Employment Situation News Release

Economic News Release

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CPS

CES

Employment Situation News Release

Transmission of material in this release is embargoed until USDL-17-1448
8:30 a.m. (EDT) Friday, November 3, 2017

Technical information:
Household data: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Establishment data: (202) 691-6555 * cesinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/ces

Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov

THE EMPLOYMENT SITUATION -- OCTOBER 2017

Total nonfarm payroll employment rose by 261,000 in October, and the unemployment rate
edged down to 4.1 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment
in food services and drinking places increased sharply, mostly offsetting a decline in
September that largely reflected the impact of Hurricanes Irma and Harvey. In October,
job gains also occurred in professional and business services, manufacturing, and health
care.

Household Survey Data

The unemployment rate edged down by 0.1 percentage point to 4.1 percent in October, and
the number of unemployed persons decreased by 281,000 to 6.5 million. Since January, the
unemployment rate has declined by 0.7 percentage point, and the number of unemployed
persons has decreased by 1.1 million. (See table A-1.)

Among the major worker groups, the unemployment rates for adult women (3.6 percent) and
Whites (3.5 percent) declined in October. The jobless rates for adult men (3.8 percent),
teenagers (13.7 percent), Blacks (7.5 percent), Asians (3.1 percent), and Hispanics
(4.8 percent) showed little change. (See tables A-1, A-2, and A-3.)

In October, the number of long-term unemployed (those jobless for 27 weeks or more) was
little changed at 1.6 million and accounted for 24.8 percent of the unemployed. (See
table A-12.)

The labor force participation rate decreased by 0.4 percentage point to 62.7 percent in
October but has shown little movement on net over the past 12 months. The employment-
population ratio declined by 0.2 percentage point over the month to 60.2 percent, after
increasing by 0.3 percentage point in September. The employment-population ratio is up
by 0.5 percentage point over the year. (See table A-1.)

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to
as involuntary part-time workers) declined by 369,000 to 4.8 million in October. These
individuals, who would have preferred full-time employment, were working part time
because their hours had been cut back or because they were unable to find full-time
jobs. Over the past 12 months, the number of involuntary part-time workers has decreased
by 1.1 million. (See table A-8.)

In October, 1.5 million persons were marginally attached to the labor force, little
changed from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.) These individuals
were not in the labor force, wanted and were available for work, and had looked for a
job sometime in the prior 12 months. They were not counted as unemployed because they
had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. (See table A-16.)

Among the marginally attached, there were 524,000 discouraged workers in October,
essentially unchanged from a year earlier. (The data are not seasonally adjusted.)
Discouraged workers are persons not currently looking for work because they believe
no jobs are available for them. The remaining 1.0 million persons marginally attached
to the labor force in October had not searched for work for reasons such as school
attendance or family responsibilities. (See table A-16.)

Establishment Survey Data

Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 261,000 in October, after changing little
in September (+18,000). Employment in food services and drinking places increased sharply
over the month, mostly offsetting a decline in September that largely reflected the impact
of Hurricanes Irma and Harvey. In October, employment also increased in professional and
business services, manufacturing, and health care. (See table B-1.)

Employment in food services and drinking places rose sharply in October (+89,000),
following a decrease of 98,000 in September when many workers were off payrolls due to
the hurricanes.

Professional and business services added 50,000 jobs in October, about in line with its
average monthly gain over the prior 12 months.

Manufacturing employment rose by 24,000 in October, with job gains in computer and
electronic products (+5,000) and chemicals (+4,000). Employment in fabricated metals
continued to trend up (+4,000). Manufacturing has added 156,000 jobs since a recent
employment low in November 2016.

Health care added 22,000 jobs in October. Employment in ambulatory health care services
continued to trend up over the month (+16,000). Health care has added an average of
24,000 jobs per month thus far in 2017, compared with an average gain of 32,000 per
month in 2016.

Employment in other major industries, including mining, construction, wholesale trade,
retail trade, transportation and warehousing, information, financial activities, and
government, changed little in October.

The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls was unchanged at
34.4 hours in October. In manufacturing, the workweek increased by 0.2 hour to 41.0
hours, and overtime edged up by 0.1 hour to 3.5 hours. The average workweek for
production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls edged up by
0.1 hour to 33.7 hours. (See tables B-2 and B-7.)

Average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls, at $26.53,
were little changed in October (-1 cent), after rising by 12 cents in September.
Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 63 cents, or
2.4 percent. In October, average hourly earnings of private-sector production
and nonsupervisory employees, at $22.22, were little changed (-1 cent). (See
tables B-3 and B-8.)

The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for August was revised up from
+169,000 to +208,000, and the change for September was revised up from -33,000
to +18,000. With these revisions, employment was 90,000 higher than previously
reported. (Monthly revisions result from additional reports received from
businesses and government agencies since the last published estimates and from
the recalculation of seasonal factors.) After revisions, job gains have averaged
162,000 over the last 3 months.

_____________
The Employment Situation for November is scheduled to be released on Friday,
December 8, 2017, at 8:30 a.m. (EST).

____________________________________________________________________________________
| |
| Conversion to the 2017 North American Industry Classification System |
| |
|With the release of January 2018 data on February 2, 2018, the establishment survey |
|will revise the basis for industry classification from the 2012 North American |
|Industry Classification System (NAICS) to 2017 NAICS. The conversion to 2017 NAICS |
|will result in minor revisions reflecting content changes within the mining and |
|logging, retail trade, information, financial activities, and professional and |
|business services sectors. Additionally, some smaller industries will be combined |
|within the mining and logging, durable goods, retail trade, and information sectors.|
|Several industry titles and descriptions also will be updated. |
| |
|Approximately 4 percent of employment will be reclassified into different industries|
|as a result of the revision. Details of new, discontinued, and combined industries |
|due to the 2017 NAICS update, as well as changes due to the annual benchmarking |
|process, will be available on January 5, 2018. |
| |
|For more information on the 2017 NAICS update, visit www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/. |
|____________________________________________________________________________________|

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Summary table A. Household data, seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Change from: Sept. 2017- Oct. 2017
Employment status
Civilian noninstitutional population	254,321	255,357	255,562	255,766	204
Civilian labor force	159,643	160,571	161,146	160,381	-765
Participation rate	62.8	62.9	63.1	62.7	-0.4
Employed	151,902	153,439	154,345	153,861	-484
Employment-population ratio	59.7	60.1	60.4	60.2	-0.2
Unemployed	7,740	7,132	6,801	6,520	-281
Unemployment rate	4.8	4.4	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Not in labor force	94,678	94,785	94,417	95,385	968

Unemployment rates
Total, 16 years and over	4.8	4.4	4.2	4.1	-0.1
Adult men (20 years and over)	4.6	4.1	3.9	3.8	-0.1
Adult women (20 years and over)	4.3	4.0	3.9	3.6	-0.3
Teenagers (16 to 19 years)	15.6	13.6	12.9	13.7	0.8
White	4.3	3.9	3.7	3.5	-0.2
Black or African American	8.6	7.7	7.0	7.5	0.5
Asian	3.4	4.0	3.7	3.1	-0.6
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity	5.7	5.2	5.1	4.8	-0.3

Total, 25 years and over	4.0	3.8	3.5	3.3	-0.2
Less than a high school diploma	7.4	6.0	6.5	5.7	-0.8
High school graduates, no college	5.5	5.1	4.3	4.3	0.0
Some college or associate degree	3.8	3.8	3.6	3.7	0.1
Bachelor's degree and higher	2.6	2.4	2.3	2.0	-0.3

Reason for unemployment
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,749	3,523	3,359	3,227	-132
Job leavers	945	804	738	742	4
Reentrants	2,339	2,132	2,079	2,006	-73
New entrants	791	656	669	629	-40

Duration of unemployment
Less than 5 weeks	2,393	2,222	2,226	2,129	-97
5 to 14 weeks	2,273	2,015	1,874	1,942	68
15 to 26 weeks	1,167	1,055	963	853	-110
27 weeks and over	1,964	1,740	1,733	1,621	-112

Employed persons at work part time
Part time for economic reasons	5,850	5,255	5,122	4,753	-369
Slack work or business conditions	3,481	3,266	3,121	2,952	-169
Could only find part-time work	2,093	1,645	1,733	1,629	-104
Part time for noneconomic reasons	20,765	21,447	21,011	20,923	-88

Persons not in the labor force (not seasonally adjusted)
Marginally attached to the labor force	1,700	1,548	1,569	1,535	-
Discouraged workers	487	448	421	524	-
- Over-the-month changes are not displayed for not seasonally adjusted data. NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Summary table B. Establishment data, seasonally adjusted
Category	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
EMPLOYMENT BY SELECTED INDUSTRY (Over-the-month change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	124	208	18	261
Total private	132	184	15	252
Goods-producing	9	73	18	33
Mining and logging	-2	5	1	-2
Construction	16	24	11	11
Manufacturing	-5	44	6	24
Durable goods(1)	-1	34	7	19
Motor vehicles and parts	2.5	23.4	-2.5	3.4
Nondurable goods	-4	10	-1	5
Private service-providing	123	111	-3	219
Wholesale trade	3.7	5.1	9.1	5.7
Retail trade	-6.8	-2.4	6.7	-8.3
Transportation and warehousing	11.8	6.7	25.1	8.4
Utilities	0.3	-0.2	0.4	0.0
Information	-6	0	-3	-1
Financial activities	6	10	13	5
Professional and business services(1)	55	47	22	50
Temporary help services	12.6	8.7	7.8	18.3
Education and health services(1)	45	46	22	41
Health care and social assistance	41.6	19.3	7.8	33.5
Leisure and hospitality	11	-9	-102	106
Other services	3	8	3	12
Government	-8	24	3	9

(3-month average change, in thousands)
Total nonfarm	183	185	121	162
Total private	166	175	111	150

WOMEN AND PRODUCTION AND NONSUPERVISORY EMPLOYEES AS A PERCENT OF ALL EMPLOYEES(2)
Total nonfarm women employees	49.6	49.5	49.5	49.5
Total private women employees	48.2	48.1	48.1	48.1
Total private production and nonsupervisory employees	82.3	82.4	82.4	82.4

HOURS AND EARNINGS ALL EMPLOYEES
Total private
Average weekly hours	34.4	34.4	34.4	34.4
Average hourly earnings	$25.90	$26.42	$26.54	$26.53
Average weekly earnings	$890.96	$908.85	$912.98	$912.63
Index of aggregate weekly hours (2007=100)(3)	105.9	107.4	107.4	107.6
Over-the-month percent change	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.2
Index of aggregate weekly payrolls (2007=100)(4)	131.2	135.6	136.3	136.5
Over-the-month percent change	0.5	0.2	0.5	0.1

DIFFUSION INDEX (Over 1-month span)(5)
Total private (261 industries)	60.9	63.4	61.1	59.6
Manufacturing (78 industries)	51.3	70.5	58.3	62.2
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding annual average aggregate hours. (4) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. (5) Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Frequently Asked Questions about Employment and Unemployment Estimates

1. Why are there two monthly measures of employment?

The household survey and establishment survey both produce sample-based estimates
of employment, and both have strengths and limitations. The establishment survey
employment series has a smaller margin of error on the measurement of month-to-
month change than the household survey because of its much larger sample size. An
over-the-month employment change of about 100,000 is statistically significant in
the establishment survey, while the threshold for a statistically significant change
in the household survey is about 500,000. However, the household survey has a more
expansive scope than the establishment survey because it includes self-employed
workers whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, agricultural
workers, and private household workers, who are excluded by the establishment survey.
The household survey also provides estimates of employment for demographic groups.
For more information on the differences between the two surveys, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/ces_cps_trends.htm.

2. Are undocumented immigrants counted in the surveys?

It is likely that both surveys include at least some undocumented immigrants. However,
neither the establishment nor the household survey is designed to identify the legal
status of workers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine how many are counted in
either survey. The establishment survey does not collect data on the legal status of
workers. The household survey does include questions which identify the foreign and
native born, but it does not include questions about the legal status of the foreign
born. Data on the foreign and native born are published each month in table A-7 of
The Employment Situation news release.

3. Why does the establishment survey have revisions?

The establishment survey revises published estimates to improve its data series by
incorporating additional information that was not available at the time of the
initial publication of the estimates. The establishment survey revises its initial
monthly estimates twice, in the immediately succeeding 2 months, to incorporate
additional sample receipts from respondents in the survey and recalculated seasonal
adjustment factors. For more information on the monthly revisions, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/ces/cesrevinfo.htm.

On an annual basis, the establishment survey incorporates a benchmark revision that
re-anchors estimates to nearly complete employment counts available from unemployment
insurance tax records. The benchmark helps to control for sampling and modeling errors
in the estimates. For more information on the annual benchmark revision, please visit
https://www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesbmart.htm.

4. Does the establishment survey sample include small firms?

Yes; about 40 percent of the establishment survey sample is comprised of business
establishments with fewer than 20 employees. The establishment survey sample is
designed to maximize the reliability of the statewide total nonfarm employment
estimate; firms from all states, size classes, and industries are appropriately
sampled to achieve that goal.

