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Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2023



	Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2023

		
			Industry
			2017 NAICS code
			2023
Employment
(thousands)
			Annual percent change, 2019-2023
		
		
			Labor productivity
			Unit labor costs
			Output
			Hours
worked
			Labor compen-
sation
			Hourly compen-
sation
		
	
	
		
			Wholesale trade
			42
			6,222.4
			0.5
			5.2
			1.0
			0.5
			6.2
			5.7
		
		
	

		
			Merchant wholesalers, durable goods
			423
			3,450.3
			1.1
			4.7
			2.0
			0.9
			6.8
			5.8
		
		
			Motor vehicles and parts
			4231
			387.3
			2.9
			3.2
			3.9
			0.9
			7.2
			6.2
		
		
			Furniture and furnishings
			4232
			116.9
			0.5
			4.2
			-1.0
			-1.5
			3.2
			4.7
		
		
			Lumber and construction supplies
			4233
			265.6
			-0.6
			6.4
			0.6
			1.3
			7.1
			5.7
		
		
			Commercial equipment
			4234
			754.7
			0.1
			5.2
			1.6
			1.5
			6.9
			5.3
		
		
			Metals and minerals
			4235
			135.5
			0.1
			7.5
			-1.9
			-2.0
			5.4
			7.6
		
		
			Appliances and electric goods
			4236
			375.3
			3.1
			2.6
			3.3
			0.3
			6.0
			5.7
		
		
			Hardware and plumbing
			4237
			315.8
			0.4
			6.8
			1.7
			1.3
			8.6
			7.2
		
		
			Machinery and supplies
			4238
			764.9
			0.0
			5.6
			1.1
			1.2
			6.8
			5.6
		
		
			Miscellaneous durable goods
			4239
			334.3
			0.9
			4.7
			2.2
			1.2
			7.0
			5.7
		
		
	

		
			Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods
			424
			2,253.4
			0.8
			5.0
			0.7
			-0.1
			5.7
			5.8
		
		
			Paper and paper products
			4241
			116.7
			1.2
			7.1
			-3.9
			-5.0
			2.9
			8.4
		
		
			Druggists' goods
			4242
			262.3
			5.0
			0.9
			7.1
			2.1
			8.1
			5.9
		
		
			Apparel and piece goods
			4243
			159.0
			-5.2
			8.6
			-4.3
			1.0
			3.9
			3.0
		
		
			Grocery and related products
			4244
			829.2
			-0.2
			6.3
			0.0
			0.1
			6.3
			6.1
		
		
			Farm product raw materials
			4245
			74.2
			-1.5
			5.9
			-0.4
			1.1
			5.5
			4.4
		
		
			Chemicals
			4246
			154.2
			1.1
			4.9
			-0.5
			-1.5
			4.4
			6.0
		
		
			Petroleum
			4247
			106.2
			-2.3
			5.9
			-1.3
			1.0
			4.5
			3.5
		
		
			Alcoholic beverages
			4248
			216.7
			2.0
			2.2
			1.7
			-0.3
			3.9
			4.2
		
		
			Miscellaneous nondurable goods
			4249
			334.9
			-0.7
			7.1
			-1.4
			-0.8
			5.6
			6.4
		
		
	

		
			Electronic markets and agents and brokers
			425
			518.7
			-3.5
			8.4
			-3.4
			0.1
			4.7
			4.7
		
		
			Electronic markets and agents and brokers
			4251
			518.7
			-3.5
			8.4
			-3.4
			0.1
			4.7
			4.7
		
		
	

		
			Retail trade
			44-45
			16,391.5
			3.8
			2.0
			3.1
			-0.6
			5.2
			5.8
		
		
	

		
			Motor vehicle and parts dealers
			441
			2,095.3
			0.6
			5.8
			0.3
			-0.3
			6.2
			6.5
		
		
			Automobile dealers
			4411
			1,313.2
			0.5
			7.0
			-0.1
			-0.6
			6.9
			7.6
		
