Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until		USDL-22-0015
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, January 7, 2022

Technical information: 
 Household data:	(202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data:	(202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:		(202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


			  THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- DECEMBER 2021


Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 199,000 in December, and the unemployment rate
declined to 3.9 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment
continued to trend up in leisure and hospitality, in professional and business services,
in manufacturing, in construction, and in transportation and warehousing.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey
measures labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. The
establishment survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry. For
more information about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two surveys,
see the Technical Note.

 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|                 Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data                 |
|											|
| Seasonally adjusted household survey data have been revised using updated seasonal 	|
| adjustment factors, a procedure done at the end of each calendar year. Seasonally 	|
| adjusted estimates back to January 2017 were subject to revision. The unemployment 	|
| rates for January 2021 through November 2021 (as originally published and as revised) |
| appear in table A at the end of this news release, along with additional information	|
| about the revisions.									|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate declined by 0.3 percentage point to 3.9 percent in December, and the
number of unemployed persons decreased by 483,000 to 6.3 million. Over the year, these 
measures are down by 2.8 percentage points and 4.5 million, respectively. In February 2020,
prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, the unemployment rate was 3.5 percent, and 
unemployed persons numbered 5.7 million. (See table A-1. See the box note at the end of 
this news release for more information about how the household survey and its measures were
affected by the coronavirus pandemic.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.6 percent), adult
women (3.6 percent), and Whites (3.2 percent) declined in December. The jobless rates for 
teenagers (10.9 percent), Blacks (7.1 percent), Asians (3.8 percent), and Hispanics (4.9 
percent) showed little or no change over the month. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

Among the unemployed, the number of permanent job losers, at 1.7 million in December, 
declined by 202,000 over the month and is down by 1.8 million over the year. The number of
persons on temporary layoff was little changed at 812,000 in December but is down by 2.3
million over the year. The number of permanent job losers in December is 408,000 higher 
than in February 2020, while the number on temporary layoff has essentially returned to 
its February 2020 level. (See table A-11.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) declined by 
185,000 to 2.0 million in December. This measure is down from 4.0 million a year earlier 
but is 887,000 higher than in February 2020. The long-term unemployed accounted for 31.7 
percent of the total unemployed in December. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate was unchanged at 61.9 percent in December but remains 
1.5 percentage points lower than in February 2020. The employment-population ratio 
increased by 0.2 percentage point to 59.5 percent in December but is 1.7 percentage points
below its February 2020 level. Over the year, these measures have increased by 0.4 
percentage point and 2.1 percentage points, respectively. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons, at 3.9 million in December,
decreased by 337,000 over the month. The over-the-year decline of 2.2 million brings this
measure to 461,000 below its February 2020 level. These individuals, who would have 
preferred full-time employment, were working part time because their hours had been 
reduced or they were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of persons not in the labor force who currently want a job was little changed at
5.7 million in December. This measure decreased by 1.6 million over the year but is 717,000
higher than in February 2020. These individuals were not counted as unemployed because they
were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks preceding the survey or were 
unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of persons marginally 
attached to the labor force was essentially unchanged at 1.6 million in December. These 
individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the 
prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. The number
of discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached who believed that no jobs were
available for them, was also essentially unchanged over the month, at 463,000. (See Summary
table A.)

Household Survey Supplemental Data

In December, the share of employed persons who teleworked because of the coronavirus 
pandemic was 11.1 percent, little different from November. These data refer to employed 
persons who teleworked or worked at home for pay at some point in the 4 weeks preceding 
the survey specifically because of the pandemic.

In December, 3.1 million persons reported that they had been unable to work because their
employer closed or lost business due to the pandemic--that is, they did not work at all 
or worked fewer hours at some point in the 4 weeks preceding the survey due to the 
pandemic. This measure was down from the level of 3.6 million in November. Among those who
reported in December that they were unable to work because of pandemic-related closures or
lost business, 15.9 percent received at least some pay from their employer for the hours
not worked, little changed from the prior month.

Among those not in the labor force in December, 1.1 million persons were prevented from 
looking for work due to the pandemic, little changed from November. (To be counted as 
unemployed, by definition, individuals must be either actively looking for work or on 
temporary layoff.)

These supplemental data come from questions added to the household survey beginning in
May 2020 to help gauge the effects of the pandemic on the labor market. The data are not
seasonally adjusted. Tables with estimates from the supplemental questions for all months
are available online at www.bls.gov/cps/effects-of-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic.htm.

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 199,000 in December. Job growth averaged 537,000
per month in 2021. Nonfarm employment has increased by 18.8 million since April 2020 but
is down by 3.6 million, or 2.3 percent, from its pre-pandemic level in February 2020. In
December, employment continued to trend up in leisure and hospitality, in professional 
and business services, in manufacturing, in construction, and in transportation and 
warehousing. (See table B-1. See the box note at the end of this news release for more 
information about how the establishment survey and its measures were affected by the 
coronavirus pandemic.)

Employment in leisure and hospitality continued to trend up in December (+53,000). Leisure
and hospitality has added 2.6 million jobs in 2021, but employment in the industry is down
by 1.2 million, or 7.2 percent, since February 2020. Employment in food services and
drinking places rose by 43,000 in December but is down by 653,000 since February 2020.

Employment in professional and business services continued its upward trend in December 
(+43,000). Over the month, job gains occurred in computer systems design and related 
services (+10,000), in architectural and engineering services (+9,000), and in scientific 
research and development services (+6,000). Employment in professional and business 
services overall is slightly below (-35,000) its level in February 2020. 

Manufacturing added 26,000 jobs in December, primarily in durable goods industries. A job
gain in machinery (+8,000) reflected the return of workers from a strike. Manufacturing 
employment is down by 219,000 since February 2020. 

Construction employment rose by 22,000 in December, following monthly gains averaging 
38,000 over the prior 3 months. In December, job gains occurred in nonresidential 
specialty trade contractors (+13,000) and in heavy and civil engineering construction 
(+10,000). Construction employment is 88,000 below its February 2020 level.

Employment in transportation and warehousing increased by 19,000 in December. Job gains 
occurred in support activities for transportation (+7,000), in air transportation (+6,000),
and in warehousing and storage (+5,000). Employment in couriers and messengers was 
essentially unchanged. Since February 2020, employment in transportation and warehousing is
up by 218,000, reflecting job growth in couriers and messengers (+202,000) and in 
warehousing and storage (+181,000).

Employment in wholesale trade increased by 14,000 in December but is 129,000 lower than in
February 2020.

Mining employment rose by 7,000 in December. Employment in the industry is down by 81,000
from a peak in January 2019. 

In December, employment showed little or no change in other major industries, including 
retail trade, information, financial activities, health care, other services, and 
government. 

In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls 
increased by 19 cents to $31.31. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have 
increased by 4.7 percent. In December, average hourly earnings of private-sector 
production and nonsupervisory employees rose by 18 cents to $26.61. (See tables B-3
and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at 34.7
hours in December. In manufacturing, the average workweek edged down by 0.1 hour to 40.3
hours, and overtime edged down by 0.1 hour to 3.2 hours. The average workweek for 
production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by 0.1 hour
to 34.2 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised up by 102,000, 
from +546,000 to +648,000, and the change for November was revised up by 39,000, from 
+210,000 to +249,000. With these revisions, employment in October and November combined
is 141,000 higher than previously reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional 
reports received from businesses and government agencies since the last published 
estimates and from the recalculation of seasonal factors.) 

_____________
The Employment Situation for January is scheduled to be released on Friday, February 4,
2022, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|               Coronavirus (COVID-19) Impact on December 2021 Household                |
|		             and Establishment Survey Data             			|
|											|
| Data collection for both surveys was affected by the pandemic. In the establishment 	|
| survey, more data continued to be collected by web than in months prior to the 	|
| pandemic. In the household survey, for the safety of both interviewers and 		|
| respondents, in-person interviews were conducted only when telephone interviews could |
| not be done. 										|
|											|
| As in previous months, some workers affected by the pandemic who should have been 	|
| classified in the household survey as unemployed on temporary layoff were instead 	|
| misclassified as employed but not at work. Since March 2020, BLS has published an 	|
| upper-bound estimate of what the unemployment rate might have been had misclassified  |
| workers been included among the unemployed. The degree of misclassification was 	|
| highest in the early months of the pandemic and has been considerably lower in recent |
| months. In April 2020, this exercise suggested the unemployment rate would have been  |
| 4.8 percentage points higher than reported. Repeating this exercise, the unemployment |
| rates for October 2021 through December 2021 would have been 0.1 percentage point 	|
| higher than reported. For details on how to perform this calculation, see 		|
| www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-	|
| situation-news-release.htm#ques12.  							|
|											|
| For each month from March 2020 to December 2021, BLS has published a summary of the 	|
| impact of the pandemic on The Employment Situation news release and data. The impact 	|
| summary for December is available at 							|
| www.bls.gov/covid19/employment-situation-covid19-faq-december-2021.htm. Beginning 	|
| with publication of January 2022 data in February 2022, this month-specific impact 	|
| summary will be discontinued. However, information related to the impact of the 	|
| pandemic will continue to be available at www.bls.gov/covid19/effects-of-covid-19-	|
| pandemic-and-response-on-the-employment-situation-news-release.htm.			|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|                       Upcoming Changes to Household Survey Data                       |
|											|
| Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2022 on February 	|
| 4, 2022, new population controls will be used in the household survey estimation 	|
| process. These new controls will reflect a "blended base," which is 2010 Census-based |
| and controlled to elements from the 2020 Census and other sources. In accordance with |
| usual practice, historical data will not be revised to incorporate the new controls; 	|
| consequently, household survey data for January 2022 will not be directly comparable  |
| with data for December 2021 or earlier periods. A table showing the effects of the 	|
| new controls on the major labor force series will be included in the January 2022 	|
| news release. 									|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


 _______________________________________________________________________________________
|											|
|                    Upcoming Revisions to Establishment Survey Data                    |
|											|
| Effective with the release of The Employment Situation for January 2022 on February 	|
| 4, 2022, the establishment survey will revise nonfarm payroll employment, hours, and 	|
| earnings data to reflect the annual benchmark process and updated seasonal adjustment |
| factors. Not seasonally adjusted data beginning with April 2020 and seasonally 	|
| adjusted data beginning with January 2017 are subject to revision. Consistent with 	|
| standard practice, additional historical data may be revised as a result of the 	|
| benchmark process.									|
|_______________________________________________________________________________________|


                  Revision of Seasonally Adjusted Household Survey Data                 


At the end of each calendar year, BLS routinely updates the seasonal adjustment factors 
for the national labor force series derived from the household survey. As a result of 
this process, seasonally adjusted data for January 2017 through November 2021 were 
subject to revision. (Not seasonally adjusted data were not subject to revision.) 

Table A shows the unemployment rates for January 2021 through November 2021, as first 
published and as revised. The rate changed by one-tenth of a percentage point in 3 of the
11 months and was unchanged in the remaining 8 months. Revised seasonally adjusted data
for other major labor force series beginning in December 2020 appear in table B. 

More information on this year's revisions to seasonally adjusted household series is 
available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-seas-adjustment-methodology.pdf. Detailed 
information on the seasonal adjustment methodology is found at 
www.bls.gov/cps/seasonal-adjustment-methodology.htm. 

Historical data for the household series contained in the A tables of this news release
can be accessed at www.bls.gov/cps/cpsatabs.htm. Revised historical seasonally adjusted
data are available at www.bls.gov/cps/data.htm and 
https://download.bls.gov/pub/time.series/ln/.


Table A. Seasonally adjusted unemployment rates in 2021 and change due to revision,
January – November 2021


Month                  As First Computed          As Revised              Change

January.............                 6.3                 6.4                 0.1
February............                 6.2                 6.2                 0.0
March...............                 6.0                 6.0                 0.0
April...............                 6.1                 6.0                -0.1
May.................                 5.8                 5.8                 0.0
June................                 5.9                 5.9                 0.0
July................                 5.4                 5.4                 0.0
August..............                 5.2                 5.2                 0.0
September...........                 4.8                 4.7                -0.1
October.............                 4.6                 4.6                 0.0
November............                 4.2                 4.2                 0.0






HOUSEHOLD DATA
 Table B.  Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age, seasonally adjusted
[Numbers in thousands]




	
Employment status, sex, and age
	
2020
	
2021


	
Dec.
	
