Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this news release is embargoed until                       USDL-24-0148
8:30 a.m. (ET) Friday, February 2, 2024

Technical information: 
 Household data:     (202) 691-6378  *  cpsinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/cps
 Establishment data: (202) 691-6555  *  cesinfo@bls.gov  *  www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact:	     (202) 691-5902  *  PressOffice@bls.gov


                          THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- JANUARY 2024


Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 353,000 in January, and the unemployment rate 
remained at 3.7 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains 
occurred in professional and business services, health care, retail trade, and social 
assistance. Employment declined in the mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction
industry.

This news release presents statistics from two monthly surveys. The household survey 
measures labor force status, including unemployment, by demographic characteristics. 
The establishment survey measures nonfarm employment, hours, and earnings by industry.
For more information about the concepts and statistical methodology used in these two 
surveys, see the Technical Note.

  _________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 |											   |
 |                        Changes to The Employment Situation Data                         |
 |                                                                                         |
 | Establishment survey data have been revised as a result of the annual benchmarking      |
 | process and the updating of seasonal adjustment factors. Also, household survey data    |
 | for January 2024 reflect updated population estimates. See the notes at the end of this |
 | news release for more information.                                                      |
 |_________________________________________________________________________________________|


Household Survey Data

In January, the unemployment rate was 3.7 percent for the third month in a row, and 
the number of unemployed people was little changed at 6.1 million. (See table A-1. 
See the note at the end of this news release and tables B and C for more information
about annual population adjustments to the household survey estimates.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult men (3.6 percent),
adult women (3.2 percent), teenagers (10.6 percent), Whites (3.4 percent), Blacks 
(5.3 percent), Asians (2.9 percent), and Hispanics (5.0 percent) showed little or 
no change in January. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

The number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more), at 1.3
million, was little changed in January. The long-term unemployed accounted for 
20.8 percent of all unemployed people. (See table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate, at 62.5 percent, was unchanged in January, and 
the employment-population ratio, at 60.2 percent, was little changed. These measures
showed little or no change over the year. (See table A-1.)

In January, the number of people employed part time for economic reasons, at 4.4 
million, changed little. These individuals, who would have preferred full-time 
employment, were working part time because their hours had been reduced or they 
were unable to find full-time jobs. (See table A-8.)

The number of people not in the labor force who currently want a job, at 5.8 
million, was little changed in January. These individuals were not counted as 
unemployed because they were not actively looking for work during the 4 weeks 
preceding the survey or were unavailable to take a job. (See table A-1.)

Among those not in the labor force who wanted a job, the number of people 
marginally attached to the labor force changed little at 1.7 million in January.
These individuals wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job 
sometime in the prior 12 months but had not looked for work in the 4 weeks 
preceding the survey. The number of discouraged workers, a subset of the 
marginally attached who believed that no jobs were available for them,
increased to 452,000 in January. (See Summary table A.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 353,000 in January, similar to the gain 
of 333,000 in December. Payroll employment increased by an average of 255,000 
per month in 2023. In January, job gains occurred in professional and business 
services, health care, retail trade, and social assistance. Employment declined
in the mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry. (See table B-1. 
See the note at the end of this news release and table A for more information about
the annual benchmark process.)

Professional and business services added 74,000 jobs in January, considerably 
higher than the average monthly increase of 14,000 jobs in 2023. Over the 
month, professional, scientific, and technical services added 42,000 jobs. 
Employment in temporary help services changed little over the month (+4,000) 
but is down by 408,000 since reaching a peak in March 2022.

In January, employment in health care rose by 70,000, with gains in ambulatory
health care services (+33,000), hospitals (+20,000), and nursing and residential
care facilities (+17,000). Job growth in health care averaged 58,000 per month
in 2023.

Retail trade employment increased by 45,000 in January but has shown little net 
growth since early 2023. Over the month, general merchandise retailers added 
24,000 jobs, while electronics and appliance retailers lost 3,000 jobs.

Employment in social assistance rose by 30,000 in January, reflecting continued
growth in individual and family services (+22,000). Employment in social 
assistance grew by an average of 23,000 per month in 2023.

Employment in manufacturing edged up in January (+23,000), with job gains in 
chemical manufacturing (+7,000) and printing and related support activities 
(+5,000). Manufacturing experienced little net job growth in 2023.

Government employment continued to trend up in January (+36,000), below the 
average monthly gain of 57,000 in 2023. A job gain occurred in federal
government (+11,000), and employment continued to trend up in local government,
excluding education (+19,000). 

In January, employment in information continued its upward trend (+15,000). 
Employment in motion picture and sound recording industries increased by 
12,000, while employment in telecommunications decreased by 3,000. Overall, 
employment in the information industry is down by 76,000 since a recent peak
in November 2022.

Employment in the mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction industry 
declined by 5,000 in January, following little net change in 2023. Over the 
month, a job loss in support activities for mining (-7,000) was partially 
offset by a job gain in oil and gas extraction (+2,000).

Employment showed little change over the month in other major industries, 
including construction, wholesale trade, transportation and warehousing, 
financial activities, leisure and hospitality, and other services.

In January, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm 
payrolls rose by 19 cents, or 0.6 percent, to $34.55. Over the past 12 months,
average hourly earnings have increased by 4.5 percent. In January, average 
hourly earnings of private-sector production and nonsupervisory employees rose
by 13 cents, or 0.4 percent, to $29.66. (See tables B-3 and B-8.)

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by
0.2 hour to 34.1 hours in January and is down by 0.5 hour over the year. In
manufacturing, the average workweek was unchanged at 39.8 hours, and overtime 
edged down by 0.1 hour to 2.7 hours. The average workweek for production and 
nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls decreased by 0.2 hour to
33.5 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for November was revised up by 
9,000, from +173,000 to +182,000, and the change for December was revised up by 
117,000, from +216,000 to +333,000. With these revisions, employment in November
and December combined is 126,000 higher than previously reported. (Monthly 
revisions result from additional reports received from businesses and government
agencies since the last published estimates and from the recalculation of 
seasonal factors. The annual benchmark process also contributed to the November 
and December revisions.)

_____________
The Employment Situation for February is scheduled to be released on Friday,
March 8, 2024, at 8:30 a.m. (ET).


                  Revisions to Establishment Survey Data


In accordance with annual practice, the establishment survey data released 
today have been benchmarked to reflect comprehensive counts of payroll jobs 
for March 2023. These counts are derived principally from the Quarterly 
Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), which counts jobs covered by the 
Unemployment Insurance (UI) tax system. The benchmark process results in 
revisions to not seasonally adjusted data from April 2022 forward; seasonally 
adjusted data from January 2019 forward are subject to revision. In addition, 
data for some series prior to 2019, both seasonally adjusted and unadjusted,
incorporate other revisions.

The seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment level for March 2023 was 
revised downward by 266,000. On a not seasonally adjusted basis, the total 
nonfarm employment level for March 2023 was revised downward by 187,000, or 
-0.1 percent. Not seasonally adjusted, the absolute average benchmark revision
over the past 10 years is 0.1 percent. 

The over-the-year change in total nonfarm employment for March 2023 was revised 
from +4,048,000 to +3,836,000 (seasonally adjusted). Table A presents revised
total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis from January to 
December 2023.

All revised historical establishment survey data are available on the BLS website at
www.bls.gov/ces/data/home.htm. In addition, an article that discusses the benchmark 
and post-benchmark revisions and other technical issues is available at 
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm. 


Table A. Revisions to total nonfarm employment, January to December 2023, seasonally
adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 |                                   |                                
                 |                Level              |      Over-the-month change     
                 |---------------------------------------------------------------------
 Year and month  |           |    As     |           |           |    As    |           
                 |    As     |previously | Difference|    As     |previously| Difference
                 |  revised  |published  |           |  revised  |published |           
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 |           |           |           |           |          |           
       2023      |           |           |           |           |          |           
                 |           |           |           |           |          |           
January......... |  154,773  |  155,007  |    -234   |    482    |    472   |    10
February........ |  155,060  |  155,255  |    -195   |    287    |    248   |    39
March........... |  155,206  |  155,472  |    -266   |    146    |    217   |   -71
April........... |  155,484  |  155,689  |    -205   |    278    |    217   |    61
May............. |  155,787  |  155,970  |    -183   |    303    |    281   |    22
June............ |  156,027  |  156,075  |     -48   |    240    |    105   |   135
July............ |  156,211  |  156,311  |    -100   |    184    |    236   |   -52
August.......... |  156,421  |  156,476  |     -55   |    210    |    165   |    45
September....... |  156,667  |  156,738  |     -71   |    246    |    262   |   -16
October......... |  156,832  |  156,843  |     -11   |    165    |    105   |    60
November........ |  157,014  |  157,016  |      -2   |    182    |    173   |     9
December(p)..... |  157,347  |  157,232  |     115   |    333    |    216   |   117
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   (p) = preliminary


            Adjustments to Population Estimates for the Household Survey


Effective with data for January 2024, updated population estimates were incorporated
into the household survey. Population estimates for the household survey are developed
by the U.S. Census Bureau. Each year, the Census Bureau updates the estimates to reflect
new information and assumptions about the growth of the population since the population
base year, typically the last decennial census. The change in population reflected in 
the new estimates results from adjustments for net international migration, updated vital
statistics, and improvements in estimation methodology. 

In accordance with usual practice, BLS will not revise the official household survey
estimates for December 2023 and earlier months. However, to show the impact of the
population adjustments, table B displays differences in selected December labor force 
series based on the old and new population estimates. 

The adjustments decreased the estimated size of the civilian noninstitutional population
in December by 625,000, the civilian labor force by 299,000, employment by 270,000,
and unemployment by 28,000. The number of people not in the labor force decreased by 
326,000. The total unemployment rate, employment-population ratio, and labor force
participation rate were unaffected. 

Data users are cautioned that these annual population adjustments can affect the
comparability of household data series over time. Table C shows the effect of the
introduction of new population estimates on the change in selected labor force measures
between December 2023 and January 2024. 

Additional information on the population adjustments and their effects on national labor
force estimates is available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cps-pop-control-adjustments.pdf. 

Population controls for veterans, which are derived from a Department of Veterans Affairs
population model and are updated periodically, did not change with the release of data
for January 2024. 



    Table B. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2023 estimates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted 
(Numbers in thousands)
    
        
            Category
            Total
            Men
            Women
            White
            Black or 
 African 
 Ameri- 
 can
            Asian
            Hispanic or 
 Latino 
 ethnicity
        
    
    
        
            Civilian noninstitutional population
            -625
            -633
            9
            -487
            -74
            -39
            194

        
        
              Civilian labor force
            -299
            -503
            205
            -198
            -63
            -13
            101

        
        
			      Participation rate
            0
            0
            0.1
            0.1
            -0.1
            0.1
            -0.1

        
        
                Employed
            -270
            -477
            207
            -179
            -56
            -13
            102

        
        
        	      Employment-population ratio
            0
            0
            0.2
            0
            -0.1
            0
            -0.1

        
        
        	    Unemployed
        	 -28
        	-26
        	-2
        	-18
        	-7
        	-1
        	-1

        
        
        	      Unemployment rate
            0
            -0.1
            0
            0
            0
            0
            0

        
        
              Not in labor force
            -326
            -130
            -196
            -290
            -12
            -25
            92

        
    
    
		
			
				
					NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

				
			
		
    




    Table C. December 2023-January 2024 changes in selected labor force measures, with adjustments for population control effects 
(Numbers in thousands)
    
        
            Category
            Dec.-Jan. 
 change, as 
 published
            2024 
 population 
 control effect
            Dec.-Jan. change, after 
 removing the 
 population control 
 effect(1)
        
    
    
        
            Civilian noninstitutional population
            -451
            -625
            174

        
        
              Civilian labor force
            -175
            -299
            124

        
        
			      Participation rate
            0
            0
            0

        
        
                Employed
            -31
            -270
            239

        
        
        	      Employment-population ratio
            0.1
            0
            0.1

        
        
        	    Unemployed
        	 -144
        	-28
        	-116

        
        
        	      Unemployment rate
            0
            0
            0

        
        
              Not in labor force
            -275
            -326
            51

        
    
    
		
			
				
						(1) This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population control effect from the over-the-month change in the published seasonally adjusted estimates.