5. Does the establishment survey account for employment from new businesses?

Yes; monthly establishment survey estimates include an adjustment to account for
the net employment change generated by business births and deaths. The adjustment
comes from an econometric model that forecasts the monthly net jobs impact of
business births and deaths based on the actual past values of the net impact that
can be observed with a lag from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. The
establishment survey uses modeling rather than sampling for this purpose because
the survey is not immediately able to bring new businesses into the sample. There
is an unavoidable lag between the birth of a new firm and its appearance on the
sampling frame and availability for selection. BLS adds new businesses to the survey
twice a year.

6. Is the count of unemployed persons limited to just those people receiving unemployment
insurance benefits?

No; the estimate of unemployment is based on a monthly sample survey of households.
All persons who are without jobs and are actively seeking and available to work are
included among the unemployed. (People on temporary layoff are included even if
they do not actively seek work.) There is no requirement or question relating to
unemployment insurance benefits in the monthly survey.

7. Does the official unemployment rate exclude people who want a job but are not currently
looking for work?

Yes; however, there are separate estimates of persons outside the labor force who
want a job, including those who are not currently looking because they believe no
jobs are available (discouraged workers). In addition, alternative measures of labor
underutilization (some of which include discouraged workers and other groups not
officially counted as unemployed) are published each month in table A-15 of The
Employment Situation news release. For more information about these alternative
measures, please visit https://www.bls.gov/cps/lfcharacteristics.htm#altmeasures.

8. How can unusually severe weather affect employment and hours estimates?

In the establishment survey, the reference period is the pay period that includes
the 12th of the month. Unusually severe weather is more likely to have an impact on
average weekly hours than on employment. Average weekly hours are estimated for paid
time during the pay period, including pay for holidays, sick leave, or other time off.
The impact of severe weather on hours estimates typically, but not always, results in
a reduction in average weekly hours. For example, some employees may be off work for
part of the pay period and not receive pay for the time missed, while some workers,
such as those dealing with cleanup or repair, may work extra hours.

Typically, it is not possible to precisely quantify the effect of extreme weather on
payroll employment estimates. In order for severe weather conditions to reduce
employment estimates, employees have to be off work without pay for the entire pay
period. Employees who receive pay for any part of the pay period, even 1 hour, are
counted in the payroll employment figures. For more information on how often employees
are paid, please visit https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-3/how-frequently-do-private-
businesses-pay-workers.htm.

In the household survey, the reference period is generally the calendar week that
includes the 12th of the month. Persons who miss the entire week's work for weather-
related events are counted as employed whether or not they are paid for the time
off. The household survey collects data on the number of persons who had a job but
were not at work due to bad weather. It also provides a measure of the number of
persons who usually work full time but had reduced hours due to bad weather.
Current and historical data are available on the household survey's most requested
statistics page, please visit https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost?ln.

Technical Note


   This news release presents statistics from two major surveys, the Current
Population Survey (CPS; household survey) and the Current Employment Statistics
survey (CES; establishment survey). The household survey provides information
on the labor force, employment, and unemployment that appears in the "A" tables,
marked HOUSEHOLD DATA. It is a sample survey of about 60,000 eligible households
conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

   The establishment survey provides information on employment, hours, and
earnings of employees on nonfarm payrolls; the data appear in the "B" tables,
marked ESTABLISHMENT DATA. BLS collects these data each month from the payroll
records of a sample of nonagricultural business establishments. Each month
the CES program surveys about 147,000 businesses and government agencies,
representing approximately 634,000 individual worksites, in order to provide
detailed industry data on employment, hours, and earnings of workers on nonfarm
payrolls. The active sample includes approximately one-third of all nonfarm
payroll employees.

   For both surveys, the data for a given month relate to a particular week or
pay period. In the household survey, the reference period is generally the
calendar week that contains the 12th day of the month. In the establishment
survey, the reference period is the pay period including the 12th, which may or
may not correspond directly to the calendar week.

Coverage, definitions, and differences between surveys

   Household survey. The sample is selected to reflect the entire civilian 
noninstitutional population. Based on responses to a series of questions on 
work and job search activities, each person 16 years and over in a sample
household is classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force.

   People are classified as employed if they did any work at all as paid employees
during the reference week; worked in their own business, profession, or on their
own farm; or worked without pay at least 15 hours in a family business or farm.
People are also counted as employed if they were temporarily absent from their jobs
because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor-management disputes, or personal
reasons.

   People are classified as unemployed if they meet all of the following criteria:
they had no employment during the reference week; they were available for work at
that time; and they made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the
4-week period ending with the reference week. Persons laid off from a job and
expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. The
unemployment data derived from the household survey in no way depend upon the
eligibility for or receipt of unemployment insurance benefits.

   The civilian labor force is the sum of employed and unemployed persons.
Those persons not classified as employed or unemployed are not in the labor 
force. The unemployment rate is the number unemployed as a percent of the 
labor force. The labor force participation rate is the labor force as a 
percent of the population, and the employment-population ratio is the 
employed as a percent of the population. Additional information about the 
household survey can be found at https://www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

   Establishment survey. The sample establishments are drawn from private
nonfarm businesses such as factories, offices, and stores, as well as
from federal, state, and local government entities. Employees on nonfarm
payrolls are those who received pay for any part of the reference pay
period, including persons on paid leave. Persons are counted in each job
they hold. Hours and earnings data are produced for the private sector for
all employees and for production and nonsupervisory employees. Production
and nonsupervisory employees are defined as production and related employees
in manufacturing and mining and logging, construction workers in construction,
and nonsupervisory employees in private service-providing industries.

   Industries are classified on the basis of an establishment's principal
activity in accordance with the 2012 version of the North American Industry
Classification System. Additional information about the establishment survey
can be found at https://www.bls.gov/ces/.

   Differences in employment estimates. The numerous conceptual and methodological
differences between the household and establishment  surveys result in important
distinctions in the employment estimates derived from the surveys. Among these are:

   --The household survey includes agricultural workers, self-employed workers
     whose businesses are unincorporated, unpaid family workers, and private
     household workers among the employed. These groups are excluded from the
     establishment survey.

   --The household survey includes people on unpaid leave among the employed.
     The establishment survey does not.

   --The household survey is limited to workers 16 years of age and older.
     The establishment survey is not limited by age.

   --The household survey has no duplication of individuals, because
     individuals are counted only once, even if they hold more than one
     job. In the establishment survey, employees working at more than one
     job and thus appearing on more than one payroll are counted separately
     for each appearance.

Seasonal adjustment

   Over the course of a year, the size of the nation's labor force and the levels
of employment and unemployment undergo regularly occurring fluctuations. These 
events may result from seasonal changes in weather, major holidays, and the opening
and closing of schools. The effect of such seasonal variation can be very large.

   Because these seasonal events follow a more or less regular pattern each year,
their influence on the level of a series can be tempered by adjusting for regular
seasonal variation. These adjustments make nonseasonal developments, such as
declines in employment or increases in the participation of women in the labor
force, easier to spot. For example, in the household survey, the large number of
youth entering the labor force each June is likely to obscure any other changes
that have taken place relative to May, making it difficult to determine if the 
level of economic activity has risen or declined. Similarly, in the establishment
survey, payroll employment in education declines by about 20 percent at the end
of the spring term and later rises with the start of the fall term, obscuring the
underlying employment trends in the industry. Because seasonal employment changes
at the end and beginning of the school year can be estimated, the statistics can be
adjusted to make underlying employment patterns more discernable.  The seasonally
adjusted figures provide a more useful tool with which to analyze changes in
month-to-month economic activity.

   Many seasonally adjusted series are independently adjusted in both the household
and establishment surveys. However, the adjusted series for many major estimates,
such as total payroll employment, employment in most major sectors, total employment,
and unemployment are computed by aggregating independently adjusted component series.
For example, total unemployment is derived by summing the adjusted series for four
major age-sex components; this differs from the unemployment estimate that would be
obtained by directly adjusting the total or by combining
the duration, reasons, or more detailed age categories.

   For both the household and establishment surveys, a concurrent seasonal adjustment
methodology is used in which new seasonal factors are calculated each month using all
relevant data, up to and including the data for the current month. In the household
survey, new seasonal factors are used to adjust only the current month's data. In the
establishment survey, however, new seasonal factors are used each month to adjust the
three most recent monthly estimates. The prior 2 months are routinely revised to
incorporate additional sample reports and recalculated seasonal adjustment factors.
In both surveys, 5-year revisions to historical data are made once a year.

Reliability of the estimates

   Statistics based on the household and establishment surveys are subject to both
sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population,
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true
population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs
because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by
no more than 1.6 standard errors from the true population value because of sampling
error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

   For example, the confidence interval for the monthly change in total nonfarm
employment from the establishment survey is on the order of plus or minus 120,000.
Suppose the estimate of nonfarm employment increases by 50,000 from one month to
the next. The 90-percent confidence interval on the monthly change would range from
-70,000 to +170,000 (50,000 +/- 120,000). These figures do not mean that the sample
results are off by these magnitudes, but rather that there is about a 90-percent
chance that the true over-the-month change lies within this interval. Since this
range includes values of less than zero, we could not say with confidence that
nonfarm employment had, in fact, increased that month. If, however, the reported
nonfarm employment rise was 250,000, then all of the values within the 90- percent
confidence interval would be greater than zero. In this case, it is likely (at
least a 90-percent chance) that nonfarm employment had, in fact, risen that month.
At an unemployment rate of around 6.0 percent, the 90-percent confidence interval
for the monthly change in unemployment as measured by the household survey is
about +/- 300,000, and for the monthly change in the unemployment rate it is about
+/- 0.2 percentage point.

   In general, estimates involving many individuals or establishments have lower
standard errors (relative to the size of the estimate) than estimates which are based
on a small number of observations. The precision of estimates also is improved when
the data are cumulated over time, such as for quarterly and annual averages.

   The household and establishment surveys are also affected by nonsampling error,
which can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the
population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample,
inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information on a
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.

   For example, in the establishment survey, estimates for the most recent 2 months
are based on incomplete returns; for this reason, these estimates are labeled
preliminary in the tables. It is only after two successive revisions to a monthly
estimate, when nearly all sample reports have been received, that the estimate is
considered final.

   Another major source of nonsampling error in the establishment survey is the
inability to capture, on a timely basis, employment generated by new firms. To
correct for this systematic underestimation of employment growth, an estimation
procedure with two components is used to account for business births. The first
component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based
estimation in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births.
This is incorporated into the sample-based estimation procedure by simply not
reflecting sample units going out of business, but imputing to them the same
employment trend as the other firms in the sample. This procedure accounts for
most of the net birth/death employment.

   The second component is an ARIMA time series model designed to estimate the
residual net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The
historical time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from
the unemployment insurance universe micro- level database, and reflects the actual
residual net of births and deaths over the past 5 years.

   The sample-based estimates from the establishment survey are adjusted once a
year (on a lagged basis) to universe counts of payroll employment obtained from
administrative records of the unemployment insurance program. The difference 
between the March sample-based employment estimates and the March universe counts
is known as a benchmark revision, and serves as a rough proxy for total survey
error. The new benchmarks also incorporate changes in the classification of
industries. Over the past decade, absolute benchmark revisions for total nonfarm
employment have averaged 0.3 percent, with a range from -0.7 percent to 0.6 percent.

Other information

   Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay
Service: (800) 877-8339.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-1. Employment status of the civilian population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
TOTAL
Civilian noninstitutional population	254,321	255,562	255,766	254,321	254,957	255,151	255,357	255,562	255,766
Civilian labor force	159,783	161,049	160,465	159,643	160,145	160,494	160,571	161,146	160,381
Participation rate	62.8	63.0	62.7	62.8	62.8	62.9	62.9	63.1	62.7
Employed	152,335	154,494	154,223	151,902	153,168	153,513	153,439	154,345	153,861
Employment-population ratio	59.9	60.5	60.3	59.7	60.1	60.2	60.1	60.4	60.2
Unemployed	7,447	6,556	6,242	7,740	6,977	6,981	7,132	6,801	6,520
Unemployment rate	4.7	4.1	3.9	4.8	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.1
Not in labor force	94,539	94,513	95,301	94,678	94,813	94,657	94,785	94,417	95,385
Persons who currently want a job	5,613	5,415	4,938	5,889	5,431	5,420	5,844	5,628	5,185

Men, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	122,889	123,516	123,617	122,889	123,215	123,311	123,413	123,516	123,617
Civilian labor force	84,991	85,516	85,236	84,994	84,992	84,989	85,137	85,520	85,230
Participation rate	69.2	69.2	69.0	69.2	69.0	68.9	69.0	69.2	68.9
Employed	80,966	82,119	81,875	80,717	81,290	81,273	81,310	81,883	81,659
Employment-population ratio	65.9	66.5	66.2	65.7	66.0	65.9	65.9	66.3	66.1
Unemployed	4,025	3,397	3,362	4,278	3,702	3,715	3,826	3,636	3,570
Unemployment rate	4.7	4.0	3.9	5.0	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.3	4.2
Not in labor force	37,898	37,999	38,380	37,895	38,223	38,323	38,277	37,996	38,387