		
			Other motor vehicle dealers
			4412
			180.0
			1.7
			2.4
			2.5
			0.8
			4.9
			4.1
		
		
			Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores
			4413
			602.1
			2.8
			0.7
			3.0
			0.2
			3.7
			3.5
		
		
	

		
			Furniture and home furnishings stores
			442
			448.9
			1.4
			4.6
			-1.5
			-2.8
			3.1
			6.1
		
		
			Furniture stores
			4421
			221.1
			1.7
			2.8
			-0.5
			-2.1
			2.3
			4.5
		
		
			Home furnishings stores
			4422
			227.8
			1.0
			6.9
			-2.7
			-3.6
			4.0
			7.9
		
		
	

		
			Electronics and appliance stores
			443
			428.2
			6.9
			-0.8
			2.7
			-3.9
			1.9
			6.1
		
		
			Electronics and appliance stores
			4431
			428.2
			6.9
			-0.8
			2.7
			-3.9
			1.9
			6.1
		
		
	

		
			Building material and garden supply stores
			444
			1,441.7
			0.5
			4.5
			0.9
			0.3
			5.4
			5.1
		
		
			Building material and supplies dealers
			4441
			1,242.6
			0.4
			5.0
			0.3
			0.0
			5.3
			5.3
		
		
			Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores
			4442
			199.1
			1.8
			1.8
			4.4
			2.5
			6.3
			3.7
		
		
	

		
			Food and beverage stores
			445
			3,259.7
			1.0
			4.7
			1.2
			0.1
			5.9
			5.8
		
		
			Grocery stores
			4451
			2,810.4
			1.0
			4.8
			1.0
			0.0
			5.9
			5.8
		
		
			Specialty food stores
			4452
			248.1
			-1.0
			6.9
			-0.7
			0.3
			6.2
			5.9
		
		
			Beer, wine and liquor stores
			4453
			201.2
			2.0
			2.5
			3.5
			1.4
			6.1
			4.6
		
		
	

		
			Health and personal care stores
			446
			1,100.5
			4.9
			-1.3
			4.2
			-0.7
			2.8
			3.6
		
		
			Health and personal care stores
			4461
			1,100.5
			4.9
			-1.3
			4.2
			-0.7
			2.8
			3.6
		
		
	

		
			Gasoline stations
			447
			995.5
			-2.3
			8.7
			-1.1
			1.2
			7.4
			6.2
		
		
			Gasoline stations
			4471
			995.5
			-2.3
			8.7
			-1.1
			1.2
			7.4
			6.2
		
		
	

		
			Clothing and clothing accessories stores
			448
			1,173.8
			7.6
			-1.0
			2.5
			-4.7
			1.5
			6.6
		
		
			Clothing stores
			4481
			859.6
			7.1
			-0.7
			2.6
			-4.2
			1.9
			6.4
		
		
			Shoe stores
			4482
			175.2
			4.4
			2.3
			-0.5
			-4.7
			1.8
			6.8
		
		
			Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores
			4483
			139.0
			13.4
			-4.9
			5.1
			-7.3
			0.0
			7.9
		
		
	

		
			Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores
			451
			611.1
			5.9
			0.8
			4.5
			-1.4
			5.3
			6.7
		
		
			Sporting goods and musical instrument stores
			4511
			540.1
			6.7
			0.5
			5.3
			-1.2
			5.9
			7.2
		
		
			Book stores and news dealers
			4512
			71.0
			-0.6
			4.0
			-2.7
			-2.2
			1.1
			3.3
		
		
	

		
			General merchandise stores
			452
			3,164.5
			1.6
			2.5
			1.7
			0.1
			4.2
			4.1
		
		
			Department stores
			4522
			955.0
			1.6
			1.7
			-1.7
			-3.3
			0.0
			3.4
		
		
			Other general merchandise stores
			4523
			2,209.5
			0.7
			3.5
			2.4
			1.7
			6.0
			4.3
		
		
	

		
			Miscellaneous store retailers
			453
			956.4
			6.1
			0.2
			4.4
			-1.6
			4.7
			6.4
		
