Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Tuesday, August 1, 2023     USDL-23-1686
Technical information:	(202) 691-5870  •  JoltsInfo@bls.gov  •  www.bls.gov/jlt
Media contact:	        (202) 691-5902  •  PressOffice@bls.gov

                              JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER – JUNE 2023

The number of job openings was little changed at 9.6 million on the last business day of June, the U.S. 
Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the month, the number of hires and total separations 
decreased to 5.9 million and 5.6 million, respectively. Within separations, quits (3.8 million) decreased, 
while layoffs and discharges (1.5 million) changed little. This release includes estimates of the number 
and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by 
establishment size class.

Job Openings

On the last business day of June, the number of job openings was little changed at 9.6 million, while the 
rate was unchanged at 5.8 percent. In June, job openings increased in health care and social assistance 
(+136,000) and in state and local government, excluding education (+62,000). Job openings decreased in 
transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-78,000), state and local government education (-29,000), and 
federal government (-21,000). (See table 1.)

Hires

In June, the number of hires decreased to 5.9 million (-326,000), while the rate was little changed at 3.8 
percent. Hires decreased in durable goods manufacturing (-54,000) and in finance and insurance
(-54,000). (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations include quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally 
voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of 
workers’ willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated 
by the employer. Other separations include separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers 
to other locations of the same firm.

The number of total separations in June decreased to 5.6 million (-288,000), while the rate was little 
changed at 3.6 percent. Over the month, the number of total separations decreased in retail trade
(-134,000), health care and social assistance (-84,000), and durable goods manufacturing (-54,000). The 
number of total separations increased in professional and business services (+129,000). (See table 3.)

In June, the number and rate of quits decreased to 3.8 million (-295,000) and 2.4 percent, respectively. 
The number of quits decreased in several industries, with the largest decreases in retail trade (-95,000), 
health care and social assistance (-75,000), and construction (-51,000). The number of quits increased in 
arts, entertainment, and recreation (+20,000). (See table 4.)

In June, the number of layoffs and discharges changed little at 1.5 million, and the rate held at 1.0 
percent. Layoffs and discharges increased in professional and business services (+112,000). The number 
of layoffs and discharges decreased in durable goods manufacturing (-26,000) and in wholesale trade
(-26,000). (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in June at 339,000. (See table 6.)

Establishment Size Class

In June, establishments with 1 to 9 employees saw a decrease in their quits rates and an increase in their 
other separations rates. Establishments with more than 5,000 employees saw increases in their quits 
rates. (See table 7.)
____________
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for July 2023 are scheduled to be 
released on Tuesday, August 29, 2023, at 10:00 a.m. (ET).
     

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Category	Job openings			Hires			Total separations
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)
Total	10,961	9,616	9,582	6,448	6,231	5,905	5,991	5,925	5,637
Total private	9,995	8,496	8,452	6,047	5,828	5,517	5,597	5,579	5,322
Mining and logging	35	32	30	29	29	24	20	25	23
Construction	383	379	374	361	361	346	332	341	305
Manufacturing	852	608	582	477	451	393	436	445	387
Durable goods	546	379	356	244	250	196	234	238	184
Nondurable goods	307	229	226	234	201	197	202	207	203
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,616	1,638	1,542	1,295	1,325	1,179	1,168	1,346	1,179
Wholesale trade	283	252	269	185	170	143	171	173	145
Retail trade	842	816	780	763	819	726	685	847	713
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	491	571	493	348	336	310	312	326	321
Information	220	190	181	119	67	83	100	83	87
Financial activities	635	430	436	212	233	189	202	203	170
Finance and insurance	499	306	307	150	171	117	144	145	110
Real estate and rental and leasing	136	124	129	62	62	72	58	58	60
Professional and business services	2,166	1,695	1,694	1,265	1,117	1,135	1,218	1,014	1,143
Education and health services	2,153	1,905	2,028	873	948	878	781	889	800
Educational services	162	204	192	112	99	98	90	89	83
Health care and social assistance	1,991	1,701	1,837	761	849	780	691	801	717
Leisure and hospitality	1,490	1,303	1,222	1,195	1,077	1,079	1,122	1,024	1,012
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	133	154	171	173	150	173	159	141	141
Accommodation and food services	1,357	1,149	1,051	1,023	926	906	963	883	872
Other services	444	317	363	219	221	213	219	210	214
Government	967	1,120	1,130	402	403	387	394	346	315
Federal	101	181	160	38	51	51	49	44	42
State and local	865	938	970	364	352	337	345	303	273
State and local education	302	338	309	183	185	178	171	156	144
State and local, excluding education	563	600	662	181	167	158	173	146	129
RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)
Total	6.7	5.8	5.8	4.2	4.0	3.8	3.9	3.8	3.6
Total private	7.1	6.0	6.0	4.6	4.4	4.1	4.3	4.2	4.0
Mining and logging	5.4	4.7	4.5	4.8	4.5	3.7	3.3	3.8	3.7
Construction	4.7	4.6	4.5	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.3	4.3	3.8
Manufacturing	6.2	4.5	4.3	3.7	3.5	3.0	3.4	3.4	3.0
Durable goods	6.4	4.5	4.2	3.1	3.1	2.4	2.9	2.9	2.3
Nondurable goods	5.9	4.5	4.4	4.8	4.1	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	5.3	5.4	5.1	4.5	4.6	4.1	4.1	4.7	4.1
Wholesale trade	4.5	4.0	4.3	3.1	2.8	2.4	2.9	2.9	2.4
Retail trade	5.2	5.0	4.8	4.9	5.3	4.7	4.4	5.4	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	6.4	7.3	6.3	4.8	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.5	4.4
Information	6.7	5.8	5.5	3.9	2.2	2.7	3.2	2.7	2.8
Financial activities	6.6	4.5	4.6	2.3	2.5	2.1	2.2	2.2	1.9
Finance and insurance	7.0	4.4	4.4	2.2	2.5	1.7	2.2	2.2	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	5.4	4.9	5.1	2.6	2.6	3.0	2.4	2.4	2.5
Professional and business services	8.8	6.9	6.8	5.6	4.8	4.9	5.4	4.4	5.0
Education and health services	8.1	7.0	7.4	3.6	3.8	3.5	3.2	3.5	3.2
Educational services	4.1	4.9	4.6	3.0	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.2	2.1
Health care and social assistance	8.9	7.4	7.9	3.7	4.0	3.7	3.4	3.8	3.4
Leisure and hospitality	8.6	7.3	6.9	7.6	6.5	6.5	7.1	6.2	6.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	5.5	5.9	6.5	7.5	6.2	7.1	6.9	5.8	5.7
Accommodation and food services	9.1	7.5	6.9	7.6	6.6	6.4	7.1	6.3	6.2
Other services	7.2	5.1	5.8	3.9	3.8	3.6	3.8	3.6	3.6
Government	4.2	4.7	4.7	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.5	1.4
Federal	3.4	5.9	5.2	1.3	1.7	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.5
State and local	4.3	4.5	4.7	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.5	1.4
State and local education	2.9	3.1	2.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.4
State and local, excluding education	5.9	6.1	6.6	2.0	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.6	1.4
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Technical Note

This news release presents statistics from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS). The JOLTS 
program provides information on labor demand and turnover. Additional information about the JOLTS program can 
be found at www.bls.gov/jlt/. Estimates are published for job openings, hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other 
separations, and total separations. The JOLTS program covers all private nonfarm establishments, as well as civilian 
federal, state, and local government entities in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting with data for 
January 2023, industries are classified in accordance with the 2022 North American Industry Classification System.