Men, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	114,401	115,020	115,120	114,401	114,721	114,817	114,918	115,020	115,120
Civilian labor force	82,065	82,633	82,455	81,967	81,975	82,108	82,252	82,569	82,340
Participation rate	71.7	71.8	71.6	71.6	71.5	71.5	71.6	71.8	71.5
Employed	78,538	79,662	79,530	78,232	78,707	78,830	78,847	79,377	79,231
Employment-population ratio	68.7	69.3	69.1	68.4	68.6	68.7	68.6	69.0	68.8
Unemployed	3,527	2,972	2,925	3,735	3,268	3,278	3,405	3,192	3,109
Unemployment rate	4.3	3.6	3.5	4.6	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.8
Not in labor force	32,337	32,387	32,665	32,434	32,746	32,709	32,666	32,451	32,781

Women, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	131,432	132,047	132,149	131,432	131,742	131,840	131,943	132,047	132,149
Civilian labor force	74,791	75,533	75,228	74,648	75,153	75,505	75,435	75,626	75,152
Participation rate	56.9	57.2	56.9	56.8	57.0	57.3	57.2	57.3	56.9
Employed	71,369	72,375	72,348	71,185	71,878	72,240	72,129	72,461	72,202
Employment-population ratio	54.3	54.8	54.7	54.2	54.6	54.8	54.7	54.9	54.6
Unemployed	3,423	3,158	2,880	3,463	3,274	3,265	3,306	3,165	2,950
Unemployment rate	4.6	4.2	3.8	4.6	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.2	3.9
Not in labor force	56,640	56,514	56,921	56,783	56,590	56,334	56,509	56,421	56,998

Women, 20 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	123,179	123,781	123,882	123,179	123,480	123,577	123,679	123,781	123,882
Civilian labor force	72,061	72,670	72,443	71,784	72,149	72,526	72,425	72,569	72,206
Participation rate	58.5	58.7	58.5	58.3	58.4	58.7	58.6	58.6	58.3
Employed	68,997	69,820	69,872	68,698	69,241	69,599	69,500	69,737	69,592
Employment-population ratio	56.0	56.4	56.4	55.8	56.1	56.3	56.2	56.3	56.2
Unemployed	3,064	2,849	2,571	3,085	2,907	2,927	2,925	2,831	2,615
Unemployment rate	4.3	3.9	3.5	4.3	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.6
Not in labor force	51,117	51,111	51,440	51,395	51,332	51,051	51,254	51,212	51,676

Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian noninstitutional population	16,741	16,761	16,763	16,741	16,756	16,757	16,759	16,761	16,763
Civilian labor force	5,656	5,746	5,567	5,892	6,021	5,860	5,895	6,008	5,836
Participation rate	33.8	34.3	33.2	35.2	35.9	35.0	35.2	35.8	34.8
Employed	4,800	5,011	4,821	4,972	5,220	5,084	5,092	5,230	5,039
Employment-population ratio	28.7	29.9	28.8	29.7	31.2	30.3	30.4	31.2	30.1
Unemployed	856	735	746	920	801	775	803	778	797
Unemployment rate	15.1	12.8	13.4	15.6	13.3	13.2	13.6	12.9	13.7
Not in labor force	11,084	11,015	11,196	10,849	10,735	10,898	10,865	10,753	10,928
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-2. Employment status of the civilian population by race, sex, and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, race, sex, and age	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
WHITE
Civilian noninstitutional population	198,633	199,191	199,298	198,633	198,872	198,974	199,082	199,191	199,298
Civilian labor force	124,779	125,320	124,777	124,700	124,890	124,968	125,037	125,393	124,731
Participation rate	62.8	62.9	62.6	62.8	62.8	62.8	62.8	63.0	62.6
Employed	119,677	120,857	120,692	119,310	120,091	120,262	120,209	120,753	120,408
Employment-population ratio	60.3	60.7	60.6	60.1	60.4	60.4	60.4	60.6	60.4
Unemployed	5,102	4,463	4,085	5,391	4,799	4,706	4,828	4,641	4,324
Unemployment rate	4.1	3.6	3.3	4.3	3.8	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.5
Not in labor force	73,854	73,871	74,520	73,932	73,982	74,006	74,046	73,797	74,567
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	65,359	65,412	65,318	65,259	65,225	65,141	65,262	65,339	65,216
Participation rate	72.0	71.8	71.7	71.9	71.8	71.6	71.7	71.7	71.6
Employed	62,886	63,378	63,380	62,592	62,886	62,904	62,961	63,143	63,121
Employment-population ratio	69.3	69.6	69.6	68.9	69.2	69.2	69.2	69.3	69.3
Unemployed	2,473	2,034	1,937	2,668	2,339	2,238	2,301	2,196	2,095
Unemployment rate	3.8	3.1	3.0	4.1	3.6	3.4	3.5	3.4	3.2
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	55,014	55,501	55,149	54,852	55,015	55,393	55,282	55,476	55,009
Participation rate	57.6	57.9	57.5	57.4	57.5	57.9	57.7	57.9	57.4
Employed	52,993	53,577	53,515	52,774	53,100	53,420	53,286	53,551	53,318
Employment-population ratio	55.5	55.9	55.8	55.3	55.5	55.8	55.7	55.9	55.6
Unemployed	2,021	1,924	1,635	2,078	1,915	1,973	1,996	1,925	1,691
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.5	3.0	3.8	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.1
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	4,406	4,407	4,310	4,589	4,650	4,433	4,492	4,578	4,506
Participation rate	35.7	35.7	34.9	37.2	37.7	35.9	36.4	37.1	36.5
Employed	3,799	3,902	3,798	3,944	4,105	3,938	3,962	4,058	3,968
Employment-population ratio	30.8	31.6	30.8	31.9	33.3	31.9	32.1	32.9	32.2
Unemployed	608	505	513	645	545	495	530	520	538
Unemployment rate	13.8	11.5	11.9	14.1	11.7	11.2	11.8	11.4	11.9

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	32,028	32,333	32,370	32,028	32,226	32,260	32,296	32,333	32,370
Civilian labor force	19,904	20,227	20,264	19,801	20,002	20,096	20,092	20,232	20,144
Participation rate	62.1	62.6	62.6	61.8	62.1	62.3	62.2	62.6	62.2
Employed	18,222	18,842	18,744	18,104	18,576	18,617	18,544	18,819	18,636
Employment-population ratio	56.9	58.3	57.9	56.5	57.6	57.7	57.4	58.2	57.6
Unemployed	1,682	1,385	1,520	1,696	1,426	1,479	1,548	1,413	1,508
Unemployment rate	8.4	6.8	7.5	8.6	7.1	7.4	7.7	7.0	7.5
Not in labor force	12,124	12,106	12,106	12,228	12,224	12,163	12,204	12,101	12,225
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	9,046	9,315	9,276	9,011	9,084	9,163	9,205	9,279	9,225
Participation rate	67.8	69.0	68.6	67.5	67.5	68.0	68.2	68.7	68.2
Employed	8,284	8,708	8,580	8,223	8,510	8,522	8,487	8,654	8,530
Employment-population ratio	62.1	64.5	63.4	61.6	63.3	63.3	62.9	64.1	63.1
Unemployed	762	606	696	789	574	641	718	625	694
Unemployment rate	8.4	6.5	7.5	8.8	6.3	7.0	7.8	6.7	7.5
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,160	10,153	10,291	10,079	10,143	10,170	10,127	10,149	10,200
Participation rate	62.8	62.2	63.0	62.3	62.4	62.5	62.1	62.2	62.4
Employed	9,419	9,549	9,609	9,367	9,455	9,511	9,474	9,541	9,542
Employment-population ratio	58.3	58.5	58.8	57.9	58.1	58.4	58.1	58.5	58.4
Unemployed	740	604	682	712	689	660	653	608	657
Unemployment rate	7.3	5.9	6.6	7.1	6.8	6.5	6.4	6.0	6.4
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	698	759	697	710	774	763	760	804	720
Participation rate	27.7	30.2	27.8	28.2	30.8	30.4	30.3	32.0	28.7
Employed	518	584	555	515	611	585	583	624	564
Employment-population ratio	20.6	23.3	22.1	20.5	24.3	23.3	23.2	24.9	22.5
Unemployed	180	174	142	196	163	178	178	180	156
Unemployment rate	25.8	23.0	20.4	27.5	21.1	23.3	23.4	22.4	21.7

ASIAN
Civilian noninstitutional population	15,344	15,483	15,466	15,344	15,367	15,290	15,341	15,483	15,466
Civilian labor force	9,717	9,973	9,794	9,797	9,792	9,789	9,886	10,005	9,871
Participation rate	63.3	64.4	63.3	63.8	63.7	64.0	64.4	64.6	63.8
Employed	9,393	9,619	9,507	9,462	9,443	9,418	9,489	9,638	9,569
Employment-population ratio	61.2	62.1	61.5	61.7	61.4	61.6	61.9	62.3	61.9
Unemployed	324	353	288	334	350	370	397	366	302
Unemployment rate	3.3	3.5	2.9	3.4	3.6	3.8	4.0	3.7	3.1
Not in labor force	5,627	5,510	5,671	5,547	5,575	5,502	5,455	5,478	5,594
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups will not sum to totals shown in table A-1 because data are not presented for all races. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-3. Employment status of the Hispanic or Latino population by sex and age [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted(1)
Employment status, sex, and age	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY
Civilian noninstitutional population	41,011	41,579	41,665	41,011	41,323	41,404	41,492	41,579	41,665
Civilian labor force	26,954	27,599	27,328	26,931	27,290	27,487	27,322	27,633	27,323
Participation rate	65.7	66.4	65.6	65.7	66.0	66.4	65.8	66.5	65.6
Employed	25,482	26,270	26,077	25,389	25,974	26,078	25,914	26,229	26,002
Employment-population ratio	62.1	63.2	62.6	61.9	62.9	63.0	62.5	63.1	62.4
Unemployed	1,472	1,329	1,250	1,542	1,315	1,409	1,408	1,404	1,321
Unemployment rate	5.5	4.8	4.6	5.7	4.8	5.1	5.2	5.1	4.8
Not in labor force	14,057	13,980	14,337	14,080	14,034	13,917	14,170	13,946	14,342
Men, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	14,902	15,124	14,987	14,861	14,976	15,085	15,017	15,119	14,958
Participation rate	80.6	80.8	79.9	80.4	80.5	80.9	80.4	80.8	79.7
Employed	14,208	14,584	14,459	14,118	14,414	14,425	14,298	14,507	14,379
Employment-population ratio	76.8	77.9	77.1	76.4	77.5	77.4	76.5	77.5	76.6
Unemployed	694	540	528	743	562	660	719	612	579
Unemployment rate	4.7	3.6	3.5	5.0	3.8	4.4	4.8	4.0	3.9
Women, 20 years and over
Civilian labor force	10,917	11,251	11,158	10,912	11,030	11,176	11,091	11,256	11,158
Participation rate	58.3	59.2	58.6	58.3	58.4	59.1	58.5	59.2	58.6
Employed	10,344	10,630	10,639	10,314	10,451	10,580	10,570	10,643	10,612
Employment-population ratio	55.3	55.9	55.9	55.1	55.4	55.9	55.8	56.0	55.7
Unemployed	573	621	519	598	579	596	521	613	545
Unemployment rate	5.2	5.5	4.6	5.5	5.3	5.3	4.7	5.4	4.9
Both sexes, 16 to 19 years
Civilian labor force	1,135	1,224	1,184	1,158	1,284	1,227	1,214	1,258	1,207
Participation rate	29.8	31.7	30.6	30.5	33.4	31.9	31.5	32.6	31.2
Employed	930	1,056	980	958	1,110	1,073	1,046	1,078	1,011
Employment-population ratio	24.5	27.4	25.3	25.2	28.9	27.9	27.1	27.9	26.1
Unemployed	205	168	204	200	174	154	169	179	196
Unemployment rate	18.0	13.7	17.2	17.3	13.6	12.5	13.9	14.3	16.3
Footnotes (1) The population figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation; therefore, identical numbers appear in the unadjusted and seasonally adjusted columns.
NOTE: Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-4. Employment status of the civilian population 25 years and over by educational attainment [Numbers in thousands]
Educational attainment	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Educational attainment	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
Less than a high school diploma
Civilian labor force	10,450	10,611	10,141	10,657	10,304	10,570	10,565	10,575	10,302
Participation rate	44.4	46.4	45.3	45.3	45.3	47.3	46.2	46.3	46.1
Employed	9,753	9,985	9,624	9,872	9,649	9,842	9,933	9,891	9,717
Employment-population ratio	41.5	43.7	43.0	42.0	42.4	44.0	43.4	43.3	43.5
Unemployed	698	626	516	784	655	728	632	684	585
Unemployment rate	6.7	5.9	5.1	7.4	6.4	6.9	6.0	6.5	5.7

High school graduates, no college(1)
Civilian labor force	36,168	36,147	35,788	35,871	35,850	35,648	35,931	35,904	35,586
Participation rate	58.3	57.8	57.2	57.8	57.8	57.7	57.6	57.4	56.9
Employed	34,314	34,676	34,358	33,912	34,196	34,038	34,106	34,367	34,062
Employment-population ratio	55.3	55.4	54.9	54.6	55.2	55.1	54.7	54.9	54.5
Unemployed	1,854	1,471	1,431	1,959	1,653	1,610	1,825	1,537	1,523
Unemployment rate	5.1	4.1	4.0	5.5	4.6	4.5	5.1	4.3	4.3

