Table 4. Private sector gross job gains and losses, as a percent of employment(1), not seasonally adjusted Manufacturing (Percent) Gross job gains Gross job losses Year 3 months ended Net change(2) Total Expanding Opening Total Contracting Closing establishments establishments establishments establishments 1992 September 0.0 4.9 4.2 0.7 4.9 4.2 0.7 December -0.8 4.5 3.9 0.6 5.3 4.6 0.7 1993 March -0.8 5.2 4.1 1.1 6.0 4.7 1.3 June 1.2 5.5 4.8 0.7 4.3 3.6 0.7 September 0.2 4.9 4.3 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -0.3 4.6 4.0 0.6 4.9 4.3 0.6 1994 March -0.7 4.9 4.0 0.9 5.6 4.5 1.1 June 2.2 6.1 5.2 0.9 3.9 3.1 0.8 September 0.9 5.1 4.5 0.6 4.2 3.7 0.5 December 0.1 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.6 4.0 0.6 1995 March -0.2 5.1 4.2 0.9 5.3 4.4 0.9 June 1.2 5.4 4.6 0.8 4.2 3.6 0.6 September -0.1 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.8 4.1 0.7 December -0.4 4.5 3.9 0.6 4.9 4.3 0.6 1996 March -1.1 4.8 3.9 0.9 5.9 4.9 1.0 June 1.4 5.6 4.8 0.8 4.2 3.6 0.6 September 0.0 4.6 4.0 0.6 4.6 3.9 0.7 December -0.1 4.5 4.0 0.5 4.6 4.0 0.6 1997 March -0.4 4.9 4.0 0.9 5.3 4.3 1.0 June 1.7 5.7 4.8 0.9 4.0 3.3 0.7 September 0.2 4.9 4.2 0.7 4.7 3.9 0.8 December 0.3 4.9 4.1 0.8 4.6 3.8 0.8 1998 March -0.2 5.2 4.0 1.2 5.4 4.2 1.2 June 0.9 5.3 4.4 0.9 4.4 3.6 0.8 September -0.4 4.3 3.7 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -0.6 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.8 4.2 0.6 1999 March -1.4 4.7 3.8 0.9 6.1 4.8 1.3 June 0.9 5.2 4.4 0.8 4.3 3.6 0.7 September -0.2 4.5 3.9 0.6 4.7 4.0 0.7 December -0.1 4.4 3.8 0.6 4.5 3.9 0.6 2000 March -0.7 4.7 3.8 0.9 5.4 4.3 1.1 June 1.0 5.1 4.5 0.6 4.1 3.5 0.6 September -0.9 4.1 3.6 0.5 5.0 4.3 0.7 December -0.7 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.9 4.3 0.6 2001 March -2.4 4.2 3.5 0.7 6.6 5.5 1.1 June -1.5 4.1 3.6 0.5 5.6 4.9 0.7 September -2.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 6.0 5.2 0.8 December -2.8 3.4 2.9 0.5 6.2 5.5 0.7 2002 March -2.4 4.1 3.4 0.7 6.5 5.3 1.2 June 0.1 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.6 3.8 0.8 September -1.2 3.7 3.2 0.5 4.9 4.2 0.7 December -1.6 3.5 3.1 0.4 5.1 4.5 0.6 2003 March -2.2 4.0 3.4 0.6 6.2 5.0 1.2 June -0.4 4.1 3.6 0.5 4.5 3.9 0.6 September -1.0 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.6 4.0 0.6 December -0.7 3.7 3.3 0.4 4.4 3.9 0.5 2004 March -0.6 4.4 3.8 0.6 5.0 4.1 0.9 June 1.2 4.8 4.3 0.5 3.6 3.0 0.6 September -0.1 3.9 3.5 0.4 4.0 3.4 0.6 December -0.6 3.7 3.3 0.4 4.3 3.7 0.6 2005 March -0.8 4.0 3.5 0.5 4.8 3.9 0.9 June 0.8 4.5 4.0 0.5 3.7 3.2 0.5 September -0.3 3.8 3.4 0.4 4.1 3.6 0.5 December -0.1 3.9 3.5 0.4 4.0 3.6 0.4 2006 March -0.7 3.7 3.3 0.4 4.4 3.8 0.6 June 1.0 4.4 4.0 0.4 3.4 3.0 0.4 September -0.9 3.4 3.1 0.3 4.3 3.8 0.5 December -0.8 3.5 3.2 0.3 4.3 3.9 0.4 2007 March -1.2 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.8 4.2 0.6 June 0.8 4.3 3.9 0.4 3.5 3.1 0.4 September -0.8 3.2 2.9 0.3 4.0 3.6 0.4 December -0.7 3.4 3.1 0.3 4.1 3.7 0.4 2008 March -1.7 3.4 3.0 0.4 5.1 4.4 0.7 June 0.3 4.0 3.6 0.4 3.7 3.3 0.4 September -1.6 3.1 2.8 0.3 4.7 4.3 0.4 December -3.5 2.7 2.4 0.3 6.2 5.7 0.5 2009 March -6.4 2.3 2.0 0.3 8.7 8.0 0.7 June -3.1 3.5 3.1 0.4 6.6 6.0 0.6 September -0.9 3.9 3.6 0.3 4.8 4.2 0.6 December -1.2 3.3 3.0 0.3 4.5 4.1 0.4 2010 March -1.1 3.6 3.2 0.4 4.7 4.0 0.7 June 1.8 4.8 4.4 0.4 3.0 2.6 0.4 September 0.3 3.7 3.4 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December -0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 3.8 3.4 0.4 2011 March 0.0 3.7 3.3 0.4 3.7 3.2 0.5 June 1.7 4.5 4.1 0.4 2.8 2.4 0.4 September 0.4 3.8 3.5 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December -0.2 3.4 3.1 0.3 3.6 3.3 0.3 2012 March 0.0 3.6 3.2 0.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 June 1.8 4.4 4.0 0.4 2.6 2.3 0.3 September 0.0 3.3 3.0 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 2013 March -0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 June 1.3 4.1 3.7 0.4 2.8 2.4 0.4 September -0.1 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 December 0.0 3.3 3.0 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 2014 March -0.3 3.3 2.9 0.4 3.6 3.1 0.5 June 1.5 4.1 3.8 0.3 2.6 2.3 0.3 September 0.1 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.1 2.8 0.3 December 0.3 3.4 3.1 0.3 3.1 2.8 0.3 2015 March -0.7 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.7 3.2 0.5 June 1.2 4.0 3.7 0.3 2.8 2.5 0.3 September -0.2 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.3 3.0 0.3 December -0.4 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.5 3.2 0.3 2016 March -0.8 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.8 3.3 0.5 June 0.9 3.9 3.6 0.3 3.0 2.7 0.3 September -0.4 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.5 3.1 0.4 December -0.1 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 2017 March -0.3 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.5 3.0 0.5 June 1.4 4.1 3.8 0.3 2.7 2.4 0.3 September -0.4 3.0 2.7 0.3 3.4 3.0 0.4 December 0.5 3.5 3.2 0.3 3.0 2.7 0.3 2018 March 0.0 3.2 2.9 0.3 3.2 2.8 0.4 June 1.4 4.0 3.7 0.3 2.6 2.3 0.3 September 0.0 3.1 2.8 0.3 3.1 2.8 0.3 December 0.5 3.4 3.1 0.3 2.9 2.6 0.3 (1) The rates measure gross job gains and job losses as a percentage of the average of the previous and current quarter employment levels. (2) Net change is the difference between total gross job gains and total gross job losses.