Definitions

Employment. Employment includes persons on the payroll who worked or received pay for the pay period that 
includes the 12th day of the reference month. Full-time, part-time, permanent, short-term, seasonal, salaried, and 
hourly employees are included, as are employees on paid vacation or other paid leave. Proprietors or partners of 
unincorporated businesses, unpaid family workers, employees on strike for the entire pay period, and employees on 
leave without pay for the entire pay period are not counted as employed. Employees of temporary help agencies, 
employee leasing companies, outside contractors, and consultants are counted by their employer of record, not by 
the establishment where they are working. JOLTS does not publish employment estimates but uses the reported 
employment for validation of the other reported data elements.

Job Openings. Job openings include all positions that are open on the last business day of the reference month.

A job is open only if it meets all three of these conditions:
* A specific position exists, and there is work available for that position. The position can be full-time or 
part-time, and it can be permanent, short-term, or seasonal.
* The job could start within 30 days, whether or not the employer can find a suitable candidate during that 
time.
* The employer is actively recruiting workers from outside the establishment to fill the position. Active 
recruiting means that the establishment is taking steps to fill a position. It may include advertising in 
newspapers, on television, or on the radio; posting internet notices, posting “help wanted” signs, 
networking or making “word-of-mouth” announcements; accepting applications; interviewing candidates; 
contacting employment agencies; or soliciting employees at job fairs, state or local employment offices, or 
similar sources.

Excluded are positions open only to internal transfers, promotions or demotions, or recall from layoffs. Also 
excluded are openings for positions with start dates more than 30 days in the future; positions for which employees 
have been hired but have not yet reported for work; and positions to be filled by employees of temporary help 
agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The job openings rate is computed by 
dividing the number of job openings by the sum of employment and job openings—that is, all filled and unfilled 
jobs—and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Hires. Hires include all additions to the payroll during the entire reference month, including newly hired and 
rehired employees; full-time and part-time employees; permanent, short-term, and seasonal employees; employees 
who were recalled to a job at the location following a layoff (formal suspension from pay status) lasting more than 7 
days; on-call or intermittent employees who returned to work after having been formally separated; workers who 
were hired and separated during the month, and transfers from other locations. Excluded are transfers or promotions 
within the reporting location, employees returning from strike, employees of temporary help agencies, employee 
leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The hires rate is computed by dividing the number of hires by 
employment and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Separations. Separations include all separations from the payroll during the entire reference month and is 
reported by type of separation: quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits include employees who 
left voluntarily, with the exception of retirements or transfers to other locations. Layoffs and discharges includes 
involuntary separations initiated by the employer, including layoffs with no intent to rehire; layoffs (formal 
suspensions from pay status) lasting or expected to last more than 7 days; discharges resulting from mergers, 
downsizing, or closings; firings or other discharges for cause; terminations of permanent or short-term employees; 
and terminations of seasonal employees (whether or not they are expected to return the next season). Other 
separations include retirements, transfers to other locations, separations due to employee disability, and deaths.
Excluded from separations measures are transfers within the same location; employees on strike; and employees of 
temporary help agencies, employee leasing companies, outside contractors, or consultants. The separations rate is 
computed by dividing the number of separations by employment and multiplying that quotient by 100. The quits, 
layoffs and discharges, and other separations rates are computed similarly.

Estimation Method

The JOLTS survey design is a stratified random sample of approximately 21,000 nonfarm business and 
government establishments. The sample is stratified by ownership, region, industry sector, and establishment size 
class.

The sampling frame is made up of establishments from two sources: the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 
Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages program (QCEW) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). 
The QCEW database contains establishments that cover approximately 95 percent of nonfarm payroll jobs in the 
United States. This database is a compilation of administrative data from state unemployment insurance (UI) 
programs and federal government establishments covered by the Unemployment Compensation for Federal 
Employees (UCFE) program. A frame of railroad establishments is provided by the FRA. This is added to the 
QCEW database to complete the JOLTS sampling frame. 

The JOLTS estimation method involves the following processes: unit nonresponse adjustment, item 
nonresponse adjustment, monthly benchmarking and estimation, automatic outlier detection, birth and death model 
estimation, estimates review and outlier selection, alignment, seasonal adjustment, and variance estimates. 
Establishment size class levels are also produced. Detailed information about the estimation method can be found in 
the Handbook of Methods at https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/jlt/home.htm.

Monthly benchmarking is the process through which the JOLTS weighted employment for each estimation cell 
is adjusted. JOLTS estimation cells are benchmarked monthly to the current employment level from the BLS 
Current Employment Statistics (CES) program. The sampled weight is benchmarked to ensure that JOLTS weighted 
employment is equal to CES employment.

Birth/death model. The time lag from the start up, or birth, of an establishment until its appearance on the 
sampling frame is approximately one year. In addition, many new establishments fail within the first year, referred 
to as a death. Because new and short-lived universe establishments cannot be reflected in the sampling frame 
immediately, the JOLTS sample cannot capture job openings, hires, and separations from these establishments 
during their early existence. BLS has developed a birth/death model that uses establishment birth and death activity 
from previous years as collected by the QCEW and projects forward to the present using over-the-year change in the 
CES. The birth/death model also uses historical JOLTS data to calculate the amount of churn (meaning the rates of 
hires and separations) that exists in establishments of various sizes. The model then combines the calculated churn 
with the projected employment change to estimate the number of hires and separations that take place in these 
establishments that cannot be measured through sampling. The estimates of job openings, hires, and separations 
produced by the birth/death model are added to the sample-based estimates produced from the survey to arrive at the 
estimates for job openings, hires, and separations.

Alignment. The JOLTS figure for hires minus separations can be used to derive a measure of net employment 
change. This change should be comparable to the net employment change from the much larger CES survey. 
However, definitional differences between the two surveys, as well as sampling and nonsampling errors, historically 
caused JOLTS to diverge from CES over time. To limit the divergence and improve the quality of the JOLTS hires 
and separations series, BLS implemented the monthly alignment method. There are four steps to this method: 
seasonally adjust, align, back out the seasonal adjustment factors, and seasonally adjust again.