Some college or associate degree
Civilian labor force	38,196	37,583	37,987	38,119	37,579	37,475	37,388	37,659	37,785
Participation rate	66.5	65.9	66.2	66.4	65.6	65.4	65.9	66.1	65.8
Employed	36,773	36,249	36,636	36,666	36,150	36,077	35,978	36,306	36,402
Employment-population ratio	64.1	63.6	63.8	63.9	63.1	63.0	63.4	63.7	63.4
Unemployed	1,423	1,333	1,351	1,453	1,429	1,397	1,411	1,353	1,383
Unemployment rate	3.7	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.7

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)
Civilian labor force	54,179	55,711	55,728	54,064	55,283	55,696	55,595	55,655	55,587
Participation rate	74.3	74.2	73.9	74.1	73.9	73.7	73.9	74.2	73.7
Employed	52,801	54,464	54,604	52,683	53,982	54,378	54,250	54,395	54,453
Employment-population ratio	72.4	72.6	72.4	72.2	72.2	72.0	72.1	72.5	72.2
Unemployed	1,378	1,247	1,124	1,380	1,302	1,318	1,345	1,260	1,134
Unemployment rate	2.5	2.2	2.0	2.6	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.3	2.0
Footnotes (1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent. (2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-5. Employment status of the civilian population 18 years and over by veteran status, period of service, and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Total		Men		Women
Employment status, veteran status, and period of service	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017
VETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	20,808	20,493	18,789	18,457	2,019	2,036
Civilian labor force	10,678	10,184	9,362	8,958	1,316	1,227
Participation rate	51.3	49.7	49.8	48.5	65.2	60.2
Employed	10,218	9,906	8,976	8,705	1,242	1,201
Employment-population ratio	49.1	48.3	47.8	47.2	61.5	59.0
Unemployed	460	278	387	253	74	26
Unemployment rate	4.3	2.7	4.1	2.8	5.6	2.1
Not in labor force	10,130	10,309	9,427	9,499	703	809

Gulf War-era II veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,932	4,161	3,258	3,421	674	740
Civilian labor force	3,258	3,316	2,730	2,816	528	500
Participation rate	82.9	79.7	83.8	82.3	78.3	67.5
Employed	3,105	3,196	2,601	2,713	504	483
Employment-population ratio	79.0	76.8	79.8	79.3	74.7	65.3
Unemployed	153	120	130	104	24	16
Unemployment rate	4.7	3.6	4.7	3.7	4.5	3.3
Not in labor force	674	845	527	605	147	241

Gulf War-era I veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	3,381	3,365	2,847	2,863	534	502
Civilian labor force	2,701	2,618	2,290	2,253	411	365
Participation rate	79.9	77.8	80.4	78.7	77.1	72.7
Employed	2,603	2,570	2,217	2,214	386	356
Employment-population ratio	77.0	76.4	77.9	77.3	72.3	70.9
Unemployed	98	49	73	40	25	9
Unemployment rate	3.6	1.9	3.2	1.8	6.1	2.5
Not in labor force	680	746	557	610	122	137

World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam-era veterans
Civilian noninstitutional population	8,373	7,964	8,073	7,676	300	288
Civilian labor force	2,089	1,779	2,005	1,708	85	71
Participation rate	25.0	22.3	24.8	22.3	28.2	24.6
Employed	1,998	1,730	1,921	1,659	77	71
Employment-population ratio	23.9	21.7	23.8	21.6	25.7	24.6
Unemployed	91	50	84	50	8	0
Unemployment rate	4.4	2.8	4.2	2.9	8.9	-
Not in labor force	6,284	6,185	6,068	5,968	215	217

Veterans of other service periods
Civilian noninstitutional population	5,122	5,003	4,611	4,497	511	506
Civilian labor force	2,629	2,471	2,337	2,179	292	291
Participation rate	51.3	49.4	50.7	48.5	57.2	57.5
Employed	2,512	2,411	2,237	2,120	275	291
Employment-population ratio	49.0	48.2	48.5	47.2	53.8	57.5
Unemployed	117	60	100	59	17	0
Unemployment rate	4.5	2.4	4.3	2.7	5.9	0.1
Not in labor force	2,493	2,532	2,274	2,318	219	215

NONVETERANS, 18 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	224,455	225,807	99,594	100,389	124,862	125,418
Civilian labor force	147,077	148,074	74,701	75,253	72,376	72,821
Participation rate	65.5	65.6	75.0	75.0	58.0	58.1
Employed	140,458	142,414	71,247	72,312	69,211	70,101
Employment-population ratio	62.6	63.1	71.5	72.0	55.4	55.9
Unemployed	6,619	5,660	3,454	2,941	3,165	2,719
Unemployment rate	4.5	3.8	4.6	3.9	4.4	3.7
Not in labor force	77,379	77,734	24,893	25,136	52,486	52,598
NOTE: Veterans served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces and were not on active duty at the time of the survey. Nonveterans never served on active duty in the U.S. Armed Forces. Veterans could have served anywhere in the world during these periods of service: Gulf War era II (September 2001-present), Gulf War era I (August 1990-August 2001), Vietnam era (August 1964-April 1975), Korean War (July 1950-January 1955), World War II (December 1941-December 1946), and other service periods (all other time periods). Veterans who served in more than one wartime period are classified only in the most recent one. Veterans who served during one of the selected wartime periods and another period are classified only in the wartime period. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 75,000).

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-6. Employment status of the civilian population by sex, age, and disability status, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status, sex, and age	Persons with a disability		Persons with no disability
Employment status, sex, and age	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017
TOTAL, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	30,227	30,255	224,094	225,511
Civilian labor force	6,052	6,360	153,730	154,105
Participation rate	20.0	21.0	68.6	68.3
Employed	5,454	5,877	146,881	148,346
Employment-population ratio	18.0	19.4	65.5	65.8
Unemployed	598	482	6,849	5,760
Unemployment rate	9.9	7.6	4.5	3.7
Not in labor force	24,175	23,895	70,363	71,406

Men, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,662	2,805	77,065	77,085
Participation rate	34.1	36.5	82.5	82.4
Employed	2,406	2,588	73,511	74,130
Employment-population ratio	30.8	33.7	78.7	79.2
Unemployed	256	217	3,555	2,955
Unemployment rate	9.6	7.8	4.6	3.8
Not in labor force	5,143	4,872	16,362	16,478

Women, 16 to 64 years
Civilian labor force	2,265	2,347	68,387	68,608
Participation rate	28.5	30.2	70.8	71.0
Employed	1,991	2,133	65,381	66,080
Employment-population ratio	25.1	27.4	67.7	68.3
Unemployed	275	214	3,006	2,528
Unemployment rate	12.1	9.1	4.4	3.7
Not in labor force	5,675	5,433	28,222	28,086

Both sexes, 65 years and over
Civilian labor force	1,125	1,208	8,278	8,412
Participation rate	7.8	8.2	24.3	23.9
Employed	1,057	1,156	7,989	8,136
Employment-population ratio	7.3	7.8	23.5	23.1
Unemployed	68	51	289	276
Unemployment rate	6.0	4.2	3.5	3.3
Not in labor force	13,357	13,590	25,779	26,841
NOTE: A person with a disability has at least one of the following conditions: is deaf or has serious difficulty hearing; is blind or has serious difficulty seeing even when wearing glasses; has serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; has serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs; has difficulty dressing or bathing; or has difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's office or shopping because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-7. Employment status of the civilian population by nativity and sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Employment status and nativity	Total		Men		Women
Employment status and nativity	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017
Foreign born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	41,785	41,668	20,153	20,191	21,632	21,476
Civilian labor force	27,060	27,374	15,485	15,774	11,575	11,600
Participation rate	64.8	65.7	76.8	78.1	53.5	54.0
Employed	25,965	26,343	14,913	15,296	11,051	11,046
Employment-population ratio	62.1	63.2	74.0	75.8	51.1	51.4
Unemployed	1,096	1,031	572	477	524	554
Unemployment rate	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.0	4.5	4.8
Not in labor force	14,725	14,294	4,668	4,417	10,057	9,877

Native born, 16 years and over
Civilian noninstitutional population	212,536	214,099	102,736	103,426	109,799	110,673
Civilian labor force	132,722	133,091	69,506	69,463	63,216	63,629
Participation rate	62.4	62.2	67.7	67.2	57.6	57.5
Employed	126,370	127,880	66,053	66,578	60,317	61,302
Employment-population ratio	59.5	59.7	64.3	64.4	54.9	55.4
Unemployed	6,352	5,211	3,453	2,884	2,899	2,327
Unemployment rate	4.8	3.9	5.0	4.2	4.6	3.7
Not in labor force	79,814	81,007	33,230	33,963	46,583	47,044
NOTE: The foreign born are those residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. That is, they were born outside the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam, to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. The native born are persons who were born in the United States or one of its outlying areas such as Puerto Rico or Guam or who were born abroad of at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-8. Employed persons by class of worker and part-time status [In thousands]
Category	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Category	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
CLASS OF WORKER
Agriculture and related industries	2,408	2,367	2,559	2,317	2,457	2,317	2,339	2,307	2,460
Wage and salary workers(1)	1,575	1,616	1,814	1,493	1,611	1,582	1,584	1,547	1,722
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	810	732	721	817	818	708	722	746	739
Unpaid family workers	23	19	24	-	-	-	-	-	-
Nonagricultural industries	149,927	152,126	151,664	149,604	150,848	151,208	151,143	152,093	151,357
Wage and salary workers(1)	141,123	143,214	142,564	140,806	141,989	142,714	142,466	143,106	142,285
Government	20,746	20,873	20,753	20,698	20,868	21,052	21,080	20,947	20,737
Private industries	120,377	122,341	121,811	120,073	121,053	121,627	121,366	122,188	121,582
Private households	757	583	571	-	-	-	-	-	-
Other industries	119,620	121,758	121,240	119,325	120,457	120,964	120,712	121,570	121,018
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	8,748	8,871	9,067	8,731	8,753	8,475	8,602	8,856	8,961
Unpaid family workers	57	42	33	-	-	-	-	-	-

PERSONS AT WORK PART TIME(2)
All industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	5,648	4,818	4,553	5,850	5,326	5,282	5,255	5,122	4,753
Slack work or business conditions	3,321	2,908	2,762	3,481	3,286	3,161	3,266	3,121	2,952
Could only find part-time work	2,085	1,702	1,609	2,093	1,727	1,754	1,645	1,733	1,629
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	21,265	21,001	21,395	20,765	20,791	21,260	21,447	21,011	20,923
Nonagricultural industries
Part time for economic reasons(3)	5,567	4,740	4,496	5,748	5,282	5,231	5,179	5,032	4,696
Slack work or business conditions	3,269	2,864	2,734	3,415	3,249	3,137	3,217	3,071	2,943
Could only find part-time work	2,079	1,682	1,594	2,082	1,720	1,739	1,633	1,713	1,613
Part time for noneconomic reasons(4)	20,930	20,677	21,034	20,455	20,443	20,909	21,087	20,689	20,604
Footnotes (1) Includes self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated. (2) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the survey reference week and excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire week. (3) Refers to those who worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. (4) Refers to persons who usually work part time for noneconomic reasons such as childcare problems, family or personal obligations, school or training, retirement or Social Security limits on earnings, and other reasons. This excludes persons who usually work full time but worked only 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for reasons such as vacations, holidays, illness, and bad weather.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-9. Selected employment indicators [Numbers in thousands]
Characteristic	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	152,335	154,494	154,223	151,902	153,168	153,513	153,439	154,345	153,861
16 to 19 years	4,800	5,011	4,821	4,972	5,220	5,084	5,092	5,230	5,039
16 to 17 years	1,659	2,036	1,903	1,665	1,931	1,816	1,918	1,983	1,944
18 to 19 years	3,141	2,975	2,918	3,283	3,285	3,265	3,165	3,229	3,079
20 years and over	147,535	149,482	149,402	146,930	147,949	148,429	148,347	149,114	148,823
20 to 24 years	13,895	14,108	14,180	13,889	13,992	14,199	14,209	14,235	14,216
25 years and over	133,640	135,375	135,222	133,100	134,010	134,349	134,125	134,845	134,651
25 to 54 years	98,806	99,686	99,584	98,442	98,666	98,906	98,559	99,222	99,178
25 to 34 years	34,015	34,793	34,755	33,934	34,404	34,500	34,310	34,655	34,664
35 to 44 years	31,758	32,232	32,254	31,604	31,913	31,889	31,824	32,035	32,082
45 to 54 years	33,034	32,661	32,574	32,904	32,349	32,517	32,425	32,533	32,432
55 years and over	34,834	35,688	35,638	34,658	35,344	35,442	35,566	35,622	35,472

Men, 16 years and over	80,966	82,119	81,875	80,717	81,290	81,273	81,310	81,883	81,659
16 to 19 years	2,429	2,457	2,345	2,485	2,583	2,443	2,463	2,506	2,428
16 to 17 years	743	932	857	754	893	798	883	903	895
18 to 19 years	1,685	1,525	1,488	1,725	1,677	1,643	1,574	1,609	1,532
20 years and over	78,538	79,662	79,530	78,232	78,707	78,830	78,847	79,377	79,231
20 to 24 years	7,105	7,263	7,248	7,122	7,240	7,351	7,369	7,326	7,296
25 years and over	71,433	72,398	72,282	71,128	71,488	71,551	71,470	72,002	71,939
25 to 54 years	52,815	53,247	53,242	52,627	52,657	52,692	52,531	52,956	53,018
25 to 34 years	18,273	18,684	18,655	18,223	18,425	18,473	18,420	18,599	18,598
35 to 44 years	17,126	17,361	17,414	17,038	17,226	17,129	17,085	17,255	17,314
45 to 54 years	17,416	17,202	17,173	17,365	17,006	17,091	17,026	17,102	17,106
55 years and over	18,618	19,152	19,040	18,502	18,831	18,858	18,939	19,047	18,921