				
			
		
		
			
				
					NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Table B. Effect of the updated population controls on December 2023 estimates by sex, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, not seasonally adjusted
(Numbers in thousands)
Category	Total	Men	Women	White	Black or African Ameri- can	Asian	Hispanic or Latino ethnicity
Civilian noninstitutional population	-625	-633	9	-487	-74	-39	194
Civilian labor force	-299	-503	205	-198	-63	-13	101
Participation rate	0	0	0.1	0.1	-0.1	0.1	-0.1
Employed	-270	-477	207	-179	-56	-13	102
Employment-population ratio	0	0	0.2	0	-0.1	0	-0.1
Unemployed	-28	-26	-2	-18	-7	-1	-1
Unemployment rate	0	-0.1	0	0	0	0	0
Not in labor force	-326	-130	-196	-290	-12	-25	92
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Table C. December 2023-January 2024 changes in selected labor force measures, with adjustments for population control effects
(Numbers in thousands)
Category	Dec.-Jan. change, as published	2024 population control effect	Dec.-Jan. change, after removing the population control effect(1)
Civilian noninstitutional population	-451	-625	174
Civilian labor force	-175	-299	124
Participation rate	0	0	0
Employed	-31	-270	239
Employment-population ratio	0.1	0	0.1
Unemployed	-144	-28	-116
Unemployment rate	0	0	0
Not in labor force	-275	-326	51
(1) This Dec.-Jan. change is calculated by subtracting the population control effect from the over-the-month change in the published seasonally adjusted estimates.
NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Change from: Dec. 2023- Jan. 2024
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	265,962	267,822	267,991	267,540	-
Civilian labor force	165,871	168,127	167,451	167,276	-
Participation rate	62.4	62.8	62.5	62.5	-
Employed	160,152	161,866	161,183	161,152	-
Employment-population ratio	60.2	60.4	60.1	60.2	-
Unemployed	5,719	6,262	6,268	6,124	-
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.7	-
Not in labor force	100,090	99,695	100,540	100,265	-

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	3.4	3.7	3.7	3.7	-
Adult men (20 years and over)	3.2	3.7	3.5	3.6	-
Adult women (20 years and over)	3.1	3.1	3.3	3.2	-
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	10.5	11.4	11.9	10.6	-
White	3.1	3.3	3.5	3.4	-
Black or African American	5.4	5.8	5.2	5.3	-
Asian	2.9	3.5	3.1	2.9	-
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	4.7	4.6	5.0	5.0	-

Total, 25 years and over	2.8	3.1	3.2	3.2	-
Less than a high school diploma	4.5	6.3	6.0	6.0	-
High school graduates, no college	3.8	4.1	4.2	4.3	-
Some college or associate degree	2.9	2.8	3.1	3.3	-
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.0	2.1	2.1	2.1	-

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2,568	3,058	3,058	3,028	-
Job leavers	883	821	833	794	-
Reentrants	1,799	1,771	1,741	1,834	-
New entrants	526	582	609	550	-

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	1,942	2,069	2,191	2,140	-
5 to 14 weeks	1,795	2,060	1,791	1,848	-
15 to 26 weeks	929	931	1,104	867	-
27 weeks and over	1,073	1,220	1,245	1,277	-

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	4,049	3,994	4,211	4,422	-
Slack work or business conditions	2,683	2,790	2,960	2,994	-
Could only find part-time work	993	934	964	1,026	-
Part time for noneconomic reasons	22,016	21,879	22,458	22,156	-

Persons not in the labor force
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,369	1,583	1,562	1,654	-
Discouraged workers	345	425	346	452	-
- December - January changes in household data are not shown due to the introduction of updated population controls. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	482	182	333	353
Total private	359	152	278	317
Goods-producing	46	36	33	28
Mining and logging	1	-4	1	-6
Construction	37	15	24	11
Manufacturing	8	25	8	23
Durable goods(1)	0	37	13	4
Motor vehicles and parts	-6.5	33.2	2.5	3.1
Nondurable goods	8	-12	-5	19
Private service-providing	313	116	245	289
Wholesale trade	11.2	6.9	10.7	2.1
Retail trade	33.6	-42.9	43.2	45.2
Transportation and warehousing	20.0	-10.5	1.6	15.5
Utilities	0.1	1.6	2.3	1.8
Information	-28	17	18	15
Financial activities	0	4	13	8
Professional and business services(1)	38	10	35	74
Temporary help services	-1.6	-13.6	-16.8	3.9
Private education and health services(1)	133	110	84	112
Health care and social assistance	85.9	106.6	79.3	100.4
Leisure and hospitality	90	10	38	11
Other services	15	10	-1	5
Government	123	30	55	36

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	292	198	227	289
Total private	229	149	176	249

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.8	49.8	49.9	49.9
Total private women employees	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	81.4	81.3	81.3	81.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.6	34.4	34.3	34.1
Average hourly earnings	$33.07	$34.23	$34.36	$34.55
Average weekly earnings	$1,144.22	$1,177.51	$1,178.55	$1,178.16
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	114.9	115.7	115.6	115.2
Over-the-month percent change	0.9	0.3	-0.1	-0.3
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	181.7	189.4	190.0	190.3
Over-the-month percent change	1.3	0.8	0.3	0.2

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (250 industries)	68.0	52.4	64.0	65.6
Manufacturing (72 industries)	54.9	42.4	51.4	59.0
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 130,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 600,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section7.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes. About 45 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes. Monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed people limited to just those receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No. The estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All people who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes. However, there are separate estimates of people outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on
payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
are paid, please visit www.bls.gov/ces/publications/length-pay-period.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. People who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of people who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
people who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.

Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 119,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 629,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll jobs.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific active efforts to find employment sometime during
the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of the employed and unemployed.
Those people not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who worked or received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including people on paid leave. People are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2022 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable. The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining the duration, reasons, or 
more detailed age categories. Percentage distributions of unemployment by reason and
duration are derived from the sum of the independently seasonally adjusted component
series and will not necessarily match calculations made using the seasonally adjusted
total unemployment level. Additional information about seasonal adjustment in the 
household survey can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm#sa.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 130,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-80,000 to +180,000 (50,000 +/- 130,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90-percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro-level database and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. Benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of industries
when necessary. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.1 percent, with a range from -0.3 percent to 0.3 percent.

Other information

   If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1
to access telecommunications relay services.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	265,962	267,991	267,540	265,962	267,428	267,642	267,822	267,991	267,540
Civilian labor force	165,070	166,661	166,428	165,871	167,897	167,723	168,127	167,451	167,276
Participation rate	62.1	62.2	62.2	62.4	62.8	62.7	62.8	62.5	62.5
Employed	158,692	160,754	159,650	160,152	161,550	161,280	161,866	161,183	161,152
Employment-population ratio	59.7	60.0	59.7	60.2	60.4	60.3	60.4	60.1	60.2
Unemployed	6,378	5,907	6,778	5,719	6,347	6,443	6,262	6,268	6,124
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.5	4.1	3.4	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.7
Not in labor force	100,892	101,330	101,113	100,090	99,531	99,919	99,695	100,540	100,265
Persons who currently want a job	5,466	5,465	5,964	5,318	5,424	5,376	5,343	5,671	5,793

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	129,998	130,985	130,436	129,998	130,713	130,816	130,903	130,985	130,436
Civilian labor force	87,842	88,610	88,014	88,270	89,335	88,968	89,555	89,250	88,507
Participation rate	67.6	67.6	67.5	67.9	68.3	68.0	68.4	68.1	67.9
Employed	84,120	85,198	83,959	85,129	85,657	85,327	85,981	85,794	85,034
Employment-population ratio	64.7	65.0	64.4	65.5	65.5	65.2	65.7	65.5	65.2
Unemployed	3,723	3,412	4,055	3,141	3,678	3,641	3,574	3,456	3,473
Unemployment rate	4.2	3.9	4.6	3.6	4.1	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.9
Not in labor force	42,156	42,375	42,422	41,729	41,378	41,848	41,348	41,735	41,929

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	121,283	122,187	121,539	121,283	121,931	122,029	122,111	122,187	121,539
Civilian labor force	84,872	85,564	85,134	85,039	86,124	85,687	86,256	86,007	85,364
Participation rate	70.0	70.0	70.0	70.1	70.6	70.2	70.6	70.4	70.2
Employed	81,524	82,493	81,485	82,281	82,853	82,526	83,084	82,958	82,304
Employment-population ratio	67.2	67.5	67.0	67.8	68.0	67.6	68.0	67.9	67.7
Unemployed	3,348	3,071	3,650	2,759	3,271	3,161	3,172	3,050	3,060
Unemployment rate	3.9	3.6	4.3	3.2	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.6
Not in labor force	36,412	36,623	36,405	36,244	35,807	36,343	35,854	36,180	36,175

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	135,963	137,006	137,104	135,963	136,715	136,826	136,919	137,006	137,104
Civilian labor force	77,228	78,051	78,413	77,602	78,562	78,755	78,572	78,201	78,768
Participation rate	56.8	57.0	57.2	57.1	57.5	57.6	57.4	57.1	57.5
Employed	74,572	75,556	75,691	75,023	75,893	75,953	75,885	75,389	76,118
Employment-population ratio	54.8	55.1	55.2	55.2	55.5	55.5	55.4	55.0	55.5
Unemployed	2,656	2,495	2,723	2,578	2,669	2,801	2,688	2,811	2,650
Unemployment rate	3.4	3.2	3.5	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.6	3.4
Not in labor force	58,736	58,955	58,691	58,362	58,153	58,071	58,346	58,805	58,336

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	127,546	128,513	128,503	127,546	128,237	128,342	128,430	128,513	128,503
Civilian labor force	74,308	75,079	75,382	74,472	75,453	75,487	75,399	75,047	75,529
Participation rate	58.3	58.4	58.7	58.4	58.8	58.8	58.7	58.4	58.8
Employed	71,921	72,862	72,909	72,176	73,119	73,066	73,049	72,587	73,144
Employment-population ratio	56.4	56.7	56.7	56.6	57.0	56.9	56.9	56.5	56.9
Unemployed	2,387	2,217	2,473	2,295	2,333	2,421	2,350	2,460	2,385
Unemployment rate	3.2	3.0	3.3	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.2
Not in labor force	53,238	53,434	53,121	53,074	52,784	52,856	53,031	53,466	52,974