Seasonal adjustment. After alignment, the seasonal adjustment program (X-13ARIMA-SEATS) is used to 
seasonally adjust the JOLTS series. Each month, a concurrent seasonal adjustment methodology uses all relevant 
data, up to and including the current month, to calculate new seasonal adjustment factors. Moving averages are used 
as seasonal filters in seasonal adjustment. JOLTS seasonal adjustment includes both additive and multiplicative 
models, as well as regression with autocorrelated errors (REGARIMA) modeling, to improve the seasonal 
adjustment factors at the beginning and end of the series and to detect and adjust for outliers in the series. 

Annual estimates and benchmarking. The JOLTS estimates are revised annually with the issuance of data for 
January. Five years of data are subject to revision. The revised estimates incorporate: 1) benchmarks based on CES 
employment estimates newly benchmarked to QCEW, 2) revised seasonal adjustment factors, and 3) any needed 
special adjustments.

The JOLTS employment levels are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are 
applied to all JOLTS data elements.

The seasonally adjusted estimates are recalculated for the most recent 5 years to reflect updated seasonal 
adjustment factors. These annual updates result in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally 
adjusted JOLTS data series for the period since the last benchmark was established.

Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 
12 published monthly levels.

Annual average levels for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 published monthly levels 
by 12. 

Annual average rates for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are 
calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published levels for each data element by the sum of the 12 
monthly CES published employment levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Annual average rates for job openings are calculated by dividing the sum of the 12 monthly JOLTS published 
levels by the sum of the 12 monthly CES published employment levels plus the sum of the 12 monthly job openings 
levels, and multiplying that quotient by 100.

Reliability of the estimates

JOLTS estimates are subject to two types of error: sampling error and nonsampling error.

Sampling error can result when a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed. There is a chance that 
the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling 
error, varies with the sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. BLS 
analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. This means that there is a 90-percent chance 
that the true population mean will fall into the interval created by the sample mean plus or minus 1.65 standard 
errors. Estimates of median standard errors are released monthly as part of the significant change tables on the 
JOLTS webpage. Standard errors are updated annually with the most recent 5 years of data. Sampling error 
estimates are available at www.bls.gov/jlt/jolts_median_standard_errors.htm.

Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to include a segment of the population, the 
inability to obtain data from all units in the sample, the inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide data on a 
timely basis, mistakes made by respondents, errors made in the collection or processing of the data, and errors from 
the employment benchmark data used in estimation. The JOLTS program uses quality control procedures to reduce 
nonsampling error in the survey’s design.

Other information

If you are deaf, hard of hearing, or have a speech disability, please dial 7-1-1 to access telecommunications 
relay services.