Women, 16 years and over	71,369	72,375	72,348	71,185	71,878	72,240	72,129	72,461	72,202
16 to 19 years	2,372	2,554	2,477	2,487	2,637	2,641	2,629	2,724	2,611
16 to 17 years	916	1,104	1,046	911	1,038	1,018	1,036	1,080	1,049
18 to 19 years	1,456	1,450	1,430	1,558	1,608	1,621	1,591	1,620	1,547
20 years and over	68,997	69,820	69,872	68,698	69,241	69,599	69,500	69,737	69,592
20 to 24 years	6,790	6,844	6,932	6,767	6,752	6,849	6,841	6,909	6,920
25 years and over	62,207	62,976	62,940	61,972	62,522	62,798	62,655	62,842	62,711
25 to 54 years	45,991	46,440	46,342	45,815	46,010	46,214	46,027	46,267	46,160
25 to 34 years	15,741	16,110	16,100	15,710	15,980	16,027	15,890	16,056	16,066
35 to 44 years	14,632	14,871	14,840	14,566	14,687	14,760	14,739	14,780	14,768
45 to 54 years	15,618	15,460	15,401	15,539	15,343	15,427	15,399	15,431	15,326
55 years and over	16,216	16,536	16,598	16,157	16,513	16,584	16,628	16,576	16,551

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	45,445	45,846	45,886	45,331	45,913	45,574	45,327	45,646	45,826
Married women, spouse present(1)	35,608	35,696	36,072	35,404	35,803	35,946	35,475	35,571	35,873
Women who maintain families(2)	10,034	9,673	9,829	-	-	-	-	-	-

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	124,588	127,235	127,055	124,190	125,975	125,921	125,755	126,690	126,667
Part-time workers(4)	27,747	27,259	27,168	27,770	27,142	27,535	27,569	27,650	27,235

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders	8,050	7,359	7,409	7,758	7,639	7,589	7,346	7,366	7,188
Percent of total employed	5.3	4.8	4.8	5.1	5.0	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.7

SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Self-employed workers, incorporated	5,704	5,974	6,171	-	-	-	-	-	-
Self-employed workers, unincorporated	9,558	9,602	9,789	9,549	9,571	9,183	9,325	9,603	9,700
Footnotes (1) Refers to persons in opposite-sex married couples only. (2) Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Employed full-time workers are persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week. (4) Employed part-time workers are persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.
- Data not available. NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-10. Selected unemployment indicators, seasonally adjusted
Characteristic	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)			Unemployment rates
Characteristic	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over	7,740	6,801	6,520	4.8	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.1
16 to 19 years	920	778	797	15.6	13.3	13.2	13.6	12.9	13.7
16 to 17 years	412	313	334	19.8	13.9	15.5	14.7	13.6	14.7
18 to 19 years	511	472	466	13.5	13.2	11.6	13.1	12.8	13.1
20 years and over	6,820	6,023	5,723	4.4	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.7
20 to 24 years	1,270	1,160	1,105	8.4	7.5	7.4	7.1	7.5	7.2
25 years and over	5,561	4,877	4,608	4.0	3.7	3.6	3.8	3.5	3.3
25 to 54 years	4,255	3,684	3,501	4.1	3.8	3.8	4.0	3.6	3.4
25 to 34 years	1,816	1,588	1,602	5.1	4.4	4.6	4.9	4.4	4.4
35 to 44 years	1,284	1,051	1,003	3.9	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.2	3.0
45 to 54 years	1,155	1,045	895	3.4	3.6	3.2	3.6	3.1	2.7
55 years and over	1,329	1,175	1,128	3.7	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.2	3.1

Men, 16 years and over	4,278	3,636	3,570	5.0	4.4	4.4	4.5	4.3	4.2
16 to 19 years	543	444	462	17.9	14.4	15.2	14.6	15.1	16.0
16 to 17 years	212	164	186	22.0	14.4	17.9	15.0	15.4	17.2
18 to 19 years	334	289	286	16.2	14.8	13.4	14.7	15.2	15.7
20 years and over	3,735	3,192	3,109	4.6	4.0	4.0	4.1	3.9	3.8
20 to 24 years	769	692	639	9.7	8.4	8.0	7.6	8.6	8.0
25 years and over	2,977	2,518	2,468	4.0	3.5	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.3
25 to 54 years	2,229	1,907	1,830	4.1	3.7	3.8	4.0	3.5	3.3
25 to 34 years	985	842	849	5.1	4.5	4.5	5.0	4.3	4.4
35 to 44 years	664	519	502	3.8	3.2	3.5	3.3	2.9	2.8
45 to 54 years	580	545	479	3.2	3.4	3.2	3.5	3.1	2.7
55 years and over	748	611	638	3.9	3.0	2.9	3.2	3.1	3.3

Women, 16 years and over	3,463	3,165	2,950	4.6	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.2	3.9
16 to 19 years	377	333	335	13.2	12.2	11.3	12.7	10.9	11.4
16 to 17 years	199	149	148	18.0	13.5	13.5	14.3	12.1	12.4
18 to 19 years	178	184	180	10.2	11.3	9.7	11.5	10.2	10.4
20 years and over	3,085	2,831	2,615	4.3	4.0	4.0	4.0	3.9	3.6
20 to 24 years	502	468	466	6.9	6.4	6.7	6.6	6.3	6.3
25 years and over	2,584	2,359	2,140	4.0	3.8	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.3
25 to 54 years	2,026	1,777	1,671	4.2	3.9	3.8	4.0	3.7	3.5
25 to 34 years	832	745	754	5.0	4.2	4.6	4.8	4.4	4.5
35 to 44 years	620	532	501	4.1	3.6	3.7	3.6	3.5	3.3
45 to 54 years	575	500	416	3.6	3.9	3.2	3.6	3.1	2.6
55 years and over	580	571	496	3.5	3.4	3.4	3.1	3.3	2.9

MARITAL STATUS
Married men, spouse present(1)	1,300	1,059	944	2.8	2.2	2.4	2.6	2.3	2.0
Married women, spouse present(1)	1,087	915	887	3.0	2.8	2.9	2.8	2.5	2.4
Women who maintain families(2)	652	672	578	6.1	6.9	6.8	7.2	6.5	5.6

FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS
Full-time workers(3)	6,283	5,556	5,230	4.8	4.4	4.3	4.5	4.2	4.0
Part-time workers(4)	1,466	1,230	1,282	5.0	4.2	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.5
Footnotes (1) Refers to persons in opposite-sex couples only. (2) Data are not seasonally adjusted. Refers to female householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. (3) Full-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work full time (35 hours or more per week) or are on layoff from full-time jobs. (4) Part-time workers are unemployed persons who have expressed a desire to work part time (less than 35 hours per week) or are on layoff from part-time jobs.
NOTE: Detail for the seasonally adjusted data shown in this table will not necessarily add to totals because of the independent seasonal adjustment of the various series. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-11. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Reason	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Reason	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	3,352	2,992	2,859	3,749	3,444	3,378	3,523	3,359	3,227
On temporary layoff	673	568	561	994	900	1,044	1,032	895	842
Not on temporary layoff	2,679	2,424	2,298	2,755	2,545	2,334	2,490	2,464	2,384
Permanent job losers	1,856	1,742	1,648	1,906	1,758	1,676	1,799	1,759	1,709
Persons who completed temporary jobs	823	682	650	848	787	658	691	705	676
Job leavers	975	805	763	945	820	757	804	738	742
Reentrants	2,374	2,127	2,040	2,339	2,043	2,083	2,132	2,079	2,006
New entrants	746	631	580	791	682	703	656	669	629

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	45.0	45.6	45.8	47.9	49.3	48.8	49.5	49.1	48.9
On temporary layoff	9.0	8.7	9.0	12.7	12.9	15.1	14.5	13.1	12.8
Not on temporary layoff	36.0	37.0	36.8	35.2	36.4	33.7	35.0	36.0	36.1
Job leavers	13.1	12.3	12.2	12.1	11.7	10.9	11.3	10.8	11.2
Reentrants	31.9	32.4	32.7	29.9	29.2	30.1	30.0	30.4	30.4
New entrants	10.0	9.6	9.3	10.1	9.8	10.2	9.2	9.8	9.5

UNEMPLOYED AS A PERCENT OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE
Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.0
Job leavers	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
Reentrants	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.3
New entrants	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-12. Unemployed persons by duration of unemployment [Numbers in thousands]
Duration	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Duration	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
NUMBER OF UNEMPLOYED
Less than 5 weeks	2,218	2,227	1,958	2,393	2,305	2,133	2,222	2,226	2,129
5 to 14 weeks	2,142	1,740	1,839	2,273	1,933	2,017	2,015	1,874	1,942
15 weeks and over	3,087	2,589	2,445	3,130	2,612	2,742	2,795	2,696	2,474
15 to 26 weeks	1,157	889	847	1,167	948	957	1,055	963	853
27 weeks and over	1,930	1,700	1,598	1,964	1,664	1,785	1,740	1,733	1,621

Average (mean) duration, in weeks	27.9	26.9	27.1	27.0	24.7	24.9	24.4	26.8	26.0
Median duration, in weeks	10.5	10.3	10.1	10.2	9.6	10.6	10.5	10.3	9.9

PERCENT DISTRIBUTION
Less than 5 weeks	29.8	34.0	31.4	30.7	33.6	30.9	31.6	32.8	32.5
5 to 14 weeks	28.8	26.5	29.5	29.2	28.2	29.3	28.7	27.6	29.7
15 weeks and over	41.5	39.5	39.2	40.1	38.1	39.8	39.7	39.7	37.8
15 to 26 weeks	15.5	13.6	13.6	15.0	13.8	13.9	15.0	14.2	13.0
27 weeks and over	25.9	25.9	25.6	25.2	24.3	25.9	24.7	25.5	24.8
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-13. Employed and unemployed persons by occupation, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Occupation	Employed		Unemployed		Unemployment rates
Occupation	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017
Total, 16 years and over(1)	152,335	154,223	7,447	6,242	4.7	3.9
Management, professional, and related occupations	59,766	61,062	1,506	1,285	2.5	2.1
Management, business, and financial operations occupations	24,922	25,620	646	498	2.5	1.9
Professional and related occupations	34,844	35,442	860	787	2.4	2.2
Service occupations	27,013	27,075	1,749	1,444	6.1	5.1
Sales and office occupations	33,538	33,633	1,474	1,363	4.2	3.9
Sales and related occupations	15,757	15,795	730	656	4.4	4.0
Office and administrative support occupations	17,781	17,838	744	707	4.0	3.8
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations	13,993	14,324	873	724	5.9	4.8
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations	1,037	1,222	78	67	7.0	5.2
Construction and extraction occupations	7,933	8,183	594	495	7.0	5.7
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations	5,023	4,920	202	163	3.9	3.2
Production, transportation, and material moving occupations	18,025	18,129	1,078	833	5.6	4.4
Production occupations	8,410	8,575	488	311	5.5	3.5
Transportation and material moving occupations	9,614	9,554	590	522	5.8	5.2
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-14. Unemployed persons by industry and class of worker, not seasonally adjusted
Industry and class of worker	Number of unemployed persons (in thousands)		Unemployment rates
Industry and class of worker	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017
Total, 16 years and over(1)	7,447	6,242	4.7	3.9
Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers	5,689	4,810	4.5	3.8
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	46	39	5.8	4.8
Construction	512	418	5.7	4.5
Manufacturing	693	501	4.3	3.2
Durable goods	432	314	4.3	3.2
Nondurable goods	260	187	4.3	3.2
Wholesale and retail trade	898	849	4.4	4.2
Transportation and utilities	251	284	3.7	4.1
Information	114	105	4.1	3.9
Financial activities	264	214	2.7	2.2
Professional and business services	924	715	5.5	4.1
Education and health services	795	677	3.4	2.9
Leisure and hospitality	928	796	6.7	5.8
Other services	263	210	4.0	3.1
Agriculture and related private wage and salary workers	85	79	5.3	4.3
Government workers	470	462	2.2	2.2
Self-employed workers, unincorporated, and unpaid family workers	456	311	4.5	3.1
Footnotes (1) Persons with no previous work experience and persons whose last job was in the U.S. Armed Forces are included in the unemployed total.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-15. Alternative measures of labor underutilization [Percent]
Measure	Not seasonally adjusted			Seasonally adjusted
Measure	Oct. 2016	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	June 2017	July 2017	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017	Oct. 2017
U-1 Persons unemployed 15 weeks or longer, as a percent of the civilian labor force	1.9	1.6	1.5	2.0	1.6	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.5
U-2 Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs, as a percent of the civilian labor force	2.1	1.9	1.8	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.2	2.1	2.0
U-3 Total unemployed, as a percent of the civilian labor force (official unemployment rate)	4.7	4.1	3.9	4.8	4.4	4.3	4.4	4.2	4.1
U-4 Total unemployed plus discouraged workers, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus discouraged workers	5.0	4.3	4.2	5.1	4.7	4.7	4.7	4.5	4.4
U-5 Total unemployed, plus discouraged workers, plus all other persons marginally attached to the labor force, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	5.7	5.0	4.8	5.9	5.3	5.3	5.4	5.1	5.0
U-6 Total unemployed, plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force, plus total employed part time for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all persons marginally attached to the labor force	9.2	8.0	7.6	9.5	8.6	8.6	8.6	8.3	7.9
NOTE: Persons marginally attached to the labor force are those who currently are neither working nor looking for work but indicate that they want and are available for a job and have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, have given a job-market related reason for not currently looking for work. Persons employed part time for economic reasons are those who want and are available for full-time work but have had to settle for a part-time schedule. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