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,133	17,291	17,498	17,133	17,260	17,270	17,281	17,291	17,498
Civilian labor force	5,890	6,018	5,911	6,360	6,321	6,549	6,472	6,396	6,383
Participation rate	34.4	34.8	33.8	37.1	36.6	37.9	37.5	37.0	36.5
Employed	5,247	5,399	5,256	5,695	5,578	5,688	5,733	5,638	5,704
Employment-population ratio	30.6	31.2	30.0	33.2	32.3	32.9	33.2	32.6	32.6
Unemployed	643	619	655	665	743	861	739	758	679
Unemployment rate	10.9	10.3	11.1	10.5	11.8	13.1	11.4	11.9	10.6
Not in labor force	11,242	11,273	11,587	10,772	10,939	10,721	10,809	10,895	11,115
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	204,062	205,022	204,608	204,062	204,756	204,867	204,949	205,022	204,608
Civilian labor force	126,133	126,748	126,338	126,729	127,755	127,612	127,773	127,226	126,962
Participation rate	61.8	61.8	61.7	62.1	62.4	62.3	62.3	62.1	62.1
Employed	121,675	122,552	121,515	122,796	123,403	123,198	123,550	122,802	122,663
Employment-population ratio	59.6	59.8	59.4	60.2	60.3	60.1	60.3	59.9	60.0
Unemployed	4,458	4,196	4,823	3,933	4,352	4,414	4,223	4,424	4,299
Unemployment rate	3.5	3.3	3.8	3.1	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.5	3.4
Not in labor force	77,928	78,274	78,270	77,333	77,001	77,255	77,177	77,796	77,646
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,973	66,172	65,675	66,124	66,615	66,363	66,695	66,405	65,869
Participation rate	69.8	69.7	69.6	70.0	70.3	70.0	70.3	70.0	69.8
Employed	63,596	63,912	63,018	64,208	64,313	64,148	64,559	64,208	63,674
Employment-population ratio	67.3	67.3	66.8	68.0	67.9	67.6	68.1	67.7	67.5
Unemployed	2,377	2,260	2,657	1,916	2,302	2,215	2,136	2,197	2,195
Unemployment rate	3.6	3.4	4.0	2.9	3.5	3.3	3.2	3.3	3.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,601	55,902	56,154	55,684	56,349	56,209	56,130	55,844	56,219
Participation rate	57.2	57.3	57.6	57.3	57.8	57.6	57.5	57.2	57.6
Employed	53,977	54,419	54,474	54,137	54,767	54,621	54,609	54,175	54,615
Employment-population ratio	55.6	55.8	55.8	55.7	56.2	56.0	56.0	55.5	56.0
Unemployed	1,624	1,483	1,679	1,547	1,583	1,588	1,521	1,669	1,604
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.7	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.7	3.0	2.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,559	4,674	4,510	4,921	4,790	5,040	4,947	4,976	4,874
Participation rate	36.5	37.3	35.6	39.4	38.2	40.2	39.5	39.7	38.4
Employed	4,101	4,221	4,022	4,451	4,323	4,430	4,382	4,418	4,374
Employment-population ratio	32.9	33.7	31.7	35.7	34.5	35.4	35.0	35.3	34.5
Unemployed	458	453	487	470	467	611	565	558	500
Unemployment rate	10.0	9.7	10.8	9.5	9.8	12.1	11.4	11.2	10.3

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	34,487	34,853	34,813	34,487	34,751	34,788	34,821	34,853	34,813
Civilian labor force	21,544	21,955	21,904	21,685	21,900	21,902	22,171	22,094	22,051
Participation rate	62.5	63.0	62.9	62.9	63.0	63.0	63.7	63.4	63.3
Employed	20,335	20,896	20,703	20,512	20,650	20,636	20,886	20,952	20,887
Employment-population ratio	59.0	60.0	59.5	59.5	59.4	59.3	60.0	60.1	60.0
Unemployed	1,209	1,059	1,201	1,173	1,251	1,266	1,285	1,143	1,164
Unemployment rate	5.6	4.8	5.5	5.4	5.7	5.8	5.8	5.2	5.3
Not in labor force	12,943	12,898	12,909	12,803	12,851	12,886	12,650	12,759	12,762
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,038	10,229	10,197	10,099	10,201	10,048	10,299	10,294	10,266
Participation rate	68.2	68.7	68.9	68.6	68.8	67.7	69.3	69.2	69.4
Employed	9,461	9,771	9,606	9,562	9,631	9,520	9,648	9,821	9,717
Employment-population ratio	64.2	65.7	64.9	64.9	64.9	64.1	64.9	66.0	65.7
Unemployed	577	459	590	537	570	528	651	473	548
Unemployment rate	5.8	4.5	5.8	5.3	5.6	5.3	6.3	4.6	5.3
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,790	10,964	10,940	10,811	10,890	11,065	11,067	11,014	10,967
Participation rate	62.6	63.0	62.8	62.7	62.7	63.6	63.6	63.2	62.9
Employed	10,276	10,483	10,416	10,303	10,403	10,475	10,533	10,486	10,445
Employment-population ratio	59.6	60.2	59.8	59.7	59.9	60.3	60.5	60.2	59.9
Unemployed	514	481	525	508	487	590	534	528	521
Unemployment rate	4.8	4.4	4.8	4.7	4.5	5.3	4.8	4.8	4.8
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	716	762	767	775	809	789	805	786	819
Participation rate	28.5	29.8	29.6	30.9	31.7	30.9	31.5	30.7	31.6
Employed	599	643	681	647	615	642	705	644	724
Employment-population ratio	23.9	25.1	26.3	25.8	24.2	25.1	27.6	25.2	27.9
Unemployed	118	120	86	128	193	147	100	142	95
Unemployment rate	16.4	15.7	11.3	16.5	23.9	18.7	12.4	18.0	11.6

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	17,541	17,896	17,930	17,541	17,633	17,593	17,769	17,896	17,930
Civilian labor force	11,196	11,384	11,495	11,261	11,587	11,490	11,548	11,436	11,559
Participation rate	63.8	63.6	64.1	64.2	65.7	65.3	65.0	63.9	64.5
Employed	10,856	11,054	11,146	10,936	11,255	11,134	11,144	11,084	11,223
Employment-population ratio	61.9	61.8	62.2	62.3	63.8	63.3	62.7	61.9	62.6
Unemployed	340	330	349	325	332	356	404	353	336
Unemployment rate	3.0	2.9	3.0	2.9	2.9	3.1	3.5	3.1	2.9
Not in labor force	6,345	6,511	6,435	6,281	6,047	6,103	6,221	6,459	6,372
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	47,010	48,068	48,364	47,010	47,774	47,877	47,974	48,068	48,364
Civilian labor force	31,131	31,996	32,260	31,210	32,115	32,056	32,101	32,081	32,318
Participation rate	66.2	66.6	66.7	66.4	67.2	67.0	66.9	66.7	66.8
Employed	29,430	30,418	30,389	29,755	30,637	30,525	30,636	30,480	30,700
Employment-population ratio	62.6	63.3	62.8	63.3	64.1	63.8	63.9	63.4	63.5
Unemployed	1,701	1,578	1,871	1,455	1,478	1,531	1,465	1,602	1,618
Unemployment rate	5.5	4.9	5.8	4.7	4.6	4.8	4.6	5.0	5.0
Not in labor force	15,879	16,072	16,104	15,800	15,659	15,822	15,873	15,986	16,046
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	16,834	17,199	17,372	16,842	17,256	17,128	17,267	17,261	17,372
Participation rate	78.8	78.8	79.5	78.8	79.5	78.7	79.2	79.1	79.5
Employed	15,875	16,340	16,315	16,082	16,520	16,409	16,537	16,438	16,519
Employment-population ratio	74.3	74.8	74.6	75.2	76.1	75.4	75.9	75.3	75.6
Unemployed	958	860	1,057	760	736	719	729	824	852
Unemployment rate	5.7	5.0	6.1	4.5	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.8	4.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	13,024	13,367	13,329	13,031	13,355	13,265	13,260	13,346	13,336
Participation rate	61.1	61.3	60.7	61.2	61.7	61.1	61.0	61.3	60.7
Employed	12,391	12,790	12,697	12,453	12,785	12,727	12,737	12,746	12,759
Employment-population ratio	58.1	58.7	57.8	58.4	59.0	58.6	58.6	58.5	58.1
Unemployed	633	577	632	578	570	537	523	601	577
Unemployment rate	4.9	4.3	4.7	4.4	4.3	4.1	3.9	4.5	4.3
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,274	1,430	1,558	1,336	1,504	1,664	1,574	1,474	1,610
Participation rate	29.4	32.2	34.3	30.9	34.1	37.6	35.5	33.2	35.5
Employed	1,164	1,288	1,377	1,219	1,332	1,389	1,361	1,296	1,422
Employment-population ratio	26.9	29.0	30.3	28.2	30.2	31.4	30.7	29.2	31.3
Unemployed	110	142	181	118	172	275	213	177	188
Unemployment rate	8.7	9.9	11.6	8.8	11.4	16.5	13.5	12.0	11.7
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	8,829	9,417	9,281	8,812	9,203	9,312	9,492	9,384	9,271
Participation rate	46.1	47.6	47.1	46.0	47.0	48.0	48.3	47.5	47.1
Employed	8,267	8,803	8,562	8,414	8,698	8,771	8,891	8,819	8,715
Employment-population ratio	43.1	44.5	43.5	43.9	44.4	45.2	45.2	44.6	44.3
Unemployed	562	613	719	398	506	542	601	564	556
Unemployment rate	6.4	6.5	7.7	4.5	5.5	5.8	6.3	6.0	6.0

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	35,983	35,662	35,853	36,095	36,198	35,637	35,790	35,748	35,927
Participation rate	56.1	57.0	56.9	56.2	56.8	56.9	57.3	57.1	57.0
Employed	34,457	34,167	34,116	34,737	34,708	34,195	34,327	34,247	34,385
Employment-population ratio	53.7	54.6	54.2	54.1	54.5	54.6	55.0	54.7	54.6
Unemployed	1,526	1,495	1,736	1,358	1,490	1,442	1,463	1,501	1,543
Unemployment rate	4.2	4.2	4.8	3.8	4.1	4.0	4.1	4.2	4.3

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	35,952	35,765	36,167	36,068	35,918	35,814	35,874	35,737	36,205
Participation rate	63.2	62.4	62.6	63.4	62.7	62.2	62.1	62.4	62.6
Employed	34,859	34,715	34,922	35,023	34,843	34,691	34,866	34,623	35,020
Employment-population ratio	61.3	60.6	60.4	61.6	60.8	60.3	60.4	60.4	60.6
Unemployed	1,093	1,050	1,245	1,045	1,076	1,123	1,009	1,114	1,184
Unemployment rate	3.0	2.9	3.4	2.9	3.0	3.1	2.8	3.1	3.3

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	62,863	64,293	64,039	62,975	64,234	64,504	64,452	64,297	64,195
Participation rate	72.7	72.3	72.6	72.8	73.4	72.8	72.7	72.3	72.7
Employed	61,526	63,053	62,621	61,697	62,851	63,133	63,091	62,933	62,836
Employment-population ratio	71.1	70.9	71.0	71.3	71.8	71.2	71.2	70.8	71.2
Unemployed	1,338	1,239	1,418	1,278	1,383	1,371	1,360	1,364	1,359
Unemployment rate	2.1	1.9	2.2	2.0	2.2	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals for those 25 years and over because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	18,024	17,704	15,991	15,660	2,033	2,044
Civilian labor force	8,630	8,701	7,490	7,500	1,141	1,201
Participation rate	47.9	49.1	46.8	47.9	56.1	58.7
Employed	8,390	8,411	7,294	7,268	1,096	1,143
Employment-population ratio	46.5	47.5	45.6	46.4	53.9	55.9
Unemployed	240	290	196	232	44	58
Unemployment rate	2.8	3.3	2.6	3.1	3.9	4.8
Not in labor force	9,394	9,003	8,501	8,160	892	843