Table 1. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
Total	10,961	9,745	10,320	9,616	9,582	-34	6.7	5.9	6.2	5.8	5.8	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	9,995	8,710	9,291	8,496	8,452	-44	7.1	6.2	6.5	6.0	6.0	0.0
Mining and logging	35	30	36	32	30	-2	5.4	4.6	5.3	4.7	4.5	-0.2
Construction	383	315	347	379	374	-5	4.7	3.8	4.2	4.6	4.5	-0.1
Manufacturing	852	702	668	608	582	-26	6.2	5.1	4.9	4.5	4.3	-0.2
Durable goods	546	422	395	379	356	-23	6.4	5.0	4.6	4.5	4.2	-0.3
Nondurable goods	307	281	273	229	226	-3	5.9	5.4	5.3	4.5	4.4	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,616	1,436	1,774	1,638	1,542	-96	5.3	4.7	5.8	5.4	5.1	-0.3
Wholesale trade	283	296	259	252	269	17	4.5	4.7	4.1	4.0	4.3	0.3
Retail trade	842	733	954	816	780	-36	5.2	4.5	5.8	5.0	4.8	-0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	491	407	561	571	493	-78	6.4	5.3	7.1	7.3	6.3	-1.0
Information	220	181	181	190	181	-9	6.7	5.5	5.5	5.8	5.5	-0.3
Financial activities	635	479	565	430	436	6	6.6	5.0	5.8	4.5	4.6	0.1
Finance and insurance	499	349	451	306	307	1	7.0	5.0	6.3	4.4	4.4	0.0
Real estate and rental and leasing	136	130	113	124	129	5	5.4	5.1	4.5	4.9	5.1	0.2
Professional and business services	2,166	1,805	1,718	1,695	1,694	-1	8.8	7.3	7.0	6.9	6.8	-0.1
Education and health services	2,153	1,932	2,179	1,905	2,028	123	8.1	7.2	8.0	7.0	7.4	0.4
Educational services	162	210	168	204	192	-12	4.1	5.1	4.1	4.9	4.6	-0.3
Health care and social assistance	1,991	1,722	2,010	1,701	1,837	136	8.9	7.5	8.7	7.4	7.9	0.5
Leisure and hospitality	1,490	1,463	1,463	1,303	1,222	-81	8.6	8.1	8.1	7.3	6.9	-0.4
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	133	243	241	154	171	17	5.5	9.1	9.0	5.9	6.5	0.6
Accommodation and food services	1,357	1,220	1,222	1,149	1,051	-98	9.1	8.0	8.0	7.5	6.9	-0.6
Other services	444	367	361	317	363	46	7.2	5.9	5.8	5.1	5.8	0.7
Government	967	1,034	1,029	1,120	1,130	10	4.2	4.4	4.4	4.7	4.7	0.0
Federal	101	133	149	181	160	-21	3.4	4.4	4.9	5.9	5.2	-0.7
State and local	865	902	881	938	970	32	4.3	4.4	4.3	4.5	4.7	0.2
State and local education	302	321	313	338	309	-29	2.9	3.0	2.9	3.1	2.9	-0.2
State and local, excluding education	563	580	568	600	662	62	5.9	5.9	5.8	6.1	6.6	0.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,816	1,623	1,629	1,436	1,509	73	6.3	5.5	5.5	4.9	5.1	0.2
South	4,337	4,039	4,088	4,035	3,959	-76	7.1	6.5	6.6	6.5	6.4	-0.1
Midwest	2,357	2,022	2,239	2,106	1,968	-138	6.8	5.7	6.3	5.9	5.6	-0.3
West	2,450	2,060	2,364	2,039	2,146	107	6.4	5.3	6.0	5.2	5.5	0.3
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 2. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
Total	6,448	6,066	6,101	6,231	5,905	-326	4.2	3.9	3.9	4.0	3.8	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,047	5,671	5,709	5,828	5,517	-311	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.1	-0.3
Mining and logging	29	24	25	29	24	-5	4.8	3.8	3.9	4.5	3.7	-0.8
Construction	361	383	357	361	346	-15	4.7	4.9	4.5	4.5	4.3	-0.2
Manufacturing	477	373	393	451	393	-58	3.7	2.9	3.0	3.5	3.0	-0.5
Durable goods	244	216	209	250	196	-54	3.1	2.7	2.6	3.1	2.4	-0.7
Nondurable goods	234	156	183	201	197	-4	4.8	3.2	3.8	4.1	4.1	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,295	1,195	1,249	1,325	1,179	-146	4.5	4.1	4.3	4.6	4.1	-0.5
Wholesale trade	185	149	178	170	143	-27	3.1	2.5	2.9	2.8	2.4	-0.4
Retail trade	763	701	723	819	726	-93	4.9	4.5	4.7	5.3	4.7	-0.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	348	345	348	336	310	-26	4.8	4.7	4.8	4.6	4.3	-0.3
Information	119	117	81	67	83	16	3.9	3.8	2.6	2.2	2.7	0.5
Financial activities	212	198	229	233	189	-44	2.3	2.2	2.5	2.5	2.1	-0.4
Finance and insurance	150	127	151	171	117	-54	2.2	1.9	2.2	2.5	1.7	-0.8
Real estate and rental and leasing	62	71	79	62	72	10	2.6	3.0	3.2	2.6	3.0	0.4
Professional and business services	1,265	1,169	1,205	1,117	1,135	18	5.6	5.1	5.2	4.8	4.9	0.1
Education and health services	873	883	885	948	878	-70	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.5	-0.3
Educational services	112	100	101	99	98	-1	3.0	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.5	0.0
Health care and social assistance	761	783	784	849	780	-69	3.7	3.7	3.7	4.0	3.7	-0.3
Leisure and hospitality	1,195	1,089	1,100	1,077	1,079	2	7.6	6.6	6.6	6.5	6.5	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	173	170	162	150	173	23	7.5	7.0	6.7	6.2	7.1	0.9
Accommodation and food services	1,023	919	938	926	906	-20	7.6	6.5	6.6	6.6	6.4	-0.2
Other services	219	239	185	221	213	-8	3.9	4.1	3.2	3.8	3.6	-0.2
Government	402	395	391	403	387	-16	1.8	1.8	1.7	1.8	1.7	-0.1
Federal	38	47	45	51	51	0	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.7	1.7	0.0
State and local	364	348	346	352	337	-15	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.7	-0.1
State and local education	183	170	177	185	178	-7	1.8	1.6	1.7	1.8	1.7	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	181	178	169	167	158	-9	2.0	1.9	1.8	1.8	1.7	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	950	970	942	900	873	-27	3.5	3.5	3.4	3.2	3.1	-0.1
South	2,698	2,490	2,549	2,631	2,512	-119	4.8	4.3	4.4	4.5	4.3	-0.2
Midwest	1,351	1,247	1,303	1,366	1,241	-125	4.2	3.8	3.9	4.1	3.7	-0.4
West	1,449	1,359	1,307	1,334	1,278	-56	4.0	3.7	3.6	3.6	3.5	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 3. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
Total	5,991	5,994	5,660	5,925	5,637	-288	3.9	3.9	3.6	3.8	3.6	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,597	5,643	5,306	5,579	5,322	-257	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.0	-0.2
Mining and logging	20	23	20	25	23	-2	3.3	3.7	3.2	3.8	3.7	-0.1
Construction	332	454	377	341	305	-36	4.3	5.8	4.8	4.3	3.8	-0.5
Manufacturing	436	394	393	445	387	-58	3.4	3.0	3.0	3.4	3.0	-0.4
Durable goods	234	225	199	238	184	-54	2.9	2.8	2.5	2.9	2.3	-0.6
Nondurable goods	202	169	194	207	203	-4	4.1	3.5	4.0	4.2	4.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,168	1,241	1,262	1,346	1,179	-167	4.1	4.3	4.4	4.7	4.1	-0.6
Wholesale trade	171	160	188	173	145	-28	2.9	2.6	3.1	2.9	2.4	-0.5
Retail trade	685	747	739	847	713	-134	4.4	4.8	4.8	5.4	4.6	-0.8
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	312	334	335	326	321	-5	4.3	4.6	4.6	4.5	4.4	-0.1
Information	100	96	71	83	87	4	3.2	3.1	2.3	2.7	2.8	0.1
Financial activities	202	195	207	203	170	-33	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.2	1.9	-0.3
Finance and insurance	144	121	136	145	110	-35	2.2	1.8	2.0	2.2	1.6	-0.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	58	74	71	58	60	2	2.4	3.1	2.9	2.4	2.5	0.1
Professional and business services	1,218	1,134	1,041	1,014	1,143	129	5.4	5.0	4.5	4.4	5.0	0.6
Education and health services	781	844	777	889	800	-89	3.2	3.4	3.1	3.5	3.2	-0.3
Educational services	90	96	81	89	83	-6	2.4	2.5	2.1	2.2	2.1	-0.1
Health care and social assistance	691	748	696	801	717	-84	3.4	3.5	3.3	3.8	3.4	-0.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,122	1,053	967	1,024	1,012	-12	7.1	6.4	5.8	6.2	6.1	-0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	159	166	136	141	141	0	6.9	6.8	5.6	5.8	5.7	-0.1
Accommodation and food services	963	887	830	883	872	-11	7.1	6.3	5.9	6.3	6.2	-0.1
Other services	219	209	190	210	214	4	3.8	3.6	3.3	3.6	3.6	0.0
Government	394	351	354	346	315	-31	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.4	-0.1
Federal	49	38	41	44	42	-2	1.7	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.5	0.0
State and local	345	313	313	303	273	-30	1.8	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.4	-0.1
State and local education	171	158	158	156	144	-12	1.7	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.4	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	173	155	155	146	129	-17	1.9	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.4	-0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	858	888	804	864	806	-58	3.2	3.2	2.9	3.1	2.9	-0.2
South	2,565	2,456	2,265	2,604	2,441	-163	4.5	4.3	3.9	4.5	4.2	-0.3
Midwest	1,221	1,221	1,313	1,218	1,232	14	3.8	3.7	3.9	3.7	3.7	0.0
West	1,346	1,430	1,278	1,239	1,159	-80	3.7	3.9	3.5	3.4	3.1	-0.3
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 4. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
Total	4,161	3,842	3,765	4,067	3,772	-295	2.7	2.5	2.4	2.6	2.4	-0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	3,925	3,630	3,569	3,869	3,588	-281	3.0	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.7	-0.2
Mining and logging	14	15	10	16	15	-1	2.4	2.3	1.6	2.5	2.3	-0.2
Construction	163	143	170	207	156	-51	2.1	1.8	2.1	2.6	2.0	-0.6
Manufacturing	314	256	248	283	249	-34	2.4	2.0	1.9	2.2	1.9	-0.3
Durable goods	167	144	123	143	113	-30	2.1	1.8	1.5	1.8	1.4	-0.4
Nondurable goods	146	112	125	140	136	-4	3.0	2.3	2.6	2.9	2.8	-0.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	882	875	887	913	811	-102	3.1	3.0	3.1	3.2	2.8	-0.4
Wholesale trade	105	102	129	115	111	-4	1.8	1.7	2.1	1.9	1.8	-0.1
Retail trade	556	560	544	593	498	-95	3.6	3.6	3.5	3.8	3.2	-0.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	221	213	213	204	201	-3	3.1	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.8	0.0
Information	65	44	46	34	46	12	2.1	1.4	1.5	1.1	1.5	0.4
Financial activities	137	125	148	133	125	-8	1.5	1.4	1.6	1.5	1.4	-0.1
Finance and insurance	96	73	94	92	76	-16	1.4	1.1	1.4	1.4	1.1	-0.3
Real estate and rental and leasing	41	52	54	41	48	7	1.7	2.1	2.2	1.7	2.0	0.3
Professional and business services	760	664	594	637	629	-8	3.4	2.9	2.6	2.8	2.7	-0.1
Education and health services	589	623	577	675	589	-86	2.4	2.5	2.3	2.7	2.3	-0.4
Educational services	61	61	58	61	51	-10	1.6	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.3	-0.3
Health care and social assistance	528	561	519	613	538	-75	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.9	2.5	-0.4
Leisure and hospitality	851	751	766	809	836	27	5.4	4.5	4.6	4.9	5.0	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	78	68	78	83	103	20	3.4	2.8	3.2	3.4	4.2	0.8
Accommodation and food services	772	682	687	725	733	8	5.7	4.8	4.9	5.1	5.2	0.1