Jan.
	
Feb.
	
Mar.
	
Apr.
	
May
	
June
	
July
	
Aug.
	
Sept.
	
Oct.
	
Nov.
	
Dec.






	
TOTAL
				




	
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	
261,230
	
260,851
	
260,918
	
261,003
	
261,103
	
261,210
	
261,338
	
261,469
	
261,611
	
261,766
	
261,908
	
262,029
	
262,136



	
Civilian labor force
	
160,671
	
160,184
	
160,359
	
160,631
	
160,978
	
160,801
	
161,114
	
161,375
	
161,505
	
161,471
	
161,610
	
162,126
	
162,294



	
Participation rate
	
61.5
	
61.4
	
61.5
	
61.5
	
61.7
	
61.6
	
61.6
	
61.7
	
61.7
	
61.7
	
61.7
	
61.9
	
61.9



	
Employed
	
149,883
	
150,004
	
150,367
	
150,940
	
151,259
	
151,550
	
151,612
	
152,704
	
153,167
	
153,806
	
154,234
	
155,324
	
155,975



	
Employment-population ratio
	
57.4
	
57.5
	
57.6
	
57.8
	
57.9
	
58.0
	
58.0
	
58.4
	
58.5
	
58.8
	
58.9
	
59.3
	
59.5



	
Unemployed
	
10,789
	
10,180
	
9,992
	
9,691
	
9,719
	
9,251
	
9,502
	
8,671
	
8,339
	
7,666
	
7,375
	
6,802
	
6,319



	
Unemployment rate
	
6.7
	
6.4
	
6.2
	
6.0
	
6.0
	
5.8
	
5.9
	
5.4
	
5.2
	
4.7
	
4.6
	
4.2
	
3.9



	



	
Men, 20 years and over
				




	
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	
118,010
	
117,864
	
117,902
	
117,949
	
118,003
	
118,059
	
118,125
	
118,192
	
118,261
	
118,337
	
118,406
	
118,466
	
118,520



	
Civilian labor force
	
82,236
	
82,191
	
82,114
	
82,048
	
82,384
	
82,297
	
82,499
	
82,544
	
82,672
	
82,851
	
82,703
	
83,007
	
82,902



	
Participation rate
	
69.7
	
69.7
	
69.6
	
69.6
	
69.8
	
69.7
	
69.8
	
69.8
	
69.9
	
70.0
	
69.8
	
70.1
	
69.9



	
Employed
	
76,949
	
77,185
	
77,203
	
77,262
	
77,423
	
77,489
	
77,665
	
78,135
	
78,480
	
78,952
	
79,164
	
79,736
	
79,892



	
Employment-population ratio
	
65.2
	
65.5
	
65.5
	
65.5
	
65.6
	
65.6
	
65.7
	
66.1
	
66.4
	
66.7
	
66.9
	
67.3
	
67.4



	
Unemployed
	
5,287
	
5,006
	
4,911
	
4,786
	
4,961
	
4,808
	
4,834
	
4,410
	
4,192
	
3,899
	
3,539
	
3,272
	
3,010



	
Unemployment rate
	
6.4
	
6.1
	
6.0
	
5.8
	
6.0
	
5.8
	
5.9
	
5.3
	
5.1
	
4.7
	
4.3
	
3.9
	
3.6



	



	
Women, 20 years and over
				




	
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	
126,681
	
126,507
	
126,546
	
126,594
	
126,648
	
126,704
	
126,770
	
126,837
	
126,906
	
126,982
	
127,051
	
127,112
	
127,167



	
Civilian labor force
	
72,494
	
72,087
	
72,255
	
72,635
	
72,486
	
72,499
	
72,756
	
72,934
	
72,862
	
72,644
	
72,929
	
73,134
	
73,455



	
Participation rate
	
57.2
	
57.0
	
57.1
	
57.4
	
57.2
	
57.2
	
57.4
	
57.5
	
57.4
	
57.2
	
57.4
	
57.5
	
57.8



	
Employed
	
67,933
	
67,776
	
68,005
	
68,486
	
68,436
	
68,633
	
68,747
	
69,306
	
69,390
	
69,555
	
69,790
	
70,257
	
70,795



	
Employment-population ratio
	
53.6
	
53.6
	
53.7
	
54.1
	
54.0
	
54.2
	
54.2
	
54.6
	
54.7
	
54.8
	
54.9
	
55.3
	
55.7



	
Unemployed
	
4,561
	
4,311
	
4,250
	
4,149
	
4,050
	
3,866
	
4,008
	
3,628
	
3,472
	
3,089
	
3,139
	
2,876
	
2,660



	
Unemployment rate
	
6.3
	
6.0
	
5.9
	
5.7
	
5.6
	
5.3
	
5.5
	
5.0
	
4.8
	
4.3
	
4.3
	
3.9
	
3.6



	



	
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
				




	
Civilian noninstitutional population(1)
	
16,538
	
16,481
	
16,470
	
16,460
	
16,451
	
16,446
	
16,443
	
16,440
	
16,443
	
16,447
	
16,451
	
16,450
	
16,449



	
Civilian labor force
	
5,940
	
5,906
	
5,989
	
5,948
	
6,107
	
6,005
	
5,859
	
5,897
	
5,971
	
5,976
	
5,978
	
5,985
	
5,936



	
Participation rate
	
35.9
	
35.8
	
36.4
	
36.1
	
37.1
	
36.5
	
35.6
	
35.9
	
36.3
	
36.3
	
36.3
	
36.4
	
36.1



	
Employed
	
5,000
	
5,043
	
5,158
	
5,192
	
5,399
	
5,428
	
5,200
	
5,264
	
5,297
	
5,298
	
5,281
	
5,331
	
5,287



	
Employment-population ratio
	
30.2
	
30.6
	
31.3
	
31.5
	
32.8
	
33.0
	
31.6
	
32.0
	
32.2
	
32.2
	
32.1
	
32.4
	
32.1



	
Unemployed
	
940
	
863
	
831
	
756
	
708
	
578
	
660
	
633
	
675
	
678
	
697
	
654
	
649



	
Unemployment rate
	
15.8
	
14.6
	
13.9
	
12.7
	
11.6
	
9.6
	
11.3
	
10.7
	
11.3
	
11.3
	
11.7
	
10.9
	
10.9







	

		Footnotes

		(1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation.

	





	

		NOTE: Seasonally adjusted data have been revised to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors.

	

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Change from: Nov. 2021- Dec. 2021
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	261,230	261,908	262,029	262,136	107
Civilian labor force	160,671	161,610	162,126	162,294	168
Participation rate	61.5	61.7	61.9	61.9	0.0
Employed	149,883	154,234	155,324	155,975	651
Employment-population ratio	57.4	58.9	59.3	59.5	0.2
Unemployed	10,789	7,375	6,802	6,319	-483
Unemployment rate	6.7	4.6	4.2	3.9	-0.3
Not in labor force	100,559	100,298	99,902	99,842	-60
Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	6.7	4.6	4.2	3.9	-0.3
Adult men (20 years and over)	6.4	4.3	3.9	3.6	-0.3
Adult women (20 years and over)	6.3	4.3	3.9	3.6	-0.3
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	15.8	11.7	10.9	10.9	0.0
White	6.1	3.9	3.7	3.2	-0.5
Black or African American	10.0	7.8	6.5	7.1	0.6
Asian	6.1	4.2	3.9	3.8	-0.1
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	9.4	5.7	5.2	4.9	-0.3
Total, 25 years and over	5.9	4.0	3.6	3.3	-0.3
Less than a high school diploma	9.8	7.3	5.5	5.2	-0.3
High school graduates, no college	7.9	5.4	5.2	4.6	-0.6
Some college or associate degree	6.5	4.3	3.7	3.6	-0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	3.8	2.4	2.2	2.1	-0.1
Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	7,348	3,700	3,369	3,095	-274
Job leavers	756	845	837	724	-113
Reentrants	2,249	2,206	2,154	2,038	-116
New entrants	508	537	452	513	61
Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,906	2,051	1,985	1,977	-8
5 to 14 weeks	2,344	1,876	1,703	1,571	-132
15 to 26 weeks	1,563	1,001	870	780	-90
27 weeks and over	3,979	2,339	2,193	2,008	-185
Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	6,126	4,398	4,266	3,929	-337
Slack work or business conditions	4,915	3,108	2,903	2,594	-309
Could only find part-time work	1,017	961	1,059	1,082	23
Part time for noneconomic reasons	18,290	20,539	20,440	20,315	-125
Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	2,157	1,685	1,610	1,639	29
Discouraged workers	657	455	451	463	12
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted

Category	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	-306	648	249	199
Total private	-274	714	270	211
Goods-producing	82	100	72	54
Mining and logging	0	4	2	6
Construction	47	44	35	22
Manufacturing	35	52	35	26
Durable goods(1)	18	36	17	20
Motor vehicles and parts	3.9	21.3	-5.9	4.2
Nondurable goods	17	16	18	6
Private service-providing	-356	614	198	157
Wholesale trade	14.8	14.3	11.2	13.7
Retail trade	30.1	50.6	-13.3	-2.1
Transportation and warehousing	-43.2	56.8	42.2	18.7
Utilities	-1.0	0.1	-0.1	-0.2
Information	9	12	1	0
Financial activities	18	28	17	8
Professional and business services(1)	159	130	72	43
Temporary help services	62.1	49.6	0.5	-1.6
Education and health services(1)	-29	71	14	10
Health care and social assistance	38.9	51.8	8.0	6.1
Leisure and hospitality	-498	211	41	53
Other services	-16	40	13	13
Government	-32	-66	-21	-12
(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	213	503	425	365
Total private	346	547	469	398
WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.7	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private women employees	48.3	48.5	48.5	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.5	81.6	81.6	81.5
HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.7	34.7	34.7	34.7
Average hourly earnings	$29.91	$31.01	$31.12	$31.31
Average weekly earnings	$1,037.88	$1,076.05	$1,079.86	$1,086.46
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	105.4	110.2	110.5	110.7
Over-the-month percent change	-0.6	0.3	0.3	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	150.8	163.5	164.4	165.7
Over-the-month percent change	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.8
DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (257 industries)	61.7	71.6	69.6	59.5
Manufacturing (75 industries)	70.0	65.3	69.3	57.3
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

   The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
   of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
   employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
   month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
   over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically significant in
   the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
   in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a more
   expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
   workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
   workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
   The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
   For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
   https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

   It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
   neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
   status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
   either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
   workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
   native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
   born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
   The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

   The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
   incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
   initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
   monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
   additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
   adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
   https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

   On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
   re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
   insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
   in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
   https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

   Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
   establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
   designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
   estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
   sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

   Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
   the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
   comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
   business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
   can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
   establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
   the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
   is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
   sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
   twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
   insurance benefits?

   No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
   All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
   included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
   they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
   unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
   looking for work?

   Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
   want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
   jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
   underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
   officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
   Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
   measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

   In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
   the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
   average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
   time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
   The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
   a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
   part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
   such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.
   
   Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on 
   payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
   employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
   period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
   counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
   are paid, please visit https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-
   businesses-pay-workers.htm.