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,913	5,165	4,002	4,197	911	968
Civilian labor force	3,918	4,187	3,275	3,442	644	745
Participation rate	79.7	81.1	81.8	82.0	70.6	77.0
Employed	3,768	4,033	3,167	3,323	601	710
Employment-population ratio	76.7	78.1	79.1	79.2	66.0	73.4
Unemployed	150	154	108	120	42	34
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.7	3.3	3.5	6.6	4.6
Not in labor force	995	977	728	755	267	223

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,011	2,908	2,569	2,490	442	418
Civilian labor force	2,197	2,151	1,862	1,871	335	279
Participation rate	73.0	73.9	72.5	75.2	75.8	66.7
Employed	2,161	2,073	1,827	1,813	334	260
Employment-population ratio	71.8	71.3	71.1	72.8	75.5	62.1
Unemployed	36	78	35	59	1	19
Unemployment rate	1.7	3.6	1.9	3.1	0.4	6.9
Not in labor force	813	758	706	619	107	139

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	6,099	5,781	5,841	5,538	258	243
Civilian labor force	827	705	809	689	19	17
Participation rate	13.6	12.2	13.8	12.4	7.2	6.8
Employed	823	684	805	668	19	16
Employment-population ratio	13.5	11.8	13.8	12.1	7.2	6.4
Unemployed	4	21	4	20	0	1
Unemployment rate	0.5	3.0	0.5	3.0	-	-
Not in labor force	5,272	5,076	5,032	4,849	239	226

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	4,001	3,850	3,579	3,435	422	415
Civilian labor force	1,687	1,658	1,544	1,498	143	160
Participation rate	42.2	43.1	43.1	43.6	34.0	38.6
Employed	1,638	1,622	1,495	1,465	143	157
Employment-population ratio	40.9	42.1	41.8	42.6	33.8	37.8
Unemployed	50	36	49	33	1	3
Unemployment rate	2.9	2.2	3.1	2.2	0.7	2.1
Not in labor force	2,314	2,192	2,035	1,937	279	255

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	238,664	240,502	109,368	110,037	129,296	130,465
Civilian labor force	154,167	155,431	79,289	79,412	74,877	76,018
Participation rate	64.6	64.6	72.5	72.2	57.9	58.3
Employed	148,269	149,168	75,919	75,757	72,350	73,411
Employment-population ratio	62.1	62.0	69.4	68.8	56.0	56.3
Unemployed	5,898	6,263	3,370	3,655	2,527	2,608
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.0	4.3	4.6	3.4	3.4
Not in labor force	84,497	85,072	30,078	30,625	54,419	54,447
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,585	33,366	233,376	234,174
Civilian labor force	7,847	8,164	157,223	158,263
Participation rate	24.1	24.5	67.4	67.6
Employed	7,292	7,628	151,399	152,021
Employment-population ratio	22.4	22.9	64.9	64.9
Unemployed	554	536	5,824	6,242
Unemployment rate	7.1	6.6	3.7	3.9
Not in labor force	24,739	25,202	76,153	75,911

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,206	3,314	78,534	78,576
Participation rate	40.5	41.2	81.8	82.2
Employed	2,970	3,104	75,225	74,999
Employment-population ratio	37.5	38.6	78.3	78.5
Unemployed	236	211	3,309	3,578
Unemployment rate	7.4	6.4	4.2	4.6
Not in labor force	4,716	4,726	17,513	16,986

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	3,212	3,436	69,128	69,838
Participation rate	38.8	39.8	71.9	72.4
Employed	2,969	3,205	66,863	67,527
Employment-population ratio	35.9	37.1	69.5	70.1
Unemployed	243	231	2,265	2,311
Unemployment rate	7.6	6.7	3.3	3.3
Not in labor force	5,066	5,197	27,040	26,558

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,428	1,414	9,561	9,849
Participation rate	8.7	8.5	23.2	23.3
Employed	1,353	1,319	9,311	9,496
Employment-population ratio	8.3	7.9	22.6	22.5
Unemployed	75	94	250	353
Unemployment rate	5.2	6.7	2.6	3.6
Not in labor force	14,957	15,279	31,599	32,367
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	45,899	47,544	22,530	23,400	23,369	24,143
Civilian labor force	29,945	31,244	17,243	18,004	12,702	13,240
Participation rate	65.2	65.7	76.5	76.9	54.4	54.8
Employed	28,692	29,842	16,491	17,163	12,201	12,679
Employment-population ratio	62.5	62.8	73.2	73.3	52.2	52.5
Unemployed	1,253	1,402	752	841	501	561
Unemployment rate	4.2	4.5	4.4	4.7	3.9	4.2
Not in labor force	15,954	16,300	5,287	5,397	10,667	10,903

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	220,063	219,996	107,468	107,036	112,595	112,960
Civilian labor force	135,125	135,184	70,599	70,011	64,526	65,173
Participation rate	61.4	61.4	65.7	65.4	57.3	57.7
Employed	130,000	129,807	67,629	66,796	62,371	63,011
Employment-population ratio	59.1	59.0	62.9	62.4	55.4	55.8
Unemployed	5,125	5,376	2,970	3,215	2,155	2,162
Unemployment rate	3.8	4.0	4.2	4.6	3.3	3.3
Not in labor force	84,938	84,813	36,869	37,025	48,069	47,788
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,145	2,156	2,074	2,249	2,286	2,201	2,262	2,205	2,184
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,428	1,497	1,413	1,493	1,563	1,468	1,549	1,520	1,489
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	682	646	651	719	694	707	701	680	687
Unpaid family workers	35	14	10	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	156,547	158,598	157,575	157,663	159,306	159,166	159,578	158,993	158,735
Wage and salary workers(1)	147,532	149,325	148,684	148,583	150,134	150,170	150,505	149,702	149,741
Government	21,968	21,951	21,858	21,562	21,618	21,664	21,878	21,700	21,490
Private industries	125,564	127,373	126,826	127,127	128,558	128,454	128,612	128,086	128,407
Private households	669	787	773	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	124,895	126,586	126,053	126,327	127,958	127,800	127,889	127,414	127,521
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,952	9,242	8,841	9,191	9,043	8,957	9,014	9,335	9,087
Unpaid family workers	63	31	50	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,498	4,324	4,874	4,049	4,069	4,284	3,994	4,211	4,422
Slack work or business conditions	3,114	3,071	3,427	2,683	2,799	2,985	2,790	2,960	2,994
Could only find part-time work	993	940	1,046	993	940	1,000	934	964	1,026
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	22,096	23,020	22,238	22,016	22,177	21,576	21,879	22,458	22,156
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	4,401	4,229	4,803	3,973	3,988	4,205	3,931	4,138	4,371
Slack work or business conditions	3,057	3,019	3,390	2,628	2,753	2,941	2,735	2,913	2,959
Could only find part-time work	983	926	1,038	983	930	992	923	953	1,018
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,683	22,604	21,878	21,608	21,752	21,214	21,444	22,060	21,793
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	158,692	160,754	159,650	160,152	161,550	161,280	161,866	161,183	161,152
16 to 19 years	5,247	5,399	5,256	5,695	5,578	5,688	5,733	5,638	5,704
16 to 17 years	2,033	2,091	2,071	2,256	2,121	2,161	2,235	2,194	2,292
18 to 19 years	3,215	3,308	3,186	3,464	3,432	3,518	3,514	3,446	3,428
20 years and over	153,444	155,355	154,394	154,457	155,972	155,592	156,133	155,545	155,448
20 to 24 years	14,336	14,616	14,173	14,708	14,684	14,565	14,787	14,756	14,562
25 years and over	139,108	140,739	140,221	139,872	141,218	140,887	141,194	140,617	140,972
25 to 54 years	101,921	103,265	102,991	102,430	103,515	103,311	103,451	103,161	103,489
25 to 34 years	35,343	35,888	35,424	35,601	35,945	35,799	35,779	35,859	35,700
35 to 44 years	34,904	35,566	35,703	35,041	35,501	35,486	35,680	35,546	35,818
45 to 54 years	31,674	31,811	31,864	31,787	32,069	32,026	31,992	31,757	31,970
55 years and over	37,188	37,474	37,230	37,443	37,704	37,576	37,742	37,455	37,484

Men, 16 years and over	84,120	85,198	83,959	85,129	85,657	85,327	85,981	85,794	85,034
16 to 19 years	2,596	2,705	2,475	2,848	2,804	2,801	2,897	2,836	2,730
16 to 17 years	907	952	934	1,036	1,061	1,067	1,071	1,033	1,063
18 to 19 years	1,689	1,753	1,541	1,837	1,725	1,730	1,846	1,807	1,679
20 years and over	81,524	82,493	81,485	82,281	82,853	82,526	83,084	82,958	82,304
20 to 24 years	7,144	7,293	7,093	7,361	7,316	7,262	7,446	7,432	7,320
25 years and over	74,379	75,200	74,391	75,051	75,452	75,118	75,514	75,397	75,093
25 to 54 years	54,269	55,048	54,500	54,757	55,279	55,012	55,262	55,178	55,008
25 to 34 years	18,717	19,066	18,720	18,927	19,120	18,975	19,088	19,104	18,948
35 to 44 years	18,752	19,038	18,949	18,911	19,112	19,043	19,107	19,108	19,109
45 to 54 years	16,801	16,944	16,830	16,919	17,047	16,994	17,067	16,966	16,951
55 years and over	20,110	20,152	19,892	20,294	20,173	20,106	20,252	20,219	20,085

Women, 16 years and over	74,572	75,556	75,691	75,023	75,893	75,953	75,885	75,389	76,118
16 to 19 years	2,651	2,694	2,781	2,847	2,774	2,887	2,836	2,802	2,974
16 to 17 years	1,125	1,139	1,137	1,220	1,061	1,094	1,164	1,162	1,229
18 to 19 years	1,526	1,555	1,645	1,628	1,707	1,788	1,668	1,639	1,749
20 years and over	71,921	72,862	72,909	72,176	73,119	73,066	73,049	72,587	73,144
20 to 24 years	7,192	7,323	7,080	7,347	7,368	7,303	7,342	7,324	7,241
25 years and over	64,729	65,539	65,829	64,821	65,766	65,769	65,679	65,220	65,879
25 to 54 years	47,651	48,216	48,491	47,673	48,236	48,298	48,189	47,983	48,480
25 to 34 years	16,627	16,822	16,704	16,674	16,825	16,823	16,691	16,755	16,752
35 to 44 years	16,152	16,528	16,754	16,130	16,389	16,443	16,573	16,438	16,709
45 to 54 years	14,873	14,867	15,033	14,868	15,022	15,032	14,926	14,791	15,019
55 years and over	17,078	17,322	17,338	17,148	17,530	17,471	17,490	17,237	17,399

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,927	46,319	45,519	45,964	46,338	46,059	46,344	46,392	45,672
Married women, spouse present(1)	36,569	36,982	37,034	36,583	37,198	37,018	36,887	36,790	37,033
Women who maintain families(2)	10,154	9,718	9,897	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	131,175	132,585	131,549	132,700	134,145	134,502	134,727	133,196	133,133
Part-time workers(4)	27,516	28,169	28,101	27,331	27,348	26,702	27,032	27,794	27,890

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	7,877	8,696	8,133	7,984	8,173	8,360	8,343	8,565	8,272
Percent of total employed	5.0	5.4	5.1	5.0	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.3	5.1