Other services	151	135	125	163	132	-31	2.7	2.3	2.1	2.8	2.3	-0.5
Government	236	212	195	197	184	-13	1.1	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.8	-0.1
Federal	24	17	18	20	20	0	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.0
State and local	212	195	177	177	164	-13	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.8	-0.1
State and local education	107	99	101	97	92	-5	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
State and local, excluding education	105	96	76	80	72	-8	1.2	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.8	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	551	528	509	549	452	-97	2.0	1.9	1.8	2.0	1.6	-0.4
South	1,878	1,685	1,608	1,872	1,718	-154	3.3	2.9	2.8	3.2	3.0	-0.2
Midwest	811	777	795	809	832	23	2.5	2.3	2.4	2.4	2.5	0.1
West	921	852	853	836	769	-67	2.6	2.3	2.3	2.3	2.1	-0.2
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 5. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
Total	1,477	1,845	1,590	1,546	1,527	-19	1.0	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,392	1,763	1,493	1,460	1,456	-4	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.0
Mining and logging	5	7	8	8	7	-1	0.8	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.1	-0.2
Construction	160	302	194	127	140	13	2.1	3.8	2.4	1.6	1.8	0.2
Manufacturing	94	118	120	142	114	-28	0.7	0.9	0.9	1.1	0.9	-0.2
Durable goods	45	66	62	84	58	-26	0.6	0.8	0.8	1.0	0.7	-0.3
Nondurable goods	49	52	58	58	56	-2	1.0	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	240	289	327	387	315	-72	0.8	1.0	1.1	1.3	1.1	-0.2
Wholesale trade	59	50	56	52	26	-26	1.0	0.8	0.9	0.9	0.4	-0.5
Retail trade	105	134	166	232	190	-42	0.7	0.9	1.1	1.5	1.2	-0.3
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	75	105	105	103	99	-4	1.0	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	0.0
Information	32	49	14	41	27	-14	1.0	1.6	0.5	1.3	0.9	-0.4
Financial activities	41	52	44	50	35	-15	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.4	-0.1
Finance and insurance	28	32	28	37	24	-13	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.4	-0.2
Real estate and rental and leasing	13	21	15	13	10	-3	0.6	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.4	-0.1
Professional and business services	390	423	394	310	422	112	1.7	1.8	1.7	1.3	1.8	0.5
Education and health services	149	188	151	151	172	21	0.6	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.1
Educational services	23	32	21	22	27	5	0.6	0.8	0.5	0.5	0.7	0.2
Health care and social assistance	125	157	131	130	145	15	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.1
Leisure and hospitality	224	276	188	202	160	-42	1.4	1.7	1.1	1.2	1.0	-0.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	79	94	56	55	31	-24	3.4	3.9	2.3	2.2	1.3	-0.9
Accommodation and food services	146	182	131	147	129	-18	1.1	1.3	0.9	1.0	0.9	-0.1
Other services	58	59	53	41	65	24	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.7	1.1	0.4
Government	85	82	97	86	71	-15	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
Federal	7	6	8	8	7	-1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	-0.1
State and local	78	76	89	78	63	-15	0.4	0.4	0.5	0.4	0.3	-0.1
State and local education	34	38	38	37	32	-5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.3	-0.1
State and local, excluding education	43	38	52	41	31	-10	0.5	0.4	0.6	0.4	0.3	-0.1
REGION(3)
Northeast	265	323	244	256	263	7	1.0	1.2	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.0
South	519	652	550	616	596	-20	0.9	1.1	0.9	1.1	1.0	-0.1
Midwest	348	377	446	342	333	-9	1.1	1.1	1.3	1.0	1.0	0.0
West	345	493	350	332	335	3	1.0	1.3	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.0
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 6. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)						Rates(2)
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
Total	353	306	305	313	339	26	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	280	250	244	250	279	29	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Mining and logging	1	1	2	1	1	0	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.1
Construction	9	9	14	7	9	2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manufacturing	28	20	25	20	24	4	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Durable goods	22	15	13	12	13	1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nondurable goods	6	5	11	8	11	3	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Trade, transportation, and utilities	46	77	49	47	54	7	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Wholesale trade	7	8	3	6	8	2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Retail trade	24	53	28	23	25	2	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	15	16	17	19	20	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
Information	4	4	12	8	14	6	0.1	0.1	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.2
Financial activities	24	17	14	20	11	-9	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Finance and insurance	20	16	13	16	9	-7	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	4	1	1	4	1	-3	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Professional and business services	68	47	54	66	92	26	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.1
Education and health services	43	33	49	63	39	-24	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Educational services	6	4	3	5	5	0	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Health care and social assistance	38	30	47	57	34	-23	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Leisure and hospitality	47	27	14	13	17	4	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	4	2	3	7	4	0.1	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.3	0.2
Accommodation and food services	45	23	12	10	10	0	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other services	10	14	12	6	16	10	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.2
Government	73	56	61	63	60	-3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
Federal	18	15	15	15	15	0	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.0
State and local	55	41	46	48	45	-3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local education	30	21	19	22	19	-3	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
State and local, excluding education	25	20	27	26	26	0	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.0
REGION(3)
Northeast	42	37	50	59	91	32	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.1
South	168	119	108	117	127	10	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
Midwest	62	66	73	66	67	1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
West	81	85	74	70	55	-15	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	-0.1
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 7. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)						Rates
	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)	June 2022	Mar. 2023	Apr. 2023	May 2023	June 2023(p)	Change from: May 2023 - June 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	9,995	8,710	9,291	8,496	8,452	-44	7.1	6.2	6.5	6.0	6.0	0.0
1 to 9 employees	1,610	1,396	1,731	1,439	1,595	156	7.1	6.1	7.6	6.3	6.8	0.5
10 to 49 employees	3,237	2,829	2,758	2,559	2,507	-52	6.7	6.0	5.9	5.5	5.4	-0.1
50 to 249 employees	2,791	2,525	2,675	2,514	2,470	-44	7.2	6.3	6.2	6.0	5.9	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	1,370	1,040	1,193	1,080	1,006	-74	7.4	5.6	6.7	6.1	5.7	-0.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	721	637	644	643	595	-48	8.4	7.3	8.1	7.9	7.3	-0.6
5,000 or more employees	266	283	291	262	279	17	7.4	6.3	7.3	6.5	6.6	0.1
HIRES
Total private	6,047	5,671	5,709	5,828	5,517	-311	4.6	4.3	4.3	4.4	4.1	-0.3
1 to 9 employees	857	930	852	951	833	-118	4.1	4.4	4.0	4.4	3.8	-0.6
10 to 49 employees	1,937	1,892	1,853	1,863	1,788	-75	4.3	4.3	4.2	4.2	4.0	-0.2
50 to 249 employees	1,907	1,693	1,825	1,803	1,832	29	5.3	4.5	4.5	4.5	4.7	0.2
250 to 999 employees	920	773	775	820	715	-105	5.3	4.4	4.7	4.9	4.3	-0.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	348	312	322	305	266	-39	4.4	3.8	4.4	4.1	3.5	-0.6
5,000 or more employees	78	71	82	86	82	-4	2.3	1.7	2.2	2.3	2.1	-0.2
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,597	5,643	5,306	5,579	5,322	-257	4.3	4.2	4.0	4.2	4.0	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	719	865	774	805	821	16	3.4	4.1	3.7	3.7	3.8	0.1
10 to 49 employees	1,840	1,920	1,810	1,958	1,799	-159	4.1	4.4	4.1	4.4	4.1	-0.3
50 to 249 employees	1,739	1,769	1,702	1,722	1,615	-107	4.8	4.7	4.2	4.3	4.1	-0.2
250 to 999 employees	866	702	699	736	713	-23	5.0	4.0	4.2	4.4	4.3	-0.1
1,000 to 4,999 employees	371	325	265	294	301	7	4.7	4.0	3.6	3.9	4.0	0.1
5,000 or more employees	62	61	57	63	73	10	1.9	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.9	0.2
QUITS
Total private	3,925	3,630	3,569	3,869	3,588	-281	3.0	2.7	2.7	2.9	2.7	-0.2
1 to 9 employees	522	461	489	626	501	-125	2.5	2.2	2.3	2.9	2.3	-0.6
10 to 49 employees	1,307	1,279	1,280	1,420	1,274	-146	2.9	2.9	2.9	3.2	2.9	-0.3
50 to 249 employees	1,284	1,213	1,161	1,165	1,145	-20	3.6	3.2	2.8	2.9	2.9	0.0
250 to 999 employees	553	441	440	450	445	-5	3.2	2.5	2.7	2.7	2.7	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	219	198	165	169	173	4	2.8	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.3	0.0
5,000 or more employees	39	38	34	39	49	10	1.2	0.9	0.9	1.0	1.2	0.2
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,392	1,763	1,493	1,460	1,456	-4	1.1	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.1	0.0
1 to 9 employees	144	345	218	160	224	64	0.7	1.6	1.0	0.7	1.0	0.3
10 to 49 employees	451	548	437	451	450	-1	1.0	1.2	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.0
50 to 249 employees	381	501	505	487	420	-67	1.1	1.3	1.2	1.2	1.1	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	272	245	236	246	241	-5	1.6	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.5	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	129	110	82	102	105	3	1.6	1.3	1.1	1.4	1.4	0.0
