1 3.3 2.9 0.4 3.2 2.8 0.4 June 1.4 4.0 3.7 0.3 2.6 2.3 0.3 September -0.2 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 December 0.5 3.4 3.1 0.3 2.9 2.6 0.3 2019 March -0.3 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 June 0.9 3.7 3.4 0.3 2.8 2.5 0.3 September -0.7 2.7 2.5 0.2 3.4 3.1 0.3 December -0.2 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.