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	6,560	6,637	6,656	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,635	9,888	9,492	9,910	9,737	9,664	9,715	10,014	9,774
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	5,719	6,268	6,124	3.4	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.7
16 to 19 years	665	758	679	10.5	11.8	13.1	11.4	11.9	10.6
16 to 17 years	275	331	254	10.9	12.8	14.7	11.4	13.1	10.0
18 to 19 years	385	433	415	10.0	11.1	12.5	11.5	11.2	10.8
20 years and over	5,054	5,510	5,445	3.2	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.4
20 to 24 years	1,122	1,006	921	7.1	7.0	7.0	6.6	6.4	5.9
25 years and over	4,035	4,574	4,602	2.8	3.0	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.2
25 to 54 years	3,139	3,491	3,480	3.0	3.2	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.3
25 to 34 years	1,457	1,556	1,467	3.9	4.0	4.2	3.9	4.2	3.9
35 to 44 years	931	1,079	1,110	2.6	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.0
45 to 54 years	751	856	903	2.3	2.8	2.4	2.6	2.6	2.7
55 years and over	884	1,089	1,110	2.3	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.8	2.9

Men, 16 years and over	3,141	3,456	3,473	3.6	4.1	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.9
16 to 19 years	382	407	413	11.8	12.7	14.6	12.2	12.5	13.2
16 to 17 years	180	185	190	14.8	15.4	16.3	13.3	15.2	15.1
18 to 19 years	210	229	230	10.3	11.4	14.2	11.7	11.3	12.1
20 years and over	2,759	3,050	3,060	3.2	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.5	3.6
20 to 24 years	627	509	551	7.8	8.3	7.8	7.1	6.4	7.0
25 years and over	2,227	2,587	2,583	2.9	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.3
25 to 54 years	1,724	1,984	1,913	3.1	3.6	3.4	3.4	3.5	3.4
25 to 34 years	854	885	784	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.2	4.4	4.0
35 to 44 years	487	625	652	2.5	3.0	3.0	3.2	3.2	3.3
45 to 54 years	384	474	477	2.2	3.1	2.6	2.7	2.7	2.7
55 years and over	503	603	669	2.4	2.5	2.7	3.3	2.9	3.2

Women, 16 years and over	2,578	2,811	2,650	3.3	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.6	3.4
16 to 19 years	283	352	266	9.0	10.8	11.7	10.6	11.1	8.2
16 to 17 years	95	147	65	7.2	10.1	13.1	9.5	11.2	5.0
18 to 19 years	175	204	185	9.7	10.8	10.8	11.2	11.1	9.6
20 years and over	2,295	2,460	2,385	3.1	3.1	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.2
20 to 24 years	496	497	369	6.3	5.6	6.2	6.1	6.4	4.9
25 years and over	1,808	1,987	2,019	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.8	3.0	3.0
25 to 54 years	1,414	1,506	1,567	2.9	2.8	3.0	2.9	3.0	3.1
25 to 34 years	603	671	683	3.5	3.3	3.7	3.5	3.9	3.9
35 to 44 years	444	454	458	2.7	2.5	2.9	2.5	2.7	2.7
45 to 54 years	367	381	426	2.4	2.4	2.2	2.5	2.5	2.8
55 years and over	382	480	441	2.2	2.7	2.8	2.6	2.7	2.5

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	830	980	999	1.8	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.1	2.1
Married women, spouse present(1)	715	825	773	1.9	2.1	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.0
Women who maintain families(2)	403	475	567	3.8	4.0	4.6	4.8	4.7	5.4

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	4,648	5,228	4,936	3.4	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.8	3.6
Part-time workers(4)	1,088	1,084	1,212	3.8	4.3	4.6	3.9	3.8	4.2
Footnotes (1) Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to persons in both opposite-sex and same-sex married couples. Prior to January 2020, referred to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Beginning with data for January 2020, refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not a spouse of either sex. Prior to January 2020, referred to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,226	3,048	3,680	2,568	2,869	3,120	3,058	3,058	3,028
On temporary layoff	1,238	981	1,345	763	813	904	889	917	876
Not on temporary layoff	1,987	2,067	2,335	1,804	2,056	2,217	2,169	2,140	2,151
Permanent job losers	1,330	1,466	1,621	1,265	1,421	1,636	1,589	1,543	1,556
Persons who completed temporary jobs	657	601	713	539	636	581	580	597	595
Job leavers	881	777	791	883	797	801	821	833	794
Reentrants	1,807	1,570	1,851	1,799	2,024	1,869	1,771	1,741	1,834
New entrants	465	512	456	526	586	603	582	609	550

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	50.6	51.6	54.3	44.4	45.7	48.8	49.1	49.0	48.8
On temporary layoff	19.4	16.6	19.8	13.2	13.0	14.1	14.3	14.7	14.1
Not on temporary layoff	31.2	35.0	34.4	31.2	32.8	34.7	34.8	34.3	34.7
Job leavers	13.8	13.2	11.7	15.3	12.7	12.5	13.2	13.4	12.8
Reentrants	28.3	26.6	27.3	31.2	32.3	29.2	28.4	27.9	29.5
New entrants	7.3	8.7	6.7	9.1	9.3	9.4	9.3	9.8	8.9

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2.0	1.8	2.2	1.5	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.8
Job leavers	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.1	0.9	1.1	1.1	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.1
New entrants	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.3	0.4	0.3
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,358	2,102	2,559	1,942	2,053	2,269	2,069	2,191	2,140
5 to 14 weeks	1,965	1,619	2,022	1,795	2,043	1,836	2,060	1,791	1,848
15 weeks and over	2,055	2,185	2,196	2,002	2,288	2,370	2,150	2,350	2,144
15 to 26 weeks	926	1,000	882	929	985	1,079	931	1,104	867
27 weeks and over	1,129	1,185	1,314	1,073	1,303	1,291	1,220	1,245	1,277

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	19.1	21.9	19.5	20.4	21.4	21.6	19.5	22.3	20.8
Median duration, in weeks	8.4	9.0	8.3	9.8	9.1	8.6	9.0	9.7	9.6

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	37.0	35.6	37.8	33.8	32.2	35.0	33.0	34.6	34.9
5 to 14 weeks	30.8	27.4	29.8	31.3	32.0	28.4	32.8	28.3	30.1
15 weeks and over	32.2	37.0	32.4	34.9	35.8	36.6	34.2	37.1	35.0
15 to 26 weeks	14.5	16.9	13.0	16.2	15.4	16.7	14.8	17.4	14.1
27 weeks and over	17.7	20.1	19.4	18.7	20.4	19.9	19.4	19.7	20.8
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to total unemployed in table A-1 because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	158,692	159,650	6,378	6,778	3.9	4.1
Management, professional, and related occupations	69,249	70,650	1,460	1,527	2.1	2.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	29,934	30,130	604	662	2.0	2.1
Professional and related occupations	39,315	40,520	856	866	2.1	2.1
Service occupations	25,244	25,341	1,401	1,400	5.3	5.2
Sales and office occupations	30,358	29,905	1,184	1,269	3.8	4.1
Sales and related occupations	14,185	14,195	645	676	4.4	4.5
Office and administrative support occupations	16,173	15,709	538	593	3.2	3.6
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	14,023	14,136	894	973	6.0	6.4
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	915	898	65	125	6.7	12.2
Construction and extraction occupations	8,399	8,286	709	695	7.8	7.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	4,709	4,952	120	153	2.5	3.0
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	19,817	19,618	968	1,126	4.7	5.4
Production occupations	8,292	8,020	260	402	3.0	4.8
Transportation and material moving occupations	11,526	11,598	708	724	5.8	5.9
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, occupations reflect the introduction of the 2018 Census occupational classification system into the Current Population Survey, or household survey. This classification system is derived from the 2018 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC). No historical data have been revised. Data for 2020 are not strictly comparable with earlier years.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024
Total, 16 years and over(1)	6,378	6,778	3.9	4.1
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	5,061	5,450	3.9	4.1
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	2	16	0.3	3.0
Construction	720	699	6.9	6.9
Manufacturing	399	512	2.6	3.4
Durable goods	228	284	2.3	2.9
Nondurable goods	172	227	3.1	4.2
Wholesale and retail trade	992	936	5.1	4.6
Transportation and utilities	345	351	4.2	4.3
Information	114	156	3.9	5.5
Financial activities	236	214	2.3	2.1
Professional and business services	649	816	3.5	4.3
Education and health services	599	667	2.4	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	797	814	6.0	6.0
Other services	209	269	3.3	4.0
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	70	120	4.9	8.0
Government workers	429	402	1.9	1.8
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	354	351	3.5	3.5
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Effective with January 2020 data, industries reflect the introduction of the 2017 Census industry classification system into the Current Population Survey. This industry classification system is derived from the 2017 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). No historical data have been revised.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Jan. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Sept. 2023	Oct. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023	Jan. 2024
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.2	1.3	1.3	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	1.3
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	2.0	1.8	2.2	1.5	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.8
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	3.9	3.5	4.1	3.4	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.7	3.7
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	4.1	3.7	4.3	3.6	4.0	4.1	4.0	3.9	3.9
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	4.7	4.4	5.1	4.2	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6	4.6
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	7.4	7.0	8.0	6.7	7.0	7.2	7.0	7.1	7.2
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024	Jan. 2023	Jan. 2024
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	100,892	101,113	42,156	42,422	58,736	58,691
Persons who currently want a job	5,466	5,964	2,722	2,828	2,744	3,135
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,434	1,757	730	856	704	901
Discouraged workers(2)	349	466	233	284	117	182
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,085	1,292	498	572	587	719

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	7,877	8,133	3,847	3,957	4,030	4,176
Percent of total employed	5.0	5.1	4.6	4.7	5.4	5.5
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,418	4,602	2,367	2,496	2,051	2,106
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	1,862	2,048	634	729	1,228	1,319
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	343	416	214	245	129	171
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,212	1,011	610	466	602	545
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Change from: Dec.2023 - Jan.2024(p)
Total nonfarm	152,688	158,347	158,261	155,626	154,773	157,014	157,347	157,700	353
Total private	130,313	134,881	134,900	132,650	132,283	134,014	134,292	134,609	317
Goods-producing	21,062	21,768	21,681	21,320	21,494	21,690	21,723	21,751	28

Mining and logging	622	642	641	627	631	640	641	635	-6
Logging	45.1	44.0	42.6	41.4	44.8	43.4	42.4	41.5	-0.9
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	576.7	597.7	598.1	585.1	585.7	596.2	598.1	593.2	-4.9
Oil and gas extraction	115.5	118.3	118.8	119.1	116.4	117.4	118.2	119.9	1.7
Mining (except oil and gas)	181.0	188.1	187.0	183.5	186.5	187.1	188.2	188.7	0.5
Coal mining	42.0	42.6	42.8	42.8	42.2	42.7	42.8	42.9	0.1
Metal ore mining	43.3	43.9	43.8	43.1	43.4	43.7	43.7	43.2	-0.5
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	95.7	101.6	100.4	97.6	100.9	100.7	101.7	102.7	1.0
Support activities for mining	280.2	291.3	292.3	282.5	282.8	291.7	291.7	284.6	-7.1

Construction	7,586	8,173	8,059	7,800	7,921	8,102	8,126	8,137	11
Construction of buildings	1,757.3	1,837.8	1,838.4	1,801.3	1,800.2	1,829.8	1,838.9	1,843.0	4.1
Residential building construction	906.8	934.5	936.1	915.9	929.9	931.4	935.9	938.4	2.5
Nonresidential building construction	850.5	903.3	902.3	885.4	870.3	898.4	903.0	904.6	1.6
Heavy and civil engineering construction	988.3	1,155.3	1,098.4	1,023.1	1,089.2	1,131.5	1,132.9	1,125.2	-7.7
Specialty trade contractors	4,840.7	5,179.7	5,122.3	4,976.0	5,032.0	5,140.3	5,154.5	5,168.4	13.9
Residential specialty trade contractors	2,253.8	2,409.2	2,374.9	2,299.4	2,342.7	2,390.0	2,394.1	2,394.3	0.2
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,586.9	2,770.5	2,747.4	2,676.6	2,689.3	2,750.3	2,760.4	2,774.1	13.7

Manufacturing	12,854	12,953	12,981	12,893	12,942	12,948	12,956	12,979	23

Durable goods	8,034	8,133	8,162	8,105	8,075	8,129	8,142	8,146	4
Wood product manufacturing	422.6	415.4	414.2	409.9	424.0	415.1	413.4	412.5	-0.9
Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing	414.5	425.4	424.7	415.5	423.8	422.5	424.3	424.6	0.3
Primary metal manufacturing	369.1	371.3	373.8	370.6	370.7	372.1	372.1	372.3	0.2
Fabricated metal product manufacturing	1,444.1	1,459.9	1,464.8	1,459.2	1,450.0	1,460.0	1,462.7	1,464.6	1.9
Machinery manufacturing	1,124.7	1,136.0	1,142.1	1,140.9	1,127.2	1,138.0	1,142.1	1,143.0	0.9
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	1,101.7	1,103.7	1,107.5	1,102.8	1,107.1	1,106.5	1,107.0	1,108.4	1.4
Computer and peripheral equipment manufacturing	163.5	161.9	163.9	163.2	163.8	162.2	163.3	163.4	0.1
Communications equipment manufacturing	84.5	86.9	86.5	86.2	84.8	87.0	86.6	86.8	0.2
Semiconductor and other electronic component manufacturing	397.7	390.3	392.7	391.6	400.4	392.1	393.1	394.0	0.9
Navigational, measuring, electromedical, and control instruments manufacturing	425.3	433.9	434.0	431.6	426.9	434.6	433.9	433.6	-0.3
Manufacturing and reproducing magnetic and optical media and audio and video equipment manufacturing	30.7	30.7	30.4	30.2	31.2	30.6	30.1	30.6	0.5
Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing	413.7	415.0	414.2	409.6	414.8	415.1	413.8	411.2	-2.6
Transportation equipment manufacturing(1)	1,750.1	1,827.7	1,841.3	1,827.9	1,758.0	1,822.1	1,829.4	1,835.0	5.6
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	1,019.4	1,061.9	1,071.2	1,059.2	1,024.2	1,058.5	1,061.0	1,064.1	3.1
Furniture and related product manufacturing	365.4	352.2	351.4	344.9	366.4	352.0	349.6	346.7	-2.9
Miscellaneous manufacturing	628.5	626.0	627.9	623.5	632.7	625.5	627.1	627.4	0.3

Nondurable goods	4,820	4,820	4,819	4,788	4,867	4,819	4,814	4,833	19
Food manufacturing	1,710.3	1,731.4	1,741.2	1,723.0	1,724.8	1,729.3	1,732.9	1,736.4	3.5
Textile mills	93.2	90.5	89.1	88.0	93.9	90.0	89.0	88.8	-0.2
Textile product mills	102.6	96.1	95.6	95.1	102.8	96.1	95.3	95.3	0.0
Apparel manufacturing	89.9	87.9	88.0	87.6	91.2	88.6	88.4	88.5	0.1
Paper manufacturing	361.8	353.9	355.1	350.8	361.6	353.1	352.9	351.1	-1.8
Printing and related support activities	372.7	366.1	365.9	365.9	375.9	364.5	363.8	368.9	5.1
Petroleum and coal products manufacturing	102.3	108.5	106.7	105.2	107.2	109.0	108.9	109.9	1.0
Chemical manufacturing	897.3	893.9	895.9	899.1	900.9	897.2	894.7	901.6	6.9
Plastics and rubber products manufacturing	745.3	729.6	727.9	725.1	750.0	729.7	727.5	729.7	2.2
Beverage, tobacco, and leather and allied product manufacturing	344.2	361.8	353.4	347.7	358.8	361.4	360.8	363.0	2.2

Private service-providing	109,251	113,113	113,219	111,330	110,789	112,324	112,569	112,858	289

Trade, transportation, and utilities	28,730	29,407	29,653	28,927	28,771	28,843	28,901	28,965	64

Wholesale trade	6,032.1	6,157.4	6,178.8	6,121.0	6,074.5	6,152.1	6,162.8	6,164.9	2.1
Merchant wholesalers, durable goods	3,349.9	3,421.3	3,434.2	3,410.6	3,365.7	3,420.5	3,425.8	3,427.2	1.4
Merchant wholesalers, nondurable goods	2,171.2	2,216.5	2,227.2	2,202.4	2,195.5	2,215.8	2,222.4	2,226.4	4.0
Wholesale trade agents and brokers	511.0	519.6	517.4	508.0	513.3	515.8	514.6	511.3	-3.3

Retail trade	15,489.5	15,926.4	16,052.4	15,640.2	15,518.3	15,570.4	15,613.6	15,658.8	45.2
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	2,005.3	2,065.5	2,069.2	2,052.8	2,027.3	2,066.0	2,073.7	2,075.2	1.5
Automobile dealers	1,259.2	1,290.6	1,295.6	1,288.5	1,267.5	1,291.3	1,294.7	1,296.5	1.8
Other motor vehicle dealers	170.2	170.6	167.9	165.0	180.1	174.9	174.8	175.1	0.3
Automotive parts, accessories, and tire retailers	575.9	604.3	605.7	599.3	579.8	599.8	604.3	603.6	-0.7
Building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers	1,378.9	1,369.4	1,394.2	1,368.9	1,427.9	1,398.9	1,409.0	1,410.4	1.4
Food and beverage retailers	3,225.4	3,275.7	3,283.9	3,242.9	3,236.2	3,247.5	3,248.0	3,252.6	4.6
Furniture, home furnishings, electronics, and appliance retailers	877.1	850.8	867.6	835.4	869.1	832.0	828.8	826.8	-2.0
Furniture and home furnishings retailers	444.7	438.5	446.4	434.2	439.7	428.6	427.5	428.5	1.0
Electronics and appliance retailers	432.4	412.3	421.2	401.2	429.4	403.5	401.3	398.3	-3.0
General merchandise retailers	3,161.2	3,373.7	3,416.6	3,255.9	3,116.6	3,193.0	3,198.3	3,222.0	23.7
Department stores	961.9	1,024.6	1,048.1	967.5	931.5	937.7	927.8	945.3	17.5
Warehouse clubs, supercenters, and other general merchandise retailers	2,199.3	2,349.1	2,368.5	2,288.4	2,185.1	2,255.3	2,270.5	2,276.7	6.2
Health and personal care retailers	1,113.0	1,115.5	1,120.9	1,109.3	1,100.5	1,093.6	1,092.5	1,096.2	3.7
Gasoline stations and fuel dealers	1,042.9	1,071.6	1,070.2	1,062.5	1,051.9	1,066.9	1,070.7	1,071.3	0.6
Clothing, clothing accessories, shoe, and jewelry retailers	1,169.7	1,216.8	1,242.8	1,167.9	1,155.1	1,132.7	1,147.3	1,148.6	1.3
Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument, book, and miscellaneous retailers	1,516.0	1,587.4	1,587.0	1,544.6	1,533.7	1,539.8	1,545.3	1,555.7	10.4

Transportation and warehousing	6,641.7	6,742.1	6,837.0	6,581.6	6,609.4	6,538.9	6,540.5	6,556.0	15.5
Air transportation	529.3	564.8	568.6	563.0	534.0	566.0	569.5	568.0	-1.5
Rail transportation	150.7	152.7	152.7	152.7	150.7	152.8	153.0	152.6	-0.4
Water transportation	64.5	69.8	69.5	69.4	67.0	71.0	71.0	72.2	1.2
Truck transportation	1,563.6	1,565.1	1,558.4	1,532.1	1,587.0	1,550.1	1,553.3	1,555.7	2.4
Transit and ground passenger transportation	438.4	445.5	448.0	445.0	428.5	430.3	432.3	434.7	2.4
Pipeline transportation	50.8	52.1	51.7	52.7	51.2	52.1	51.8	53.0	1.2
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	23.0	28.4	28.8	25.4	29.2	31.0	32.3	30.9	-1.4
Support activities for transportation	819.7	830.9	840.6	833.3	821.6	826.9	831.4	834.7	3.3
Couriers and messengers	1,137.9	1,209.6	1,300.8	1,125.3	1,082.7	1,086.4	1,072.4	1,075.2	2.8
Warehousing and storage	1,863.8	1,823.2	1,817.9	1,782.7	1,857.5	1,772.3	1,773.5	1,779.0	5.5

Utilities	566.6	581.1	584.7	584.6	568.4	581.4	583.7	585.5	1.8

Information	3,020	3,015	3,030	2,988	3,067	2,999	3,017	3,032	15
Motion picture and sound recording industries	388.6	431.4	439.5	414.8	422.0	420.4	433.1	444.8	11.7
Publishing industries	951.5	933.8	937.1	934.2	955.1	933.0	935.1	938.0	2.9
Broadcasting and content providers	350.9	343.4	344.9	340.9	353.7	342.3	343.1	343.6	0.5
Telecommunications	655.3	636.6	634.8	625.4	658.6	635.0	633.2	629.8	-3.4
Computing infrastructure providers, data processing, web hosting, and related services	484.4	491.5	496.3	495.9	485.7	490.7	494.9	497.0	2.1
Web search portals, libraries, archives, and other information services	189.4	178.2	177.2	177.2	191.4	177.4	177.7	178.9	1.2

Financial activities	9,093	9,239	9,266	9,196	9,145	9,227	9,240	9,248	8
Finance and insurance	6,699.0	6,744.6	6,758.3	6,726.0	6,713.2	6,736.6	6,741.5	6,741.2	-0.3
Monetary authorities-central bank	22.3	22.6	22.5	22.5	22.4	22.6	22.5	22.6	0.1
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,653.3	2,602.2	2,605.5	2,599.0	2,654.7	2,607.2	2,604.2	2,600.1	-4.1
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,798.8	1,784.7	1,785.7	1,783.9	1,798.7	1,787.6	1,785.5	1,783.7	-1.8
Commercial banking	1,395.8	1,376.9	1,377.1	1,375.2	1,396.0	1,380.1	1,378.0	1,375.3	-2.7
Nondepository credit intermediation	551.8	529.9	532.6	530.3	553.6	531.9	531.9	531.7	-0.2
Activities related to credit intermediation	302.7	287.6	287.2	284.8	302.4	287.7	286.8	284.7	-2.1
Securities, commodity contracts, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles, investments, and related activities	1,078.8	1,115.6	1,123.0	1,109.3	1,084.7	1,113.4	1,117.3	1,116.2	-1.1
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,944.6	3,004.2	3,007.3	2,995.2	2,951.4	2,993.4	2,997.5	3,002.3	4.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,393.5	2,494.3	2,507.5	2,469.8	2,431.5	2,490.7	2,498.8	2,506.6	7.8
Real estate	1,826.4	1,876.6	1,891.3	1,864.9	1,846.5	1,868.9	1,875.2	1,882.5	7.3
Rental and leasing services	544.9	594.3	592.7	582.0	562.3	598.6	600.3	600.7	0.4
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets (except copyrighted works)	22.2	23.4	23.5	22.9	22.7	23.2	23.3	23.4	0.1

Professional and business services	22,374	23,067	22,960	22,596	22,771	22,869	22,904	22,978	74
Professional, scientific, and technical services	10,651.0	10,941.8	10,981.6	10,936.8	10,694.4	10,907.2	10,941.1	10,983.0	41.9
Legal services	1,176.8	1,195.2	1,204.1	1,181.9	1,181.9	1,188.1	1,192.2	1,187.8	-4.4
Accounting, tax preparation, bookkeeping, and payroll services	1,163.8	1,125.7	1,155.3	1,186.6	1,135.1	1,151.0	1,155.1	1,159.2	4.1
Architectural, engineering, and related services	1,614.9	1,677.6	1,672.9	1,661.7	1,637.3	1,673.4	1,674.5	1,684.4	9.9
Specialized design services	150.1	155.8	156.0	154.3	152.4	154.2	154.4	156.4	2.0
Computer systems design and related services	2,472.7	2,534.6	2,530.3	2,538.6	2,477.8	2,517.7	2,528.7	2,543.2	14.5
Management, scientific, and technical consulting services	1,822.7	1,904.2	1,908.6	1,888.9	1,835.4	1,886.2	1,893.0	1,901.4	8.4
Scientific research and development services	908.1	949.1	950.1	942.9	916.6	948.5	950.4	952.3	1.9
Advertising, public relations, and related services	496.2	516.3	522.6	514.3	503.2	514.8	519.3	521.3	2.0
Other professional, scientific, and technical services	845.7	883.3	881.7	867.6	854.9	873.4	873.6	877.0	3.4
Management of companies and enterprises	2,538.8	2,557.2	2,568.9	2,556.9	2,545.2	2,556.2	2,560.6	2,563.9	3.3
Administrative and support and waste management and remediation services	9,184.6	9,568.3	9,409.5	9,102.3	9,531.1	9,405.5	9,402.3	9,430.9	28.6
Administrative and support services	8,703.5	9,060.8	8,902.4	8,601.0	9,040.4	8,900.0	8,894.1	8,919.8	25.7
Office administrative services	602.6	635.9	631.7	632.1	609.0	632.9	634.8	638.8	4.0
Facilities support services	163.9	172.9	172.5	173.9	164.5	172.4	173.0	173.9	0.9
Employment services(1)	3,644.0	3,693.3	3,629.2	3,445.2	3,758.2	3,553.2	3,535.5	3,544.7	9.2
Temporary help services	2,876.2	2,911.8	2,853.6	2,680.6	2,980.3	2,785.8	2,769.0	2,772.9	3.9
Business support services	762.6	739.4	740.9	719.5	759.3	723.6	721.6	716.7	-4.9
Travel arrangement and reservation services	184.0	197.1	196.5	197.2	187.0	197.5	198.4	200.2	1.8
Investigation and security services	989.3	1,017.2	1,015.3	1,004.0	1,001.4	1,012.9	1,013.0	1,016.0	3.0
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,031.2	2,262.2	2,174.9	2,094.2	2,225.7	2,266.4	2,275.3	2,285.7	10.4
Other support services	325.9	342.8	341.4	334.9	335.2	341.1	342.4	343.9	1.5
Waste management and remediation services	481.1	507.5	507.1	501.3	490.7	505.5	508.2	511.1	2.9

Private education and health services	24,712	26,023	25,980	25,757	24,906	25,747	25,831	25,943	112
Private educational services	3,679.8	4,013.4	3,908.4	3,736.6	3,797.0	3,835.0	3,839.3	3,851.1	11.8
Health care and social assistance	21,032.5	22,009.1	22,071.6	22,020.0	21,108.5	21,912.4	21,991.7	22,092.1	100.4
Health care(3)	16,604.3	17,314.3	17,369.4	17,310.7	16,661.4	17,241.4	17,295.3	17,365.6	70.3
Ambulatory health care services	8,279.6	8,649.8	8,685.0	8,635.1	8,317.7	8,604.5	8,637.7	8,671.1	33.4
Offices of physicians	2,862.2	2,995.1	3,010.5	2,994.7	2,872.7	2,977.2	2,989.0	3,003.5	14.5
Offices of dentists	1,019.7	1,033.3	1,036.5	1,030.0	1,022.2	1,031.1	1,031.9	1,032.7	0.8
Offices of other health practitioners	1,119.6	1,184.5	1,189.4	1,180.4	1,128.1	1,178.0	1,184.6	1,188.9	4.3
Outpatient care centers	1,055.1	1,078.6	1,083.5	1,078.4	1,055.2	1,074.0	1,077.3	1,078.4	1.1
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	318.6	323.9	326.4	323.5	318.5	323.6	325.4	323.9	-1.5
Home health care services	1,561.5	1,680.0	1,684.4	1,676.8	1,578.2	1,667.5	1,676.6	1,691.7	15.1
Other ambulatory health care services	342.9	354.4	354.3	351.3	342.8	353.1	352.8	352.0	-0.8
Hospitals	5,249.4	5,439.1	5,452.5	5,448.3	5,257.7	5,420.2	5,436.4	5,456.8	20.4
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,075.3	3,225.4	3,231.9	3,227.3	3,086.0	3,216.7	3,221.2	3,237.7	16.5
Skilled nursing care facilities	1,381.2	1,449.0	1,450.3	1,451.8	1,384.8	1,443.5	1,446.1	1,455.1	9.0
Residential intellectual and developmental disability, mental health, and substance abuse facilities	620.4	651.3	655.1	652.6	624.0	650.8	653.5	656.4	2.9
Continuing care retirement communities and assisted living facilities for the elderly	919.1	967.1	967.6	964.4	921.8	964.7	963.4	967.1	3.7
Other residential care facilities	154.6	158.0	158.9	158.5	155.4	157.7	158.2	159.1	0.9
Social assistance	4,428.2	4,694.8	4,702.2	4,709.3	4,447.1	4,671.0	4,696.4	4,726.5	30.1
Individual and family services	2,930.5	3,120.1	3,129.1	3,142.2	2,939.9	3,108.2	3,127.8	3,150.1	22.3
Community food and housing, and emergency and other relief services	212.8	225.9	228.1	225.3	212.8	224.4	224.9	225.5	0.6
Vocational rehabilitation services	273.4	286.3	285.5	285.4	278.0	285.7	286.5	288.7	2.2
Child care services	1,011.5	1,062.5	1,059.5	1,056.4	1,016.3	1,052.6	1,057.1	1,062.2	5.1

Leisure and hospitality	15,616	16,496	16,484	16,078	16,345	16,775	16,813	16,824	11
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,174.1	2,435.6	2,438.7	2,360.1	2,420.4	2,577.8	2,595.6	2,611.8	16.2
Performing arts, spectator sports, and related industries	462.6	594.9	593.9	545.2	527.0	604.3	612.4	613.7	1.3
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	152.6	173.4	170.2	164.4	166.3	176.1	176.2	178.3	2.1
Amusement, gambling, and recreation industries	1,558.9	1,667.3	1,674.6	1,650.5	1,727.1	1,797.4	1,807.0	1,819.8	12.8
Accommodation and food services	13,441.6	14,060.7	14,045.1	13,718.2	13,924.6	14,197.3	14,217.6	14,212.1	-5.5
Accommodation	1,764.2	1,849.5	1,855.4	1,819.6	1,872.2	1,910.6	1,926.0	1,922.9	-3.1
Food services and drinking places	11,677.4	12,211.2	12,189.7	11,898.6	12,052.4	12,286.7	12,291.6	12,289.2	-2.4

Other services	5,706	5,866	5,846	5,788	5,784	5,864	5,863	5,868	5
Repair and maintenance	1,409.0	1,472.8	1,469.6	1,457.0	1,427.3	1,470.4	1,474.0	1,475.7	1.7
Personal and laundry services	1,503.4	1,554.4	1,542.6	1,521.9	1,525.8	1,549.0	1,541.8	1,546.0	4.2
Religious, grantmaking, civic, professional, and similar organizations	2,794.0	2,838.8	2,834.0	2,809.4	2,830.5	2,844.7	2,846.9	2,845.8	-1.1

Government	22,375	23,466	23,361	22,976	22,490	23,000	23,055	23,091	36
Federal	2,868	2,964	2,966	2,954	2,882	2,952	2,957	2,968	11
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,269.4	2,358.0	2,353.9	2,349.1	2,282.3	2,350.2	2,356.1	2,362.6	6.5
U.S. Postal Service	598.4	606.0	612.3	604.8	599.5	601.7	601.0	605.5	4.5
State government	5,108	5,569	5,493	5,311	5,206	5,383	5,398	5,408	10
State government education	2,439.1	2,814.5	2,737.4	2,558.3	2,521.8	2,624.6	2,633.2	2,638.8	5.6
State government, excluding education	2,668.6	2,754.9	2,755.5	2,752.9	2,684.3	2,758.5	2,764.5	2,769.5	5.0
Local government	14,399	14,933	14,902	14,711	14,402	14,665	14,700	14,715	15
Local government education	8,024.1	8,325.5	8,309.7	8,145.4	7,902.3	8,017.3	8,029.8	8,025.8	-4.0
Local government, excluding education	6,375.3	6,607.5	6,592.5	6,565.5	6,499.8	6,647.4	6,670.2	6,689.6	19.4
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicle manufacturing, motor vehicle body and trailer manufacturing, and motor vehicle parts manufacturing. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.6	34.4	34.3	34.1
Goods-producing	40.2	39.8	39.7	39.5
Mining and logging	45.7	45.2	45.5	44.6
Construction	39.2	39.3	39.0	38.6
Manufacturing	40.5	39.9	39.8	39.8
Durable goods	40.9	40.3	40.3	40.1
Nondurable goods	39.8	39.2	39.0	39.2
Private service-providing	33.5	33.3	33.3	33.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.2	33.9	33.8	33.4
Wholesale trade	38.9	38.7	38.9	38.7
Retail trade	30.2	30.0	29.6	29.1
Transportation and warehousing	38.6	38.1	38.4	38.0
Utilities	42.1	41.9	41.7	42.1
Information	36.7	36.2	36.2	36.1
Financial activities	37.4	37.4	37.4	37.2
Professional and business services	36.6	36.5	36.4	36.3
Private education and health services	33.4	33.2	33.3	33.1
Leisure and hospitality	25.6	25.6	25.8	25.3
Other services	32.3	32.3	32.2	32.2

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.0	2.8	2.8	2.7
Durable goods	3.1	2.9	2.9	2.8
Nondurable goods	2.9	2.6	2.6	2.6
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
Total private	$33.07	$34.23	$34.36	$34.55	$1,144.22	$1,177.51	$1,178.55	$1,178.16
Goods-producing	33.30	34.77	34.95	35.02	1,338.66	1,383.85	1,387.52	1,383.29
Mining and logging	36.96	38.63	38.78	39.10	1,689.07	1,746.08	1,764.49	1,743.86
Construction	35.70	37.21	37.34	37.55	1,399.44	1,462.35	1,456.26	1,449.43
Manufacturing	31.68	33.06	33.26	33.26	1,283.04	1,319.09	1,323.75	1,323.75
Durable goods	33.16	34.70	34.96	34.96	1,356.24	1,398.41	1,408.89	1,401.90
Nondurable goods	29.14	30.21	30.29	30.32	1,159.77	1,184.23	1,181.31	1,188.54
Private service-providing	33.01	34.10	34.23	34.45	1,105.84	1,135.53	1,139.86	1,136.85
Trade, transportation, and utilities	28.51	29.43	29.62	29.74	975.04	997.68	1,001.16	993.32
Wholesale trade	36.29	37.12	37.22	37.30	1,411.68	1,436.54	1,447.86	1,443.51
Retail trade	23.56	24.10	24.27	24.29	711.51	723.00	718.39	706.84
Transportation and warehousing	28.49	30.01	30.20	30.38	1,099.71	1,143.38	1,159.68	1,154.44
Utilities	48.88	50.43	50.50	50.77	2,057.85	2,113.02	2,105.85	2,137.42
Information	47.76	49.15	49.23	49.24	1,752.79	1,779.23	1,782.13	1,777.56
Financial activities	42.50	44.36	44.52	44.77	1,589.50	1,659.06	1,665.05	1,665.44
Professional and business services	39.72	41.12	41.29	41.56	1,453.75	1,500.88	1,502.96	1,508.63
Private education and health services	32.65	33.58	33.63	33.85	1,090.51	1,114.86	1,119.88	1,120.44
Leisure and hospitality	20.78	21.53	21.60	21.69	531.97	551.17	557.28	548.76
Other services	29.56	30.89	31.06	31.22	954.79	997.75	1,000.13	1,005.28
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Dec. 2023 - Jan. 2024(p)	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Dec. 2023 - Jan. 2024(p)
Total private	114.9	115.7	115.6	115.2	-0.3	181.7	189.4	190.0	190.3	0.2
Goods-producing	98.4	98.4	98.3	97.9	-0.4	148.2	154.6	155.2	154.9	-0.2
Mining and logging	90.6	90.9	91.6	89.0	-2.8	134.5	141.0	142.7	139.7	-2.1
Construction	107.0	109.8	109.2	108.3	-0.8	166.0	177.5	177.2	176.6	-0.3
Manufacturing	94.3	92.9	92.8	92.9	0.1	138.9	142.9	143.5	143.7	0.1
Durable goods	93.0	92.2	92.4	92.0	-0.4	136.9	142.1	143.4	142.8	-0.4
Nondurable goods	96.7	94.3	93.7	94.6	1.0	143.0	144.5	144.0	145.5	1.0
Private service-providing	119.5	120.4	120.7	119.9	-0.7	191.7	199.6	200.8	200.8	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.5	106.8	106.7	105.7	-0.9	165.3	169.6	170.5	169.5	-0.6
Wholesale trade	104.2	105.0	105.7	105.2	-0.5	158.2	163.1	164.6	164.2	-0.2
Retail trade	95.4	95.1	94.1	92.7	-1.5	148.6	151.5	151.0	149.0	-1.3
Transportation and warehousing	146.6	143.1	144.3	143.1	-0.8	212.5	218.5	221.7	221.2	-0.2
Utilities	103.5	105.4	105.3	106.6	1.2	167.2	175.6	175.7	178.9	1.8
Information	102.8	99.2	99.8	100.0	0.2	174.8	173.5	174.9	175.3	0.2
Financial activities	112.0	113.0	113.2	112.7	-0.4	185.7	195.6	196.6	196.8	0.1
Professional and business services	130.4	130.6	130.4	130.5	0.1	209.8	217.5	218.2	219.7	0.7
Private education and health services	135.8	139.6	140.5	140.2	-0.2	213.4	225.5	227.2	228.3	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	119.4	122.5	123.8	121.4	-1.9	200.2	212.8	215.7	212.5	-1.5
Other services	107.7	109.2	108.8	108.9	0.1	174.5	184.9	185.3	186.4	0.6
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
Total nonfarm	77,115	78,262	78,444	78,642	49.8	49.8	49.9	49.9
Total private	63,984	64,846	64,990	65,149	48.4	48.4	48.4	48.4
Goods-producing	4,960	5,001	5,013	5,021	23.1	23.1	23.1	23.1
Mining and logging	81	84	84	85	12.8	13.1	13.1	13.4
Construction	1,116	1,155	1,159	1,164	14.1	14.3	14.3	14.3
Manufacturing	3,763	3,762	3,770	3,772	29.1	29.1	29.1	29.1
Durable goods	2,009	2,024	2,031	2,025	24.9	24.9	24.9	24.9
Nondurable goods	1,754	1,738	1,739	1,747	36.0	36.1	36.1	36.1
Private service-providing	59,024	59,845	59,977	60,128	53.3	53.3	53.3	53.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,337	11,258	11,291	11,308	39.4	39.0	39.1	39.0
Wholesale trade	1,859.4	1,871.8	1,878.3	1,878.2	30.6	30.4	30.5	30.5
Retail trade	7,534.3	7,492.7	7,520.1	7,541.7	48.6	48.1	48.2	48.2
Transportation and warehousing	1,794.9	1,739.2	1,737.8	1,732.3	27.2	26.6	26.6	26.4
Utilities	148.0	154.0	154.9	155.9	26.0	26.5	26.5	26.6
Information	1,239	1,211	1,219	1,226	40.4	40.4	40.4	40.4
Financial activities	5,095	5,131	5,136	5,144	55.7	55.6	55.6	55.6
Professional and business services	10,488	10,493	10,504	10,558	46.1	45.9	45.9	45.9
Private education and health services	19,145	19,809	19,863	19,933	76.9	76.9	76.9	76.8
Leisure and hospitality	8,638	8,816	8,834	8,833	52.8	52.6	52.5	52.5
Other services	3,082	3,127	3,130	3,126	53.3	53.3	53.4	53.3
Government	13,131	13,416	13,454	13,493	58.4	58.3	58.4	58.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
Total private	107,736	109,018	109,217	109,564
Goods-producing	15,443	15,503	15,514	15,568
Mining and logging	481	496	498	500
Construction	5,852	5,941	5,952	5,970
Manufacturing	9,110	9,066	9,064	9,098
Durable goods	5,609	5,588	5,590	5,608
Nondurable goods	3,501	3,478	3,474	3,490
Private service-providing	92,293	93,515	93,703	93,996
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24,266	24,340	24,392	24,446
Wholesale trade	4,826.8	4,855.5	4,854.5	4,862.0
Retail trade	13,242.6	13,312.4	13,365.1	13,403.1
Transportation and warehousing	5,744.2	5,709.2	5,707.6	5,712.9
Utilities	451.9	463.1	465.1	467.7
Information	2,445	2,399	2,413	2,435
Financial activities	6,885	6,935	6,948	6,958
Professional and business services	18,062	18,033	18,042	18,115
Private education and health services	21,690	22,414	22,500	22,601
Leisure and hospitality	14,246	14,620	14,645	14,671
Other services	4,699	4,774	4,763	4,770
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.0	33.7	33.7	33.5
Goods-producing	40.8	40.6	40.3	39.9
Mining and logging	47.7	48.1	47.9	46.8
Construction	40.1	40.2	39.8	39.1
Manufacturing	40.9	40.5	40.3	40.0
Durable goods	41.1	40.7	40.5	40.3
Nondurable goods	40.5	40.2	39.9	39.7
Private service-providing	32.9	32.6	32.6	32.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.2	33.9	33.9	33.7
Wholesale trade	38.9	38.7	38.6	38.6
Retail trade	30.5	30.3	30.1	30.1
Transportation and warehousing	38.0	37.6	37.9	37.4
Utilities	42.7	42.0	42.4	42.6
Information	36.3	35.8	35.7	35.8
Financial activities	37.1	36.7	36.8	36.8
Professional and business services	36.4	36.3	36.3	36.0
Private education and health services	32.6	32.3	32.4	32.3
Leisure and hospitality	24.7	24.2	24.4	24.1
Other services	31.3	31.2	31.3	31.0

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.9	3.4	3.5	3.4
Durable goods	3.9	3.4	3.5	3.4
Nondurable goods	3.8	3.3	3.4	3.4
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)
Total private	$28.31	$29.42	$29.53	$29.66	$962.54	$991.45	$995.16	$993.61
Goods-producing	28.95	30.26	30.45	30.56	1,181.16	1,228.56	1,227.14	1,219.34
Mining and logging	33.48	34.96	35.72	36.13	1,597.00	1,681.58	1,710.99	1,690.88
Construction	33.44	34.96	35.01	35.21	1,340.94	1,405.39	1,393.40	1,376.71
Manufacturing	25.85	26.89	27.14	27.22	1,057.27	1,089.05	1,093.74	1,088.80
Durable goods	26.96	28.07	28.37	28.54	1,108.06	1,142.45	1,148.99	1,150.16
Nondurable goods	24.04	24.98	25.13	25.05	973.62	1,004.20	1,002.69	994.49
Private service-providing	28.18	29.25	29.34	29.47	927.12	953.55	956.48	957.78
Trade, transportation, and utilities	24.74	25.56	25.64	25.73	846.11	866.48	869.20	867.10
Wholesale trade	30.01	30.73	30.85	31.02	1,167.39	1,189.25	1,190.81	1,197.37
Retail trade	20.23	20.65	20.73	20.73	617.02	625.70	623.97	623.97
Transportation and warehousing	26.89	28.51	28.52	28.72	1,021.82	1,071.98	1,080.91	1,074.13
Utilities	43.51	44.88	44.87	45.23	1,857.88	1,884.96	1,902.49	1,926.80
Information	38.93	40.53	40.68	40.70	1,413.16	1,450.97	1,452.28	1,457.06
Financial activities	32.93	34.71	34.77	34.99	1,221.70	1,273.86	1,279.54	1,287.63
Professional and business services	33.47	34.69	34.84	35.09	1,218.31	1,259.25	1,264.69	1,263.24
Private education and health services	29.76	30.68	30.75	30.85	970.18	990.96	996.30	996.46
Leisure and hospitality	18.20	19.27	19.30	19.25	449.54	466.33	470.92	463.93
Other services	25.41	26.69	26.92	27.07	795.33	832.73	842.60	839.17
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Industry	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Dec. 2023 - Jan. 2024(p)	Jan. 2023	Nov. 2023	Dec. 2023(p)	Jan. 2024(p)	Percent change from: Dec. 2023 - Jan. 2024(p)
Total private	122.1	122.4	122.6	122.3	-0.2	231.0	240.7	242.1	242.5	0.2
Goods-producing	96.3	96.2	95.5	94.9	-0.6	170.7	178.2	178.1	177.6	-0.3
Mining and logging	121.9	126.8	126.8	124.3	-2.0	237.4	257.8	263.3	261.3	-0.8
Construction	117.5	119.6	118.6	116.9	-1.4	212.2	225.7	224.2	222.2	-0.9
Manufacturing	85.5	84.3	83.9	83.5	-0.5	144.6	148.2	148.8	148.7	-0.1
Durable goods	86.6	85.4	85.1	84.9	-0.2	145.8	149.7	150.6	151.3	0.5
Nondurable goods	83.5	82.4	81.7	81.6	-0.1	141.9	145.4	145.0	144.5	-0.3
Private service-providing	129.4	129.9	130.2	130.2	0.0	250.1	260.6	261.9	263.1	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	116.2	115.5	115.7	115.3	-0.3	205.4	211.0	212.1	212.1	0.0
Wholesale trade	111.4	111.5	111.2	111.4	0.2	197.4	202.3	202.5	203.9	0.7
Retail trade	102.4	102.3	102.0	102.3	0.3	177.6	181.1	181.3	181.8	0.3
Transportation and warehousing	165.2	162.5	163.7	161.7	-1.2	282.7	294.8	297.2	295.6	-0.5
Utilities	98.7	99.5	100.8	101.9	1.1	179.2	186.3	188.9	192.4	1.9
Information	101.3	98.0	98.3	99.5	1.2	195.2	196.7	198.0	200.5	1.3
Financial activities	120.2	119.8	120.3	120.5	0.2	243.6	255.8	257.4	259.4	0.8
Professional and business services	146.8	146.1	146.2	145.6	-0.4	292.2	301.5	303.0	303.8	0.3
Private education and health services	150.8	154.4	155.4	155.6	0.1	296.1	312.6	315.5	316.9	0.4
Leisure and hospitality	128.9	129.6	130.9	129.5	-1.1	266.4	283.6	286.9	283.1	-1.3
Other services	103.2	104.5	104.6	103.7	-0.9	191.0	203.1	205.1	204.5	-0.3
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2023 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Last Modified Date: February 02, 2024