5,000 or more employees	16	16	15	15	16	1	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.0
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	280	250	244	250	279	29	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
1 to 9 employees	53	60	67	18	96	78	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.1	0.4	0.3
10 to 49 employees	82	93	92	87	74	-13	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.0
50 to 249 employees	74	55	37	70	50	-20	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.1	-0.1
250 to 999 employees	41	16	23	40	27	-13	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	23	18	18	24	23	-1	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.0
5,000 or more employees	7	8	7	10	8	-2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.2	-0.1
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Table 8. Job openings levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
Total	10,812	9,352	9,289	6.6	5.6	5.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	9,809	8,229	8,130	7.0	5.8	5.7
Mining and logging	34	28	28	5.2	4.2	4.1
Construction	386	416	378	4.6	5.0	4.4
Manufacturing	865	588	577	6.3	4.3	4.2
Durable goods	557	364	351	6.5	4.3	4.1
Nondurable goods	309	225	225	5.9	4.4	4.4
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,645	1,620	1,513	5.4	5.3	5.0
Wholesale trade	277	257	261	4.4	4.1	4.1
Retail trade	867	794	754	5.3	4.9	4.6
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	501	568	498	6.6	7.3	6.5
Information	221	189	174	6.6	5.8	5.3
Financial activities	606	385	407	6.2	4.1	4.2
Finance and insurance	469	267	276	6.6	3.8	3.9
Real estate and rental and leasing	137	118	131	5.4	4.7	5.1
Professional and business services	2,108	1,560	1,604	8.5	6.4	6.5
Education and health services	1,985	1,777	1,891	7.6	6.6	7.0
Educational services	159	204	187	4.3	4.9	4.8
Health care and social assistance	1,826	1,573	1,704	8.2	6.9	7.4
Leisure and hospitality	1,539	1,370	1,212	8.5	7.6	6.6
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	133	167	159	4.9	6.3	5.5
Accommodation and food services	1,406	1,203	1,052	9.2	7.8	6.8
Other services	420	296	346	6.8	4.8	5.5
Government	1,003	1,123	1,159	4.4	4.7	4.9
Federal	104	170	162	3.5	5.5	5.3
State and local	899	953	997	4.5	4.6	4.8
State and local education	348	352	342	3.4	3.2	3.3
State and local, excluding education	551	601	655	5.6	6.1	6.5
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,808	1,436	1,460	6.2	4.9	5.0
South	4,258	3,879	3,835	7.0	6.3	6.2
Midwest	2,335	2,100	1,892	6.7	5.9	5.4
West	2,411	1,937	2,101	6.2	5.0	5.3
Footnotes (1) The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. (2) The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 9. Hires levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
Total	7,448	6,862	6,777	4.9	4.4	4.3
INDUSTRY
Total private	6,949	6,433	6,307	5.3	4.8	4.7
Mining and logging	32	32	25	5.3	4.9	3.9
Construction	427	441	406	5.4	5.5	5.0
Manufacturing	576	495	477	4.5	3.8	3.7
Durable goods	291	276	229	3.6	3.4	2.8
Nondurable goods	285	219	248	5.8	4.5	5.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,383	1,408	1,220	4.8	4.9	4.2
Wholesale trade	210	182	162	3.5	3.0	2.7
Retail trade	853	925	806	5.5	6.0	5.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	320	301	252	4.5	4.2	3.5
Information	131	72	89	4.2	2.3	2.9
Financial activities	226	251	191	2.5	2.8	2.1
Finance and insurance	157	178	117	2.4	2.7	1.7
Real estate and rental and leasing	68	73	74	2.8	3.0	3.0
Professional and business services	1,434	1,180	1,273	6.3	5.1	5.5
Education and health services	935	951	945	3.9	3.8	3.8
Educational services	128	87	116	3.6	2.2	3.1
Health care and social assistance	808	864	829	3.9	4.1	3.9
Leisure and hospitality	1,513	1,323	1,398	9.2	7.9	8.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	291	256	309	11.3	10.2	11.3
Accommodation and food services	1,222	1,067	1,089	8.8	7.5	7.5
Other services	291	280	283	5.0	4.8	4.8
Government	499	430	470	2.3	1.9	2.1
Federal	35	55	48	1.2	1.9	1.6
State and local	465	375	422	2.4	1.9	2.1
State and local education	166	124	166	1.7	1.2	1.6
State and local, excluding education	299	251	256	3.2	2.7	2.7
REGION(3)
Northeast	1,186	1,036	1,073	4.3	3.7	3.8
South	2,986	2,837	2,778	5.2	4.9	4.8
Midwest	1,657	1,590	1,522	5.1	4.8	4.6
West	1,619	1,399	1,403	4.5	3.8	3.8
Footnotes (1) The hires level is the number of hires during the entire month. (2) The hires rate is the number of hires during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 10. Total separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
Total	6,393	5,794	5,938	4.2	3.7	3.8
INDUSTRY
Total private	5,789	5,403	5,464	4.4	4.1	4.1
Mining and logging	19	26	22	3.2	4.0	3.5
Construction	319	306	286	4.0	3.8	3.5
Manufacturing	467	443	408	3.6	3.4	3.1
Durable goods	251	236	191	3.1	2.9	2.3
Nondurable goods	216	207	218	4.4	4.3	4.5
Trade, transportation, and utilities	1,143	1,214	1,105	4.0	4.2	3.8
Wholesale trade	181	169	151	3.0	2.8	2.5
Retail trade	683	804	701	4.4	5.2	4.5
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	279	242	254	3.9	3.4	3.5
Information	104	74	90	3.3	2.4	2.9
Financial activities	214	205	171	2.4	2.2	1.9
Finance and insurance	150	149	110	2.2	2.2	1.6
Real estate and rental and leasing	64	56	61	2.7	2.3	2.5
Professional and business services	1,237	991	1,173	5.5	4.3	5.1
Education and health services	892	917	911	3.7	3.6	3.6
Educational services	149	112	136	4.2	2.8	3.6
Health care and social assistance	743	805	775	3.6	3.8	3.6
Leisure and hospitality	1,161	1,003	1,071	7.0	6.0	6.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	130	102	131	5.1	4.1	4.8
Accommodation and food services	1,031	900	940	7.4	6.3	6.5
Other services	233	225	227	4.0	3.8	3.8
Government	604	392	474	2.7	1.7	2.1
Federal	49	42	43	1.7	1.4	1.5
State and local	555	350	431	2.9	1.8	2.2
State and local education	378	226	299	3.8	2.1	2.9
State and local, excluding education	177	124	131	1.9	1.3	1.4
REGION(3)
Northeast	924	770	874	3.4	2.8	3.1
South	2,730	2,619	2,572	4.8	4.5	4.4
Midwest	1,304	1,210	1,299	4.0	3.6	3.9
West	1,434	1,196	1,193	4.0	3.2	3.2
Footnotes (1) The total separations level is the number of total separations during the entire month. (2) The total separations rate is the number of total separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 11. Quits levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
Total	4,506	4,103	4,024	2.9	2.6	2.6
INDUSTRY
Total private	4,143	3,867	3,734	3.2	2.9	2.8
Mining and logging	15	17	16	2.5	2.6	2.5
Construction	172	199	162	2.2	2.5	2.0
Manufacturing	349	288	276	2.7	2.2	2.1
Durable goods	184	144	122	2.3	1.8	1.5
Nondurable goods	165	144	154	3.4	3.0	3.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	896	879	787	3.1	3.1	2.7
Wholesale trade	107	107	114	1.8	1.8	1.9
Retail trade	576	595	502	3.7	3.8	3.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	213	176	172	3.0	2.4	2.4
Information	62	30	44	2.0	1.0	1.4
Financial activities	139	139	123	1.5	1.5	1.3
Finance and insurance	95	100	71	1.4	1.5	1.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	44	39	52	1.8	1.6	2.1
Professional and business services	804	620	667	3.6	2.7	2.9
Education and health services	652	669	637	2.7	2.7	2.5
Educational services	95	74	77	2.6	1.9	2.1
Health care and social assistance	557	596	560	2.7	2.8	2.6
Leisure and hospitality	897	842	885	5.4	5.0	5.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	81	69	107	3.1	2.8	3.9
Accommodation and food services	816	773	779	5.9	5.4	5.4
Other services	158	185	136	2.7	3.1	2.3
Government	363	235	290	1.7	1.0	1.3
Federal	24	20	21	0.8	0.7	0.7
State and local	339	215	268	1.8	1.1	1.4
State and local education	221	136	188	2.2	1.3	1.8
State and local, excluding education	118	79	80	1.3	0.8	0.8
REGION(3)
Northeast	598	537	480	2.2	1.9	1.7
South	2,040	1,893	1,849	3.6	3.3	3.2
Midwest	872	831	894	2.7	2.5	2.7
West	996	841	801	2.7	2.3	2.2
Footnotes (1) The quits level is the number of quits during the entire month. (2) The quits rate is the number of quits during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 12. Layoffs and discharges levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
Total	1,474	1,398	1,533	1.0	0.9	1.0
INDUSTRY
Total private	1,365	1,303	1,441	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mining and logging	3	8	5	0.5	1.3	0.7
Construction	142	102	118	1.8	1.3	1.4
Manufacturing	90	137	107	0.7	1.1	0.8
Durable goods	44	81	55	0.5	1.0	0.7
Nondurable goods	46	56	52	0.9	1.1	1.1
Trade, transportation, and utilities	204	291	268	0.7	1.0	0.9
Wholesale trade	67	57	29	1.1	0.9	0.5
Retail trade	84	186	175	0.5	1.2	1.1
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	53	48	64	0.7	0.7	0.9
Information	39	38	31	1.3	1.2	1.0
Financial activities	49	43	38	0.5	0.5	0.4
Finance and insurance	35	33	31	0.5	0.5	0.5
Real estate and rental and leasing	14	10	7	0.6	0.4	0.3
Professional and business services	367	319	407	1.6	1.4	1.8
Education and health services	190	181	229	0.8	0.7	0.9
Educational services	44	31	49	1.2	0.8	1.3
Health care and social assistance	146	150	180	0.7	0.7	0.8
Leisure and hospitality	218	148	164	1.3	0.9	1.0
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	48	30	17	1.8	1.2	0.6
Accommodation and food services	170	118	147	1.2	0.8	1.0
Other services	65	35	73	1.1	0.6	1.2
Government	109	95	91	0.5	0.4	0.4
Federal	6	8	7	0.2	0.3	0.2
State and local	103	88	85	0.5	0.4	0.4
State and local education	71	65	64	0.7	0.6	0.6
State and local, excluding education	31	23	21	0.3	0.2	0.2
REGION(3)
Northeast	277	180	288	1.0	0.6	1.0
South	498	617	577	0.9	1.1	1.0
Midwest	357	311	333	1.1	0.9	1.0
West	342	291	334	0.9	0.8	0.9
Footnotes (1) The layoffs and discharges level is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month. (2) The layoffs and discharges rate is the number of layoffs and discharges during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 13. Other separations levels and rates by industry and region, not seasonally adjusted(1)