   In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
   includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
   related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
   off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
   were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
   persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather. 
   Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
   statistics page, please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 144,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 697,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2017 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series, and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 110,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-60,000 to +160,000 (50,000 +/- 110,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.2 percent, with a range from -0.7 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	261,230	262,029	262,136	261,230	261,611	261,766	261,908	262,029	262,136
Civilian labor force	160,017	162,099	161,696	160,671	161,505	161,471	161,610	162,126	162,294
Participation rate	61.3	61.9	61.7	61.5	61.7	61.7	61.7	61.9	61.9
Employed	149,613	155,797	155,732	149,883	153,167	153,806	154,234	155,324	155,975
Employment-population ratio	57.3	59.5	59.4	57.4	58.5	58.8	58.9	59.3	59.5
Unemployed	10,404	6,302	5,964	10,789	8,339	7,666	7,375	6,802	6,319
Unemployment rate	6.5	3.9	3.7	6.7	5.2	4.7	4.6	4.2	3.9
Not in labor force	101,213	99,930	100,440	100,559	100,106	100,294	100,298	99,902	99,842
Persons who currently want a job	7,088	5,491	5,524	7,277	5,701	5,918	5,935	5,819	5,713
Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	126,367	126,779	126,832	126,367	126,570	126,648	126,719	126,779	126,832
Civilian labor force	84,644	85,793	85,339	85,186	85,656	85,801	85,735	86,017	85,857
Participation rate	67.0	67.7	67.3	67.4	67.7	67.7	67.7	67.8	67.7
Employed	78,955	82,474	82,024	79,443	81,102	81,533	81,835	82,432	82,508
Employment-population ratio	62.5	65.1	64.7	62.9	64.1	64.4	64.6	65.0	65.1
Unemployed	5,689	3,318	3,314	5,743	4,554	4,268	3,900	3,585	3,349
Unemployment rate	6.7	3.9	3.9	6.7	5.3	5.0	4.5	4.2	3.9
Not in labor force	41,723	40,986	41,493	41,181	40,914	40,846	40,983	40,762	40,975
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	118,010	118,466	118,520	118,010	118,261	118,337	118,406	118,466	118,520
Civilian labor force	81,877	82,929	82,547	82,236	82,672	82,851	82,703	83,007	82,902
Participation rate	69.4	70.0	69.6	69.7	69.9	70.0	69.8	70.1	69.9
Employed	76,572	79,904	79,525	76,949	78,480	78,952	79,164	79,736	79,892
Employment-population ratio	64.9	67.4	67.1	65.2	66.4	66.7	66.9	67.3	67.4
Unemployed	5,305	3,025	3,022	5,287	4,192	3,899	3,539	3,272	3,010
Unemployment rate	6.5	3.6	3.7	6.4	5.1	4.7	4.3	3.9	3.6
Not in labor force	36,134	35,537	35,973	35,774	35,590	35,486	35,703	35,459	35,618
Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	134,862	135,250	135,304	134,862	135,041	135,118	135,189	135,250	135,304
Civilian labor force	75,373	76,306	76,357	75,485	75,849	75,670	75,874	76,109	76,437
Participation rate	55.9	56.4	56.4	56.0	56.2	56.0	56.1	56.3	56.5
Employed	70,658	73,323	73,708	70,439	72,065	72,273	72,399	72,892	73,467
Employment-population ratio	52.4	54.2	54.5	52.2	53.4	53.5	53.6	53.9	54.3
Unemployed	4,715	2,984	2,649	5,046	3,784	3,398	3,475	3,217	2,970
Unemployment rate	6.3	3.9	3.5	6.7	5.0	4.5	4.6	4.2	3.9
Not in labor force	59,490	58,944	58,947	59,377	59,191	59,448	59,315	59,141	58,867
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	126,681	127,112	127,167	126,681	126,906	126,982	127,051	127,112	127,167
Civilian labor force	72,558	73,463	73,546	72,494	72,862	72,644	72,929	73,134	73,455
Participation rate	57.3	57.8	57.8	57.2	57.4	57.2	57.4	57.5	57.8
Employed	68,248	70,786	71,140	67,933	69,390	69,555	69,790	70,257	70,795
Employment-population ratio	53.9	55.7	55.9	53.6	54.7	54.8	54.9	55.3	55.7
Unemployed	4,309	2,677	2,406	4,561	3,472	3,089	3,139	2,876	2,660
Unemployment rate	5.9	3.6	3.3	6.3	4.8	4.3	4.3	3.9	3.6
Not in labor force	54,124	53,649	53,621	54,187	54,044	54,337	54,122	53,978	53,712
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,538	16,450	16,449	16,538	16,443	16,447	16,451	16,450	16,449
Civilian labor force	5,582	5,707	5,602	5,940	5,971	5,976	5,978	5,985	5,936
Participation rate	33.8	34.7	34.1	35.9	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.4	36.1
Employed	4,793	5,107	5,068	5,000	5,297	5,298	5,281	5,331	5,287
Employment-population ratio	29.0	31.0	30.8	30.2	32.2	32.2	32.1	32.4	32.1
Unemployed	789	600	535	940	675	678	697	654	649
Unemployment rate	14.1	10.5	9.5	15.8	11.3	11.3	11.7	10.9	10.9
Not in labor force	10,956	10,743	10,847	10,598	10,472	10,471	10,473	10,465	10,512
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	201,749	202,199	202,250	201,749	201,968	202,057	202,138	202,199	202,250
Civilian labor force	123,828	124,666	124,427	124,224	124,207	124,204	124,279	124,677	124,780
Participation rate	61.4	61.7	61.5	61.6	61.5	61.5	61.5	61.7	61.7
Employed	116,479	120,431	120,536	116,707	118,557	119,009	119,376	120,084	120,749
Employment-population ratio	57.7	59.6	59.6	57.8	58.7	58.9	59.1	59.4	59.7
Unemployed	7,348	4,234	3,891	7,517	5,650	5,194	4,903	4,593	4,032
Unemployment rate	5.9	3.4	3.1	6.1	4.5	4.2	3.9	3.7	3.2
Not in labor force	77,921	77,533	77,823	77,525	77,760	77,853	77,859	77,521	77,469
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	64,407	64,941	64,784	64,629	64,814	64,957	64,693	64,973	65,000
Participation rate	69.6	70.0	69.8	69.9	69.9	70.1	69.8	70.0	70.0
Employed	60,561	62,962	62,745	60,871	61,944	62,257	62,374	62,835	63,047
Employment-population ratio	65.5	67.9	67.6	65.8	66.9	67.2	67.3	67.7	67.9
Unemployed	3,847	1,979	2,039	3,758	2,870	2,699	2,320	2,138	1,953
Unemployment rate	6.0	3.0	3.1	5.8	4.4	4.2	3.6	3.3	3.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,048	55,310	55,289	54,950	54,764	54,574	54,901	55,069	55,177
Participation rate	56.7	56.8	56.8	56.6	56.3	56.1	56.4	56.6	56.7
Employed	52,116	53,435	53,765	51,858	52,432	52,574	52,800	53,030	53,493
Employment-population ratio	53.7	54.9	55.2	53.4	53.9	54.0	54.2	54.5	54.9
Unemployed	2,932	1,875	1,524	3,092	2,332	2,000	2,101	2,039	1,684
Unemployment rate	5.3	3.4	2.8	5.6	4.3	3.7	3.8	3.7	3.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,372	4,415	4,354	4,645	4,629	4,673	4,684	4,635	4,603
Participation rate	36.1	36.6	36.1	38.3	38.4	38.7	38.8	38.4	38.2
Employed	3,802	4,035	4,025	3,978	4,181	4,178	4,202	4,219	4,209
Employment-population ratio	31.4	33.5	33.4	32.8	34.7	34.6	34.8	35.0	34.9
Unemployed	570	380	329	667	448	495	482	415	395
Unemployment rate	13.0	8.6	7.5	14.4	9.7	10.6	10.3	9.0	8.6
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	33,516	33,725	33,749	33,516	33,645	33,673	33,699	33,725	33,749
Civilian labor force	19,919	20,478	20,364	20,087	20,681	20,626	20,565	20,477	20,506
Participation rate	59.4	60.7	60.3	59.9	61.5	61.3	61.0	60.7	60.8
Employed	18,066	19,232	19,045	18,076	18,879	19,017	18,962	19,143	19,057
Employment-population ratio	53.9	57.0	56.4	53.9	56.1	56.5	56.3	56.8	56.5
Unemployed	1,853	1,246	1,319	2,011	1,803	1,608	1,603	1,335	1,449
Unemployment rate	9.3	6.1	6.5	10.0	8.7	7.8	7.8	6.5	7.1
Not in labor force	13,597	13,247	13,385	13,429	12,964	13,047	13,135	13,248	13,243
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,166	9,450	9,320	9,237	9,471	9,389	9,479	9,466	9,378
Participation rate	64.8	66.3	65.3	65.3	66.6	65.9	66.5	66.4	65.7
Employed	8,245	8,823	8,697	8,270	8,616	8,644	8,699	8,787	8,723
Employment-population ratio	58.3	61.9	60.9	58.5	60.6	60.7	61.0	61.6	61.1
Unemployed	921	626	623	967	855	745	780	679	655
Unemployment rate	10.0	6.6	6.7	10.5	9.0	7.9	8.2	7.2	7.0
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,041	10,352	10,391	10,108	10,472	10,450	10,383	10,301	10,445
Participation rate	59.2	60.6	60.8	59.6	61.5	61.3	60.9	60.3	61.1
Employed	9,264	9,874	9,814	9,244	9,653	9,702	9,673	9,802	9,794
Employment-population ratio	54.6	57.8	57.4	54.5	56.7	56.9	56.7	57.4	57.3
Unemployed	778	478	577	864	819	748	710	500	651
Unemployment rate	7.7	4.6	5.6	8.5	7.8	7.2	6.8	4.9	6.2
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	712	677	653	743	738	787	703	711	683
Participation rate	29.6	28.4	27.4	30.9	30.9	33.0	29.5	29.8	28.6
Employed	557	535	535	563	609	671	590	554	540
Employment-population ratio	23.2	22.4	22.4	23.4	25.5	28.1	24.7	23.2	22.6
Unemployed	154	142	118	180	129	115	113	157	143
Unemployment rate	21.7	20.9	18.1	24.2	17.4	14.6	16.0	22.0	21.0
ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,583	16,513	16,612	16,583	16,555	16,540	16,485	16,513	16,612
Civilian labor force	10,259	10,767	10,727	10,271	10,610	10,652	10,767	10,781	10,739
Participation rate	61.9	65.2	64.6	61.9	64.1	64.4	65.3	65.3	64.6
Employed	9,664	10,365	10,344	9,647	10,135	10,207	10,310	10,362	10,326
Employment-population ratio	58.3	62.8	62.3	58.2	61.2	61.7	62.5	62.8	62.2
Unemployed	595	402	383	624	476	445	457	419	413
Unemployment rate	5.8	3.7	3.6	6.1	4.5	4.2	4.2	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	6,324	5,746	5,885	6,312	5,945	5,889	5,718	5,731	5,873
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	44,639	45,232	45,303	44,639	45,004	45,083	45,159	45,232	45,303
Civilian labor force	29,129	30,079	29,800	29,167	29,481	29,566	29,663	29,979	29,883
Participation rate	65.3	66.5	65.8	65.3	65.5	65.6	65.7	66.3	66.0
Employed	26,442	28,648	28,443	26,436	27,666	27,758	27,962	28,432	28,427
Employment-population ratio	59.2	63.3	62.8	59.2	61.5	61.6	61.9	62.9	62.7
Unemployed	2,688	1,431	1,357	2,731	1,815	1,808	1,701	1,547	1,456
Unemployment rate	9.2	4.8	4.6	9.4	6.2	6.1	5.7	5.2	4.9
Not in labor force	15,510	15,153	15,503	15,472	15,523	15,518	15,496	15,253	15,420
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	15,854	16,411	16,167	15,899	16,230	16,326	16,213	16,422	16,266
Participation rate	78.6	80.3	79.0	78.9	79.8	80.1	79.4	80.3	79.4
Employed	14,423	15,766	15,518	14,485	15,327	15,408	15,410	15,681	15,580
Employment-population ratio	71.5	77.1	75.8	71.8	75.4	75.6	75.5	76.7	76.1
Unemployed	1,431	645	649	1,413	904	918	803	741	687
Unemployment rate	9.0	3.9	4.0	8.9	5.6	5.6	5.0	4.5	4.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	11,929	12,296	12,340	11,887	11,977	11,932	12,054	12,170	12,288
Participation rate	58.4	59.4	59.5	58.2	58.1	57.8	58.3	58.7	59.2
Employed	10,874	11,666	11,763	10,802	11,255	11,272	11,374	11,531	11,682
Employment-population ratio	53.2	56.3	56.7	52.9	54.6	54.6	55.0	55.7	56.3
Unemployed	1,055	629	577	1,084	722	661	680	639	606
Unemployment rate	8.8	5.1	4.7	9.1	6.0	5.5	5.6	5.3	4.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,346	1,373	1,293	1,382	1,273	1,307	1,396	1,387	1,328
Participation rate	33.3	33.7	31.7	34.2	31.4	32.2	34.3	34.1	32.6
Employed	1,145	1,216	1,162	1,148	1,084	1,078	1,178	1,220	1,165
Employment-population ratio	28.3	29.9	28.5	28.4	26.7	26.5	29.0	30.0	28.6
Unemployed	202	157	131	233	190	229	218	167	163
Unemployment rate	15.0	11.4	10.1	16.9	14.9	17.5	15.6	12.1	12.2
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]

Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	9,246	8,915	8,786	9,172	9,185	9,128	9,025	8,791	8,712
Participation rate	45.5	45.8	45.2	45.2	45.9	45.3	46.4	45.1	44.8
Employed	8,288	8,462	8,271	8,272	8,469	8,428	8,368	8,304	8,255
Employment-population ratio	40.8	43.5	42.5	40.7	42.3	41.8	43.1	42.6	42.5
Unemployed	958	452	515	900	716	700	657	487	457
Unemployment rate	10.4	5.1	5.9	9.8	7.8	7.7	7.3	5.5	5.2
High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	34,751	35,562	35,778	34,819	35,409	34,994	35,282	35,444	35,828
Participation rate	55.2	55.9	55.6	55.3	55.4	55.3	55.0	55.7	55.7
Employed	32,006	33,831	34,154	32,053	33,337	32,991	33,395	33,615	34,188
Employment-population ratio	50.8	53.2	53.1	50.9	52.2	52.1	52.1	52.9	53.1
Unemployed	2,745	1,731	1,624	2,766	2,072	2,004	1,888	1,829	1,640
Unemployment rate	7.9	4.9	4.5	7.9	5.9	5.7	5.4	5.2	4.6
Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,714	35,605	35,525	35,745	35,757	35,794	35,394	35,417	35,477
Participation rate	62.6	62.9	62.8	62.6	63.5	63.0	62.8	62.6	62.7
Employed	33,538	34,374	34,335	33,421	34,000	34,196	33,863	34,105	34,204
Employment-population ratio	58.8	60.7	60.7	58.6	60.4	60.2	60.1	60.2	60.4
Unemployed	2,175	1,231	1,190	2,324	1,757	1,598	1,531	1,312	1,274
Unemployment rate	6.1	3.5	3.3	6.5	4.9	4.5	4.3	3.7	3.6
Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	60,174	61,484	61,300	60,014	60,736	60,772	60,951	61,317	61,134
Participation rate	72.1	72.2	72.5	71.9	72.2	72.1	71.9	72.0	72.3
Employed	57,985	60,181	60,147	57,709	59,074	59,258	59,477	59,937	59,860
Employment-population ratio	69.5	70.7	71.1	69.2	70.2	70.3	70.1	70.4	70.8
Unemployed	2,190	1,303	1,153	2,306	1,662	1,514	1,473	1,380	1,274
Unemployment rate	3.6	2.1	1.9	3.8	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,283	17,921	16,375	16,000	1,908	1,921
Civilian labor force	8,693	8,366	7,578	7,198	1,115	1,168
Participation rate	47.5	46.7	46.3	45.0	58.5	60.8
Employed	8,231	8,100	7,158	6,978	1,074	1,121
Employment-population ratio	45.0	45.2	43.7	43.6	56.3	58.4
Unemployed	462	267	420	220	42	47
Unemployment rate	5.3	3.2	5.5	3.1	3.7	4.0
Not in labor force	9,590	9,555	8,797	8,802	793	753
Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,536	4,596	3,728	3,745	808	851
Civilian labor force	3,476	3,591	2,939	3,013	537	578
Participation rate	76.6	78.1	78.8	80.4	66.4	67.9
Employed	3,298	3,437	2,788	2,882	510	555
Employment-population ratio	72.7	74.8	74.8	77.0	63.1	65.2
Unemployed	178	153	151	130	27	23
Unemployment rate	5.1	4.3	5.1	4.3	5.0	4.0
Not in labor force	1,060	1,006	789	733	271	273
Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,079	3,160	2,609	2,704	470	456
Civilian labor force	2,263	2,270	1,930	1,929	333	342
Participation rate	73.5	71.9	74.0	71.3	70.9	75.0
Employed	2,163	2,236	1,841	1,901	322	335
Employment-population ratio	70.3	70.8	70.5	70.3	68.6	73.4
Unemployed	100	34	89	27	11	7
Unemployment rate	4.4	1.5	4.6	1.4	3.3	2.1
Not in labor force	816	889	679	775	137	114
World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,644	6,266	6,412	6,045	232	221
Civilian labor force	1,171	1,010	1,141	957	30	53
Participation rate	17.6	16.1	17.8	15.8	13.0	24.1
Employed	1,117	977	1,087	928	30	48
Employment-population ratio	16.8	15.6	17.0	15.4	13.0	21.9
Unemployed	54	33	54	28	0	5
Unemployment rate	4.6	3.3	4.8	3.0	-	-
Not in labor force	5,473	5,256	5,271	5,088	202	168
Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,024	3,899	3,626	3,506	398	393
Civilian labor force	1,783	1,495	1,568	1,301	215	195
Participation rate	44.3	38.4	43.2	37.1	54.0	49.6
Employed	1,653	1,450	1,442	1,266	211	183
Employment-population ratio	41.1	37.2	39.8	36.1	53.0	46.7
Unemployed	129	46	125	34	4	12
Unemployment rate	7.3	3.1	8.0	2.6	1.9	5.9
Not in labor force	2,241	2,404	2,058	2,205	183	198
NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	234,071	235,089	105,479	106,253	128,593	128,837
Civilian labor force	149,403	151,162	76,127	77,150	73,276	74,011
Participation rate	63.8	64.3	72.2	72.6	57.0	57.4
Employed	139,689	145,667	70,985	74,154	68,704	71,513
Employment-population ratio	59.7	62.0	67.3	69.8	53.4	55.5
Unemployed	9,714	5,495	5,142	2,996	4,572	2,499
Unemployment rate	6.5	3.6	6.8	3.9	6.2	3.4
Not in labor force	84,668	83,928	29,351	29,102	55,317	54,825
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000). Updated population controls introduced with the release of January 2021 data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	29,887	32,420	231,342	229,716
Civilian labor force	5,979	7,244	154,038	154,452
Participation rate	20.0	22.3	66.6	67.2
Employed	5,320	6,671	144,293	149,061
Employment-population ratio	17.8	20.6	62.4	64.9
Unemployed	659	573	9,745	5,391
Unemployment rate	11.0	7.9	6.3	3.5
Not in labor force	23,908	25,177	77,305	75,264
Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,603	3,050	76,174	76,205
Participation rate	34.4	37.9	81.2	81.8
Employed	2,304	2,777	71,108	73,340
Employment-population ratio	30.5	34.5	75.8	78.8
Unemployed	299	273	5,067	2,865
Unemployment rate	11.5	9.0	6.7	3.8
Not in labor force	4,962	4,989	17,676	16,899
Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,348	2,929	68,288	68,453
Participation rate	31.9	35.6	70.4	71.5
Employed	2,079	2,696	64,145	66,151
Employment-population ratio	28.3	32.7	66.1	69.1
Unemployed	269	233	4,143	2,302
Unemployment rate	11.4	8.0	6.1	3.4
Not in labor force	5,009	5,310	28,717	27,283
Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,028	1,264	9,575	9,794
Participation rate	6.9	7.8	23.7	24.0
Employed	937	1,198	9,041	9,571
Employment-population ratio	6.3	7.4	22.3	23.4
Unemployed	92	66	535	223
Unemployment rate	8.9	5.2	5.6	2.3
Not in labor force	13,938	14,878	30,911	31,082
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	42,947	44,172	20,728	21,413	22,219	22,758
Civilian labor force	27,529	28,760	15,818	16,469	11,711	12,291
Participation rate	64.1	65.1	76.3	76.9	52.7	54.0
Employed	25,512	27,691	14,808	15,925	10,704	11,766
Employment-population ratio	59.4	62.7	71.4	74.4	48.2	51.7
Unemployed	2,017	1,069	1,010	544	1,007	525
Unemployment rate	7.3	3.7	6.4	3.3	8.6	4.3
Not in labor force	15,418	15,412	4,910	4,944	10,508	10,467
Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	218,283	217,964	105,640	105,418	112,643	112,545
Civilian labor force	132,487	132,935	68,826	68,870	63,661	64,066
Participation rate	60.7	61.0	65.2	65.3	56.5	56.9
Employed	124,101	128,041	64,147	66,100	59,954	61,941
Employment-population ratio	56.9	58.7	60.7	62.7	53.2	55.0
Unemployed	8,387	4,894	4,679	2,770	3,708	2,124
Unemployment rate	6.3	3.7	6.8	4.0	5.8	3.3
Not in labor force	85,795	85,029	36,814	36,549	48,981	48,480
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]

Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,390	2,194	2,253	2,448	2,307	2,247	2,296	2,212	2,308
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,578	1,429	1,473	1,575	1,575	1,508	1,501	1,434	1,477
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	782	727	746	821	712	733	769	744	785
Unpaid family workers	30	38	33	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	147,223	153,603	153,479	147,199	151,146	151,686	152,070	152,933	153,409
Wage and salary workers(1)	138,617	144,279	144,275	138,856	141,225	141,756	142,194	143,816	144,474
Government	20,762	20,936	21,239	20,636	20,762	20,514	20,511	20,750	21,097
Private industries	117,856	123,343	123,036	118,018	120,347	121,909	122,175	123,416	123,172
Private households	636	654	585	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	117,220	122,689	122,450	117,327	119,652	121,226	121,460	122,796	122,484
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,540	9,277	9,161	8,651	9,496	9,424	9,465	9,256	9,282
Unpaid family workers	66	47	43	-	-	-	-	-	-
PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	6,245	4,163	4,049	6,126	4,481	4,450	4,398	4,266	3,929
Slack work or business conditions	5,003	2,819	2,679	4,915	3,187	3,142	3,108	2,903	2,594
Could only find part-time work	972	1,085	1,040	1,017	1,017	988	961	1,059	1,082
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	18,678	21,322	20,694	18,290	20,330	20,335	20,539	20,440	20,315
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	6,133	4,121	3,994	6,036	4,395	4,360	4,273	4,244	3,898
Slack work or business conditions	4,919	2,789	2,649	4,845	3,131	3,094	3,032	2,869	2,578
Could only find part-time work	967	1,085	1,040	1,010	1,006	976	962	1,056	1,079
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	18,283	20,948	20,308	17,916	19,986	19,952	20,200	20,075	19,951
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]

Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	149,613	155,797	155,732	149,883	153,167	153,806	154,234	155,324	155,975
16 to 19 years	4,793	5,107	5,068	5,000	5,297	5,298	5,281	5,331	5,287
16 to 17 years	1,693	2,026	1,966	1,790	2,006	2,021	1,992	2,087	2,075
18 to 19 years	3,100	3,081	3,102	3,211	3,248	3,261	3,289	3,243	3,214
20 years and over	144,820	150,690	150,664	144,883	147,870	148,508	148,953	149,993	150,688
20 to 24 years	13,002	13,842	13,758	13,110	13,265	13,529	13,718	13,824	13,870
25 years and over	131,817	136,848	136,907	131,547	134,693	135,072	135,282	136,065	136,605
25 to 54 years	96,427	100,032	100,016	96,175	98,298	98,460	98,795	99,396	99,740
25 to 34 years	33,993	35,622	35,464	33,891	34,753	34,713	35,029	35,347	35,352
35 to 44 years	32,052	33,354	33,521	31,995	32,919	32,945	33,042	33,174	33,454
45 to 54 years	30,382	31,056	31,031	30,290	30,626	30,802	30,723	30,875	30,934
55 years and over	35,391	36,815	36,891	35,371	36,395	36,612	36,487	36,669	36,865
Men, 16 years and over	78,955	82,474	82,024	79,443	81,102	81,533	81,835	82,432	82,508
16 to 19 years	2,384	2,571	2,499	2,494	2,622	2,581	2,672	2,696	2,616
16 to 17 years	812	958	892	883	940	974	984	1,017	970
18 to 19 years	1,571	1,613	1,608	1,617	1,653	1,590	1,691	1,686	1,655
20 years and over	76,572	79,904	79,525	76,949	78,480	78,952	79,164	79,736	79,892
20 to 24 years	6,527	7,074	6,952	6,639	6,793	6,882	6,972	7,100	7,070
25 years and over	70,044	72,830	72,573	70,182	71,699	72,081	72,181	72,535	72,702
25 to 54 years	51,177	53,157	52,948	51,228	52,342	52,462	52,717	52,894	52,992
25 to 34 years	18,177	18,945	18,816	18,158	18,539	18,540	18,715	18,797	18,793
35 to 44 years	17,154	17,899	17,849	17,204	17,693	17,802	17,784	17,845	17,899
45 to 54 years	15,846	16,313	16,283	15,866	16,110	16,120	16,218	16,252	16,300
55 years and over	18,867	19,673	19,625	18,954	19,357	19,619	19,464	19,641	19,710
Women, 16 years and over	70,658	73,323	73,708	70,439	72,065	72,273	72,399	72,892	73,467
16 to 19 years	2,410	2,537	2,568	2,506	2,675	2,717	2,609	2,635	2,671
16 to 17 years	880	1,068	1,074	906	1,066	1,046	1,008	1,070	1,105
18 to 19 years	1,529	1,469	1,494	1,594	1,595	1,671	1,598	1,557	1,558
20 years and over	68,248	70,786	71,140	67,933	69,390	69,555	69,790	70,257	70,795
20 to 24 years	6,475	6,768	6,806	6,471	6,472	6,646	6,746	6,724	6,799
25 years and over	61,773	64,018	64,334	61,364	62,993	62,991	63,101	63,530	63,904
25 to 54 years	45,250	46,875	47,068	44,947	45,956	45,998	46,078	46,502	46,748
25 to 34 years	15,816	16,677	16,648	15,733	16,215	16,174	16,314	16,550	16,559
35 to 44 years	14,898	15,455	15,672	14,790	15,225	15,143	15,258	15,329	15,555
45 to 54 years	14,535	14,743	14,748	14,424	14,516	14,681	14,505	14,623	14,635
55 years and over	16,523	17,142	17,266	16,418	17,038	16,993	17,023	17,029	17,156
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	43,499	44,274	44,351	43,597	43,681	43,671	43,794	44,209	44,437
Married women, spouse present(1)	35,109	35,700	35,909	34,774	35,068	35,029	34,988	35,328	35,557
Women who maintain families(2)	9,490	9,738	9,726	-	-	-	-	-	-
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	124,415	129,322	129,824	124,794	127,340	128,076	128,409	129,388	130,191
Part-time workers(4)	25,197	26,475	25,908	24,976	25,739	25,772	25,903	25,956	25,681
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	6,496	7,180	7,461	6,438	7,035	7,038	6,984	7,065	7,395
Percent of total employed	4.3	4.6	4.8	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.5	4.7
SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	5,859	6,363	6,213	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,322	10,004	9,908	9,473	10,207	10,157	10,234	10,000	10,067
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted

Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	10,789	6,802	6,319	6.7	5.2	4.7	4.6	4.2	3.9
16 to 19 years	940	654	649	15.8	11.3	11.3	11.7	10.9	10.9
16 to 17 years	287	241	251	13.8	11.4	10.8	10.1	10.4	10.8
18 to 19 years	659	425	416	17.0	11.2	11.7	12.6	11.6	11.5
20 years and over	9,848	6,148	5,670	6.4	4.9	4.5	4.3	3.9	3.6
20 to 24 years	1,666	1,100	1,058	11.3	9.2	7.8	7.2	7.4	7.1
25 years and over	8,234	5,062	4,660	5.9	4.5	4.1	4.0	3.6	3.3
25 to 54 years	6,006	3,872	3,583	5.9	4.7	4.4	4.1	3.7	3.5
25 to 34 years	2,437	1,573	1,580	6.7	5.5	5.2	4.8	4.3	4.3
35 to 44 years	1,859	1,321	1,124	5.5	4.4	3.9	3.8	3.8	3.3
45 to 54 years	1,709	977	879	5.3	4.0	3.9	3.7	3.1	2.8
55 years and over	2,280	1,224	1,133	6.1	3.9	3.5	3.6	3.2	3.0
Men, 16 years and over	5,743	3,585	3,349	6.7	5.3	5.0	4.5	4.2	3.9
16 to 19 years	456	314	339	15.5	12.1	12.5	11.9	10.4	11.5
16 to 17 years	150	127	117	14.5	10.8	11.5	9.8	11.1	10.7
18 to 19 years	302	198	238	15.7	12.9	13.2	13.2	10.5	12.6
20 years and over	5,287	3,272	3,010	6.4	5.1	4.7	4.3	3.9	3.6
20 to 24 years	926	620	586	12.2	9.4	9.1	8.2	8.0	7.7
25 years and over	4,395	2,677	2,455	5.9	4.6	4.3	3.9	3.6	3.3
25 to 54 years	3,211	2,077	1,903	5.9	4.9	4.5	4.0	3.8	3.5
25 to 34 years	1,317	870	879	6.8	5.8	5.6	5.0	4.4	4.5
35 to 44 years	1,051	716	607	5.8	4.5	4.1	3.7	3.9	3.3
45 to 54 years	842	492	417	5.0	4.2	3.7	3.2	2.9	2.5
55 years and over	1,184	599	552	5.9	4.0	3.6	3.5	3.0	2.7
Women, 16 years and over	5,046	3,217	2,970	6.7	5.0	4.5	4.6	4.2	3.9
16 to 19 years	485	340	311	16.2	10.4	10.2	11.4	11.4	10.4
16 to 17 years	138	115	134	13.2	11.9	10.1	10.4	9.7	10.8
18 to 19 years	357	227	178	18.3	9.3	10.2	12.0	12.7	10.2
20 years and over	4,561	2,876	2,660	6.3	4.8	4.3	4.3	3.9	3.6
20 to 24 years	740	480	472	10.3	8.9	6.4	6.3	6.7	6.5
25 years and over	3,839	2,386	2,205	5.9	4.3	4.0	4.1	3.6	3.3
25 to 54 years	2,795	1,795	1,680	5.9	4.5	4.2	4.3	3.7	3.5
25 to 34 years	1,120	703	700	6.6	5.2	4.8	4.5	4.1	4.1
35 to 44 years	808	606	517	5.2	4.2	3.7	4.0	3.8	3.2
45 to 54 years	867	485	462	5.7	3.9	4.0	4.3	3.2	3.1
55 years and over	1,082	620	565	6.2	3.7	3.4	3.6	3.5	3.2
MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	1,884	1,030	870	4.1	3.2	2.8	2.5	2.3	1.9
Married women, spouse present(1)	1,704	1,012	896	4.7	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.8	2.5
Women who maintain families(2)	734	493	577	7.2	7.9	6.8	5.9	4.8	5.6
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	8,951	5,713	5,228	6.7	5.2	4.8	4.6	4.2	3.9
Part-time workers(4)	1,862	1,098	1,123	6.9	5.2	4.2	4.7	4.1	4.2
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	7,264	3,079	3,044	7,348	4,441	4,002	3,700	3,369	3,095
On temporary layoff	3,124	673	834	3,091	1,206	1,083	1,041	875	812
Not on temporary layoff	4,141	2,406	2,210	4,257	3,234	2,919	2,659	2,493	2,283
Permanent job losers	3,342	1,839	1,622	3,467	2,509	2,243	2,102	1,905	1,703
Persons who completed temporary jobs	798	567	588	790	725	676	557	589	580
Job leavers	706	828	676	756	830	792	845	837	724
Reentrants	2,044	2,010	1,849	2,249	2,446	2,275	2,206	2,154	2,038
New entrants	389	385	395	508	514	491	537	452	513
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	69.8	48.9	51.0	67.7	54.0	52.9	50.8	49.4	48.6
On temporary layoff	30.0	10.7	14.0	28.5	14.7	14.3	14.3	12.8	12.8
Not on temporary layoff	39.8	38.2	37.1	39.2	39.3	38.6	36.5	36.6	35.8
Job leavers	6.8	13.1	11.3	7.0	10.1	10.5	11.6	12.3	11.4
Reentrants	19.7	31.9	31.0	20.7	29.7	30.1	30.3	31.6	32.0
New entrants	3.7	6.1	6.6	4.7	6.2	6.5	7.4	6.6	8.1
UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	4.5	1.9	1.9	4.6	2.7	2.5	2.3	2.1	1.9
Job leavers	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.4
Reentrants	1.3	1.2	1.1	1.4	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.3
New entrants	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]

Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,813	1,791	1,884	2,906	2,110	2,227	2,051	1,985	1,977
5 to 14 weeks	2,211	1,575	1,453	2,344	1,927	1,727	1,876	1,703	1,571
15 weeks and over	5,380	2,936	2,626	5,542	4,353	3,711	3,340	3,063	2,788
15 to 26 weeks	1,502	805	722	1,563	1,248	1,047	1,001	870	780
27 weeks and over	3,878	2,131	1,905	3,979	3,105	2,664	2,339	2,193	2,008
Average (mean) duration, in weeks	22.8	29.6	27.6	23.7	29.4	28.3	26.9	29.1	28.6
Median duration, in weeks	16.1	12.8	10.8	17.9	14.2	13.7	13.0	13.4	12.9
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	27.0	28.4	31.6	26.9	25.1	29.1	28.2	29.4	31.2
5 to 14 weeks	21.3	25.0	24.4	21.7	23.0	22.5	25.8	25.2	24.8
15 weeks and over	51.7	46.6	44.0	51.4	51.9	48.4	46.0	45.4	44.0
15 to 26 weeks	14.4	12.8	12.1	14.5	14.9	13.7	13.8	12.9	12.3
27 weeks and over	37.3	33.8	31.9	36.9	37.0	34.8	32.2	32.5	31.7
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021
Total, 16 years and over(1)	149,613	155,732	10,404	5,964	6.5	3.7
Management, professional, and related occupations	64,007	66,366	2,235	1,146	3.4	1.7
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	27,141	28,264	1,016	526	3.6	1.8
Professional and related occupations	36,866	38,103	1,219	621	3.2	1.6
Service occupations	22,490	24,821	2,824	1,462	11.2	5.6
Sales and office occupations	30,712	30,949	1,859	1,137	5.7	3.5
Sales and related occupations	14,809	14,527	825	535	5.3	3.6
Office and administrative support occupations	15,904	16,422	1,035	602	6.1	3.5
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,191	13,774	1,449	851	9.9	5.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,019	961	178	118	14.8	10.9
Construction and extraction occupations	7,580	8,158	1,000	567	11.7	6.5
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,593	4,655	272	167	5.6	3.5
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	19,212	19,821	1,630	954	7.8	4.6
Production occupations	8,039	8,066	547	290	6.4	3.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,174	11,755	1,084	664	8.8	5.3
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted

Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021
Total, 16 years and over(1)	10,404	5,964	6.5	3.7
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	8,460	4,739	6.7	3.7
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	89	34	13.1	5.8
Construction	930	497	9.6	5.0
Manufacturing	640	435	4.3	2.8
Durable goods	337	282	3.5	2.8
Nondurable goods	304	154	5.5	2.8
Wholesale and retail trade	1,125	843	5.5	4.2
Transportation and utilities	627	264	8.4	3.3
Information	158	115	6.4	4.9
Financial activities	313	241	3.1	2.4
Professional and business services	1,071	707	6.1	3.8
Education and health services	1,013	505	4.1	2.1
Leisure and hospitality	2,042	861	16.7	6.7
Other services	453	237	7.4	3.7
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	189	155	11.0	9.8
Government workers	692	325	3.2	1.5
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	674	349	6.7	3.4
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]

Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Aug. 2021	Sept. 2021	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021	Dec. 2021
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	3.4	1.8	1.6	3.4	2.7	2.3	2.1	1.9	1.7
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	4.5	1.9	1.9	4.6	2.7	2.5	2.3	2.1	1.9
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	6.5	3.9	3.7	6.7	5.2	4.7	4.6	4.2	3.9
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	6.9	4.2	4.0	7.1	5.4	5.0	4.8	4.5	4.2
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	7.8	4.8	4.7	8.0	6.1	5.8	5.5	5.1	4.9
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	11.6	7.4	7.2	11.7	8.8	8.5	8.2	7.7	7.3
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]