HOUSEHOLD DATA
Table A-16. Persons not in the labor force and multiple jobholders by sex, not seasonally adjusted [Numbers in thousands]
Category	Total		Men		Women
Category	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017	Oct. 2016	Oct. 2017
NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE
Total not in the labor force	94,539	95,301	37,898	38,380	56,640	56,921
Persons who currently want a job	5,613	4,938	2,633	2,287	2,979	2,650
Marginally attached to the labor force(1)	1,700	1,535	880	837	820	698
Discouraged workers(2)	487	524	288	335	199	190
Other persons marginally attached to the labor force(3)	1,213	1,010	592	503	621	508

MULTIPLE JOBHOLDERS
Total multiple jobholders(4)	8,050	7,409	3,878	3,681	4,172	3,727
Percent of total employed	5.3	4.8	4.8	4.5	5.8	5.2
Primary job full time, secondary job part time	4,373	4,167	2,423	2,256	1,950	1,912
Primary and secondary jobs both part time	2,115	1,770	706	587	1,409	1,183
Primary and secondary jobs both full time	329	295	155	226	174	70
Hours vary on primary or secondary job	1,185	1,124	581	598	604	526
Footnotes (1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks. (2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination. (3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined. (4) Includes a small number of persons who work part time on their primary job and full time on their secondary job(s), not shown separately.
NOTE: Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-1. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail
[In thousands]
Industry	Not seasonally adjusted				Seasonally adjusted
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Change from: Sept.2017 - Oct.2017(p)
Total nonfarm	145,969	146,587	146,964	148,006	145,006	146,731	146,749	147,010	261
Total private	123,312	125,313	124,669	125,272	122,698	124,382	124,397	124,649	252
Goods-producing	19,970	20,447	20,346	20,355	19,727	20,077	20,095	20,128	33

Mining and logging	671	729	727	726	659	718	719	717	-2
Logging	52.4	51.0	50.7	50.2	50.7	49.1	49.2	48.8	-0.4
Mining	618.4	677.6	676.6	675.4	608.6	668.8	669.7	667.7	-2.0
Oil and gas extraction	177.8	179.6	180.4	180.1	177.5	178.6	180.3	179.9	-0.4
Mining, except oil and gas	182.2	190.8	189.5	189.1	179.0	186.2	186.7	186.7	0.0
Coal mining	49.5	51.8	52.0	52.2	49.3	51.5	51.9	51.9	0.0
Metal ore mining	39.1	39.5	39.0	38.9	39.4	39.2	39.1	39.0	-0.1
Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying	93.6	99.5	98.5	98.0	90.3	95.5	95.7	95.7	0.0
Support activities for mining	258.4	307.2	306.7	306.2	252.1	304.0	302.7	301.1	-1.6

Construction	6,950	7,174	7,124	7,130	6,743	6,908	6,919	6,930	11
Construction of buildings	1,534.3	1,571.8	1,561.3	1,564.6	1,500.7	1,527.9	1,527.0	1,530.9	3.9
Residential building	767.6	783.3	774.1	784.7	749.4	763.3	759.4	766.6	7.2
Nonresidential building	766.7	788.5	787.2	779.9	751.3	764.6	767.6	764.3	-3.3
Heavy and civil engineering construction	1,007.2	1,040.0	1,034.9	1,031.1	946.4	974.1	973.0	970.0	-3.0
Specialty trade contractors	4,408.7	4,561.8	4,527.6	4,533.9	4,295.5	4,405.6	4,418.9	4,429.3	10.4
Residential specialty trade contractors	1,918.5	2,010.5	1,991.1	1,988.0	1,868.6	1,939.4	1,943.8	1,949.9	6.1
Nonresidential specialty trade contractors	2,490.2	2,551.3	2,536.5	2,545.9	2,426.9	2,466.2	2,475.1	2,479.4	4.3

Manufacturing	12,349	12,544	12,495	12,499	12,325	12,451	12,457	12,481	24

Durable goods	7,700	7,802	7,781	7,800	7,692	7,772	7,779	7,798	19
Wood products	394.5	398.8	393.9	397.5	392.5	395.2	394.0	396.8	2.8
Nonmetallic mineral products	416.0	424.5	421.7	422.4	409.5	415.8	415.4	416.1	0.7
Primary metals	376.0	386.2	384.5	385.8	376.2	385.9	384.6	385.9	1.3
Fabricated metal products	1,419.1	1,448.4	1,451.0	1,455.6	1,418.9	1,446.6	1,451.5	1,455.5	4.0
Machinery	1,070.5	1,100.2	1,095.0	1,092.3	1,070.6	1,095.4	1,095.3	1,093.7	-1.6
Computer and electronic products	1,039.9	1,045.5	1,043.4	1,048.9	1,041.4	1,040.8	1,045.1	1,049.8	4.7
Computer and peripheral equipment	162.9	166.0	166.4	168.7	163.6	164.9	166.5	168.5	2.0
Communications equipment	84.7	85.4	84.8	85.9	84.8	85.2	85.2	86.0	0.8
Semiconductors and electronic components	362.1	361.4	361.2	363.5	362.6	359.6	362.4	364.1	1.7
Electronic instruments	394.6	398.9	397.4	397.5	394.7	397.5	397.5	398.1	0.6
Miscellaneous computer and electronic products	35.6	33.8	33.6	33.3	35.6	33.7	33.5	33.2	-0.3
Electrical equipment and appliances	381.5	393.0	391.9	394.2	381.8	391.8	392.3	394.7	2.4
Transportation equipment(1)	1,619.5	1,619.7	1,619.1	1,617.1	1,620.3	1,618.5	1,617.4	1,620.5	3.1
Motor vehicles and parts(2)	939.5	943.2	941.5	942.4	940.1	942.3	939.8	943.2	3.4
Furniture and related products	389.7	393.6	390.3	392.8	388.9	391.2	391.7	392.7	1.0
Miscellaneous durable goods manufacturing	593.0	592.3	590.5	593.2	592.1	591.2	591.4	591.9	0.5

Nondurable goods	4,649	4,742	4,714	4,699	4,633	4,679	4,678	4,683	5
Food manufacturing	1,574.9	1,647.1	1,634.0	1,618.7	1,564.7	1,603.9	1,607.7	1,608.0	0.3
Textile mills	112.5	109.4	110.4	111.1	112.9	109.8	110.7	111.1	0.4
Textile product mills	114.3	111.4	110.4	109.3	113.5	111.0	109.6	108.8	-0.8
Apparel	130.6	119.2	118.0	118.9	129.3	119.3	117.3	117.9	0.6
Paper and paper products	367.5	369.8	369.4	365.6	368.1	368.0	368.9	366.6	-2.3
Printing and related support activities	443.7	439.1	435.6	436.5	442.9	438.8	436.0	436.0	0.0
Petroleum and coal products	113.1	115.6	114.4	115.2	110.6	112.8	112.6	112.7	0.1
Chemicals	808.6	822.5	816.3	818.3	811.6	819.8	817.9	821.5	3.6
Plastics and rubber products	695.1	709.7	707.8	705.4	698.6	706.1	707.2	708.3	1.1
Miscellaneous nondurable goods manufacturing	288.3	298.1	297.8	300.1	280.6	289.9	289.6	292.3	2.7

Private service-providing	103,342	104,866	104,323	104,917	102,971	104,305	104,302	104,521	219

Trade, transportation, and utilities	27,370	27,351	27,307	27,487	27,331	27,386	27,428	27,434	6

Wholesale trade	5,889.9	5,952.4	5,939.6	5,955.4	5,881.2	5,929.4	5,938.5	5,944.2	5.7
Durable goods	2,929.4	2,971.3	2,967.5	2,969.6	2,927.9	2,957.0	2,966.9	2,969.0	2.1
Nondurable goods	2,062.5	2,065.5	2,063.7	2,077.0	2,057.0	2,059.9	2,062.5	2,067.0	4.5
Electronic markets and agents and brokers	898.0	915.6	908.4	908.8	896.3	912.5	909.1	908.2	-0.9

Retail trade	15,884.3	15,812.1	15,691.0	15,827.7	15,880.6	15,816.8	15,823.5	15,815.2	-8.3
Motor vehicle and parts dealers	1,996.3	2,029.1	2,019.3	2,025.9	1,993.4	2,015.4	2,015.9	2,024.1	8.2
Automobile dealers	1,294.7	1,309.5	1,306.3	1,312.7	1,291.9	1,304.6	1,305.2	1,310.0	4.8
Other motor vehicle dealers	150.4	163.3	155.8	154.3	150.7	156.1	154.1	155.6	1.5
Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores	551.2	556.3	557.2	558.9	550.8	554.8	556.6	558.5	1.9
Furniture and home furnishings stores	479.6	478.8	478.3	487.0	474.0	483.4	484.2	484.0	-0.2
Electronics and appliance stores	515.3	494.8	495.5	501.0	510.5	503.6	502.3	499.1	-3.2
Building material and garden supply stores	1,255.0	1,294.6	1,278.8	1,284.4	1,281.0	1,292.1	1,300.4	1,305.9	5.5
Food and beverage stores	3,100.1	3,099.5	3,069.7	3,072.4	3,097.4	3,079.2	3,073.7	3,071.4	-2.3
Health and personal care stores	1,054.0	1,041.8	1,038.9	1,046.5	1,053.1	1,047.3	1,047.8	1,047.4	-0.4
Gasoline stations	935.4	954.6	948.2	946.6	933.0	940.1	942.1	943.6	1.5
Clothing and clothing accessories stores	1,333.1	1,320.9	1,285.2	1,306.0	1,339.9	1,323.0	1,321.2	1,315.4	-5.8
Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores	613.2	593.4	593.5	604.0	619.0	604.5	604.6	605.6	1.0
General merchandise stores	3,194.7	3,103.0	3,085.0	3,134.6	3,198.6	3,132.0	3,131.9	3,123.8	-8.1
Department stores	1,307.0	1,256.0	1,245.3	1,276.0	1,318.1	1,278.5	1,279.7	1,277.4	-2.3
Other general merchandise stores	1,887.7	1,847.0	1,839.7	1,858.6	1,880.6	1,853.5	1,852.1	1,846.3	-5.8
Miscellaneous store retailers	853.9	839.9	832.7	839.8	839.2	828.6	830.1	825.3	-4.8
Nonstore retailers	553.7	561.7	565.9	579.5	541.5	567.6	569.3	569.6	0.3

Transportation and warehousing	5,040.0	5,031.2	5,123.7	5,151.4	5,012.8	5,087.4	5,112.5	5,120.9	8.4
Air transportation	477.7	493.3	492.7	496.0	478.3	490.4	492.9	496.4	3.5
Rail transportation	213.3	206.9	206.0	206.0	213.2	206.5	205.5	205.8	0.3
Water transportation	65.4	67.2	66.5	63.8	65.5	64.5	65.5	63.7	-1.8
Truck transportation	1,477.2	1,490.1	1,488.2	1,490.3	1,460.4	1,471.6	1,473.6	1,473.5	-0.1
Transit and ground passenger transportation	488.5	411.5	497.0	498.8	472.6	471.1	484.5	481.7	-2.8
Pipeline transportation	48.9	47.1	46.6	46.8	48.9	47.1	46.8	46.7	-0.1
Scenic and sightseeing transportation	35.4	47.3	42.7	38.3	34.7	36.4	36.4	37.1	0.7
Support activities for transportation	665.8	671.9	673.6	677.0	660.3	669.7	671.4	671.3	-0.1
Couriers and messengers	625.5	642.0	652.7	663.6	647.2	674.7	678.6	684.3	5.7
Warehousing and storage	942.3	953.9	957.7	970.8	931.7	955.4	957.3	960.4	3.1

Utilities	555.5	555.4	552.4	552.3	556.2	552.8	553.2	553.2	0.0

Information	2,777	2,733	2,708	2,719	2,780	2,720	2,717	2,716	-1
Publishing industries, except Internet	730.6	721.2	717.4	717.3	728.8	718.7	717.1	715.9	-1.2
Motion picture and sound recording industries	426.9	412.1	390.9	401.8	431.3	402.7	399.2	402.3	3.1
Broadcasting, except Internet	269.5	257.7	260.1	262.3	268.8	258.7	260.1	260.7	0.6
Telecommunications	785.4	759.6	761.8	757.5	786.0	760.2	762.6	757.6	-5.0
Data processing, hosting and related services	301.9	304.6	304.2	306.5	301.9	304.3	304.4	305.5	1.1
Other information services	263.0	277.3	273.3	273.4	262.8	275.2	273.4	273.6	0.2

Financial activities	8,337	8,534	8,482	8,486	8,330	8,465	8,478	8,483	5
Finance and insurance	6,173.2	6,287.2	6,262.6	6,262.2	6,172.6	6,262.7	6,270.1	6,264.3	-5.8
Monetary authorities - central bank	18.5	18.8	18.7	18.7	18.4	18.7	18.7	18.7	0.0
Credit intermediation and related activities	2,622.1	2,679.6	2,656.6	2,656.7	2,626.0	2,666.2	2,661.3	2,662.4	1.1
Depository credit intermediation(1)	1,698.4	1,726.2	1,711.5	1,711.9	1,703.8	1,718.8	1,716.8	1,718.8	2.0
Commercial banking	1,305.2	1,322.4	1,310.0	1,310.2	1,308.2	1,317.3	1,313.8	1,314.8	1.0
Nondepository credit intermediation	618.1	631.9	628.9	630.3	617.1	629.8	629.1	629.2	0.1
Activities related to credit intermediation	305.6	321.5	316.2	314.5	305.1	317.7	315.4	314.4	-1.0
Securities, commodity contracts, investments, and funds and trusts	933.4	958.6	950.6	952.2	930.0	949.1	949.8	949.7	-0.1
Insurance carriers and related activities	2,599.2	2,630.2	2,636.7	2,634.6	2,598.2	2,628.7	2,640.3	2,633.5	-6.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	2,163.9	2,247.0	2,218.9	2,223.7	2,157.7	2,202.0	2,207.4	2,218.3	10.9
Real estate	1,581.8	1,627.9	1,608.9	1,617.4	1,575.9	1,604.5	1,606.8	1,612.4	5.6
Rental and leasing services	558.6	595.4	586.9	583.1	558.3	574.1	577.3	582.7	5.4
Lessors of nonfinancial intangible assets	23.5	23.7	23.1	23.2	23.5	23.4	23.3	23.2	-0.1

Professional and business services	20,516	20,932	20,876	21,056	20,334	20,798	20,820	20,870	50
Professional and technical services	8,959.2	9,158.8	9,094.9	9,176.5	8,987.9	9,174.8	9,184.1	9,198.3	14.2
Legal services	1,125.1	1,129.3	1,123.9	1,128.5	1,122.7	1,126.7	1,127.3	1,126.2	-1.1
Accounting and bookkeeping services	936.9	945.3	937.1	946.8	1,002.6	1,007.7	1,007.9	1,008.1	0.2
Architectural and engineering services	1,427.9	1,480.6	1,466.4	1,477.6	1,420.4	1,463.6	1,466.0	1,469.8	3.8
Specialized design services	143.6	139.6	139.6	142.3	142.3	139.8	141.0	140.6	-0.4
Computer systems design and related services	2,028.5	2,073.4	2,057.4	2,078.5	2,019.9	2,063.9	2,065.5	2,069.2	3.7
Management and technical consulting services	1,417.7	1,457.9	1,450.7	1,468.5	1,407.4	1,451.2	1,452.3	1,456.0	3.7
Scientific research and development services	686.7	714.8	707.1	709.5	688.8	709.8	711.7	712.4	0.7
Advertising and related services	493.4	491.4	485.6	491.1	491.1	488.7	486.9	488.3	1.4
Other professional and technical services	699.4	726.5	727.1	733.7	692.8	723.5	725.5	727.6	2.1
Management of companies and enterprises	2,247.6	2,294.0	2,283.3	2,283.7	2,249.2	2,283.0	2,283.3	2,286.8	3.5
Administrative and waste services	9,308.8	9,479.3	9,497.8	9,596.1	9,097.0	9,340.2	9,353.0	9,385.1	32.1
Administrative and support services	8,899.1	9,058.1	9,079.9	9,177.4	8,688.7	8,925.6	8,937.5	8,967.3	29.8
Office administrative services	502.9	527.2	528.4	532.5	502.0	526.5	529.3	532.1	2.8
Facilities support services	141.9	145.4	146.4	147.2	141.3	145.3	145.6	146.0	0.4
Employment services(1)	3,730.9	3,742.8	3,794.1	3,878.8	3,600.2	3,718.3	3,724.4	3,748.2	23.8
Temporary help services	3,068.3	3,066.4	3,115.8	3,192.7	2,953.5	3,049.0	3,056.8	3,075.1	18.3
Business support services	934.9	905.6	912.0	928.8	921.9	915.2	915.6	914.6	-1.0
Travel arrangement and reservation services	216.7	219.2	214.6	213.8	217.1	216.4	214.4	214.0	-0.4
Investigation and security services	910.5	921.5	926.1	930.0	900.8	918.4	919.4	920.6	1.2
Services to buildings and dwellings	2,139.5	2,266.3	2,226.5	2,209.8	2,088.9	2,156.0	2,158.9	2,161.2	2.3
Other support services	321.8	330.1	331.8	336.5	316.6	329.6	329.8	330.6	0.8
Waste management and remediation services	409.7	421.2	417.9	418.7	408.3	414.6	415.5	417.8	2.3

Education and health services	22,987	22,857	23,138	23,456	22,790	23,191	23,213	23,254	41
Educational services	3,750.9	3,336.5	3,634.9	3,846.1	3,590.6	3,658.1	3,672.4	3,680.0	7.6
Health care and social assistance	19,236.1	19,520.9	19,502.7	19,609.7	19,199.5	19,532.6	19,540.4	19,573.9	33.5
Health care(3)	15,560.9	15,813.1	15,801.4	15,862.2	15,530.1	15,790.0	15,809.2	15,830.7	21.5
Ambulatory health care services	7,178.8	7,337.0	7,339.6	7,397.5	7,152.0	7,331.5	7,352.5	7,368.6	16.1
Offices of physicians	2,556.1	2,600.5	2,605.6	2,623.4	2,546.2	2,600.2	2,608.6	2,613.1	4.5
Offices of dentists	935.6	945.3	941.4	948.5	932.7	942.6	945.3	946.1	0.8
Offices of other health practitioners	877.0	909.9	906.1	909.4	873.5	906.9	909.2	906.9	-2.3
Outpatient care centers	871.8	913.2	915.0	922.7	870.6	913.5	917.2	922.0	4.8
Medical and diagnostic laboratories	265.3	260.6	260.6	262.2	265.3	260.3	261.1	261.2	0.1
Home health care services	1,381.9	1,412.7	1,414.6	1,429.3	1,375.8	1,414.0	1,414.7	1,421.4	6.7
Other ambulatory health care services	291.1	294.8	296.3	302.0	287.9	294.0	296.2	297.9	1.7
Hospitals	5,062.0	5,127.2	5,134.8	5,134.5	5,058.3	5,123.2	5,127.9	5,130.7	2.8
Nursing and residential care facilities	3,320.1	3,348.9	3,327.0	3,330.2	3,319.8	3,335.3	3,328.8	3,331.4	2.6
Nursing care facilities	1,645.3	1,643.0	1,629.0	1,632.0	1,643.5	1,637.4	1,628.8	1,631.3	2.5
Residential mental health facilities	614.3	622.1	620.3	620.2	614.9	620.5	620.8	621.2	0.4
Community care facilities for the elderly	894.8	913.8	911.4	911.7	896.0	909.6	912.6	912.6	0.0
Other residential care facilities	165.7	170.0	166.3	166.3	165.5	167.8	166.5	166.3	-0.2
Social assistance	3,675.2	3,707.8	3,701.3	3,747.5	3,669.4	3,742.6	3,731.2	3,743.2	12.0
Individual and family services	2,254.8	2,307.3	2,286.5	2,319.5	2,258.5	2,310.4	2,307.1	2,323.2	16.1
Emergency and other relief services	163.4	167.1	167.9	168.3	164.0	167.7	168.9	169.1	0.2
Vocational rehabilitation services	337.8	341.9	335.7	334.9	338.8	337.6	336.4	335.2	-1.2
Child day care services	919.2	891.5	911.2	924.8	908.1	926.9	918.9	915.7	-3.2

Leisure and hospitality	15,647	16,654	16,053	15,927	15,695	15,975	15,873	15,979	106
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2,195.8	2,570.6	2,322.9	2,241.0	2,240.2	2,278.1	2,269.6	2,285.2	15.6
Performing arts and spectator sports	457.5	489.1	484.9	470.6	452.5	460.7	464.7	464.6	-0.1
Museums, historical sites, and similar institutions	162.5	181.6	171.0	170.1	162.0	168.1	169.1	169.0	-0.1
Amusements, gambling, and recreation	1,575.8	1,899.9	1,667.0	1,600.3	1,625.7	1,649.3	1,635.8	1,651.6	15.8
Accommodation and food services	13,451.6	14,083.1	13,730.5	13,685.5	13,454.3	13,696.5	13,603.8	13,694.1	90.3
Accommodation	1,931.1	2,093.3	1,997.1	1,948.2	1,943.8	1,954.5	1,959.8	1,961.6	1.8
Food services and drinking places	11,520.5	11,989.8	11,733.4	11,737.3	11,510.5	11,742.0	11,644.0	11,732.5	88.5

Other services	5,708	5,805	5,759	5,786	5,711	5,770	5,773	5,785	12
Repair and maintenance	1,290.1	1,299.6	1,294.8	1,299.6	1,289.3	1,296.6	1,296.1	1,298.9	2.8
Personal and laundry services	1,459.4	1,497.9	1,491.9	1,503.7	1,458.9	1,493.4	1,493.4	1,502.0	8.6
Membership associations and organizations	2,958.0	3,007.5	2,972.4	2,982.7	2,962.7	2,979.5	2,983.3	2,984.4	1.1

Government	22,657	21,274	22,295	22,734	22,308	22,349	22,352	22,361	9
Federal	2,802.0	2,813.0	2,811.0	2,808.0	2,817.0	2,808.0	2,809.0	2,814.0	5.0
Federal, except U.S. Postal Service	2,192.5	2,203.6	2,198.7	2,192.9	2,201.7	2,192.1	2,192.2	2,195.3	3.1
U.S. Postal Service	609.9	609.6	612.2	614.7	615.6	616.3	617.0	618.9	1.9
State government	5,251.0	4,800.0	5,134.0	5,249.0	5,092.0	5,094.0	5,089.0	5,091.0	2.0
State government education	2,579.7	2,123.1	2,471.5	2,590.1	2,414.4	2,428.5	2,426.6	2,426.1	-0.5
State government, excluding education	2,670.8	2,677.3	2,662.1	2,658.9	2,677.9	2,665.4	2,662.8	2,664.5	1.7
Local government	14,604.0	13,661.0	14,350.0	14,677.0	14,399.0	14,447.0	14,454.0	14,456.0	2.0
Local government education	8,197.7	7,003.4	7,880.5	8,248.1	7,952.9	7,979.5	7,986.0	7,991.2	5.2
Local government, excluding education	6,405.9	6,657.5	6,469.4	6,428.4	6,446.4	6,467.4	6,467.6	6,465.0	-2.6
Footnotes (1) Includes other industries, not shown separately. (2) Includes motor vehicles, motor vehicle bodies and trailers, and motor vehicle parts. (3) Includes ambulatory health care services, hospitals, and nursing and residential care facilities. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-2. Average weekly hours and overtime of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	34.4	34.4	34.4	34.4
Goods-producing	40.4	40.3	40.2	40.4
Mining and logging	43.9	44.9	45.2	45.3
Construction	39.2	38.9	38.8	39.0
Manufacturing	40.8	40.8	40.8	41.0
Durable goods	41.3	41.3	41.3	41.4
Nondurable goods	40.0	39.9	39.9	40.1
Private service-providing	33.2	33.2	33.2	33.3
Trade, transportation, and utilities	34.2	34.4	34.4	34.5
Wholesale trade	38.9	39.1	39.1	39.1
Retail trade	30.8	30.9	30.9	31.0
Transportation and warehousing	38.7	38.8	38.7	38.9
Utilities	43.1	41.6	42.4	42.0
Information	35.9	36.1	36.3	36.4
Financial activities	37.3	37.5	37.5	37.4
Professional and business services	36.1	36.0	36.0	36.0
Education and health services	32.9	32.9	32.9	32.9
Leisure and hospitality	26.0	26.0	26.0	26.1
Other services	32.0	31.8	31.7	31.7