Industry and region	Levels (in thousands)			Rates(2)
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
Total	413	294	381	0.3	0.2	0.2
INDUSTRY
Total private	281	232	289	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mining and logging	1	1	1	0.2	0.1	0.2
Construction	6	5	6	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manufacturing	29	19	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Durable goods	23	11	14	0.3	0.1	0.2
Nondurable goods	6	7	12	0.1	0.2	0.2
Trade, transportation, and utilities	44	44	51	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wholesale trade	6	4	8	0.1	0.1	0.1
Retail trade	24	22	24	0.2	0.1	0.2
Transportation, warehousing, and utilities	13	18	18	0.2	0.2	0.3
Information	3	6	15	0.1	0.2	0.5
Financial activities	26	23	9	0.3	0.3	0.1
Finance and insurance	20	15	8	0.3	0.2	0.1
Real estate and rental and leasing	6	8	1	0.2	0.3	0.0
Professional and business services	67	52	98	0.3	0.2	0.4
Education and health services	50	66	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Educational services	10	7	10	0.3	0.2	0.3
Health care and social assistance	40	60	36	0.2	0.3	0.2
Leisure and hospitality	46	12	21	0.3	0.1	0.1
Arts, entertainment, and recreation	2	3	7	0.1	0.1	0.3
Accommodation and food services	45	9	14	0.3	0.1	0.1
Other services	10	5	17	0.2	0.1	0.3
Government	132	61	93	0.6	0.3	0.4
Federal	18	15	15	0.6	0.5	0.5
State and local	114	47	78	0.6	0.2	0.4
State and local education	85	25	48	0.9	0.2	0.5
State and local, excluding education	28	22	30	0.3	0.2	0.3
REGION(3)
Northeast	48	53	106	0.2	0.2	0.4
South	194	108	145	0.3	0.2	0.2
Midwest	74	68	72	0.2	0.2	0.2
West	97	64	58	0.3	0.2	0.2
Footnotes (1) The other separations level is the number of other separations during the entire month. (2) The other separations rate is the number of other separations during the entire month as a percent of employment. (3) The states (including the District of Columbia) that comprise the regions are: Northeast: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Levels are rounded to the nearest thousand and rates are rounded to the nearest tenth. Levels and rates may round down to zero. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.