		
			Florists
			4531
			85.1
			3.3
			0.7
			5.2
			1.8
			5.9
			4.0
		
		
			Office supplies, stationery and gift stores
			4532
			220.3
			2.4
			2.5
			-2.5
			-4.8
			0.0
			5.0
		
		
			Used merchandise stores
			4533
			244.3
			4.4
			-0.1
			6.6
			2.2
			6.5
			4.3
		
		
			Other miscellaneous store retailers
			4539
			406.7
			8.9
			-0.1
			6.1
			-2.5
			6.0
			8.7
		
		
	

		
			Nonstore retailers
			454
			715.9
			14.2
			-4.6
			13.7
			-0.5
			8.5
			9.0
		
		
			Electronic shopping and mail-order houses
			4541
			495.5
			12.7
			-3.9
			15.2
			2.2
			10.7
			8.4
		
		
			Vending machine operators
			4542
			45.0
			-2.9
			7.7
			-6.4
			-3.6
			0.8
			4.5
		
		
			Direct selling establishments
			4543
			175.4
			8.5
			-0.8
			2.0
			-6.0
			1.2
			7.6

Table 3. Labor productivity, unit labor costs, and related data, 2019-2023
Industry	2017 NAICS code	2023 Employment (thousands)	Annual percent change, 2019-2023
Wholesale trade	42	6,222.4	0.5	5.2	1.0	0.5	6.2	5.7

Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	423	3,450.3	1.1	4.7	2.0	0.9	6.8	5.8
Motor vehicles and parts	4231	387.3	2.9	3.2	3.9	0.9	7.2	6.2
Furniture and furnishings	4232	116.9	0.5	4.2	-1.0	-1.5	3.2	4.7
Lumber and construction supplies	4233	265.6	-0.6	6.4	0.6	1.3	7.1	5.7
Commercial equipment	4234	754.7	0.1	5.2	1.6	1.5	6.9	5.3
Metals and minerals	4235	135.5	0.1	7.5	-1.9	-2.0	5.4	7.6
Appliances and electric goods	4236	375.3	3.1	2.6	3.3	0.3	6.0	5.7
Hardware and plumbing	4237	315.8	0.4	6.8	1.7	1.3	8.6	7.2
Machinery and supplies	4238	764.9	0.0	5.6	1.1	1.2	6.8	5.6
Miscellaneous durable goods	4239	334.3	0.9	4.7	2.2	1.2	7.0	5.7

Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	424	2,253.4	0.8	5.0	0.7	-0.1	5.7	5.8
Paper and paper products	4241	116.7	1.2	7.1	-3.9	-5.0	2.9	8.4
Druggists' goods	4242	262.3	5.0	0.9	7.1	2.1	8.1	5.9
Apparel and piece goods	4243	159.0	-5.2	8.6	-4.3	1.0	3.9	3.0
Grocery and related products	4244	829.2	-0.2	6.3	0.0	0.1	6.3	6.1
Farm product raw materials	4245	74.2	-1.5	5.9	-0.4	1.1	5.5	4.4
Chemicals	4246	154.2	1.1	4.9	-0.5	-1.5	4.4	6.0
Petroleum	4247	106.2	-2.3	5.9	-1.3	1.0	4.5	3.5
Alcoholic beverages	4248	216.7	2.0	2.2	1.7	-0.3	3.9	4.2
Miscellaneous nondurable goods	4249	334.9	-0.7	7.1	-1.4	-0.8	5.6	6.4

Electronic markets and agents and brokers	425	518.7	-3.5	8.4	-3.4	0.1	4.7	4.7
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	4251	518.7	-3.5	8.4	-3.4	0.1	4.7	4.7

Retail trade	44-45	16,391.5	3.8	2.0	3.1	-0.6	5.2	5.8

Motor vehicle and parts dealers	441	2,095.3	0.6	5.8	0.3	-0.3	6.2	6.5
Automobile dealers	4411	1,313.2	0.5	7.0	-0.1	-0.6	6.9	7.6
Other motor vehicle dealers	4412	180.0	1.7	2.4	2.5	0.8	4.9	4.1
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	4413	602.1	2.8	0.7	3.0	0.2	3.7	3.5