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.5
Durable goods	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.5
Nondurable goods	3.2	3.4	3.4	3.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-3. Average hourly and weekly earnings of all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
Total private	$25.90	$26.42	$26.54	$26.53	$890.96	$908.85	$912.98	$912.63
Goods-producing	27.26	27.60	27.77	27.77	1,101.30	1,112.28	1,116.35	1,121.91
Mining and logging	32.45	32.58	32.58	32.72	1,424.56	1,462.84	1,472.62	1,482.22
Construction	28.42	28.95	29.17	29.06	1,114.06	1,126.16	1,131.80	1,133.34
Manufacturing	26.35	26.58	26.72	26.77	1,075.08	1,084.46	1,090.18	1,097.57
Durable goods	27.67	27.82	27.99	28.04	1,142.77	1,148.97	1,155.99	1,160.86
Nondurable goods	24.08	24.43	24.55	24.58	963.20	974.76	979.55	985.66
Private service-providing	25.58	26.14	26.26	26.24	849.26	867.85	871.83	873.79
Trade, transportation, and utilities	22.52	22.88	22.95	22.90	770.18	787.07	789.48	790.05
Wholesale trade	29.78	30.08	30.23	29.98	1,158.44	1,176.13	1,181.99	1,172.22
Retail trade	17.95	18.26	18.25	18.28	552.86	564.23	563.93	566.68
Transportation and warehousing	23.44	23.98	24.05	24.07	907.13	930.42	930.74	936.32
Utilities	39.07	38.86	39.43	39.53	1,683.92	1,616.58	1,671.83	1,660.26
Information	37.20	38.44	38.47	38.45	1,335.48	1,387.68	1,396.46	1,399.58
Financial activities	32.49	33.34	33.45	33.57	1,211.88	1,250.25	1,254.38	1,255.52
Professional and business services	31.04	31.79	31.98	32.00	1,120.54	1,144.44	1,151.28	1,152.00
Education and health services	25.96	26.42	26.49	26.46	854.08	869.22	871.52	870.53
Leisure and hospitality	15.05	15.48	15.55	15.56	391.30	402.48	404.30	406.12
Other services	23.22	23.77	23.93	23.94	743.04	755.89	758.58	758.90
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-4. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted [2007=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(1)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(2)
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2017 - Oct. 2017(p)	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2017 - Oct. 2017(p)
Total private	105.9	107.4	107.4	107.6	0.2	131.2	135.6	136.3	136.5	0.1
Goods-producing	90.8	92.2	92.0	92.6	0.7	111.9	115.0	115.5	116.3	0.7
Mining and logging	90.9	101.3	102.1	102.1	0.0	118.4	132.5	133.6	134.1	0.4
Construction	91.1	92.6	92.5	93.2	0.8	112.5	116.5	117.3	117.6	0.3
Manufacturing	90.5	91.4	91.4	92.1	0.8	110.9	113.0	113.6	114.6	0.9
Durable goods	89.4	90.4	90.5	90.9	0.4	109.9	111.7	112.4	113.2	0.7
Nondurable goods	92.5	93.2	93.1	93.7	0.6	113.0	115.5	116.0	116.9	0.8
Private service-providing	110.0	111.4	111.4	112.0	0.5	136.7	141.5	142.2	142.8	0.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	101.7	102.5	102.6	102.9	0.3	123.2	126.2	126.8	126.9	0.1
Wholesale trade	99.8	101.2	101.3	101.4	0.1	124.1	127.0	127.8	126.9	-0.7
Retail trade	99.4	99.3	99.3	99.6	0.3	117.9	119.8	119.8	120.4	0.5
Transportation and warehousing	111.0	113.0	113.2	114.0	0.7	132.1	137.5	138.2	139.3	0.8
Utilities	103.7	99.5	101.5	100.5	-1.0	133.9	127.7	132.2	131.3	-0.7
Information	91.1	89.7	90.1	90.3	0.2	120.7	122.7	123.4	123.6	0.2
Financial activities	101.8	104.0	104.1	103.9	-0.2	129.0	135.2	135.9	136.1	0.1
Professional and business services	115.5	117.8	117.9	118.2	0.3	145.2	151.7	152.7	153.2	0.3
Education and health services	122.4	124.6	124.7	124.9	0.2	152.9	158.3	158.9	159.0	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	116.4	118.5	117.8	119.0	1.0	141.4	148.0	147.7	149.4	1.2
Other services	105.4	105.8	105.5	105.7	0.2	134.1	137.8	138.4	138.7	0.2
Footnotes (1) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2007 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-5. Employment of women on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted
Industry	Women employees (in thousands)				Percent of all employees
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
Total nonfarm	71,947	72,660	72,637	72,767	49.6	49.5	49.5	49.5
Total private	59,152	59,807	59,797	59,918	48.2	48.1	48.1	48.1
Goods-producing	4,326	4,412	4,422	4,431	21.9	22.0	22.0	22.0
Mining and logging	98	100	100	99	14.9	13.9	13.9	13.8
Construction	846	876	882	883	12.5	12.7	12.7	12.7
Manufacturing	3,382	3,436	3,440	3,449	27.4	27.6	27.6	27.6
Durable goods	1,804	1,819	1,822	1,826	23.5	23.4	23.4	23.4
Nondurable goods	1,578	1,617	1,618	1,623	34.1	34.6	34.6	34.7
Private service-providing	54,826	55,395	55,375	55,487	53.2	53.1	53.1	53.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	11,108	10,965	10,970	10,957	40.6	40.0	40.0	39.9
Wholesale trade	1,742.2	1,747.3	1,751.5	1,755.2	29.6	29.5	29.5	29.5
Retail trade	8,004.4	7,854.0	7,849.5	7,836.2	50.4	49.7	49.6	49.5
Transportation and warehousing	1,232.0	1,236.3	1,242.0	1,238.1	24.6	24.3	24.3	24.2
Utilities	129.6	127.6	127.0	127.0	23.3	23.1	23.0	23.0
Information	1,117	1,081	1,076	1,076	40.2	39.7	39.6	39.6
Financial activities	4,732	4,784	4,782	4,780	56.8	56.5	56.4	56.3
Professional and business services	9,135	9,345	9,361	9,379	44.9	44.9	45.0	44.9
Education and health services	17,570	17,862	17,878	17,892	77.1	77.0	77.0	76.9
Leisure and hospitality	8,166	8,308	8,253	8,340	52.0	52.0	52.0	52.2
Other services	2,998	3,050	3,055	3,063	52.5	52.9	52.9	52.9
Government	12,795	12,853	12,840	12,849	57.4	57.5	57.4	57.5
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-6. Employment of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [In thousands]
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
Total private	100,987	102,489	102,493	102,727
Goods-producing	14,150	14,422	14,436	14,451
Mining and logging	455	515	518	513
Construction	5,061	5,172	5,178	5,175
Manufacturing	8,634	8,735	8,740	8,763
Durable goods	5,281	5,334	5,336	5,356
Nondurable goods	3,353	3,401	3,404	3,407
Private service-providing	86,837	88,067	88,057	88,276
Trade, transportation, and utilities	22,963	23,087	23,142	23,163
Wholesale trade	4,711.5	4,751.6	4,757.2	4,765.5
Retail trade	13,465.4	13,474.6	13,497.9	13,495.5
Transportation and warehousing	4,337.8	4,416.5	4,441.3	4,457.0
Utilities	448.0	444.5	445.3	444.9
Information	2,243	2,193	2,186	2,189
Financial activities	6,470	6,587	6,595	6,600
Professional and business services	16,632	16,978	16,986	17,026
Education and health services	19,989	20,386	20,398	20,429
Leisure and hospitality	13,812	14,061	13,971	14,085
Other services	4,728	4,775	4,779	4,784
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-7. Average weekly hours and overtime of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS
Total private	33.6	33.6	33.6	33.7
Goods-producing	41.2	41.3	41.1	41.2
Mining and logging	45.5	45.5	46.1	45.9
Construction	39.6	39.6	39.4	39.4
Manufacturing	42.0	42.0	41.9	42.0
Durable goods	42.4	42.4	42.3	42.4
Nondurable goods	41.2	41.5	41.3	41.3
Private service-providing	32.3	32.4	32.4	32.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	33.5	33.8	33.8	33.9
Wholesale trade	38.8	39.0	38.9	39.0
Retail trade	29.6	30.1	30.2	30.4
Transportation and warehousing	38.6	38.4	38.2	38.4
Utilities	43.5	42.2	42.6	42.4
Information	35.7	35.6	35.9	35.9
Financial activities	36.9	36.9	36.9	36.9
Professional and business services	35.4	35.4	35.4	35.5
Education and health services	32.1	32.2	32.2	32.2
Leisure and hospitality	24.8	24.7	24.7	24.7
Other services	30.8	30.8	30.6	30.7

AVERAGE OVERTIME HOURS
Manufacturing	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.5
Durable goods	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.7
Nondurable goods	4.2	4.3	4.2	4.3
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-8. Average hourly and weekly earnings of production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1)
Industry	Average hourly earnings				Average weekly earnings
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)
Total private	$21.72	$22.14	$22.23	$22.22	$729.79	$743.90	$746.93	$748.81
Goods-producing	22.79	23.22	23.33	23.31	938.95	958.99	958.86	960.37
Mining and logging	27.20	27.74	27.68	27.73	1,237.60	1,262.17	1,276.05	1,272.81
Construction	26.28	26.80	27.03	26.88	1,040.69	1,061.28	1,064.98	1,059.07
Manufacturing	20.61	20.93	20.99	21.06	865.62	879.06	879.48	884.52
Durable goods	21.63	21.93	22.00	22.06	917.11	929.83	930.60	935.34
Nondurable goods	18.96	19.32	19.37	19.44	781.15	801.78	799.98	802.87
Private service-providing	21.50	21.91	22.00	21.99	694.45	709.88	712.80	714.68
Trade, transportation, and utilities	19.09	19.40	19.48	19.48	639.52	655.72	658.42	660.37
Wholesale trade	24.39	24.76	24.89	24.86	946.33	965.64	968.22	969.54
Retail trade	15.02	15.34	15.39	15.38	444.59	461.73	464.78	467.55
Transportation and warehousing	21.03	21.45	21.53	21.61	811.76	823.68	822.45	829.82
Utilities	35.93	35.89	36.26	36.11	1,562.96	1,514.56	1,544.68	1,531.06
Information	30.30	30.69	30.80	30.82	1,081.71	1,092.56	1,105.72	1,106.44
Financial activities	26.38	26.66	26.70	26.77	973.42	983.75	985.23	987.81
Professional and business services	25.64	26.20	26.32	26.31	907.66	927.48	931.73	934.01
Education and health services	22.66	23.09	23.16	23.13	727.39	743.50	745.75	744.79
Leisure and hospitality	12.97	13.40	13.46	13.46	321.66	330.98	332.46	332.46
Other services	19.50	20.05	20.15	20.19	600.60	617.54	616.59	619.83
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table B-9. Indexes of aggregate weekly hours and payrolls for production and nonsupervisory employees on private nonfarm payrolls by industry sector, seasonally adjusted(1) [2002=100]
Industry	Index of aggregate weekly hours(2)					Index of aggregate weekly payrolls(3)
Industry	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2017 - Oct. 2017(p)	Oct. 2016	Aug. 2017	Sept. 2017(p)	Oct. 2017(p)	Percent change from: Sept. 2017 - Oct. 2017(p)
Total private	113.1	114.7	114.7	115.3	0.5	164.1	169.8	170.5	171.3	0.5
Goods-producing	89.1	91.0	90.7	91.0	0.3	124.3	129.4	129.5	129.9	0.3
Mining and logging	110.0	124.5	126.9	125.1	-1.4	174.0	200.9	204.3	201.8	-1.2
Construction	100.3	102.5	102.1	102.1	0.0	142.4	148.4	149.1	148.2	-0.6
Manufacturing	83.2	84.2	84.1	84.5	0.5	112.2	115.3	115.4	116.4	0.9
Durable goods	84.2	85.0	84.8	85.3	0.6	113.6	116.4	116.5	117.5	0.9
Nondurable goods	81.4	83.2	82.8	82.9	0.1	109.1	113.5	113.4	113.9	0.4
Private service-providing	119.5	121.5	121.5	122.2	0.6	176.1	182.6	183.3	184.2	0.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	107.2	108.8	109.0	109.5	0.5	146.0	150.5	151.5	152.1	0.4
Wholesale trade	107.7	109.1	109.0	109.5	0.5	154.7	159.2	159.8	160.3	0.3
Retail trade	100.9	102.7	103.2	103.8	0.6	129.9	135.0	136.1	136.9	0.6
Transportation and warehousing	126.0	127.7	127.7	128.8	0.9	168.1	173.7	174.4	176.6	1.3
Utilities	99.7	95.9	97.0	96.5	-0.5	149.5	143.7	146.8	145.4	-1.0
Information	91.4	89.1	89.6	89.7	0.1	137.1	135.4	136.6	136.8	0.1
Financial activities	112.4	114.4	114.6	114.6	0.0	182.4	187.7	188.2	188.8	0.3
Professional and business services	132.0	134.7	134.8	135.5	0.5	201.3	210.0	211.1	212.1	0.5
Education and health services	136.8	140.0	140.0	140.3	0.2	204.6	213.3	214.1	214.1	0.0
Leisure and hospitality	125.5	127.2	126.4	127.4	0.8	184.8	193.6	193.2	194.8	0.8
Other services	102.1	103.1	102.6	103.0	0.4	145.1	150.7	150.6	151.5	0.6
Footnotes (1) Data relate to production employees in mining and logging and manufacturing, construction employees in construction, and nonsupervisory employees in the service-providing industries. These groups account for approximately four-fifths of the total employment on private nonfarm payrolls. (2) The indexes of aggregate weekly hours are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate hours by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate hours. Aggregate hours estimates are the product of estimates of average weekly hours and employment. (3) The indexes of aggregate weekly payrolls are calculated by dividing the current month's estimates of aggregate weekly payrolls by the corresponding 2002 annual average aggregate weekly payrolls. Aggregate payrolls estimates are the product of estimates of average hourly earnings, average weekly hours, and employment. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data have been revised to reflect March 2016 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.

Last Modified Date: November 03, 2017