Category	Total		Men		Women
	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021	Dec. 2020	Dec. 2021
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	101,213	100,440	41,723	41,493	59,490	58,947
Persons who currently want a job	7,088	5,524	3,388	2,759	3,699	2,765
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	2,197	1,671	1,151	924	1,046	747
Discouraged workers(2)	661	468	418	279	243	189
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,536	1,203	733	645	803	558
MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	6,496	7,461	3,092	3,741	3,404	3,720
Percent of total employed	4.3	4.8	3.9	4.6	4.8	5.0
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	3,721	4,062	1,926	2,235	1,795	1,827
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,590	1,825	563	622	1,027	1,203
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	287	406	156	255	130	150
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	832	1,094	414	588	418	507
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]

Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Change from: Nov.2021 - Dec.2021(p)
Total nonfarm	143,602	149,245	150,098	150,170	142,503	148,503	148,752	148,951	199
Total private	121,802	127,039	127,796	127,963	121,047	126,562	126,832	127,043	211
Goods-producing	20,165	20,836	20,820	20,730	20,228	20,670	20,742	20,796	54
Mining and logging	602	652	652	655	597	648	650	656	6
Logging	46.6	43.4	43.2	42.5	45.9	42.7	42.6	42.3	-0.3
Mining	555.4	608.9	608.5	612.2	550.6	605.4	607.5	614.1	6.6
Oil and gas extraction	141.9	143.3	144.4	147.9	139.5	141.6	142.7	145.0	2.3
Mining, except oil and gas	178.0	184.9	184.2	181.9	178.7	183.3	183.5	184.2	0.7
Coal mining	42.5	42.5	42.2	42.5	42.2	42.5	42.4	42.8	0.4
Metal ore mining	41.3	42.8	42.9	43.1	41.5	43.0	43.1	43.3	0.2
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	94.2	99.6	99.1	96.3	95.0	97.8	98.0	98.1	0.1
Support activities for mining	235.5	280.7	279.9	282.4	232.4	280.5	281.3	284.9	3.6
Construction	7,312	7,666	7,604	7,465	7,400	7,503	7,538	7,560	22
Construction of buildings	1,652.3	1,725.9	1,722.0	1,708.1	1,658.2	1,704.4	1,713.1	1,717.5	4.4
Residential building	847.4	895.7	892.6	885.5	847.7	883.2	885.7	886.4	0.7
Nonresidential building	804.9	830.2	829.4	822.6	810.5	821.2	827.4	831.1	3.7
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,008.6	1,115.0	1,087.1	1,029.2	1,051.0	1,057.7	1,065.1	1,075.5	10.4
Specialty trade contractors	4,651.4	4,824.6	4,794.4	4,727.3	4,690.7	4,740.6	4,759.3	4,767.4	8.1
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,127.2	2,212.4	2,200.9	2,165.8	2,140.3	2,174.5	2,181.1	2,176.3	-4.8
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,524.2	2,612.2	2,593.5	2,561.5	2,550.4	2,566.1	2,578.2	2,591.1	12.9
Manufacturing	12,251	12,518	12,564	12,610	12,231	12,519	12,554	12,580	26
Durable goods	7,609	7,778	7,803	7,834	7,598	7,789	7,806	7,826	20
Wood products	403.0	413.3	414.9	417.0	402.5	412.4	414.2	415.5	1.3
Nonmetallic mineral products	397.9	401.4	403.4	400.2	400.3	398.4	401.0	403.1	2.1
Primary metals	348.9	355.1	358.3	361.7	348.4	358.2	359.9	361.8	1.9
Fabricated metal products	1,388.1	1,424.6	1,432.3	1,435.0	1,385.8	1,429.6	1,437.2	1,436.6	-0.6
Machinery	1,055.9	1,080.1	1,076.0	1,087.1	1,055.9	1,086.6	1,079.6	1,087.3	7.7
Computer and electronic products	1,074.2	1,092.6	1,092.4	1,094.0	1,072.2	1,093.6	1,092.8	1,091.9	-0.9
Computer and peripheral equipment	162.5	167.2	167.7	167.4	162.6	167.2	167.6	167.0	-0.6
Communications equipment	85.3	84.8	84.6	83.7	85.0	85.2	84.6	84.2	-0.4
Semiconductors and electronic components	368.3	374.6	375.2	374.8	368.2	375.4	375.2	374.4	-0.8
Electronic instruments	422.9	431.2	430.0	432.8	422.0	431.3	430.9	431.6	0.7
Miscellaneous computer and electronic products	35.2	34.8	34.9	35.3	34.4	34.5	34.5	34.7	0.2
Electrical equipment and appliances	375.1	382.1	384.8	385.3	373.5	382.5	385.1	386.1	1.0
Transportation equipment(1)	1,601.4	1,633.6	1,634.5	1,642.1	1,596.5	1,632.0	1,632.0	1,635.9	3.9
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	913.3	936.3	934.0	942.7	910.8	935.8	929.9	934.1	4.2
Furniture and related products	356.9	362.8	364.5	367.7	356.2	363.7	364.2	365.8	1.6
Miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing	608.0	632.0	641.4	643.7	607.0	631.5	639.9	641.9	2.0
Nondurable goods	4,642	4,740	4,761	4,776	4,633	4,730	4,748	4,754	6
Food manufacturing	1,643.1	1,660.9	1,668.5	1,674.8	1,634.1	1,650.7	1,657.9	1,657.7	-0.2
Textile mills	96.1	99.2	99.9	100.3	96.1	99.1	99.8	100.5	0.7
Textile product mills	105.7	108.7	109.0	110.0	105.2	108.6	108.6	109.5	0.9
Apparel	92.7	93.5	94.6	95.5	92.8	93.1	94.2	94.8	0.6
Paper and paper products	356.7	353.9	358.3	358.5	356.0	355.4	358.2	356.7	-1.5
Printing and related support activities	374.9	380.4	383.1	385.3	373.1	381.0	381.3	382.3	1.0
Petroleum and coal products	105.0	103.7	102.7	101.5	106.9	101.6	101.8	101.7	-0.1
Chemicals	844.9	858.7	860.1	868.3	842.7	863.4	863.8	866.1	2.3
Plastics and rubber products	725.4	736.6	742.8	747.0	724.7	740.4	742.8	744.8	2.0
Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing	297.9	343.9	342.2	334.8	301.0	336.5	339.5	339.6	0.1
Private service-providing	101,637	106,203	106,976	107,233	100,819	105,892	106,090	106,247	157
Trade, transportation, and utilities	27,799	27,765	28,377	28,651	26,984	27,725	27,765	27,795	30
Wholesale trade	5,632.3	5,745.1	5,767.0	5,786.8	5,617.2	5,741.1	5,752.3	5,766.0	13.7
Durable goods	3,080.5	3,155.6	3,162.5	3,176.4	3,073.8	3,155.3	3,162.1	3,170.9	8.8
Nondurable goods	2,069.7	2,110.5	2,122.9	2,126.4	2,062.9	2,107.1	2,110.7	2,113.9	3.2
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	482.1	479.0	481.6	484.0	480.5	478.7	479.5	481.2	1.7
Retail trade	15,628.2	15,504.3	15,860.0	15,963.7	15,159.8	15,467.2	15,453.9	15,451.8	-2.1
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	1,947.8	1,986.6	1,986.2	1,978.7	1,953.3	1,987.0	1,986.8	1,984.2	-2.6
Automobile dealers	1,239.4	1,250.5	1,253.3	1,249.9	1,239.6	1,252.5	1,252.9	1,250.8	-2.1
Other motor vehicle dealers	148.7	166.6	161.4	158.7	155.4	166.9	165.8	165.9	0.1
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	559.7	569.5	571.5	570.1	558.3	567.5	568.0	567.5	-0.5
Furniture and home furnishings stores	455.3	448.2	460.1	461.5	435.2	446.9	447.3	445.3	-2.0
Electronics and appliance stores	453.9	438.2	451.5	453.7	431.2	429.3	428.9	427.5	-1.4
Building material and garden supply stores	1,395.0	1,343.1	1,336.3	1,333.1	1,426.6	1,364.9	1,367.7	1,365.7	-2.0
Food and beverage stores	3,177.0	3,104.4	3,144.0	3,146.9	3,145.1	3,108.2	3,119.6	3,117.8	-1.8
Health and personal care stores	987.5	1,033.0	1,056.4	1,067.0	960.8	1,027.8	1,032.2	1,036.8	4.6
Gasoline stations	938.6	960.5	960.6	959.3	939.3	957.9	958.8	960.3	1.5
Clothing and clothing accessories stores	1,075.7	1,060.0	1,116.1	1,154.8	979.0	1,064.0	1,047.6	1,039.6	-8.0
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores	499.5	495.0	523.3	519.5	460.4	494.0	488.6	476.1	-12.5
General merchandise stores	3,278.6	3,153.0	3,323.4	3,384.9	3,048.1	3,118.6	3,103.3	3,119.1	15.8
Department stores	1,110.1	1,015.2	1,111.8	1,147.0	976.8	1,007.9	1,002.4	1,003.1	0.7
General merchandise stores, including warehouse clubs and supercenters	2,168.5	2,137.8	2,211.6	2,237.9	2,071.3	2,110.7	2,100.9	2,115.9	15.0
Miscellaneous store retailers	782.2	834.4	833.7	840.9	770.0	830.6	830.4	836.2	5.8
Nonstore retailers	637.1	647.9	668.4	663.4	610.8	638.0	642.7	643.2	0.5
Transportation and warehousing	5,998.4	5,979.8	6,213.0	6,363.2	5,668.1	5,980.4	6,022.6	6,041.3	18.7
Air transportation	396.8	465.2	468.4	474.0	398.3	467.3	471.0	476.8	5.8
Rail transportation	145.4	142.3	142.5	142.5	144.5	142.1	142.4	142.3	-0.1
Water transportation	58.2	59.0	57.6	58.4	59.2	58.8	59.3	60.0	0.7
Truck transportation	1,477.6	1,530.9	1,533.2	1,523.2	1,478.9	1,515.3	1,523.0	1,523.3	0.3
Transit and ground passenger transportation	379.2	418.9	420.0	422.1	363.0	404.4	404.4	404.3	-0.1
Pipeline transportation	49.6	49.8	50.0	50.5	49.4	49.7	50.0	50.5	0.5
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	20.6	35.9	32.2	30.3	24.6	35.0	37.1	36.4	-0.7
Support activities for transportation	700.4	741.9	752.2	762.5	694.7	741.6	747.5	754.9	7.4
Couriers and messengers	1,305.0	1,014.0	1,205.8	1,344.8	1,034.3	1,067.2	1,084.4	1,084.3	-0.1
Warehousing and storage	1,465.6	1,521.9	1,551.1	1,554.9	1,421.2	1,499.0	1,503.5	1,508.5	5.0
Utilities	540.2	535.8	536.7	536.8	538.5	536.5	536.4	536.2	-0.2
Information	2,668	2,790	2,802	2,812	2,659	2,794	2,795	2,795	0
Publishing industries, except Internet	761.7	772.5	777.8	786.5	761.6	775.0	777.3	781.3	4.0
Motion picture and sound recording industries	262.4	347.8	350.3	344.2	258.7	348.4	346.9	340.7	-6.2
Broadcasting, except Internet	247.4	238.5	238.1	238.1	246.3	237.6	237.6	237.7	0.1
Telecommunications	683.3	671.0	669.1	674.3	679.5	672.3	667.9	666.1	-1.8
Data processing, hosting and related services	354.9	381.5	381.2	382.7	355.8	380.4	380.3	381.9	1.6
Other information services	358.0	379.0	385.5	386.2	357.2	380.6	385.1	387.0	1.9
Financial activities	8,788	8,907	8,920	8,942	8,774	8,894	8,911	8,919	8
Finance and insurance	6,554.8	6,564.9	6,581.9	6,597.0	6,539.4	6,562.3	6,572.7	6,576.3	3.6
Monetary authorities - central bank	20.3	20.1	20.1	20.1	20.3	20.1	20.2	20.3	0.1
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,673.4	2,660.3	2,662.6	2,666.2	2,670.4	2,664.8	2,663.6	2,662.7	-0.9
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,749.6	1,716.1	1,717.5	1,720.3	1,749.9	1,722.3	1,720.4	1,718.5	-1.9
Commercial banking	1,362.9	1,324.4	1,324.0	1,325.8	1,364.1	1,329.9	1,327.5	1,325.7	-1.8
Nondepository credit intermediation	607.4	620.9	620.5	620.8	605.7	620.4	620.7	622.0	1.3
Activities related to credit intermediation	316.4	323.3	324.6	325.1	314.8	322.1	322.5	322.2	-0.3
Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and funds and trusts	975.6	1,010.4	1,018.2	1,021.7	973.0	1,008.4	1,017.1	1,018.4	1.3
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,885.5	2,874.1	2,881.0	2,889.0	2,875.7	2,869.0	2,871.8	2,874.9	3.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,233.6	2,342.3	2,337.9	2,344.6	2,234.7	2,331.6	2,337.8	2,343.1	5.3
Real estate	1,726.5	1,792.2	1,791.3	1,795.1	1,720.4	1,780.8	1,785.5	1,789.1	3.6
Rental and leasing services	484.5	527.9	524.3	527.0	491.9	528.6	530.2	531.8	1.6
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets	22.6	22.2	22.3	22.5	22.4	22.2	22.1	22.2	0.1
Professional and business services	20,638	21,598	21,714	21,650	20,550	21,319	21,391	21,434	43
Professional and technical services	9,554.8	10,034.6	10,111.6	10,150.0	9,526.0	10,033.4	10,084.2	10,120.9	36.7
Legal services	1,128.0	1,157.0	1,161.0	1,163.2	1,121.9	1,153.6	1,156.6	1,156.3	-0.3
Accounting and bookkeeping services	1,001.2	1,023.8	1,050.0	1,075.1	996.5	1,074.9	1,079.7	1,083.1	3.4
Architectural and engineering services	1,524.4	1,606.0	1,606.2	1,610.5	1,525.7	1,596.0	1,601.1	1,609.7	8.6
Specialized design services	135.4	145.4	147.8	150.2	133.6	144.3	146.7	149.0	2.3
Computer systems design and related services	2,204.6	2,313.0	2,333.7	2,323.3	2,211.7	2,301.4	2,314.3	2,324.5	10.2
Management and technical consulting services	1,568.7	1,694.5	1,705.7	1,715.6	1,554.2	1,671.5	1,685.3	1,692.8	7.5
Scientific research and development services	784.8	836.3	839.7	848.6	784.1	840.0	842.1	848.5	6.4
Advertising and related services	443.3	454.8	458.1	460.4	440.6	454.2	456.2	457.2	1.0
Other professional and technical services	764.4	803.8	809.4	803.1	757.7	797.7	802.2	799.8	-2.4
Management of companies and enterprises	2,354.6	2,343.1	2,350.0	2,357.2	2,351.7	2,345.1	2,350.2	2,351.4	1.2
Administrative and waste services	8,728.3	9,220.7	9,252.1	9,142.5	8,671.8	8,940.4	8,956.8	8,961.2	4.4
Administrative and support services	8,279.9	8,756.8	8,790.2	8,681.0	8,222.4	8,480.5	8,497.0	8,500.6	3.6
Office administrative services	527.8	570.7	572.6	571.7	528.4	567.8	569.6	570.5	0.9
Facilities support services	153.3	153.5	151.7	150.6	152.8	152.1	151.3	150.3	-1.0
Employment services(1)	3,389.3	3,645.1	3,684.7	3,684.2	3,256.5	3,443.8	3,443.9	3,449.2	5.3
Temporary help services	2,762.4	2,964.2	2,998.3	2,987.5	2,620.6	2,788.8	2,789.3	2,787.7	-1.6
Business support services	825.4	788.3	806.2	796.2	804.1	780.3	783.6	777.2	-6.4
Travel arrangement and reservation services	145.5	165.1	162.7	161.7	147.0	166.2	164.2	162.9	-1.3
Investigation and security services	899.8	899.3	906.1	908.5	895.9	898.1	898.6	897.2	-1.4
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,038.3	2,210.9	2,182.5	2,090.9	2,133.6	2,152.9	2,163.5	2,171.3	7.8
Other support services	300.5	323.9	323.7	317.2	304.1	319.3	322.3	322.0	-0.3
Waste management and remediation services	448.4	463.9	461.9	461.5	449.4	459.9	459.8	460.6	0.8
Education and health services	23,400	23,922	24,017	23,954	23,249	23,780	23,794	23,804	10
Educational services	3,404.1	3,769.5	3,816.2	3,749.8	3,321.0	3,632.7	3,638.8	3,642.2	3.4
Health care and social assistance	19,996.1	20,152.5	20,200.5	20,203.7	19,928.3	20,147.5	20,155.5	20,161.6	6.1
Health care(3)	16,036.3	16,049.4	16,078.9	16,085.9	15,979.3	16,042.1	16,045.7	16,042.6	-3.1
Ambulatory health care services	7,733.8	7,939.1	7,960.8	7,968.8	7,700.2	7,924.7	7,933.9	7,942.0	8.1
Offices of physicians	2,680.1	2,735.8	2,738.3	2,750.1	2,662.9	2,730.2	2,728.3	2,732.3	4.0
Offices of dentists	987.9	1,030.9	1,038.7	1,034.2	983.5	1,028.7	1,032.8	1,033.2	0.4
Offices of other health practitioners	951.3	1,014.0	1,021.7	1,021.4	948.4	1,012.9	1,018.2	1,017.7	-0.5
Outpatient care centers	1,002.9	1,012.8	1,017.8	1,018.8	998.4	1,012.3	1,015.3	1,015.9	0.6
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	288.9	300.3	300.3	302.3	288.0	299.9	300.6	301.5	0.9
Home health care services	1,514.0	1,529.8	1,526.9	1,523.8	1,508.7	1,525.2	1,522.6	1,523.8	1.2
Other ambulatory health care services	308.7	315.5	317.1	318.2	310.3	315.3	316.1	317.6	1.5
Hospitals	5,183.9	5,148.5	5,158.0	5,152.5	5,174.8	5,145.1	5,147.0	5,141.9	-5.1
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,118.6	2,961.8	2,960.1	2,964.6	3,104.3	2,972.3	2,964.8	2,958.7	-6.1
Nursing care facilities	1,439.5	1,353.5	1,348.9	1,347.9	1,433.4	1,359.1	1,350.9	1,345.7	-5.2
Residential mental health facilities	612.2	590.9	593.1	595.6	611.0	592.0	592.8	594.5	1.7
Community care facilities for the elderly	912.5	867.8	867.8	872.3	906.0	871.5	870.9	868.7	-2.2
Other residential care facilities	154.4	149.6	150.3	148.8	153.9	149.8	150.1	149.7	-0.4
Social assistance	3,959.8	4,103.1	4,121.6	4,117.8	3,949.0	4,105.4	4,109.8	4,119.0	9.2
Individual and family services	2,616.3	2,690.5	2,696.3	2,694.8	2,614.4	2,692.8	2,697.1	2,709.9	12.8
Emergency and other relief services	186.5	184.6	188.1	188.5	184.0	185.5	187.0	186.4	-0.6
Vocational rehabilitation services	276.6	285.9	285.3	286.8	277.1	286.5	287.0	287.6	0.6
Child day care services	880.4	942.1	951.9	947.7	873.5	940.6	938.8	935.1	-3.7
Leisure and hospitality	12,896	15,448	15,362	15,429	13,134	15,599	15,640	15,693	53
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	1,605.6	2,164.0	2,105.4	2,095.4	1,715.9	2,225.8	2,236.0	2,236.7	0.7
Performing arts and spectator sports	311.1	484.7	483.3	478.6	321.9	480.8	490.6	497.6	7.0
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	128.2	147.2	145.3	146.5	133.0	148.7	149.1	149.4	0.3
Amusements, gambling, and recreation	1,166.3	1,532.1	1,476.8	1,470.3	1,261.0	1,596.3	1,596.3	1,589.7	-6.6
Accommodation and food services	11,289.9	13,284.4	13,256.5	13,333.7	11,418.1	13,372.9	13,403.9	13,456.5	52.6
Accommodation	1,376.4	1,777.1	1,728.7	1,747.9	1,421.2	1,793.6	1,791.0	1,801.0	10.0
Food services and drinking places	9,913.5	11,507.3	11,527.8	11,585.8	9,996.9	11,579.3	11,612.9	11,655.5	42.6
Other services	5,448	5,773	5,784	5,795	5,469	5,781	5,794	5,807	13
Repair and maintenance	1,304.8	1,392.1	1,402.1	1,396.4	1,312.2	1,386.7	1,396.1	1,400.9	4.8
Personal and laundry services	1,298.5	1,446.4	1,443.1	1,458.3	1,298.3	1,452.8	1,450.3	1,453.9	3.6
Membership associations and organizations	2,845.0	2,934.7	2,939.0	2,939.8	2,858.5	2,941.6	2,947.2	2,952.0	4.8
Government	21,800	22,206	22,302	22,207	21,456	21,941	21,920	21,908	-12
Federal	2,905	2,875	2,892	2,898	2,892	2,878	2,882	2,880	-2
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,279.8	2,277.6	2,274.2	2,273.2	2,285.3	2,273.7	2,273.6	2,272.4	-1.2
U.S. Postal Service	624.7	597.6	617.9	625.2	606.7	604.0	608.6	608.0	-0.6
State government	5,039	5,186	5,193	5,135	4,930	5,042	5,032	5,032	0
State government education	2,361.1	2,551.7	2,569.3	2,516.5	2,243.7	2,403.5	2,400.1	2,405.1	5.0
State government, excluding education	2,677.6	2,633.9	2,623.7	2,618.5	2,686.4	2,638.5	2,632.3	2,627.2	-5.1
Local government	13,856	14,145	14,217	14,174	13,634	14,021	14,006	13,996	-10
Local government education	7,634.1	7,853.5	7,931.0	7,923.9	7,326.4	7,666.9	7,655.1	7,653.3	-1.8
Local government, excluding education	6,222.1	6,291.3	6,286.2	6,250.5	6,307.3	6,354.0	6,350.5	6,342.7	-7.8
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.7	34.7	34.7	34.7
Goods-producing	39.9	39.9	40.0	40.1
Mining and logging	45.0	44.9	45.1	44.9
Construction	39.2	38.8	39.0	39.3
Manufacturing	40.0	40.3	40.4	40.3
Durable goods	40.3	40.4	40.5	40.4
Nondurable goods	39.7	40.1	40.1	40.0
Private service-providing	33.6	33.7	33.7	33.7
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	34.5	34.6	34.7
Wholesale trade	38.6	39.4	39.2	39.2
Retail trade	30.4	30.9	31.2	31.4
Transportation and warehousing	38.9	38.6	38.1	38.0
Utilities	42.8	42.2	41.8	43.0
Information	37.1	37.0	37.0	37.1
Financial activities	37.7	37.6	37.5	37.5
Professional and business services	36.7	36.7	36.7	36.6
Education and health services	33.5	33.3	33.3	33.3
Leisure and hospitality	25.2	26.3	26.3	26.3
Other services	32.4	32.2	32.2	32.2
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.2
Durable goods	3.1	3.0	3.2	3.2
Nondurable goods	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.3
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
Total private	$29.91	$31.01	$31.12	$31.31	$1,037.88	$1,076.05	$1,079.86	$1,086.46
Goods-producing	30.30	31.48	31.55	31.65	1,208.97	1,256.05	1,262.00	1,269.17
Mining and logging	34.67	35.56	35.66	35.82	1,560.15	1,596.64	1,608.27	1,608.32
Construction	32.09	33.43	33.45	33.57	1,257.93	1,297.08	1,304.55	1,319.30
Manufacturing	29.00	30.12	30.21	30.28	1,160.00	1,213.84	1,220.48	1,220.28
Durable goods	30.49	31.63	31.75	31.82	1,228.75	1,277.85	1,285.88	1,285.53
Nondurable goods	26.54	27.61	27.64	27.70	1,053.64	1,107.16	1,108.36	1,108.00
Private service-providing	29.82	30.90	31.02	31.23	1,001.95	1,041.33	1,045.37	1,052.45
Trade, transportation, and utilities	25.67	26.73	26.79	26.97	875.35	922.19	926.93	935.86
Wholesale trade	32.87	34.15	34.11	34.44	1,268.78	1,345.51	1,337.11	1,350.05
Retail trade	21.33	22.28	22.37	22.48	648.43	688.45	697.94	705.87
Transportation and warehousing	25.72	26.86	27.08	27.16	1,000.51	1,036.80	1,031.75	1,032.08
Utilities	44.13	45.27	45.36	46.17	1,888.76	1,910.39	1,896.05	1,985.31
Information	44.28	44.74	44.66	45.36	1,642.79	1,655.38	1,652.42	1,682.86
Financial activities	39.06	40.52	40.71	40.98	1,472.56	1,523.55	1,526.63	1,536.75
Professional and business services	35.59	37.40	37.56	37.81	1,306.15	1,372.58	1,378.45	1,383.85
Education and health services	29.45	30.46	30.58	30.83	986.58	1,014.32	1,018.31	1,026.64
Leisure and hospitality	17.15	19.23	19.41	19.57	432.18	505.75	510.48	514.69
Other services	26.85	27.63	27.71	27.78	869.94	889.69	892.26	894.52
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2021 - Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2021 - Dec. 2021(p)
Total private	105.4	110.2	110.5	110.7	0.2	150.8	163.5	164.4	165.7	0.8
Goods-producing	92.0	94.0	94.5	95.0	0.5	125.9	133.7	134.8	135.9	0.8
Mining and logging	84.4	91.4	92.1	92.6	0.5	117.5	130.5	131.9	133.1	0.9
Construction	100.0	100.4	101.3	102.4	1.1	139.4	145.8	147.3	149.4	1.4
Manufacturing	88.0	90.8	91.2	91.2	0.0	118.7	127.1	128.2	128.4	0.2
Durable goods	86.2	88.6	89.0	89.0	0.0	116.7	124.5	125.5	125.8	0.2
Nondurable goods	91.8	94.7	95.0	94.9	-0.1	123.6	132.6	133.3	133.4	0.1
Private service-providing	109.1	114.9	115.1	115.3	0.2	158.1	172.6	173.6	175.0	0.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	100.4	104.4	104.8	105.2	0.4	139.0	150.5	151.4	153.1	1.1
Wholesale trade	95.6	99.8	99.5	99.7	0.2	131.5	142.5	141.9	143.6	1.2
Retail trade	93.6	97.0	97.9	98.5	0.6	131.9	142.9	144.7	146.4	1.2
Transportation and warehousing	126.7	132.6	131.8	131.9	0.1	165.8	181.2	181.6	182.3	0.4
Utilities	99.7	98.0	97.0	99.8	2.9	145.4	146.5	145.4	152.2	4.7
Information	90.1	94.4	94.4	94.7	0.3	142.0	150.4	150.2	152.9	1.8
Financial activities	108.4	109.6	109.5	109.6	0.1	165.1	173.2	173.9	175.2	0.7
Professional and business services	118.3	122.7	123.1	123.0	-0.1	170.4	185.8	187.2	188.3	0.6
Education and health services	127.2	129.3	129.4	129.4	0.0	180.2	189.5	190.3	192.0	0.9
Leisure and hospitality	94.4	117.1	117.4	117.8	0.3	130.7	181.6	183.8	185.9	1.1
Other services	102.2	107.3	107.6	107.8	0.2	150.3	162.5	163.4	164.1	0.4
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted

Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
Total nonfarm	70,852	74,022	74,149	74,196	49.7	49.8	49.8	49.8
Total private	58,520	61,323	61,464	61,509	48.3	48.5	48.5	48.4
Goods-producing	4,581	4,709	4,725	4,740	22.6	22.8	22.8	22.8
Mining and logging	84	82	84	86	14.1	12.7	12.9	13.1
Construction	983	1,038	1,038	1,040	13.3	13.8	13.8	13.8
Manufacturing	3,514	3,589	3,603	3,614	28.7	28.7	28.7	28.7
Durable goods	1,861	1,904	1,913	1,917	24.5	24.4	24.5	24.5
Nondurable goods	1,653	1,685	1,690	1,697	35.7	35.6	35.6	35.7
Private service-providing	53,939	56,614	56,739	56,769	53.5	53.5	53.5	53.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	10,617	10,960	10,995	10,993	39.3	39.5	39.6	39.6
Wholesale trade	1,678.0	1,726.3	1,734.3	1,737.8	29.9	30.1	30.1	30.1
Retail trade	7,352.9	7,537.0	7,547.2	7,544.4	48.5	48.7	48.8	48.8
Transportation and warehousing	1,452.8	1,561.8	1,578.8	1,576.0	25.6	26.1	26.2	26.1
Utilities	133.6	134.6	134.7	134.3	24.8	25.1	25.1	25.0
Information	1,062	1,097	1,105	1,104	39.9	39.3	39.5	39.5
Financial activities	4,961	4,983	4,988	4,988	56.5	56.0	56.0	55.9
Professional and business services	9,451	9,916	9,946	9,955	46.0	46.5	46.5	46.4
Education and health services	17,978	18,309	18,332	18,351	77.3	77.0	77.0	77.1
Leisure and hospitality	6,972	8,265	8,287	8,283	53.1	53.0	53.0	52.8
Other services	2,898	3,084	3,086	3,095	53.0	53.3	53.3	53.3
Government	12,332	12,699	12,685	12,687	57.5	57.9	57.9	57.9
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]

Industry	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
Total private	98,617	103,266	103,474	103,567
Goods-producing	14,360	14,733	14,789	14,837
Mining and logging	426	485	488	493
Construction	5,463	5,535	5,556	5,570
Manufacturing	8,471	8,713	8,745	8,774
Durable goods	5,149	5,342	5,352	5,374
Nondurable goods	3,322	3,371	3,393	3,400
Private service-providing	84,257	88,533	88,685	88,730
Trade, transportation, and utilities	22,855	23,385	23,468	23,489
Wholesale trade	4,453.4	4,568.1	4,584.1	4,598.7
Retail trade	12,936.1	13,199.5	13,204.9	13,207.0
Transportation and warehousing	5,039.3	5,190.0	5,251.2	5,255.1
Utilities	425.8	427.0	427.4	427.7
Information	2,092	2,220	2,219	2,218
Financial activities	6,667	6,713	6,715	6,717
Professional and business services	16,534	17,180	17,222	17,225
Education and health services	20,370	20,763	20,764	20,753
Leisure and hospitality	11,287	13,562	13,581	13,590
Other services	4,452	4,710	4,716	4,738
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.2	34.1	34.1	34.2
Goods-producing	40.9	40.8	41.0	41.1
Mining and logging	45.9	46.9	46.9	46.6
Construction	39.8	39.4	39.8	40.1
Manufacturing	41.3	41.3	41.4	41.4
Durable goods	41.5	41.2	41.4	41.3
Nondurable goods	41.1	41.4	41.4	41.6
Private service-providing	33.0	33.0	33.0	33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.1	34.3	34.3	34.3
Wholesale trade	38.5	39.2	39.1	39.0
Retail trade	30.6	30.8	30.9	31.0
Transportation and warehousing	38.5	38.4	38.1	37.8
Utilities	42.4	42.0	41.7	42.5
Information	36.5	36.4	36.6	36.6
Financial activities	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.5
Professional and business services	36.3	36.3	36.3	36.3
Education and health services	32.9	32.6	32.5	32.5
Leisure and hospitality	23.8	25.0	25.1	25.1
Other services	31.4	31.2	31.3	31.3
AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	4.1	4.0	4.1	4.1
Durable goods	4.0	3.9	4.1	4.0
Nondurable goods	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)
Total private	$25.15	$26.31	$26.43	$26.61	$860.13	$897.17	$901.26	$910.06
Goods-producing	25.77	26.91	27.01	27.13	1,053.99	1,097.93	1,107.41	1,115.04
Mining and logging	30.16	31.52	31.80	31.92	1,384.34	1,478.29	1,491.42	1,487.47
Construction	29.64	30.99	31.08	31.20	1,179.67	1,221.01	1,236.98	1,251.12
Manufacturing	23.12	24.14	24.22	24.33	954.86	996.98	1,002.71	1,007.26
Durable goods	24.12	25.19	25.30	25.42	1,000.98	1,037.83	1,047.42	1,049.85
Nondurable goods	21.55	22.48	22.52	22.62	885.71	930.67	932.33	940.99
Private service-providing	25.03	26.19	26.31	26.50	825.99	864.27	868.23	874.50
Trade, transportation, and utilities	21.74	22.90	23.02	23.23	741.33	785.47	789.59	796.79
Wholesale trade	27.12	28.20	28.18	28.63	1,044.12	1,105.44	1,101.84	1,116.57
Retail trade	17.96	18.97	19.02	19.20	549.58	584.28	587.72	595.20
Transportation and warehousing	23.10	24.59	25.01	25.04	889.35	944.26	952.88	946.51
Utilities	39.00	40.31	40.44	40.95	1,653.60	1,693.02	1,686.35	1,740.38
Information	36.19	36.86	36.91	37.01	1,320.94	1,341.70	1,350.91	1,354.57
Financial activities	29.68	30.73	30.89	30.91	1,110.03	1,149.30	1,155.29	1,159.13
Professional and business services	29.66	31.35	31.54	31.82	1,076.66	1,138.01	1,144.90	1,155.07
Education and health services	26.28	27.62	27.77	28.01	864.61	900.41	902.53	910.33
Leisure and hospitality	14.66	16.83	16.84	16.97	348.91	420.75	422.68	425.95
Other services	22.93	23.58	23.68	23.69	720.00	735.70	741.18	741.50
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]

Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2021 - Dec. 2021(p)	Dec. 2020	Oct. 2021	Nov. 2021(p)	Dec. 2021(p)	Percent change from: Nov. 2021 - Dec. 2021(p)
Total private	112.4	117.3	117.6	118.0	0.3	188.9	206.3	207.7	209.9	1.1
Goods-producing	89.8	91.9	92.7	93.2	0.5	141.6	151.4	153.2	154.8	1.0
Mining and logging	103.9	120.9	121.6	122.1	0.4	182.3	221.6	224.9	226.6	0.8
Construction	108.9	109.2	110.7	111.8	1.0	174.2	182.7	185.8	188.4	1.4
Manufacturing	80.3	82.6	83.1	83.4	0.4	121.4	130.4	131.6	132.7	0.8
Durable goods	80.3	82.7	83.2	83.4	0.2	120.9	130.0	131.5	132.3	0.6
Nondurable goods	80.4	82.2	82.8	83.3	0.6	122.5	130.6	131.7	133.2	1.1
Private service-providing	118.5	124.5	124.7	124.8	0.1	203.4	223.6	225.0	226.8	0.8
Trade, transportation, and utilities	109.0	112.2	112.6	112.7	0.1	169.3	183.6	185.2	187.0	1.0
Wholesale trade	101.8	106.3	106.4	106.4	0.0	162.9	176.9	176.9	179.9	1.7
Retail trade	100.2	102.9	103.3	103.6	0.3	154.2	167.2	168.3	170.5	1.3
Transportation and warehousing	146.8	150.8	151.4	150.3	-0.7	215.9	236.1	241.0	239.6	-0.6
Utilities	92.3	91.7	91.1	93.0	2.1	150.3	154.3	153.9	158.9	3.2
Information	87.2	92.2	92.7	92.7	0.0	156.1	168.3	169.4	169.8	0.2
Financial activities	117.4	118.2	118.2	118.6	0.3	214.3	223.4	224.6	225.4	0.4
Professional and business services	134.2	139.4	139.8	139.8	0.0	236.7	260.0	262.2	264.5	0.9
Education and health services	142.9	144.3	143.9	143.8	-0.1	247.9	263.1	263.7	265.9	0.8
Leisure and hospitality	98.4	124.2	124.9	124.9	0.0	163.8	237.4	238.8	240.8	0.8
Other services	98.0	103.1	103.5	104.0	0.5	163.8	177.1	178.6	179.5	0.5
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2020 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.