Furniture and home furnishings stores	442	448.9	1.4	4.6	-1.5	-2.8	3.1	6.1
Furniture stores	4421	221.1	1.7	2.8	-0.5	-2.1	2.3	4.5
Home furnishings stores	4422	227.8	1.0	6.9	-2.7	-3.6	4.0	7.9

Electronics and appliance stores	443	428.2	6.9	-0.8	2.7	-3.9	1.9	6.1
Electronics and appliance stores	4431	428.2	6.9	-0.8	2.7	-3.9	1.9	6.1

Building material and garden supply stores	444	1,441.7	0.5	4.5	0.9	0.3	5.4	5.1
Building material and supplies dealers	4441	1,242.6	0.4	5.0	0.3	0.0	5.3	5.3
Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores	4442	199.1	1.8	1.8	4.4	2.5	6.3	3.7

Food and beverage stores	445	3,259.7	1.0	4.7	1.2	0.1	5.9	5.8
Grocery stores	4451	2,810.4	1.0	4.8	1.0	0.0	5.9	5.8
Specialty food stores	4452	248.1	-1.0	6.9	-0.7	0.3	6.2	5.9
Beer, wine and liquor stores	4453	201.2	2.0	2.5	3.5	1.4	6.1	4.6

Health and personal care stores	446	1,100.5	4.9	-1.3	4.2	-0.7	2.8	3.6
Health and personal care stores	4461	1,100.5	4.9	-1.3	4.2	-0.7	2.8	3.6

Gasoline stations	447	995.5	-2.3	8.7	-1.1	1.2	7.4	6.2
Gasoline stations	4471	995.5	-2.3	8.7	-1.1	1.2	7.4	6.2

Clothing and clothing accessories stores	448	1,173.8	7.6	-1.0	2.5	-4.7	1.5	6.6
Clothing stores	4481	859.6	7.1	-0.7	2.6	-4.2	1.9	6.4
Shoe stores	4482	175.2	4.4	2.3	-0.5	-4.7	1.8	6.8
Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores	4483	139.0	13.4	-4.9	5.1	-7.3	0.0	7.9

Sports, hobby, music instruments, book stores	451	611.1	5.9	0.8	4.5	-1.4	5.3	6.7
Sporting goods and musical instrument stores	4511	540.1	6.7	0.5	5.3	-1.2	5.9	7.2
Book stores and news dealers	4512	71.0	-0.6	4.0	-2.7	-2.2	1.1	3.3

General merchandise stores	452	3,164.5	1.6	2.5	1.7	0.1	4.2	4.1
Department stores	4522	955.0	1.6	1.7	-1.7	-3.3	0.0	3.4
Other general merchandise stores	4523	2,209.5	0.7	3.5	2.4	1.7	6.0	4.3

Miscellaneous store retailers	453	956.4	6.1	0.2	4.4	-1.6	4.7	6.4
Florists	4531	85.1	3.3	0.7	5.2	1.8	5.9	4.0
Office supplies, stationery and gift stores	4532	220.3	2.4	2.5	-2.5	-4.8	0.0	5.0
Used merchandise stores	4533	244.3	4.4	-0.1	6.6	2.2	6.5	4.3
Other miscellaneous store retailers	4539	406.7	8.9	-0.1	6.1	-2.5	6.0	8.7

Nonstore retailers	454	715.9	14.2	-4.6	13.7	-0.5	8.5	9.0
Electronic shopping and mail-order houses	4541	495.5	12.7	-3.9	15.2	2.2	10.7	8.4
Vending machine operators	4542	45.0	-2.9	7.7	-6.4	-3.6	0.8	4.5
Direct selling establishments	4543	175.4	8.5	-0.8	2.0	-6.0	1.2	7.6

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Last Modified Date: May 30, 2024