Table 14. Job openings, hires, and separations levels and rates by establishment size class, not seasonally adjusted

Establishment size class	Levels (in thousands)			Rates
	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)	June 2022	May 2023	June 2023(p)
JOB OPENINGS
Total private	9,809	8,229	8,130	7.0	5.8	5.7
1 to 9 employees	1,472	1,268	1,436	6.5	5.6	6.1
10 to 49 employees	3,194	2,531	2,433	6.6	5.4	5.2
50 to 249 employees	2,823	2,537	2,453	7.2	6.0	5.8
250 to 999 employees	1,360	1,068	986	7.3	6.0	5.6
1,000 to 4,999 employees	699	584	553	8.1	7.3	6.7
5,000 or more employees	260	240	269	7.2	6.0	6.3
HIRES
Total private	6,949	6,433	6,307	5.3	4.8	4.7
1 to 9 employees	895	1,003	849	4.2	4.7	3.9
10 to 49 employees	2,288	2,154	2,077	5.1	4.9	4.7
50 to 249 employees	2,244	2,058	2,176	6.2	5.2	5.5
250 to 999 employees	1,060	852	835	6.1	5.1	5.0
1,000 to 4,999 employees	375	284	275	4.7	3.8	3.6
5,000 or more employees	87	80	95	2.6	2.1	2.4
TOTAL SEPARATIONS
Total private	5,789	5,403	5,464	4.4	4.1	4.1
1 to 9 employees	709	771	802	3.4	3.6	3.6
10 to 49 employees	1,941	1,925	1,860	4.3	4.3	4.2
50 to 249 employees	1,806	1,690	1,664	5.0	4.3	4.2
250 to 999 employees	898	711	753	5.2	4.3	4.5
1,000 to 4,999 employees	366	249	300	4.6	3.3	3.9
5,000 or more employees	69	56	87	2.0	1.5	2.2
QUITS
Total private	4,143	3,867	3,734	3.2	2.9	2.8
1 to 9 employees	530	605	502	2.5	2.8	2.3
10 to 49 employees	1,397	1,441	1,299	3.1	3.3	2.9
50 to 249 employees	1,339	1,194	1,212	3.7	3.0	3.1
250 to 999 employees	599	448	487	3.5	2.7	2.9
1,000 to 4,999 employees	233	144	178	2.9	1.9	2.3
5,000 or more employees	44	36	57	1.3	1.0	1.4
LAYOFFS AND DISCHARGES
Total private	1,365	1,303	1,441	1.0	1.0	1.1
1 to 9 employees	129	150	208	0.6	0.7	0.9
10 to 49 employees	461	406	481	1.0	0.9	1.1
50 to 249 employees	388	429	399	1.1	1.1	1.0
250 to 999 employees	260	224	237	1.5	1.3	1.4
1,000 to 4,999 employees	110	83	96	1.4	1.1	1.3
5,000 or more employees	17	11	21	0.5	0.3	0.5
OTHER SEPARATIONS
Total private	281	232	289	0.2	0.2	0.2
1 to 9 employees	50	15	91	0.2	0.1	0.4
10 to 49 employees	83	78	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
50 to 249 employees	79	68	53	0.2	0.2	0.1
250 to 999 employees	39	39	29	0.2	0.2	0.2
1,000 to 4,999 employees	23	22	26	0.3	0.3	0.3
5,000 or more employees	7	9	9	0.2	0.3	0.2
Footnotes (p) Preliminary
NOTE: Establishment size class data are produced for the total private sector only. NOTE: The job openings level is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month. The levels for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month. The job openings rate is the number of job openings on the last business day of the month as a percent of employment plus job openings. The rates for hires, total separations, quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations are the number of each during the entire month as percent of employment. NOTE: Data are revised with the release of January data to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates.